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Quy trnh sn xut ca Toyota Quy trnh sn xut ca Toyota Quy trnh sn xut ca Toyota pht trin da trn

n 2 m hnh chnh l Sn xut tc thi (Just in time) v T ng ho (automation with a human touch). Just in time l vic to ra cc dng sn phm trong sn xut vi phng chm ng sn phm - vi ng s lng - ti ng ni - vo ng thi im cn thit. Khng ch ni b cng ty m c cc cng ty sn xut linh kin v tinh ang c ni vi nhau bng si ch v hnh trn phng chm khch hng l cng on cui cng. Quy trnh sn xut ca Toyota l mt h thng nht qun ton b da trn quan im ca Marketing Khch hng l s 1. Ti Toyota Motor, m hnh Just in time c c th ho bng phng thc Kanban. Nhng, khng c ngha l Just in time = phng thc Kanban. Phng thc Kanban ch l phng tin cc cng on sn xut lin kt vi nhau. Toyoda Kiichirou c coi l ngi u tin a ra m hnh Just in time. Just in time c Toyota Motor rt ra t kinh nghim sut b ph sn v tn kho qu nhiu sau th chin th 2, t hng to ra h thng ch sn xut va lng c th bn da trn phng chm cng on cui cng l khch hng. c trng ca quy trnh sn xut ca Toyota l tt c nhng nguyn nhn gy tr ngi cho s lin tc ca dng sn phm u c xem l hao ph v phi loi b nhng hao ph ny bng tc nhanh nht c th khng gy ra s nh tr dng sn phm. Tc l, khng sn xut xe khng bit c bn c hay khng, ch sn xut xe c th bn c. Tc l khng trong tng lai pht sinh chi ph gim gi do phi bn gim gi cc xe cn tn. Vic ny khng ch p dng vi thnh phm xe t m cn p dng vi cc linh kin, y gi l phng chm ng sn phm - vi ng s lng - ti ng ni - vo ng thi im cn thit . Bi v Tuyt i khng c lng sn xut v lng bn c khng cn bng. Tt c c quyt nh da trn khuynh hng ca th trng. Hng tin hnh nng cao nng lc sn xut bng h thng sn xut da trn nn tng duy tr lin tc dng sn phm, d 1 bng chuyn ch cho ra 1 sn phm nhng thi gian chun b li c rt ngn, hn l nng cao nng lc sn xut thng qua sn xut hng lot . Cc cng ty thuc ngnh cng nghip khc kh m bt chc c ton b quy trnh sn

xut ca Toyota, nhng c rt nhiu im ng hc tp trong quy trnh sn xut ca Toyota.

Quy trnh sn xut TPS - Toyota


Hn 3.000 u sch v bi bo trong nhiu nm vn cha th tm ra ti sao Toyota thnh cng, vo lc cc cng ty i theo m hnh ca hng ny li tht bi. S kin Toyota bn hn General Motors (GM) 160.000 xe trong qu I c th ch l mt tin nh. Tuy nhin, y li l du hiu cho thy hng xe Nht Bn sp kt thc triu i GM v nh du k nguyn mi cho mnh. 77 nm qua, d c lc thnh suy nhng GM lun bn nhiu xe hi hn bt c nh sn xut no trn th gii. Trong khi i th Toyota ni ting l hng lm n hiu qu v duy tr kh nng sng to ln. Theo d bo, cuc chin ca hai i gia c th kt thc vo nm nay, vi s i ngi ngon mc. Gi Toyota l "giu sng to" l iu "bt thng". Bi xe ca nh sn xut ny ch khin khch hng "thch" ch cha t ti "yu". Thm ch chng b ch trch l sao chp v t c tnh. Tp ch Fortune thng xuyn tn dng tnh hiu qu Toyota nhng nhn xt sn phm li "t nht v quan liu". L do coi Toyota khng sng to xut pht t nh ngha ca khi nim ny. Steve Jobs cho rng "sng to l to ra nhng sn phm mi, cng ngh mi". Th nhng Toyota, sng to li tp trung vo qu trnh sn xut hn l sn phm. H quan tm n s vn hnh ca nh my hn l tm cch lm p showroom. V vy, rt kh nhn ra nhng g Toyota lm c. Nhng hiu qu ca chng c th l v song. Nguyn l thnh cng ca Toyota bt ngun t phng php sn xut Toyota, mang tn TPS, c khai sinh vi nm sau chin tranh th gii th hai, khi Nht Bn phi lm mi th xy dng li c s vt cht. K s tn Taiichi Ohno a mi th tr nn c hiu qu vi mt h thng m mi thit b, my mc v nhn cng u c s dng mt cch ti u nht. Nguyn l ca TPS rt n gin. l loi b s lng ph bng cch cung cp thit b mt cch chnh xc khi cng nhn cn, v khc phc li ngay khi s c pht sinh. y l trit l khng mi v chnh Ohno nhn mnh rng Henry Ford v m hnh siu th M l cm hng cho nhng tng trn. Tuy nhin, Toyota lm tt hn tt c cc hng t khc v a nguyn l thnh hin thc. Trong mt vi trng hp, TPS c thc hin vi s sng to kh c bit. Chng hn nh kiu cnh bo "andon cord", cho php bt c cng nhn no cng c dng h thng nu anh ta pht hin li. H thng "kanban" th cho php cng nhn bo n tn

hiu khi cn thit b mi. Sn nh my c sp xp c th tm thit b v sn phm d dng. Tt c s sng to c Toyota tp trung cho qu trnh sn xut vi nhng cu hi "ci g?" v "nh th no?". V l m hng ny lp rp nhanh nhng cn t nhn cng hn bt c cng ty M no. Mi vic tng chng n gin nhng hin ti, vn phi tha nhn rng c b mt trong quy trnh TPS. D c nhn rng nhng Toyota lun dn u v hiu qu sn xut so vi cc i th khc. Hng xe Nht m ca nh my cho khch tham quan. Thm ch lin doanh vi GM thit k, sn xut xe hi v gip "i gia" M ci tin dy chuyn sn xut. Qua nhiu nm, hn 3.000 u sch v bi bo tp trung phn tch hot ng ca Toyota v kiu vn hnh "andon" ph bin nhiu nh my. S truyn b m hnh Toyota rt c hiu qu, bi nng lc sn xut ca ngnh t tng ln ng k. Nhng lm th no Toyota vn ng u? Cu tr li c rt nhiu, ty thuc vo cch tip cn. Thay v ni ti qu kh, chng ta c th thy ngay nhng im c bit hng xe ny. l s tn ti ca nguyn l c tn ting Nht "kaizen", c ngha "ci tin khng ngng". Mi b phn, nhn cng Toyota lin tc a ra cc tng theo ngy. V cp cng cao chu trch nhim cng ln. Theo Matthew E. May, tc gi cun The Elegant Solution, ti sn ln ca Toyota l hng triu tng mi nm, v hu ht trong s chng n t nhng cng nhn lm vic hng ngy. Con s ny nhiu hn hng trm ln so vi mt cng ty M. Cc tng Toyota rt nh, chng hn nh lm th no ly thit b d dng, v khng phi tt c u c thc hin. Th nhng, nh tch ly, Toyota hc c nhiu hn v dn dn ci tin t nh n ln. Kt qu l bao gi hm nay cng hiu qu hn ngy hm qua. Th nhng, c th khng nh TPS vn c li, c bit vo nm 2006 khi Toyota vng phi hng lot vn v cht lng. y c th do nhng sng to nh khng tng thch vi nhng iu hnh v m, da trn nhng cng ngh ln. Hin ti, cc nh nghin cu vn ang tp trung nghin cu v Toyota bng nhiu cch tip cn khc nhau. Cho d cc kt qu thu c thng khng hiu qu ni khc. Sut nhng nm 1990, McKinsey b cng nghin cu hng lot cng ty p dng chng trnh ci tin nh ca Toyota. Cui cng, hai phn ba b tht bi. ng kt lun

rng sng to ca Toyota rt n gin, i thng nhng khng c tnh ph dng. Chng d hiu nhng bt chc th v cng kh. Trng Nghip (theo Businessweek)

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