107 - TN Duong o To

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BI GING
TH NGHIM NG T
Bin son : Nguyn Bin Cng Tel: 0511.842978 - 0913.401.627
Nng, 08/2006
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Li m u
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Tp bi ging Th nghim ng t nm trong phn 1 ca gio trnh th nghim cu ng. Ni dung trnh by l thuyt trn lp 15 tit. Vi thi gian hn hp nh trn, sinh vin phi nghin cu trc bi ging & cc ti liu tham kho c th tip thu c cc kin thc ct li trn lp v b sung mt s k nng cn thit qua 05 bi th nghim. Tp bi ging c bin son c tnh cht vn tt, mt s ni dung cp chi tit phn trc s khng c cp c th li phn sau. Cc ni dung bin son s lin tc c cp nht, chnh sa cho ph hp vi xu th hi nhp quc t & cc tiu chun mi s c B XD, B GTVT ban hnh trong thi gian ti. Cc vn cha r, mi cc bn tho lun ti Websize ca trng i hc Bch Khoa - HN hoc Email: biencuongnguyen@walla.com CC thm a ch biencuongnguyen@gmail.com Ln bin son ny chc chn s cn nhng thiu st, mong nhn s ng gp, ph bnh, xy dng ca cc ng nghip, cc bn sinh vin. Chn thnh cm n!
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Cc ni dung chnh
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.
Cc vn chung Th nghim t Th nghim ct Th nghim Th nghim t- gia c XM Th nghim nha Th nghim btng nha Th nghim kim tra cht lng mt ng.
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Chng 1 CC VN CHUNG
trng thi vt l ca VLXD v quy nh quan h ca vt liu y i vi cc qu trnh l hc ca mi trng xung quanh, trong cc qu trnh l hc khng lm thay i cu trc phn t ca VLXD V d : m, cht, rng, co ngt,
gin n, khi lng th tch, tnh dn nhit, tnh dn m, tnh thm nc, tnh thm hi, ht nc, bo ho nc . . .
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1. Tnh cht ca vt liu xy dng ng : 1.1. Tnh cht vt l : c trng cho cc
1.2. Tnh cht c hc : l kh nng

VLXD chng li cc bin dng & cc ph hoi di tc dng ca cc ng sut pht sinh khi c ngoi lc tc dng. V d : cng chu nn, ko, un, ct (tnh hoc ng) tnh n hi, tnh do, tnh gin, tnh nht, tnh co ngt, tnh t bin. . .
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1.3. Tnh cht ho hc : quy nh kh
nng ca vt liu khi chu tc dng ho hc ca mi trng vt cht xung quanh, trong vt cht mi c sinh ra. V d : tnh ng rn, tnh dnh bm, tnh hp ph, tnh ho tan, tnh chy, tnh n mn, tnh c hi . . .
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1.4. Tnh cht cng ngh : quy nh

kh nng xy dng cc cng trnh t VLXD c c cc tnh cht c hc nht nh hoc tnh cht ngn cch nht nh, tnh d gia cng, tnh khai thc, tnh trang tr . . . V d : st, cng ca hn hp BTXM, nht ca va, tnh chng thm, tnh chu mi mn . . .
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2. Mc ch cng tc th nghim : 2.1. S dng VLXD hiu qu, ng mc

ch. 2.2. Kim tra vic m bo cht lng cc loi vt liu u vo, to iu kin tin quyt xy dng cc hng mc cng trnh ng cht lng, tng tnh n nh bn vng v gim gi thnh xy dng.
2.3. Kim tra vic m bo cc quy nh v
tnh cht vt l, c hc, ho hc v cng ngh ca cc cu kin, hng mc cng trnh, cng trnh; lm c s nghim thu. 2.4. nh gi kh nng lm vic cn li, xc nh cc nguyn nhn gy h hng cng trnh; l c s xc nh thi gian khai thc cn li, nh cc bin php sa cha, gia c hoc ci to.
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3. Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng cng trnh trong qu trnh thi cng : - Cht lng cc loi vt liu u vo. - Cht lng cng tc thit k hn hp vt liu. - Cht lng cng tc ch to & vn chuyn hn hp vt liu & cc bn thnh phm.
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- Cht lng cc khu thi cng. - Cht lng cng tc bo dng. V vy, cng tc th nghim kim tra cht lng vt liu, bn thnh phm, cu kin, sn phm phi c tin hnh thng xuyn, lin tc trc, trong & sau khi thi cng.
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4. Cc yu t nh hng n kt qu th nghim : - Ly mu vt liu khng ng; - Vn chuyn, bo qun mu khng ng; - Rt gn mu khng ng ( mu em th nghim khng i din cho t mu); - Phng php th nghim khng ph hp;
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- Thit b th nghim khng ph hp; - Trnh t th nghim khng ng; - Thao tc th nghim khng chnh xc; - Ghi chp kt qu sai; - Tnh ton & x l kt qu nhm ln; - Cc yu t khc . . .
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5. Nhng lu :
- Cng tc ly mu vt liu phi i din. - Cng tc bo qun, vn chuyn & bn giao mu phi cht ch, khoa hc. - Kim tra k phng th nghim & cc TN vin. - Chn phng php th nghim cho ph hp. - Thit b th nghim phi m bo chnh xc. - Rt gn mu n c mu th nghim ng quy trnh. - Cc trnh t th nghim phi thc hin ng. - Cc thao tc th nghim & ghi chp kt qu phi m bo tin cy. - Tnh ton, x l s liu phi ng theo tiu chun th nghim yu cu.
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Chng 2
TH NGHIM T
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Cc ni dung th nghim t: - Th nghim m, ht m - Xc nh khi lng ring - Phn tch thnh phn ht - Th nghim gii hn chy, gii hn do, ch s do - Xc nh m tt nht & khi lng th tch kh ln nht
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- Xc nh cht K - Xc nh m un n hi - Xc nh ch s CBR - Xc nh sc chng ct - Xc nh h s nn ln
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2.1. Cc php th tnh cht c l ca t : 1. Th nghim m : a. Khi nim & cc phng php th nghim : a1. Khi nim : m ca t l % lng nc cha trong t so vi khi lng t kh; ht m ca t l % lng nc cha trong t trng thi kh gi so vi khi lng t kh.
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a2. Cc phng php th nghim & phm vi p dng :

- Trong phng th nghim :
Phng php 4196:1995) dng t sy (TCVN
- Ti hin trng : . t cn ( khng p dng cho t cha nhiu tp cht hu c ). . Phao C-va-li-p ( t ly c bng dao vng, khng cha nhiu ht st ). . Bnh th m ( t khng cha nhiu ht st, Wmax =20% ).
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b. Thit b, dng c th nghim : - Mng chia mu. - Cn k thut chnh xc 0,01g ( theo AASHTO cn c chnh xc n 0,1% khi lng mu th). - T sy, nhit k. - Bnh ht m. - Hp nhm. - Bay, cho, dao con.
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Thit b rt gn mu n c mu th nghim (mng chia mu)
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Hp nhm th nghim m...
Bay
...v cc dng c v sinh. Dao
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Cho
T sy
Bnh ht m
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Cc loi cn in t
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c. Trnh t th nghim :
c1. Phng php sy : - Rt gn mu n c mu th nghim ( 100500g ty theo ng knh ht ln nht Dmax ). - nh s cc hp nhm, cn khi lng hp nhm ng mu ( Gh ). - Cho t m vo hp nhm, cn khi lng ( G1 ). - Sy mu n khi lng khng i ( 105oC hoc 110oC ty theo phng php th nghim ca VN hoc AASHTO). - Lm ngui mu trong bnh ht m. - Cn li khi lng mu kh & hp nhm ( G2 ).
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c2. Phng php t cn : - Rt gn mu n c mu th nghim. - Cn khi lng bt nhm ng mu. - Cho t m vo cc bt nhm, cn khi lng. - cn 90o ngp mu t, t cn cho mu t kh hon ton (t 2 n 3 ln ty theo loi t), khi ngn la gn tt dng a thy tinh khuy. - Lm ngui mu & cn khi lng mu kh & bt nhm.
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c3. Phng php dng phao C-va-li-p : - Hiu chnh phao. - Ly mu vo dao vng 200cm3. - Bp v ti mu, cho vo phao. - Th phao vo bnh cha, c s c . - t trong phao vo bnh eo, lp bnh eo vo phao. th phao & bnh eo vo bnh cha, c s c . w k .100 - Tnh W t w v . W = k
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c4. Phng php dng bnh lc m : - Cn 26g t m & ong 24g t n vo bnh, cho cc vin bi st vo bnh. - bnh nm ngang, y cht np. - Dng ng bnh, lc mnh. - c s c ti a (W 2%) Dng c lc m ( m tnh theo khi lng t m; cc my hin i c thang c c m tnh theo khi lng t kh ).
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d. Tnh ton kt qu (PP sy hoc t cn): G1 G 2 Gn W= .100 = .100 G2 Gh Gk
Cc lu : - Phn t th nghim phi i din cho mu t & khi lng theo ng quy trnh th nghim. - Phi sy kh mu hoc t cn n khi lng khng i.
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- Cn k thut phi m bo chnh xc yu cu, nu khng c cn chnh xc cao phi tng khi lng mu th. - Mi ln th nghim phi lm 2 php th song song, chnh lch 2 php th khng qu 10%. - ht m ca t chnh l m ca t trng thi phi kh gi ( phi trong bng rm n khi khi lng khng i).
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2. Xc nh khi lng ring ca t (TCVN 4195:1995):
a. Khi nim : l khi lng ca 1 n v

th tch phn ht cng, kh tuyt i, xp cht kht khng c l rng.
- Khi lng ring ca t khng cha mui dng nc ct. - Khi lng ring ca t cha mui dng du ha.
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b. Thit b th nghim :
- Cn k thut chnh xc 0,01g. - Ci, chy bc cao su. - Bp ct, t sy. - Bnh t trng. - Nhit k. - Sng 2mm. - Cc dng c xc nh m ca t.
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Ci s & chy bc cao su Bp din Bnh t trng
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Nhit k
c. Trnh t th nghim : - Phi mu t kh gi, nghin bng chy cao su. - Sng t ly phn qua sng 2mm. - Xc nh ht m Wh ca t lt sng. - Rt gn ly 2 mu t mi phn khong 15g. - Lau sch bnh, cn khi lng bnh t trng ( G b ).
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- t rt gn vo bnh, cn khi lng ( Gb+ ). - Cho nc ct n khong 1/2 bnh, a ln bp ct un si 30ph ( ct, -ct ) & 60ph ( st, -st ). - ngui bnh, chm thm nc ct n ngang vch nh mc, o nhit nc & cn khi lng 2 bnh ( G2 ). - t & nc, v sinh bnh, nc ct cng nhit n ngang vch nh mc, cn khi lng ( G3 ).
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d. Tnh ton kt qu :
- Tnh ton khi lng t kh G1 :
G b+d G b G1 = 1 + Wh
- Tnh khi lng ring ca t :
G1 r = G1 + G 2 G 3
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3. Phn tch thnh phn ht ca t ( TCVN 4198:1995 ): a. Cc phng php p dng : - Sng kh ( ry kh ) : p dng khi t c c ht t 10 n 0,5mm. - Sng t ( ry t ) : p dng khi t c c ht t 10 n 0,1mm. - T trng k : p dng khi t c c ht t 0,1 n 0,002mm. - Phi hp cc phng php trn : khi t c nhiu c ht.
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b. Thit b, dng c th nghim : b1. Phng php sng : - Cn k thut chnh xc 1g & 0,01g ( hoc 0,1g ). - B sng tiu chun, my sng. - T sy. - Ci s & chy bc cao su. - Bay, cho, dao con.
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Sng l trn theo tiu chun VN, TQ, Nga
Sng l vung theo tiu chun ASTM, BS
Cc loi my sng
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Phng php t trng k (AASHTO T88): Cn thm cc dng c: - T trng k ( loi A hay B ). - ng ong thy tinh 1000ml ng knh 60mm. - Bnh tam gic 1000ml. - Que khuy. - Nhit k chnh xc 0,5oC. - Bm cao su hnh qu l. - Thc thng c khc vch n mm di 20cm. - ng h bm giy.
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T trng k ng ong thy tinh
Nhit k in t Bm cao su ng h bm giy
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c. Chun b mu :
- Phi mu t kh gi hoc sy 60oC n khi khi lng khng i. - Nghin v cc ht kt bng chy cao su. - Rt gn mu n c mu th nghim bng mng chia mu hoc phng php chia t nh quy nh trong TCVN 4198:1995.
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d. Trnh t th nghim :
d1. Phng php sng kh : - Cn khi lng mu ban u. - Sng t qua cc c sng t ln ti nh. - Cn khi lng t st trn cc sng & lt xung ngn y.
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d2. Phng php sng t : - Cn khi lng mu ban u. - Lm m t, nghin t bng chy cao su. - nc vo t, khuy u, lng 10 n 15 giy. - Sng th vn (nc c) qua sng 0,1mm. - Tip tc nc, khuy, sng cho n khi nc trong.
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- Phi kh gi phn t cn li (khng lt qua sng 0,1mm) , cn khi lng. - Sng phn t cn li qua cc sng nh PP sng kh. - Cn khi lng t st trn cc sng & lt xung ngn y.
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d3. Phng php t trng k : - Cn khi lng mu t ( lt sng 0,5mm ) ty theo loi t. - Sng t xc nh hm lng ht trn sng 0,25mm & 0,1mm. - phn nc c vo ng o 1000ml, cho thm nc ct nc trong ng n ng vch 1000ml. - Dng que khuy khuy huyn ph trong 1 pht ( c 2 giy ko ln y xung 1 ln). - Ghi li thi im thi khuy.
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- Sau 20 giy, th t trng k vo ng o. - c s c t trng k cc thi im : 30 giy, 1 ph, 3ph, 5ph & o nhit huyn ph mi ln c s. - Ly t trng k khi ng o. - Khuy li t trong ng o ln th 2. - Tip tc c s c t trng k cc thi im : 15ph, 30ph, 1.5gi, 2gi, 3gi & 4gi ( sau mi ln c ly t trng k ra th vo ng ong ng nc ct) & o nhit huyn ph mi ln c s.
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e. Tnh ton kt qu : ( Xem ti liu ) Cc lu :
- Phn t th nghim phi i din cho mu t & khi lng theo ng quy trnh th nghim. - Phi sng cho n khi khng cn cc ht lt qua sng. - Cn k thut phi m bo chnh xc. - TTK phi c cc s liu v : HS hiu chnh vch khc, HS hiu chnh mt cong, th tch bu, k.cch t trng bu n vch chia u tin. . . - Phi o nhit huyn ph mi ln c s c trn t trng k.
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4. Th nghim gii hn do, gii hn chy : a. Cc phng php p dng : - Gii hn do : ( TCVN 4197:1995 ) - Gii hn chy :
. Chy Va-xi-li-p. . Casagrande.
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b. Thit b, dng c th nghim :
- Cc dng c th nghim m ca t. - Sng 1mm. - Qu di thng bng Va-xi-li-p ( hoc dng c xuyn ), dng c Casagrande. - Cc tm knh nhm.
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B dng c xc nh gii hn do
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Dng c xc nh gii hn chy ( kiu Va-xi-li-p)
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Dng c xc nh gii hn chy kiu Va-xi-li-p khc
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Dng c xc nh gii hn chy Casagrande
hng Matest
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Dng c xc nh gii hn chy Casagrande
hng ELE
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c1. Xc nh gii hn do : - Phi mu t kh gi, nghin nh bng chy cao su. - Sng t qua sng 1mm, xc nh% lng ht trn sng. - Rt gn mu lt sng 1mm n c mu th nghim (150g). - Trn m mu t vi nc, mu trong t nht 2 gi.
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- V mu thnh hnh trn, ln bng lng bn tay trn tm knh nhm thnh que t n khi que c ng knh khong 3mm, rn nt v t thnh tng on di 3 n 10mm. - Ly cc que t xc nh m ( 2 php th song song ). - m ca cc que t chnh l m gii hn do.
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c2. Xc nh gii hn chy bng dng c Va-xi-li-p (AASHTO T90): - Chun b mu nh th nghim xc nh gii hn do, song trn t c m ln hn. - Cho t m vo y khun hnh cn, ch khng ln bt kh. - Dng dao gt bng t trn mt khun. - t khun ln mt bn, t qu di Va-xi-li-p ( hoc h cn xuyn ca dng c xuyn ) sao cho mi nhn va chm mt mu t.
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- Th dng c n t ln vo t ( sau 10 giy ln vo t 10mm). - iu chnh m ca t nu chiu su xuyn trong 10 giy khc 10mm cho n khi t yu cu. - Ly 2 phn t gia khun, em xc nh m. - m ca t xc nh c chnh l m gii hn chy.
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c3. Phng php Casagrande (AASHTO T89):
- Chun b mu nh th nghim xc nh gii hn do, song trn 3 phn t c m nh hn, xp x bng & ln hn m gii hn chy. - Dng bay cho phn t th nht vo bt ng, dn u mu t sao cho chiu dy xp x 10mm. - Rch t trong bt theo chiu vung gc trc quay, st ti y bt bng tm gt to rnh.
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- Quay p bt vo mt y vi tc 2 ln/ph, m s ln p sao cho rnh t khp li vi chiu di 1 on bng 13mm (N1). - Ly t st rnh kha mang xc nh m (W1). - Tip tc lm th nghim vi phn t th 2 v th 3.
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Tnh ton kt qu theo phng php Casagrande :

- V biu tng quan s ln p N & m ca t W ln h trc bn Logarit. - Xc nh m tng ng vi s ln p l 25 ln, m ny chnh l m gii hn chy.
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Cc lu :
- t phi c m ti thiu 2 gi. - Cn k thut phi m bo chnh xc. - Ch s do = Gii hn chy - Gii hn do. - Phi hiu chnh gii hn chy & gii hn do thc t ca t nu hm lng ht trn sng 1mm ln hn 10% bng cch nhn vi h s K = G/G1.
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5. Th nghim xc nh m tt nht & khi lng th tch kh ln nht ca t:

a. Cc phng php m nn tiu chun :
- TCVN 4201:1995. - 22TCN 333:2006. - AASHTO T99 ( A, B, C, D ). - AASHTO T180( A, B, C, D ).
Thc cht 22TCN 333:2006 l vic Vit ha AASHTO T99 & AASHTO T180.
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b. Thit b, dng c th nghim (theo 22TCN 333:2006 ):
- Cc dng c th nghim m ca t. - Sng 4,75mm hoc 19mm ( l vung ). - Ci & chy m nn. - My m Proctor ( nu c ). - Cn 15kg chnh xc 1g. - Bay, cho, ng lng ong nc. - Dao ct t, pen-x . . .
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Kch thuc chy m
Kch thuc ci m nn
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Ci A6 (D=152,4mm)
Chy m A4
Phng php m Chy m A6
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Ci A4 (D=101,6mm)
Mt s loi ci & chy m khc
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My m t dng
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- Xc nh th tch & khi lng phn ci di & ci. - Phi t kh gi. - Nghin nh t bng chy cao su. - Xc nh % hm lng ht trn sng 4.75 (hoc 19) v khi lng th tch ht trn sng ty theo phng php th nghim. - Rt gn mu qua sng 4.75mm (hoc 19) n khi lng mu th nghim. - Trn u nc vo mu t trong cho trn m nn ci th nht, mu ti thiu 4 n 12 gi (theo 22TCN 333:2006).
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- Cho mu vo trong ci, m 56 chy; m xong chiu cao lp t t khong 1/5 thn ci di. - Lm xm b mt lp th nht bng que st hoc dao. - Tip tc m lp th 2, 3, 4, 5. m xong lp th 5 chiu cao lp t cao hn mt ci trn ti a 5mm. - Tho ci trn, dng dao hoc thc gt t bng mt ci trn. - V sinh sch t bm bn ngoi v y ci, cn khi lng t v ci.
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- Tho khun ci, dng dao ct dc mu t; ly 2 phn mu gia em xc nh m (ring vi t ct ly mu xc nh m trc khi m). - B vn mu t cho vo cho trn, thm nc trn m ci th 2; m tng 2% 4% so vi ln th nht, mu ti thiu 15 pht. - Lp li cc bc nh ln m ci th nht. cho n khi cn khi lng ci v t khng tng na th lm khong 1 n 2 ci na ( tng s ci m khong t 4 n 6 ci ).
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d. Tnh ton kt qu : ( Xem 22TCN 333:2006 )
- V biu tng quan dung trng kh ca t m nn & m ca t. - Xc nh m tt nht v dung trng kh ln nht t biu tng quan. - Hiu chnh dung trng kh ln nht v m tt nht theo 22TCN 333:2006.
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6. Th nghim xc nh cht m nn K: a. Bn cht phng php :

- Xc nh khi lng th tch kh ca vt liu t ti hin trng. - So snh vi dung trng kh ln nht ca t xc nh trong phng th nghim bng PP m nn tiu chun.
K=
K tt C max
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b. Cc phng php th nghim :
- Dao ai - t cn : dng cho cc loi t m khng ln si sn. - Rt ct : dng cho mi loi vt liu t & cp phi c th o c h o c thnh thng ng. - Dng c bao mng : tng t rt ct, khng cn ct tiu chun. - Phao C-va-li-p : xc nh nhanh, sai s ln nu t cha nhiu st. - Phng php phng x : xc nh nhanh, phi XD ng chun.
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Lu : Hin nay, thng dng PP rt ct theo 22TCN 346:2006 hoc AASHTO T191 v c th xc nh cht ca c t nn ng & tng mng cp phi thin nhin, cp phi dm.
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c. Xc nh khi lng th tch t bng phng php dao vng (AASHTO T204):
c1. Dng c th nghim :

- Cc dng c th nghim m ca t. - Dao vng c ng knh 85,7mm, chiu cao 108mm (th tch 623cm3). - Chp dao vng (cao 25,4mm), ba ng. - Cn k thut chnh xc 0,1g & 0,01g. - Xng, bay, pen-x, tm m phng.
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B dao vng Vit nam sn xut
B dao vng ca hng Matest
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c2. Trnh t th nghim :
- Xc nh khi lng & th tch dao vng. - Gt b phn t pha trn, dn phngsch b mt lp t. - Bi du bi trn vo b mt dao vng, t dao vng thng ng, lp vng m, lp t chp dao vng v ba.
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- ng dao vng u n ngp hn vo lp t n 13mm (0,5inch). - Dng bay o t xung quanh dao vng, ly dao vng khi lp t. - Dng dao gt bng t 2 mt dao vng, v sinh sch, cn khi lng dao & t. - Ly 2 phn mu t gia dao vng em xc nh W.
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c3. Tnh ton kt qu : - Tnh khi lng th tch m ca t ti hin trng :
- Tnh khi lng th tch kh ca t ti hin trng :
G 2 G1 W = V w K = 1+ W
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d. Xc nh khi lng th tch t bng phng php rt ct 22TCN 346:2006 hoc AASHTO T191: d1. Phm vi p dng : - p dng : vt liu (t, cp phi, cp phi dm) c khng qu 50% trn sng 19mm. - Khng p dng: - Vt liu cha qu 50% trn sng 19mm. - Khi th nghim c nc chy vo h o. - H o b bin dng hoc sp khi o.
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d2. Dng c th nghim : - Cc dng c th nghim m ca t. - Phu rt ct. - Cn k thut 10kg chnh xc 1g. - Ba, c, pen-x, bt ng t, inh a. - Ct tiu chun ( ct sch, c ht 0,075 2mm ). - Ca chun ct.
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Cu to phu rt ct
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B dng c rt ct
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d2. Trnh t th nghim :
- Xc nh khi lng ca ct tiu chun . - Xc nh khi lng ct trong phu v tm y G1. - Lm phng b mt t, c nh tm y. - o h th nghim ng knh khong 15cm (hnh cn trn to, di nh). - Ton b ly o c em cn c G2. - Ly 2 phn em xc nh m.
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- Cho ct vo 2/3 bnh, kha van, cn khi lng ( G3 ). - p phu vo tm y, m van ch cho ct chy y phu & h o. - Cn li khi lng ct & bnh ( G4 ).
d3. Tnh ton kt qu :

- Th tch h o:
G 3 G 4 G1 Vh = c G2 - Khi lng th tch: w = Vh
90
Lu :- khi lng t th nghim phi m bo ty theo kch c ht Dmax. - Nu vt liu cha nhiu ht qu c phi tch ring 2 phn c ht bng c sng nh trong th nghim m nn tiu chun th nghim m, ri tnh m bnh qun gia quyn.
91
e. Xc nh khi lng th tch t bng dng c
bao mng (ASTM D2167): Tm tt :

- Lp bao vo v tr, nc ct y bnh; - t thit b ln mt t, bm qu bng cao su n p sut quy nh, c s c trn bnh; - Nhc thit b ra - o h, cn khi lng t & xc nh m ca t;
92
- t thit b tr li, bm n p sut quy nh, c s; Hiu 2 s c trc & sau chnh l th tch ca h o. f. Xc nh khi lng
th tch t phao C-va-li-p ( Xem TL ):
93
g. Xc nh khi lng th tch t bng phng
php phng x TCXDVN 301:2003 hoc (ASTM D2922): Nguyn l : Phuong php da trn s yu dn
ca tia gamma xut pht t mt ngun pht gamma n u thu. Cung ca tia gamma khi ti u thu cng mnh th vt liu b chiu tia cng c chc. iu ny cho ta bit khi lung th tch t nhin ca dt thng qua vic xc nh cung tia gamma khi truyn qua mi trung t khi so snh vi mt biu gi tr chun thch hp.
94
C 2 phng php o: - Tn x trc tip. - Tn x nguc.
95
Mt s loi my o cht tn x ngc
96
7. Th nghim xc nh mun n hi ca t trong phng th nghim :
a. Chun b mu : - Mu t nguyn dng hoc mu t ch b theo m & cht yu cu c chiu cao bng ng knh ( thng thng H = D = 100mm ) b. Trnh t th nghim : - Xc nh p lc nn = 0,2 Rn ( daN/cm2 ) - o chiu cao mu chnh xc n 0,1mm. - a mu vo my nn.
97
- Lp t 2 thin phn k o bin dng, hiu chnh & c s. - Gia ti tc 50mm/pht n p lc tnh ton & gi trong 2 pht. - c gi tr 2 thin phn k. - Tip tc tng - d li 45 ln c ln n hi n nh. P .D d. Tnh ton kt qu : E = , daN / cm
2
dh
L dh
nu tht nn c ng knh ng knh mu;

98
hoc:
P.D 2 Edh = .(1 ) , daN / cm 4 L dh
nu tht nn c ng knh < ng knh mu.
99
8. Xc nh ch s CBR (California Bearing Ratio) ca t trong phng th nghim 22TCN 332:2006 hoc AASHTO T193:
a. Bn cht : Xc nh p lc khi xuyn cn xuyn ngp vo mu t 0,1 inch (2,54mm) hoc 0,2 inch ( 5,08mm ) ri so snh vi p lc khi xuyn vo mu chun (n v %). CBR l mt ch tiu nh gi sc chu ti ca t nn hoc lp mng, dng thit k kt cu mt ng theo AASHTO.
100
b. Thit b th nghim :
- B 03 khun CBR, gi , a gia ti, a c l, ng h o trng n; - Chy m A4 hoc A6 ty theo yu cu th nghim; - B thit b xc nh m; - Cn n 15kg chnh xc 1g; - Thc kp o chiu cao khun; - My nn CBR; - B ngm mu; - Cc dng c khc : bay, cho trn, pen-x . . .
101
B dng c th nghim CBR
102
My xuyn CBR
103
c. Chun b mu th nghim:
- m nn tiu chun theo 22TCN 333:2006 (AASHTO T99-D hoc T180-D) xc nh Wo & dung trng kh ln nht ca t; - Chun b 3 phn t lt sng 19mm (1 phn khong 7kg); - Xc nh th tch, khi lng 03 khun CBR; - Trn m 3 phn t sao cho m xp x Wo, ly t 3 phn em xc nh m; - Lp t tm y, ln lt m 03 phn t 03 khun vi s ln m l 10, 30 v 65 chy m/lp;
104
- Gt t bng mt khun, cn khi lng khun & t; - Lt ngc khun, t giy lc, lp khun vo tm y c l; - t giy lc, lp a phn cch c c l, t cc tm gia ti, lp t gi & ng h o trng n; - Ngm 03 khun vo b cha sao cho nc ngp mu ti thiu 25mm, c s c ban u ca ng h o trng n. Thi gian ngm mu 96 gi ( 4 ngy m ) hoc ln hn ty theo yu cu ca thit k.
105
106
d. Trnh t th nghim xuyn CBR :
- c s c ng h o trng n. - Ly mu ra khi b ngm, x nc trong 15 ph. - Ly a c l ra khi ci, lp cc tm gia ti li. - a mu ln my CBR, h cn xuyn n st mt mu sao cho lc ban u khong 10lb (44N). - Hiu chnh ng h o xuyn su v 0. - Bt my xuyn mu vi tc u 1,27mm/ph. - Ghi cc s c ng h lc ti cc xuyn su :
0,64 - 1,27 - 1,91 - 2,54 - 5,08 - 7,62 - 10,16 - 12,7mm
107
e. Tnh ton kt qu :
e1. Vi mi khun CBR :
- Tnh Wi, ki ca t trong cc ci, h s Ki; - Tnh trng n th tch Ri ca cc ci; - Xc nh lc xuyn mu Fi (N) cc xuyn su khc nhau bng cch tra bng hiu chun vng ng bin t cc s liu c trn ng h; - Tnh p lc xuyn mu Pi ( MpA ) cc su khc nhau bng cch chia lc xuyn mu cho din tch cn xuyn ( 1935mm 2 ); - V th tng quan p lc - xuyn su;
108
109
- Hiu chnh ng cong quan h nu cn thit; - Xc nh p lc cc xuyn su P2,54 & P5,08 cho cc ci t (daN/cm2). - Tnh CBRi cho cc ci t theo cng thc:
C.B.R C.B.R
2.54
i
P = 2.54 2 Pc (69daN / cm ) P = 5.08 2 Pc (103daN / cm )

5.08 i
2.54 i
5.08
i
110
- Nu ch s CBRi2.54 > CBRi5.08 th ly ngay tr s ny. - Nu ch s CBRi2.54 < CBRi5.08 th lm li th nghim; Nu vn c kt qu tng t, mi ly CBRi5.08 .
e2. V ng cong quan h CBR - dung trng kh ( hoc K ) t 03 mu t th nghim. T biu quan h xc nh ch s CBR tng ng vi cht yu cu khc nhau.
111
Quan h CBR - cht K

TNG QUAN CBR - CHT K
120 115 110 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0,70
y = 387,94x - 284,46 R2 = 0,9995
Ch s CBR
0,75
0,80
0,85
0,90 cht K
0,95
1,00
1,05
112
1,10
Quan h CBR - dung trng kh

TNG QUAN CBR - DUNG TRNG KH
120 115 110 105 100 95 90 85 80 75 70 65 60 55 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 1,4 1,5 1,6 1,7 1,8 1,9 2
y = 195,93x - 284,46 R2 = 0,9995
Ch s CBR
2,1
113
Dung trong kh ( g/cm 3)
Th nghim CBR hin trng (ASTM D4429)
114
9. Xc nh sc chng ct ca t trong phng th nghim bng my ct phng ( TCVN 4199:1995 - ASTM D3080 ):
a. Khi nim : PP nhm xc nh sc chng

ct ca t st & t ct; khng p dng cho t ct th, t ln si sn hoc t st trng thi chy. Ty theo tng quan gia tc truyn lc nn & lc ct & iu kin thot nc ca mu m c cc phng php xc nh sc chng ct :
115
- Ct nhanh khng c kt: khng nn trc, ct nhanh. - Ct nhanh c kt: c nn trc, ct nhanh(1mm/ph). - Ct chm c kt: c nn trc, ct chm ( 0,01mm/ph).
Mu t c th ct trng thi thng thng hoc trng thi bo ha nc.

116
b. Thit b th nghim : .
- My ct ng lc hoc ng bin; - B dao vng to mu; - B ci - chy m ch b mu; - Thit b gia ti trc; - B thit b th nghim m; - Cn k thut chnh xc 0,01g; - Thng ngm mu bo ha; - Cc dng c khc . . .
117
My ct phng ng bin
118
119
My ct phng ng lc
120
c. Trnh t th nghim ct phng :
- Ly mu t th nht bng dao vng, gt phng 2 mt mu; - a mu vo hp nn, t cc qu cn gia ti n trng lng tnh ton v ch cho thi gian nu ct c kt; - Gia ti n cp p lc thng ng 1; - c cc s c ban u trn ng h o bin dng & ng h o lc; - Ci t tc ct mu, bt my ct cho n khi mu ph hoi;
121
- c cc s c trn ng h o bin dng & ng h o lc; - Tip tc lm nh vy cc mu 2, 3, 4 vi cc cp p lc thng ng tng dn 2 - 3 - 4;
d. Tnh ton kt qu :
- Tnh ton lc ct ph hoi cc mu t - V biu quan h - ; - Xc nh ( gc ni ma st ) & C ( lc dnh ) t biu quan h hoc cng thc
122
10. Xc nh sc chng ct ca t trong phng th nghim bng nn 3 trc ASTM D2850, AASHTO T296 ): a. Khi nim : PP nhm xc nh sc chng ct ca t khng thot nc chu mt p lc hng 3 khng i ng thi chu 1 ti trng dc trc 1 cho n khi b ph hoi. Th nghim c tin hnh trn 1 t hp 3 n 4 mu t tng t chu p lc hng khc nhau.
123
b. Thit b th nghim : .
- My nn 3 trc - B dao vng to mu - B ci - chy m ch b mu - B thit b th nghim m - Cn k thut chnh xc 0,01g - Thng ngm mu bo ha - Cc dng c khc . . .
124
125
126
c. Trnh t th nghim nn 3 trc :
- Mu hnh tr, chiu cao bng 2 ln ng knh; Ly mu th nht bng dao vng, gt phng 2 mt mu (hoc m t to mu); - t 2 tm phng y & nh mu; - Bc mu vo trong mng cao su; - a mu vo hp nn, lp t hp nn vo my nn; - nc vo hp nn, to p lc hng 3; - iu chnh tht nn piston tip xc vi b t;
127
- c cc s c ban u trn ng h o bin dng & ng h o lc; - Ci t tc nn mu, bt my nn cho n khi mu ph hoi; - c cc s c trn ng h o bin dng & ng h o lc sao cho c 15 s c cho n khi mu b ph hy; - Tip tc lm nh vy cc mu 2, 3, 4 vi cc cp p lc hng tng dn .
d. Tnh ton kt qu :
- V cc ng trn ng sut theo tng cp 1 - 3 - Xc nh ( gc ni ma st ) & C ( lc dnh ) t ng thng bao cc ng trn ng sut.
128
11. Xc nh sc khng nn ca t bng th nghim nn 1 trc n hng t do:

nn ca t mu t hnh tr c chiu cao bng 2 ln ng knh. Lc nn dc trc l lc duy nht tc dng ln mu cho n khi mu b ph hy trong mt thi gian ngn m bo nc khng th vo hoc ra khi mu; Ch dng vi cc mu t dnh khng nt n.
129
a. Khi nim : PP nhm xc nh sc khng
b. Thit b th nghim : . - My nn 1 trc tc 1,27mm/ph

( Unconfine Compression Tester);
- B dao vng to mu; - B ci - chy m ch b mu; - B thit b th nghim m; - Cn k thut chnh xc 0,01g; - Thng ngm mu bo ha; - Cc dng c khc . . .
130
131
c. Trnh t th nghim nn 1 trc c n hng : Tm tt : - Ly mu t th nht bng dao vng, gt phng 2 mt mu (hoc m ch to mu); - a mu vo tht di my nn; - iu chnh tht nn tht trn tip xc vi mt mu; - c cc s c ban u trn ng h o bin dng & ng h o lc;
132
- c cc s c trn ng h o bin dng & ng h o lc, o gc nghing mt trt ca mu; - Tip tc lm nh vy cc mu 2, 3.
d. Tnh ton kt qu :
- Tnh gim chiu cao mu, lc nn mu ph hoi. - Xc nh ( gc ni ma st ) & C ( lc dnh ) theo cng thc ( xem ti liu ).
133
12. Xc nh h s nn ln ca t bng th nghim nn 1 trc khng n hng

( TCVN 4200:1995, AASHTO T216) :
a. Khi nim : PP nhm xc nh h s

nn ln trong iu kin khng n hng, h s c kt v mun bin dng ca t iu kin t nhin hoc bo ha nc, phc v cho cng tc tnh ln nn ng p.
134
b. Thit b th nghim : . - My nn n hoc my nn tam lin - B dao vng to mu - B ci - chy m ch b mu - B thit b th nghim m - Cn k thut chnh xc 0,01g - Thng ngm mu bo ha - Cc dng c khc . . .
135
136
137
138
c. Trnh t th nghim nn 1 trc khng n hng :
Tm tt : - Ly bng dao vng, gt phng 2 mt mu (hoc m ch to mu ) - Xc nh khi lng th tch & m mu trc khi nn - t cc tm thm vo mt trn & di ca mu - a mu vo hp nn - t hp nn ln bn nn, lp ng h o bin dng
139
- iu chnh ng h o bin dng v 0; - Gia ti cp lc th nht, c tr s ln cc thi im 15s, 30s, 1 ph, 2, 4, 8, 15, 30ph, 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 24 gi cho n khi bin dng n nh (30ph, 3 gi v 12 gi i vi ct, ct pha & st kim ng h khng dch qu 1 vch); - c cc s c trn ng h o bin dng khi ln n nh; - Tip tc lm nh vy cc cp ti 2, 3, 4, 5; - Xc nh khi lng th tch & m mu sau khi nn.
d. Tnh ton kt qu : ( Xem ti liu )

140
Chng 3
TH NGHIM DM CP PHI DM
141
3.1. Th nghim dm: 1. Cc ni dung th nghim dm :
- Khi lng th tch ca nguyn khai. - Khi lng ring ca dm. - Khi lng th tch xp ca dm. - rng ca nguyn khai & dm. - Thnh phn ht ca dm.
142
- Hm lng chung bi, bn, st. - Ch s tng ng ct ES. - hao mn va p Los Angeles. - Cng chu nn. - nn dp. - Hm lng ht dt. - hp ph nc ( hp ph b mt ). - bn Sun-ft. - Phn ng kim Al-Kali.
143
2. Xc nh khi lng th tch nguyn khai : a. Bn cht php th : Xc nh khi lng mu kh & th tch t nhin ca mu (bao gm c cc l rng t nhin) , t tnh khi lng th tch ca dm nguyn khai. b. Tm tt cc phng php : * o trc tip th tch : - Gia cng mu thnh cc mu hnh tr trn hoc hnh lp phng. - Sy kh mu n khi lng khng i, cn; - o cc kch thc mu bng thc kp, tnh th tch m u.
144
M y c t m u
145
* Ngm bo ha cn trong nc : - Thng p dng vi cc loi dm khng gia cng thnh kch thc hnh hc r rng; - La chn dm, ra sch, sy kh, cn khi lng; - Ngm mu bo ha, cn khi lng trong khng kh & cn trong nc;
146
Cn thy tnh (cn trong nc), thng nc v gi quay
147
* Bc sp cn trong nc : - Bn cht phng php ging phng php ngm bo ha cn trong nc; - Dng khi dm nhiu l rng; - La chn dm, ra sch, sy kh, cn khi lng; - un pa-ra-phin ( sp ) nng chy, nhng dm vo sp bc kn, ly ra cn khi lng; - Cn khi lng mu bc sp trong khng kh & cn trong nc;
148
* o th tch mu bo ha bng nc : - La chn dm, ra sch, sy kh, cn khi lng; - Ngm mu bo ha, cho nc ct vo bnh c khc vch o th tch, th dm vo bnh, th tch nc trong bnh tng thm chnh l th tch dm
149
3. Khi lng ring ca :
a. Bn cht php th : Xc nh khi lng mu kh & th tch ht ca mu ( coi nh khng cn l rng) , t tnh khi lng ring dm. b. Tm tt php th : - Nghin nh mu (qua sng 2mm); - Xc nh khi lng ring ging nh khi lng ring ca t.
150
4. Khi lng th tch xp ca dm :
a. Bn cht php th : Xc nh khi lng mu dm kh & th tch ca mu trng thi ng ( xp ) , t tnh khi lng th tch xp ca dm. b. Tm tt php th : - Thng cha bit trc khi lng & th tch; - Sy kh mu dm; - Xc mu vo thng cha, dng thc gt bng mt thng; - Cn khi lng ca thng & dm;
151
5. rng ca nguyn khai & dm ( phng php tnh ton ) : - Xc nh khi lng ring & khi lng th tch ca nguyn khai t tnh rng nguyn khai. - Xc nh khi lng ring & khi lng th tch xp ca dm t tnh rng dm.
152
6. Thnh phn ht ca dm : - Phn tch thnh phn ht bng phng php sng; - Trnh t tin hnh tng t phn tch thnh phn ht ca t bng phng php sng.
153
7. Hm lng chung bi, bn, st ( Phng php ra ): Tm tt : - Sy kh dm, cn khi lng; - Ra sch bi, bn, st trong dm bng thng ra c vi; - Sy kh dm ra sch, cn khi lng; - Hm lng bi bn st c tnh Thng ra c vi bng % so vi tng khi lng mu ban u.
154
8. Ch s tng ng ct ES (AASHTO T176): a. Bn cht phng php : ch s ES gin tip phn nh hm lng bi, st trong dm, ct hoc t; - ES l ch s tnh bng phn trm t s gia chiu cao ct vt liu & tng chiu cao ct nc kt bng; - Phng php ny xc nh gin tip hm lng bi st nhanh hn nhiu so vi phng php ra.
155
B thit b th nghim ES
156
8. Ch s tng ng ct ES.
My lc th nghim ES
157
Mt loi my lc th nghim ES khc
158
b. Tm tt phng php : - Sy kh ct liu, sng ly 120g lt qua sng 5mm; - VL vo ng ong, vo 1 t dung dch nc ra, ngm mu & lc mu bi st ha vo nc ra; - Dng ng ra tia nc ra vo mu tip tc tch bi st ra khi mu n ngang vch quy nh; - o chiu cao ct mu & tng chiu cao ct mu & ct nc kt bng trong ng ong.
159
9. hao mn va p Los Angeles : a. Khi nim : xc nh gin tip mc ct liu b bnh xe mi mn, va p lm cho mn, v bng cch cho 1 lng ct liu c thnh phn ht nht nh vo 1 thng quay cng vi cc vin bi st;
160
- Trc y dng phng php hao mn Deval, khi thng quay ct liu s mi mn do ma st vo nhau & ma st vo thng quay. - Los Angeles cho thm cc vin bi st nn khi thng quay cc vin bi cn va p lm v thm cc vin ( m phng vic bnh xe va p vo mt ng khi chuyn ng ).
161
b. Tm tt phng php : - Sy kh ct liu, ly 1250g hoc 2500g mi loi ty thuc vo phng php th nghim; - Phi hp cc c ht t c khi lng ban u l 5000g( hoc 10000g); - VL v cc vin bi ( 6 n 12 vin ) vo thng quay, cho thng quay 500 vng ( hoc 1000 vng);
162
- Ly vt liu ra, sng qua sng 1,7mm; - Ra sch, sy kh phn ct liu trn sng ri cn khi lng; - L.A chnh l phn trm ct liu tn tht ( di sng ) so vi khi lng mu ban u.
163
My xc nh hao mn va p Los Angeles
164
My xc nh hao mn Micro Deval
165
My xc nh hao mn Deval
166
11. Cng chu nn ca nguyn khai: Tm tt phng php : - Gia cng thnh cc t mu hnh tr hoc hnh lp phng c kch thc 50mm; - Nn mu theo cc phng dc th, ngang th trng thi kh hoc trng thi bo ha nc; - Tnh ton cng chu nn trung bnh ca cc t mu da trn lc ph hoi mu & tit din mu.
167
My nn xc nh cng chu nn ca dm
168
12. nn dp ca dm :
Tm tt phng php : - Rt gn mu dm, cn khi lng ( ty theo kch c ln nht ca dm ), sy mu kh hoc ngm mu bo ha; - a mu vo xi-lanh nn, gia ti n lc quy nh & gi ti ty theo phng php; - Ly mu khi xi-lanh, sng mu qua sng 2.5mm, sy kh ri cn khi lng; - nn dp chnh l phn trm ct liu lt qua sng so vi khi lng mu ban u.
169
Mt s loi khun nn dp dm
170
13. Hm lng ht dt ca dm : Tm tt phng php : - Rt gn mu dm, sy mu kh, cn khi lng ( ty theo kch c ca dm ); - Tch cc ht c chiu di ln hn 3 ln chiu cao bng thc kp hoc thc o khe h; - Hm lng ht dt chnh l phn trm khi lng ct liu dt vi khi lng mu ban u.
171
Dng c xc nh hm lng ht dt
172
14. Xc nh hp ph b mt : Tm tt phng php : Ct liu th ( dm ) : - Rt gn mu dm, sy mu kh, cn khi lng ( ty theo kch c ca dm ); - Ngm mu bo ha; lau cc vin dm bo ha bng khn m, cn li khi lng; - bo ha chnh phn trm hm lng nc ht vo dm so vi khi lng mu kh.
173
Tm tt phng php : Ct liu mn ( ct t nhin, ct xay ) : - Rt gn mu, sy mu kh, cn khi lng; - Ngm mu bo ha; - i cho mu kh se, a vo cn, m nh vi s chy quy nh, rt cn theo phng thng ng & quan st mu. - Nu khi rt cn, mu st xung t t u n th ly mu cn khi lng; - hp ph b mt chnh l m ca mu xc nh c.
174
Cn xc nh hp ph b mt ca ct liu mn
175
3.2. Th nghim cp phi dm: 1. Cc ni dung th nghim CPD :

- Khi lng ring. - Khi lng th tch xp. - Thnh phn ht. - Tng quan dung trng - m. - Ch s CBR. - hao mn va p Los Angeles. - Hm lng ht dt. - Ch s do.
176
Chng 4
TH NGHIM CT
177
1. Cc ni dung th nghim ct:
1. Thnh phn khong vt ca ct. 2. Khi lng ring ca ct ( tng t t ). 3. Khi lng th tch xp & xp ca ct. 4. m. 5. Thnh phn ht & m un ln. 6. Hm lng chung bi, bn, st. 7. Hm lng ht st. 8. Hm lng tp cht hu c 9. Hm lng mui sunft - sunft 10.Hm lng mi-ca
178
7. Xc nh hm lng ht st : T m t t : - Sy kh ct, sng qua sng 5mm, rt gn ly 2 phn, mi phn 250g; - ct & 500ml nc ct vo bnh, cho 3 - 4 git amnic vo mi bnh; - Khuy u bng a thy tinh cc ht st trong ct tr thnh huyn ph l lng trong nc; - Cho thm nc n vch 1000ml, khuy u; - Ch 1 thi gian quy nh ty theo nhit phng; - Ly 100ml huyn ph su 100mm bng pi-pt hoc ng ch U trong ng em cn;
179
8. Xc nh hm lng tp cht hu c : Trnh t th nghim : - Sy kh ct, sng qua sng 5mm, rt gn ly 250g - ct vo bnh 250ml n mc 130ml, dung dch NaOH 3% vo bnh n mc 200ml - Khuy hn hp v yn trong 24gi, c 4 gi li khuy 1 ln ri em so snh vi bng mu chun
180
9. Xc nh hm lng sunft-sunft : Tm tt :
- Thm d : 40-50g ct sy kh, sng qua sng 4900l/cm2 ( 0,071), cho vo bnh 500ml, cho thm 250ml nc ct khuy u & yn trong 4 gi, nh 2 3 git HCl & 5ml BaCl2 10%, un ti 50oC, ri yn trong 4 gi, nu c kt ta mu trng chng t ct c mui sunft-sunft; - Ly 100g ct nghin nh, ct vo bnh c 500ml nc ct, y nt lc u trong 4gi;
181
- Lc dung dch qua giy lc, ly 100ml a vo cc c cha 250ml nc ct, nh 4 5 git cht ch th mu vo cc cho dung dch bin mu; - Nh HCl vo cc cho n khi dung dch c mu th nh tip 4 5 git cht ch th mu; - un gn si dung dch, 15 ml BaCl2 vo cc trn u, un n 60 70oC BaSO4 kt ta; - Lc dung dch qua giy lc t tro, nung giy lc c cn 700 800oC ri cn khi lng chnh xc n 0,1ml.
182
Chng 5
TH NGHIM T- GIA C CHT LIN KT V C
183
Cc ni dung chnh
1. Cc vn chung 2. Th nghim t- gia c
184
5.1. Cc vn chung
1. Tnh cht vt liu :
- t, ct, GCXM c cu trc ton khi, kt tinh. - Loi mt ng : na cng, c cng chu nn cao, c kh nng chu ko khi un, rt n nh nhit & n nh nc. Chnh v vy cc loi vt liu ny ngoi vic xc nh kh nng chu nn, mun n hi cn phi th nghim xc nh kh nng chu ko khi un thng qua gi tr cng chu p ch ca vt liu.
185
2. Cc ni dung th nghim :
- Xc nh m tt nht & khi lng th tch kh ln nht ca hn hp. - Xc nh cng chu nn. - Xc nh cng chu p ch. - Xc nh m un n hi.
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5.2. Th nghim t- GCXM

1. m tt nht & khi lng th tch kh ln nht (AASHTO T180-D): a. Thit b, dng c th nghim : (Tng t TN t) b. Chun b mu :
- Sy kh mu t- n khi lng khng i - Cn khi lng vt liu, ximng theo ng t l - Phi liu, trn hn hp vi nc - mu 60 pht trc khi tin hnh m nn nu gia c XM, 24 gi nu gia c vi.
c. Trnh t th nghim : ( Tng t TN t)
187
2. Cng chu nn :
a. Thit b, dng c th nghim : - Cc dng c ch to & dng h mu; - My nn thu lc 5 20T; b. Chun b mu : - Mu c ch to trong khun, m nn m tt nht nh th nghim m nn tiu chun (9 vin mu, 3 mu t.nghim nn, 3 mu t. nghim p ch, 3 mu th nghim m un n hi); - Dng h mu theo ng quy trnh ca ct- gia c xi mng;
188
c. Trnh t th nghim : - Nn tng vin mu dc trc cho n khi ph hoi vi tc 3mm/pht; d. Tnh ton kt qu : Rn = P/F ( daN/cm2 ); - Sai s gia 3 mu th nghim phi m bo Dng c ph u mu - nu mu hnh <= 10%; tr khoan ti hin trng
u mu c lm phng
189
u mu c lm phng
190
My nn
p ch mu
191
3. Cng chu p ch :
a. Chun b mu : ( Tng t mu nn ) b. Trnh t th nghim : - Nn tng vin mu theo phng ng knh cho n khi ph hoi vi tc nn 2 4mm/pht (CKD v c) v 50mm/ph (CKD hu c).
192
d. Tnh ton kt qu :
2
P , daN / cm R ec = K . D.H vi K l h s: K=1 nu CKD hu c. K=/2 nu CKD v c. - Sai s gia 3 mu th nghim phi m bo <= 10%.
- Cng thc gn ng chuyn i cng :
Rk: Rec : Rku = 1 : 1,35 : ( 1,5 2,0 )

193
5. M un n hi :
a. Chun b mu : ( Tng t mu nn ) b. Trnh t th nghim : - Xc nh p lc nn = 0,2 Rn ( daN/cm2 ); - o chiu cao mu chnh xc n 0,1mm; - a mu vo my nn; - Lp t thin phn k o bin dng, hiu chnh & c s.
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- Gia ti tc 50mm/pht n p lc tnh ton & gi trong 2 pht; - c gi tr 2 thin phn k; - Tip tc tng - d li tng t 4 5 ln cho n khi bin dng n hi n nh; d. Tnh ton kt qu :
P.D Edh = , daN / cm L dh
2
195
Chng 6 TH NGHIM NHA NG
196
Cc ni dung chnh :
1. Cc vn chung 2. Tiu chun nha ng c dng 3. 4.
trong ng b Tiu chun nha ng plime Th nghim nha ng

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6.1. Cc vn chung
1. Khi nim 2. Yu cu i vi nha dng trong
ng t 3. Thnh phn c bn ca nha ng
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1. Khi nim v nha ng : Nha ng l loi cht lin kt hyrccbon. Bitum l sn phm chng ct t du m v gurng l sn phm chng ct t than . Hin nay, gurng khng cn c s dng do tnh c hi ca n. nc ta hin nay bitum c gi nm na l nha ng.
199
2. Phn loi nha : b1. Theo thnh phn ha hc : bitum & gurng b2. Theo dng nguyn liu : bitum du m, bitum du, bitum thin nhin, gurng than , gurng than bn, gurng g. b3. Theo tnh cht xy dng : bitum & gurng rn, bitum & gurng qunh, bitum & gurng lng, nh tng bitum & gurng. Hin nay, xut hin mt s loi bitum ci tin nh : bitum plime, bitum EVA, bitum Latex, bitum lu hunh . . .
200
3. Yu cu i vi nha : - D thi cng, bc u ; - Dnh bm tt vi ; - n nh nhit, chu c nhit cao; - n nh nc; - C kh nng bin dng nhit thp; - t b ho gi theo thi gian;
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Cc loi nha ci tin u c xu hng nng cao nhit ha mm & h thp nhit ha cng ca bitum, ci thin tnh dnh bm gia nha & ct liu.
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4. Thnh phn c bn ca nha ng :

a. Cc nhm cht chnh :
- Nhm Asphalt ( 10-30%): Cht rn, gin, khng nng chy; lm tng tnh n nh nhit, qunh, gin & kh nng cu trc ho ca bitum; - Nhm cht nha( 15-20%): Cht d nng chy; lm tng gin di, n hi & tnh dnh bm ca bitum; - Nhm cht du ( 45-60%): Cht do, d bay hi; lm tng linh ng, lm gim nhit ho mm ca bitum;
203
b. Cc nhm cht ph :
- Nhm cc-ben v cc-b-t ( 1-3%): Gin, cht hn Asphalt. Lm tng tnh qunh, tnh gin; - Nhm Axt Asphalt v cc Al-hy-ric ca n (1%): Ging nhm cht nha. Lm tng kh nng dnh bm ca bitum vi ct liu; - Nhm Pa-ra-phin ( 1-5%): Lm gim nhit ho mm v kh nng phn tn, tng tnh gin ca bitum;
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6.2. Tiu chun nha ng c( 22 TCN 279-01)

T T 1 2 3 4 5 Cc ch tiu
n
Tr s tiu chun theo cp kim ln (mc) 40/60 4060 60/70 6070 70/100
70100
v 0,1 mm cm
0C
100/150 100150
150/250 150250
kim ln 250C ko di 250C Nhit ho mm Nhit bt la Lng tn tht sau khi un nng 1630C trong 5 gi T l kim ln ca nha ng sau khi un nng 1630C trong 5 gi so vi kim ln 250C Lng ha tan trong Trichloroethylene Khi lng ring 250C dnh bm i vi Hm lng Paraphin
min 100 4958 4655 4351 3947 3543 min.220 max.0,8
0C
min.230 max.0, 5
min.80
min.75
min.70
min.65
min.60
7 8 9 10
% g/cm3 Cp %
min. 99
1,00 1,05 min. cp 3 max. 2,2
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Tiu chun nha ng plime ( 22 TCN 319-04)

TT 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Cc ch tiu Nhit ha mm kim ln 25oC Nhit bt la Lng tn tht sau khi nung 163oC trong 5h kim ln cn li sau khi nung 163oC trong 5h Lng ha tan trong Trichloroethylene Khi lng ring 25oC dnh bm vi n hi ( 25oC, mu ko di 10 cm) n nh lu tr nht 135oC n v
oC
Tr s theo mc nha PMB1 min. 60 50 - 70 PMB2 min. 70 min. 230 max. 0.6 min. 65 min. 99 1.01 1.05 min. cp 4 min. 60 min. 65 Max 3.0 Max 3.0
206
PMB3 min. 80
0,1mm
oC
40 - 70
% % % g/cm3 cp %
oC
min. 70
Pa.S
6.3. Th nghim nha ng
1. Xc nh kim ln nha 250C : a. Thit b, dng c th nghim : - My o kim ln; - Cc kim loi ch to mu; - ng h bm giy chnh xc 0,1giy; - Nhit k chnh xc 0,1oC; - Thng lm lnh c dung tch ti thiu 10lt.
207
My o kim ln t ng
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My o kim ln t ng c thit b lm lnh t ng

209
My o kim ln t ng hin th s
Thng lm lnh
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b. Chun b mu : - un lng nha ( < 90oC khng qu 30ph ) vo cc; - ngui trong khng kh 1,5 n 2 gi; - Ngm cc mu trong nc 25oC t 1,5 2 gi; c. Trnh t th nghim : - H kim xuyn st mt mu, iu chnh ng h v 0; - Xuyn mu ti 3 v tr, c s c sau 5giy th mu ri t do; d. Tnh ton kt qu : tnh gi tr trung bnh 3 ln xuyn.
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e. Cc lu khi th nghim & kim tra bo co th nghim: - Trng lng kim xuyn phi chnh xc; - Mu khng c bt kh, b mt bng phng; - Dng h mu & nhit mu khi xuyn phi ph hp quy trnh; - ng h bm giy, nhit k t yu cu v chnh xc ( 0,1s v 0,1oC); - Kim xuyn phi h va chm mt mu trc khi xuyn; - Thi gian xuyn phi chnh xc; - Sai s gia cc ln th nghim phi m bo ( nha 60/70 l <= 4 ).
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2. ko di
0C, 25
5cm/pht :
a. Thit b, dng c th nghim : - My ko bitum; - Khun ch to mu;

- Nhit k chnh xc 0,1oC; - Thng lm lnh c dung tch ti thiu 10lt; - Dao ct gt mu.
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214
215
216
b. Chun b mu : - Qut du chng dnh vo khun; - un lng nha, y khun; - ngui 30ph, a mu vo thng lm lnh 30ph; - Ly mu ra, dng dao nng gt phng, t mu vo thng lm lnh 85 n 90ph. c. Trnh t th nghim : - Lp mu vo my ko; - Bt my ko mu n khi t vi tc 50mm/pht, ghi li gi tr dn di; Cho thm mui hoc ru vo my ko mu nu mu b chm hoc ni.
217
d. Tnh ton kt qu : tnh gi tr trung bnh. e. Cc lu khi th nghim & kim tra bo co th nghim: - Ch to, dng h mu phi ph hp quy trnh; - Nc phi t nhit ( 25 0,1oC). - Nhit nc ng quy nh trong sut thi gian th nghim; - Tc ko mu phi chnh xc; - Cho thm NaCl hoc ru methylic vo dung dch cho ph hp; - Sai s gia 3 mu th nghim phi m bo <= 10%.
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3. Nhit ha mm ( PP vng v bi ):
a. Thit b, dng c th nghim : - Khun to mu; - Thit b o im ha mm ; - Nhit k chnh xc 0,5oC; - Thng lm lnh c dung tch ti thiu 10lt ; - Dao ct gt mu; - Bp du hoc bp in.
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220
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b. Chun b mu : - Qut du chng dnh vo khun, t ln bn y bi va-d-lin - un lng nha khng qu im ha mm 50oC trong thi gian khng qu 30ph, y 02 khun. - ngui 30ph, dng dao nng gt phng, t mu vo thng lm lnh 85 n 90ph.
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c. Trnh t th nghim : - Lp khun mu, vng dn hng bi thp v nhit k vo gi treo - Ngm gi treo vo bnh cha dung dch, mt trn khun mu cch mt dung dch 50mm, mt di gi treo cch y 5,08mm. t nhit k c bu thy ngn ngang y vng mu. - Duy tr nhit h thng l 5oC trong 15pht, dng kp a vin bi thp vo pha trn mu, a bnh ln bp, iu chnh la tc tng nhit l 5 0,5oC. - Ghi nhit ti thi im 2 vin bi ri chm y gi treo.
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225
d. Tnh ton kt qu : ( Xem ti liu ) e. Cc lu khi th nghim & kim tra bo co th nghim: - Nhit k t yu cu v chnh xc (0,5oC). - Nhit ban u, tc gia nhit phi khng ch chnh xc. - Sai s gia 2 mu th nghim phi m bo <= 10C.
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4. Nhit bt la, nhit bc chy ( trong cc h ):

a. Thit b, dng c th nghim : - Thit b o nhit bt la; - Cc mu; - Bp gia nhit; - Nhit k 400oC chnh xc 0,5oC.
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228
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b. Chun b mu : - Ra sch v lau kh cc mu, t cc vo v tr, lp nhit k v tr ti tm ca cc, y bu nhit k cch y cc 6 7 mm. - mu nha ng un nng chy vo cc mu vi chiu cao thp hn ming cc 9 10 mm. mu ngui v n nh nhit bnh thng 30 pht.
230
- Bt bp gia nhit 5oC 6oC/pht (thi gian u c th nhanh hn, khong 14oC 17oC/pht cho n khi nhit t 120oC). - Khi nhit ca mu t 150oC bt u phng la hoc h que la trn mt mu nha ng khng cao hn 2mm trn mp trn ca cc, tip tc lm nh vy c 20 giy 1 ln n khi thy c ngn la xanh trn mt mu ri tt ngay th ghi li nhit bt la. - Tip tc th nghim n khi thy ngn la xanh duy tr qu 5 giy th l nhit bc chy.
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d. Tnh ton kt qu : ( Xem ti liu ) e. Cc lu khi th nghim & kim tra bo c o :

- Ch to, dng h mu phi ph hp quy trnh. - Nhit k t yu cu v chnh xc (0,5oC). - p sut khng kh ti thi im th nghim 760mm Hg nu sai khc phi hiu chnh nhit .
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5. Lng tn tht sau khi un nng nha ng 5 gi 1630C : a. Thit b, dng c th nghim : - T sy xoay vng; - Nhit k 200oC chnh xc 0,5oC; - Cn k thut chnh xc 0,01g; - Cc cc kim loi ng mu; - Cc dng c un nha.
233
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b. Chun b mu : - Cn khi lng cc mu - un nng chy nha, khong 50g vo cc mu - ngui cc mu, cn chnh xc li khi lng cc & nha
235
c. Trnh t th nghim : 0C, a - Bt t sy, gia nhit n 163 cc mu t ln trn gi xoay, bt gi xoay 5 6 vng/ph. - Sau 5h, ly mu ra ngui, cn li khi lng. d. Tnh ton kt qu : ( Xem ti liu )
236
e. Cc lu khi th nghim & kim tra bo co th nghim: - Ch to, dng h mu phi ph hp quy trnh. - Cn t yu cu v chnh xc (0,01g). - Nhit k t yu cu v chnh xc (0,5oC).
- Cc mu c du hiu si bt trong qu trnh kim tra ( ln nc hoc tp cht ) phi c loi b.
237
6. T l kim ln sau khi un nng nha ng 5 gi 1630C so vi kim ln ban u: a. Thit b, dng c th nghim : ( nh th nghim kin ln ) b. Chun b mu : mu c nung xc nh lng tn tht c. Trnh t th nghim : d. Tnh ton kt qu : e. Cc lu khi gim st th nghim & kim tra bo co th nghim: ( Tng t mc 1 )
238
7. Lng ha tan ca nha ng trong trichloroethylene : a. Thit b, dng c th nghim : - Bnh lc, bnh cha; - Li lc; - Cn phn tch chnh xc 0,001g; - T sy; - Cc nung.
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b. Chun b th nghim : - Lm sch & kh bnh cha, cn khi lng - un nha nng chy, cho khong 2 g vo bnh cha, cn li khi lng, ngui trong 1gi
241
c. Trnh t th nghim : - Cho 100ml dung dch trichloroethylene vo bnh ha tan nha; - Cn cc nung c lm sch, sy kh; - Lc dung dch qua li lc, ra sch li bng dung mi, ly phn st trn li lc a vo cc nung; - Sy cc nung 110oC 0,5oC n khi lng khng i; - ngui, cn li khi lng cc nung & cn khng tan.
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d. Tnh ton kt qu : ( Xem ti liu ) e. Cc lu khi th nghim & kim tra bo co th nghim: - Cn phn tch t yu cu v chnh xc (0,001g).
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8. Khi lng ring & t trng ca nha ng 25oC: a. Thit b, dng c th nghim : - Bnh t trng; - Cn phn tch chnh xc 0,001g; - Bn nc n nh nhit; - Nhit k 100oC sai s 0,1oC; - Cc thy tinh 600ml; - Nc ct.
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b. Chun b th nghim : - nc ct vo cc thu tinh, ngm cc vo bnh n nh nhit; - Lau sch & kh bnh t trng, cn khi lng bnh c nt; - nc ct vo ngang vch nh mc ca bnh t trng, y nt & a bnh vo cc nc trong bn. Sau 30ph ly bnh ra, lau kh bn ngoi & cn khi lng bnh & nc ct 25 oC; - nc ra, lau kh bnh t trng.
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c. Trnh t th nghim : - un nng chy nha, cn thn vo khong 3/4 bnh t trng; - y nt, cho bnh nha vo cc nc, gi trong vng 40 pht nhit 250C, ly ra lau sch & cn khi lng; - thm nc ct vo bnh ngang vch nh mc, y nt, a vo cc nc n nh nhit trong 30pht; - Ly bnh ra, lau sch & cn khi lng.
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d. Tnh ton kt qu : ( Xem ti liu ) e. Cc lu khi th nghim & kim tra bo co : - Cn phn tch t yu cu v chnh xc (0,001g); - Th nghim nhit 250C th chnh lch 2 ln th nghim khng qu 0,002; - Bo co kt qu chnh xc ti 3 s l thp phn.
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9. dnh bm ca nha ng vi :
a. Thit b, dng c th nghim : - ng h bm giy; - B p ; - Gi treo; - Cc thy tinh 1000ml; - Nc ct; - Ch buc, gi treo mu.
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Bp din
Gi treo
Bnh t trng
250
b. Chun b th nghim : - Chn 20 vin 30 - 40mm, ra sch, sy kh n khi lng khng i - Buc ch vo tng vin
251
c. Trnh t th nghim : - Sy n nhit lm vic trong 60ph; - un nha n nhit lm vic; - Nhng tng vin vo nha trong 15giy; - Treo ln gi trong 15 pht; - un si nc ct trong cc, nhng tng vin vo cc nc si trong 10 pht; - Nhc cc vin ra, quan st & nh gi. d. nh gi kt qu : ( Xem ti liu )
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nh gi tnh dnh bm gia Nng vi nha thng thng nha dng ph gia Wetfix & nha plime PMB1
Nha Nh
H Bn
Sn
Khnh Sn
Phc Tng1
Phc Tng2
Ha Pht
H B c
Hc Kh 2
H Tru1
H Tru2
PLC
Wetfix(0,2%)
Wetfix(0,4%)
Wetfix(0,6%)
Polime PMB1
256
10. Xc nh hm lng paraphin trong nha ng ( xem ti liu ): a. Thit b, dng c th nghim : - B thit b chng ct nha; - B thit b chit tch paraphin; - Cn phn tch chnh xc 5 mg v 0,5 mg; - Bn nc n nh nhit; - T sy; - Nhit k 100oC sai s 0,1oC; - ng nghim thy tinh; - Phu & cc ming lc; - te khan, Ethanol, cn 90o, Axetone, Dioxide cacbone . . .
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b. Trnh t th nghim : - un nng chy nha, rt 25g vo bnh chng, cn khi lng nha chnh xc n 10mg; - Chng nha ng khong 15 pht; - Cn cht chng c trong bnh ngng chnh xc n 10mg; - Cn 2 4 g cht chng ct c chnh xc n 5mg cho vo 2 ng nghim; - Ha tan cht chng ct vi ete & ethanol, a vo bn lm lnh n - 20oC; lc qua phu lc trong mi trng - 20oC;
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- un nng chy nha, rt 25g vo bnh chng, cn khi lng nha chnh xc n 10mg; - Chng nha ng khong 15 pht; - Cn cht chng c trong bnh ngng chnh xc n 10mg; - Cn 2 4 g cht chng ct c chnh xc n 5mg cho vo 2 ng nghim; - Ha tan cht chng ct vi ete & ethanol, a vo bn lm lnh n - 20oC; lc qua phu lc trong mi trng - 20oC.
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d. Tnh ton kt qu : ( Xem ti liu )
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Chng 7 TH NGHIM BTNG NHA
261
Cc ni dung chnh
1. Cc phng php TK hn hp BTN.
2. Th nghim BTN.
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7.1. Cc phng php thit k hn hp BTN nng ( Hot Mix Asphalt-HMA): - Phng php A : (theo Lin x c) mu hnh tr c chiu cao bng ng knh. Nn mu theo phng dc trc. Ch tiu cng l cng chu nn dc trc khng hn ch n hng ca mu. Chn t mu t cc ch tiu c l & c hm lng nha nh.
263
- Phng php B : (phng php Marshall) mu hnh tr c chiu cao 63,5mm - ng knh 101,6mm. Nn mu theo chu vi. Ch tiu cng l n nh (Stability-KN), ch s do (Flow-mm). Chn t mu c cc ch tiu c l ti u. - Ch p dng c vi BTN cht.
264
chiu cao 63,5mm (2,5inch) - ng knh 101,6mm (4,0 inch). Mu c nn 3 trc & un gy. Cng mu l ch tiu S (Stabilometer value) v C (Cohesiometer value ). Chn t mu c cc ch tiu c l ti u theo S, C, khi lng th tch & rng cn d.
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- Phng php Hveem : mu hnh tr c
- Phng php SuperPAVE(Superior Performing Asphalt Pavement System): y l phng php thit k BTN rt mi, l kt qu ca Chng trnh nghin cu chin lc ng cao tc ca M nhm to ra trong phng th nghim mu BTN ging vi trng thi ch to ngoi hin trng, cc th nghim v cht lng BTN cng m phng tc dng ca bnh xe hot ti thc.
266
Tm tt phng php : - Ngoi thng s ti trng, trong phn tnh ton thit k BTN cn a vo yu t nhit khng kh, nhit lm vic tnh ton ca BTN , kh hu vng min thit k. - Cp phi ct liu c xy dng mi. - T l khi lng ht lt qua sng 0,075/khi lng nha trong hn hp c nghin cu cn nhc k lng ( 0,6 - 1,2% ) nha tng tc vi bt khong va to ra cht lin kt Asphalt. - Mu BTN c ng knh 6 inch (150mm), chiu cao 4.5 inch(115mm). - Th nghim BTN rt nhiu trng thi lm vic.
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Thit b ch to mu superpave
268
Thit b th nghim mun n hi ng hn ch n hng
269
Thit b th nghim mun n hi ng khi trt
270
Th nghim mun n hi ng khi un
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Thit b th nghim m phng vt bnh xe
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273
274
Th nghim ln vt bnh hin trung
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276
277
278
279
280
7.2. Th nghim BTN :
PTN, ti hin trng hoc khoan ly mu. a. Ch b mu : a1. Ch to hn hp trong phng th nghim : - Sy kh cc loi vt liu thnh phn; - Cn khi lng cc loi vt liu thnh phn theo t l thit k; - Rang nng ct, n nhit lm vic; - un nha n nhit thi cng; - nha & bt khong ngui vo cho trn; - Trn u hn hp khong 4 n 6 pht nhit 150 160oC.
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1. Chun b mu : mu BTN c th ch b trong
a2. Ly hn hp hin trng : - Ly mu hn hp trn xe vn chuyn, trong phu cha my ri hoc khi ri hn hp ra mt ng ( 200T c 1 t mu ). a3. Ch to mu : - Phng php A : sy nng khun, cn BTN vo khun, lp t pis-tng trn, a mu ln my nn, nn vi p lc 400 daN/cm2 trong 3 pht ri kch ly mu khi khun.
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- Phng php B : sy nng khun, cn BTN vo khun, m 75 chy, lt ngc khun, m tip 75 chy ri ly mu khi khun.
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284
b. Khoan mu mt ng: dng khoan hnh www.dutoancongtrinh.com ng ly mu BTN, o chiu dy mu BTN ti hin trng ( 1500m2 khoan 01 t mu ). Ct mu c 2 mt y song song, sy mu kh ro trc khi th nghim nhit 60oC. My khoan Matest
My khoan ELE
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My ct mu Matest
286
Mu ch b
Mu khoan ti hin trng
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2. Xc nh khi lng th tch BTN : a. Mc ch : - Vi mu BTN ch b : xc nh khi lng th tch thc ca BTN, lm c s nh gi cht, rng ca hn hp BTN. - Vi mu BTN khoan hin trng : xc nh khi lng th tch ca BTN m nn hin trng, so snh vi khi lng th tch thc ca BTN c cng l trnh nh gi cht BTN (cht lng m nn), l c s nghim thu mt ng BTN.
288
b. Cc phng php th nghim khi lng th tch BTN: - Phng php tnh trc tip th tch vin mu; - Phng php dng tia Gamma; - Phng php bo ha b mt & cn trong nc; - Phng php bc sp ( paraphin ); - Phng php bc mng paraphin; - Phng php bc mng plastic;
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Khi lng th tch & khi lng ring trung bnh ca cc ct liu trong BTN c xc nh theo phng php tnh ton khi bit khi lng th tch BTN, khi lng ring & hm lng tng loi ct liu.
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291
c. Phng php bo ha b mt & cn trong nc : c1. Thit b th nghim : - Cn k thy tnh thut chnh xc 0,1g; - Gi treo; - Thng nc 20oC 2oC; - T kh hu; - Nhit k chnh xc 0,1oC.
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c2. Trnh t th nghim : - V sinh sch mu, bo dng trong t kh hu 12 gi; - Cn khi lng mu kh; - Ngm mu bo ha b mt trong thng bo n 20oC trong 30 pht ( theo PP AASHTO l 4 pht ); - Cn mu trong nc, vt ra lau nhanh bng gh m & cn trong khng kh; c3. Tnh ton kt qu : ( Xem ti liu )
294
3. Xc nh bo ha nc & n th tch : a. Thit b th nghim : - Tng t th nghim xc nh dung trng v : - Bnh ht chn khng; - Bm chn khng;
295
296
b. Trnh t th nghim : - Mu th nghim khi lng th tch a vo bnh ht chn khng; - Ht chn khng n 10ml Hg, gi trong 1,5 gi; - M van x n p sut thng thng, gi trong 1gi; - Ly mu ra cn trong nc & cn trong khng kh; Nu mun xc nh bo ha nc lu tip tc ngm mu vo nc trong 15 ngy m.
297
4. Xc nh khi lng ring BTN : a. Phng php : - Tnh ton : thng qua khi lng ring & hm lng tng thnh phn trong hn hp BTN tnh khi lng ring - ch ph hp trong qu trnh thit k BTN. - Th nghim trc tip : th nghim cng vi vic xc nh khi lng th tch thc BTN tnh ton rng cn d ca BTN. Phng php th nghim ca Vit Nam v AASHTO khc nhau rt nhiu.
298
b. Thit b th nghim : - Tng t th nghim xc nh bo ha nc, cn thm bnh t trng; - Phng php ca AASHTO cn thm 1 bnh chn khng;
299
300
c. Trnh t th nghim : c1. Theo 22 TCN 62-84 : - p nh mu BTN (<10mm), sy kh; - Cn 2 mu, mi mu khong 50 200g; - Cn khi lng bnh t trng kh & bnh cha nc ct n ngang vch nh mc 20oC; - bt nc ct trong bnh cn 1/3 , cho BTN vo bnh, cho thm 30 git ph gia thm t; - Cho 2 bnh vo bnh chn khng, ht chn khng n 10mm Hg, gi trong 1 gi; - Ly bnh ra, thm nc ct n vch nh mc, a vo thng bo n 30 pht nhit 20oC; - Ly bnh ra, lau sch, cn khi lng.
301
c1. Theo AASHTO : - Tch mu BTN, sy kh; - Cn mu ( 500 4000g ty theo Dmax ); - Cho nc ct 25oC vo y bnh, cn khi lng; - bt nc, cho mu vo bnh, ht chn khng n 3,7 0,3 Kpa; gi trong 15 pht; - M van x p sut tr v bnh thng, thm nc ct 25oC y bnh; - Lau sch, cn khi lng trong vng 10 pht. Tnh ton rng BTN t khi lng th tch & khi lng ring ca BTN.
302
5. Xc nh cng chu nn ca BTN : a. Mc ch : Xc nh bn chu nn ca mu BTN hnh tr c chiu cao bng ng knh. Th nghim thc hin trong qu trnh thit k hn hp trong PTN hoc kim tra cht lng hn hp trong qu trnh thi cng, l 1 c s nghim thu mt ng BTN nu th nghim theo phng php A ca Quy trnh thi cng & nghim thu mt ng BTN ri nng.
303
b. Thit b th nghim : - My nn; - Thng ngm mu n nh nhit; - Nhit k chnh xc 1oC; - T kh hu.
304
305
c. Trnh t th nghim : - Dng h mu t trng thi th nghim ( mu kh nhit 20 & 60oC, mu bo ha nc nhit 20oC, mu bo ha nc 15 ngy oC ) m nhit 20 - a mu ln my nn, bt my nn mu n khi ph hoi.
306
d. Tnh ton kt qu : ( Xem ti liu ) e. Lu : - Tc nn phi m bo 3 0,5mm/pht. - Kt qu nn cc vin mu trong t khng c sai khc qu 10%. - Tnh ton h s n nh nc, nhit t cc t mu.
307
6. Th nghim Marshall :
a. Mc ch : Xc nh bn Marshall (Stability), chy(Flow) ca mu BTN, t tnh ton tip thng s Marshall. b. Thit b th nghim : - My Marshall; - Thng ngm mu Marshall; - Nhit k chnh xc 0,1oC; - ng h bm giy; - Thc kp o kch thc mu.
308
309
310
c. Trnh t th nghim : - Bt thng dng h mu t nhit 60 1oC; - Ngm mu trong thng dng h 60 5 pht (AASHTO T245 l 30 40 ph); - V sinh my, bi du chng dnh vo mt trong khun nn, iu chnh ng h lc v 0 - Ly mu ra, a vo khun nn, iu chnh tht nn ln trn ng h lc chuyn v, c s c ban u ng h o chy; - Bt my nn mu n khi ph hoi, c gi tr sau ca ng h o chy & ng h o lc.
311
d. Tnh ton kt qu : ( Xem ti liu ) e. Lu : - Thi gian th nghim mu khng qu 90 giy (Vit Nam) v 60 giy (AASHTO) t khi vt mu khi thng dng h. - Phi hiu chnh n nh nu chiu cao mu khc 63,5mm.
312
7. Xc nh thnh phn ht & hm lng nha BTN : a. Mc ch : - Kim tra cht lng ch to BTN trm trn, trn xe vn chuyn hoc phu cha my ri. - Kim tra cht lng mt ng BTN sau khi thi cng xong ( nu cha kim tra trong qu trnh thi cng ).
313
b. Thit b th nghim: - Dng c chit tch nha (xc-lt) hoc my phn tch hm lng nha (ly tm); - Cn k thut chnh xc 0,1g v 0,001g; - B sng tiu chun; - Bnh ng 3 - 5 lt; - ng lng 100ml; - Giy lc ng knh 31,5cm; - T sy; - Bp; - Dung mi ha tan nha ( tylen hoc du ha )
314
315
c. Trnh t th nghim : c1. Dng dng c Xc-lt : - Lm ri BTN, sy kh nhit 50 60oC; - Cn khi lng mu BTN kh; - BTN vo bao giy lc, a vo dng c; - dung mi tylen vo bnh, lp t dng c; - t nng dung mi cho ha tan ht nha; - Sy cho dung mi bay hi ht, cn khi lng nha; - Sy kh phn ct liu, cn & phn tch thnh phn ht.
316
c2. Dng my ly tm nha : - Lm ri BTN nhit 110 5oC; - Cn khi lng mu BTN kh, giy lc; - BTN & dung mi vo a quay, ngm mu 1 gi; - a a quay vo my, t giy lc, lp a y, ng np my; - Bt my quay dung mi ha tan nha tch ra ngoi do lc ly tm, thm dung mi, quay 2 n 3 ln na cho n khi dung mi c mu sng. Thu ton b dung mi chy ra, xc nh th
317
- Chi khong cht bm trn lc, sy kh giy lc & ct liu cn li trong a quay, cn khi lng xc nh lng ct liu ln trong giy lc; - Ly 100ml dung mi ln nha & khong cht, lc qua giy lc t tro, nung giy nhit 500 600oC, cn li xc nh lng khong cht ln trong dung mi; - Sy kh phn ct liu, em phn tch thnh phn ht.
318
Chng 8 TH NGHIM CHT LNG MT NG
319
Cc ni dung chnh
1. Th nghim nh gi cng mt ng. 2. Th nghim nh gi bng phng. 3. Th nghim nh gi nhm.
320
8.1. Th nghim cng mt ng

1. Cc phng php nh gi cng mt ng: - Cng mt ng thng c nh gi thng qua tr s m un n hi (tnh hoc ng). Bn cht ca phng php l o c gi tr ln n hi ca mt ng di tc dng ca ti trng t tnh ton Eh.
321
Bin dng ca mt ng di tc dng ca ti trng xe
Chu vng
322
a. Nhm thit b o vng trng thi tnh : - bn nn tnh, cn Benkelman; - Thit b o vng di ng - t ng;
o vng vng mt ng bng cn Benkelman
323
Thit b o vng di ng
324
b. Nhm thit b o vng trng thi ng : - nhm thit b o vng ng hc n nh ( Dynaflect, Road Rater)
Dynaflect
325
S o ln Dynaflect
326
Road Rater
327
- Nhm thit b o vng ng hc kiu xung lc loi nh ( Falling Weight De flectometer - FWD) dng cho ng t.
328
- Nhm thit b o vng ng hc kiu xung lc loi nng ( Heavy Weight De flectometer - HWD) dng cho ng sn bay.
329
Cng thc chuyn i ln n hi

- Dynaflect sang Benkelman : BB = 20.63 (D) - Road Rater sang Benkelman : BB = 2.57 + 1.27(RR) - FWD sang Benkelman : BB = 1.33269 + 0.93748 (FWD)
330
2. Th nghim m un n hi mt ng bng cn Benkenman (22 TCN 251:1998):
a. Phm vi p dng: Cc kt cu mt ng c tnh ton khi (BTN, CPD GCXM, ct GCXM, t GC vi...) b. Thit b, dng c th nghim: - Xe tiu chun. - Cn Benkenman. - Nhit k. - ng h bm giy. - Cc dng c khc...
331
Cn Benkenman Matest
332
Cn Benkenman ELE
333
c. Chun b th nghim : - Phn chia tuyn thnh cc on ng nht, 1 on ng nht o 20 im. - nh du v tr cc im o ( cch mp ng 0,6-1,2m). - Chun b xe o : xe c trc n, bnh kp, Q=10000daN, D=33cm, p=6daN/cm2, ti cht i xng & khng thay i. - Kim tra cn o vng, o ti trng xe, din tch vt bnh, tnh ton ng knh vt bnh tng ng & p lc bnh xe xung mt ng.
334
d. Trnh t th nghim : - Cho xe o vo v tr; o nhit mt ng. - t u o vo tm khe h gia 2 bnh; hiu chnh ng h o. - c s c ban u khi kim ng h n nh - lo; - Cho xe t t tin v pha trc cch im o ti thiu 5m; - c s c khi kim ng h n nh - l1.
335
e. X l kt qu o vng : - Tnh vng n hi ti im o : Li = (L0 - L1).K - vng tnh ton ti im o : Litt = Kq . Km . Kt . Li - Tnh vng n hi c trng Lt ca tng on ng th nghim : Lt = Ltb + K. - Tnh tr s m un n hi c trng ca on th nghim.
336
Trong h s Pot-xng = 0,3. f. Cc lu khi th nghim : - Phng php th nghim ch p dng cho kt cu o ng c tng mt ton khi. - Nhit mt ng khng ln hn 40 oC. - Phi thng xuyn kim tra nhit mt ng.
337
P.D 2 .(1 ) , daN / cm Edt = 0,693. L dt
3. Th nghim m un n hi bng bn nn tnh (22 TCN 211:1993) : a. Thit b, dng c th nghim : bn nn, kch, dng c o ln.
338
339
3. Th nghim m un n hi bng bn nn tnh ( 22 TCN 211:1993 ) : a. Thit b, dng c th nghim : bn nn, kch, cn Benkelman.
340
b. Chun b th nghim : - Phn chia tuyn thnh cc on ng nht, 1 on o 20 im. - nh du v tr cc im o (cch mp ng 0,6-1,2m). - Kim tra cn o vng, kch. tnh lc kch - T P tnh ton (daN/cm2) (DaN) tra bng hiu chun kch bit s c ng h ca kch.
341
- Cho xe o vo v tr; - t bn nn di st xi xe sao cho bn nn tip xc hon ton vi mt ng, lp t b phn o ln n hi. - Kch n cp lc tnh ton, gi 5 pht. - X kch, c s c ban u khi kim ng h n nh - lo; - Kch n cp lc tnh ton, c s c khi kim ng h n nh - l1; - X kch, c s c khi kim ng h n nh l2;
342
Ghi ch:
- Vic chia thnh 4 cp p lc gia ti v d ti ri quan trc ln tng cp s cho php xy dng c quan h gia p lc v ln n hi.
343
d. X l kt qu o vng : (theo 22 TCN 251:1998) - Tnh tr s m un n hi c trng ca on th nghim.

P.D 2 Edt = . .(1 ) , daN / cm 4 L dt
Trong h s Pot-xng: . khi o Echung: = 0,3. . khi o Enn : = 0,35.
344
Mt s hnh nh kim nh ti nh my lc du Dung Qut bng bn nn
345
Mt s hnh nh kim nh ti nh my lc du Dung Qut bng bn nn
346
347
348
e. Cc lu khi th nghim : - Phng php th nghim p dng cho c kt cu o ng c tng mt ton khi v khng ton khi. - p lc phn b trn bn nn ty thuc vo lp vt liu:
. Nn t : 2 2,5 daN/cm2. . Lp mng : 4 4,5 daN/cm2. . Lp mt : 5,6 6,0 daN/cm2.
349
5. Th nghim m un n hi mt ng thit b FWD ( 22 TCN 336:2006 ):
a. Mc ch th nghim : - Dng cho cng tc kim tra, nh gi cng mt ng thit k kt cu mt ng theo 22TCN 274:2001 hoc theo AASHTO. - Khng s dng thit k kt cu mt ng theo 22TCN 211:1993. b. Bn cht phng php: - Cho khi ti trng Q c chiu cao H ri xung 1 tm p c ng knh D=30cm (c bc 1 lp cao su) thng qua b phn gim chn to ra 1 xung lc c thi gian tc dng khong 0,02 0,06 giy.
350
www.dutoancongtrinh.com - Cc thit b cm bin s ghi li ln ca mt ng khi xung lc tc dng, l c s tnh ton m un n hi hu hiu ca nn ng, kt cu mt ng & tnh ton ch s kt cu hu hiu. c. Thit b, dng c th nghim : thit b FWD
351
d. Chun b th nghim : - Phn chia tuyn thnh cc on ng nht (500 1000m), 1 on ng nht o 20 im. Nhng on yu cc b c th ngn n 100m (o ti thiu 15 im). - nh du v tr cc im o ( cch mp ng 0,6-1,2m). - Nu ng nhiu ln xe, o ln xe quan st thy yu nht.
352
e. Trnh t th nghim :
- Lm sch v tr th nghim. - Cho xe o vo v tr; o nhit mt ng (30 pht/1ln). - H tm p & cc cm bin vo v tr. - Nng qu nng ln cao, th ri xung to xung lc (xp x 40KN); - Lp li ln na, nu kt qu o vng sai khc khng qu 5% th ly kt qu ln 2. - Nu kt qu o vng sai khc qu 5% th lm li ln 3, 4, 5 cho n khi t. - Nu khng t kim tra li thit b.
353
f. X l kt qu o vng :
2,4.P M ri = d ri .r Vi: P - xung lc (KN);
- Mun n hi ca nn ng ti im o i:
r - l khong cch t im o vng n tm tm p truyn ti trng (tho mn iu kin r 0,7ae ), cm; dri - l vng ca mt ng (khng iu chnh v nhit tnh ton ca mt ng) ti im cch tm tm p mt khong l r , cm.
354
- Mun n hi c trng ca on nn ng:
Mr =
M
i =1
ri
M un n hi hu hiu ca nn ng dng thit k:
M = 0,33.M r
tk
r
355
T cng thc sau tnh ra c cc Epi:
1 2 D 1+ 1 a d o = 1,5.p.a. + 1 Epi D Ep Mr . 1 + 3 a Mr
Mun n hi c trng ca on ng:
Ep =
E
i =1
pi
356
8.3. Th nghim bng phng

1. Cc phng php nh gi bng phng mt ng : a. Dng thc 3m.
357
b. Dng thc c bnh xe (Profilograph ).
358
359
c. Xc nh ch s IRI (International Roughness Index):
360
361
362
2. nh gi bng phng mt ng bng thc 3m ( 22TCN 16-79): a. Thit b : - Thc 3m c tit din ch nht rng, thng, lm bng hp kim nh c vng gia thc do trng lng bn thn khng qu 0.5mm; - Nm o khe h c cc khc 3, 5, 7, 10, 15mm
363
b. Trnh t th nghim : - 1km o 3 n 5 mt ct; - 1 mt ct o 3 v tr : tim ng & cch mp l ng 50cm; - ti v tr o t thc dc theo trc ng, o khe h bng nm ti cc v tr 50, 100, 150, 200, 250cm; c. Tnh ton kt qu : - Tnh % s khe h; - nh gi theo quy trnh;
364
365
8.4. Th nghim o nhm

1. Cc phng php xc nh nhm mt ng : a. Phng php rc ct : b. Con lc Anh : c. Xc nh c ly hm xe : d. Xc nh h s bm ngang ( Sideway-force test ) : e. Xc nh h s bm dc ( The Bracking-force test ) :
366
367
368
369
370
371
2. Xc nh nhm mt ng bng phng php rc ct ( 22 TCN 278-01): a. Thit b : - ng ong 25cm3; - Bn xoa ct ng knh 65 5mm; - Bn chi, thc thp; - Cn 0,1g.
372
373
t K= 0,98 tt
374
b. Trnh t th nghim : - 1 on i din di 500 - 1000m; - mi ln xe trn on o 10 im; - ong ct vo ng ong; - dng bn xoa san ct t trong ra ngoi theo hnh xon c cho n khi ct lp y cc ch mp m trn mt ng, vt ct c hnh trn; - o ng knh vt ct ti 4 v tr theo cc phng vung gc vi nhau.
375
Gii thiu thm mt s hnh nh v thit b kim tra b mt mt ng
376
377
378
Thit b thm d cht lng mt ng bng RADAR
379
380
381

107 - TN Duong o To

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1. Tnh cht ca vt liu xy dng ng : 1.1. Tnh cht vt l : c trng cho cc

1.2. Tnh cht c hc : l kh nng

1.3. Tnh cht ho hc : quy nh kh

1.4. Tnh cht cng ngh : quy nh

2. Mc ch cng tc th nghim : 2.1. S dng VLXD hiu qu, ng mc

2.3. Kim tra vic m bo cc quy nh v

- Xc nh cht K - Xc nh m un n hi - Xc nh ch s CBR - Xc nh sc chng ct - Xc nh h s nn ln

a2. Cc phng php th nghim & phm vi p dng :

Thit b rt gn mu n c mu th nghim (mng chia mu)

Hp nhm th nghim m...

...v cc dng c v sinh. Dao

d. Tnh ton kt qu (PP sy hoc t cn): G1 G 2 Gn W= .100 = .100 G2 Gh Gk

2. Xc nh khi lng ring ca t (TCVN 4195:1995):

a. Khi nim : l khi lng ca 1 n v

Ci s & chy bc cao su Bp din Bnh t trng

Sng l trn theo tiu chun VN, TQ, Nga

Sng l vung theo tiu chun ASTM, BS

T trng k ng ong thy tinh

Nhit k in t Bm cao su ng h bm giy

e. Tnh ton kt qu : ( Xem ti liu ) Cc lu :

b. Thit b, dng c th nghim :

Dng c xc nh gii hn chy ( kiu Va-xi-li-p)

Dng c xc nh gii hn chy kiu Va-xi-li-p khc

Dng c xc nh gii hn chy Casagrande

Dng c xc nh gii hn chy Casagrande

c3. Phng php Casagrande (AASHTO T89):

Tnh ton kt qu theo phng php Casagrande :

5. Th nghim xc nh m tt nht & khi lng th tch kh ln nht ca t:

b. Thit b, dng c th nghim (theo 22TCN 333:2006 ):

Kch thuc chy m

Phng php m Chy m A6

Mt s loi ci & chy m khc

d. Tnh ton kt qu : ( Xem 22TCN 333:2006 )

6. Th nghim xc nh cht m nn K: a. Bn cht phng php :

b. Cc phng php th nghim :

c1. Dng c th nghim :

B dao vng Vit nam sn xut

B dao vng ca hng Matest

c2. Trnh t th nghim :

c3. Tnh ton kt qu : - Tnh khi lng th tch m ca t ti hin trng :

- Tnh khi lng th tch kh ca t ti hin trng :

d2. Trnh t th nghim :

d3. Tnh ton kt qu :

G 3 G 4 G1 Vh = c G2 - Khi lng th tch: w = Vh

e. Xc nh khi lng th tch t bng dng c

bao mng (ASTM D2167): Tm tt :

th tch t phao C-va-li-p ( Xem TL ):

g. Xc nh khi lng th tch t bng phng

C 2 phng php o: - Tn x trc tip. - Tn x nguc.

Mt s loi my o cht tn x ngc

7. Th nghim xc nh mun n hi ca t trong phng th nghim :

nu tht nn c ng knh ng knh mu;

P.D 2 Edh = .(1 ) , daN / cm 4 L dh

nu tht nn c ng knh < ng knh mu.

B dng c th nghim CBR

d. Trnh t th nghim xuyn CBR :

P = 2.54 2 Pc (69daN / cm ) P = 5.08 2 Pc (103daN / cm )

Quan h CBR - cht K

y = 387,94x - 284,46 R2 = 0,9995

Quan h CBR - dung trng kh

y = 195,93x - 284,46 R2 = 0,9995

Dung trong kh ( g/cm 3)