4.5.

THIT BJ CHUNG CT NUOC DUNG NNG

LUONG MT TROI

Nc ngot la mt nhu cu rt c ban cho s sng cua con ngi,
Lin hip quc a cho bit hin nay trn th gii co hn 2 ty ngi dn
khng c cung cp u nc sach cho muc ch sinh hoat. Do vy,
cung vi vn thiu hut nng lng th vn nc sach cung ngay
mt trong nhng chin lc c ca th gii quan tm.
Trn trai t cua chung ta, nhng ni co nhiu nng th thng
nhng ni o nc ung b khan him. Bi vy nng lng mt tr i a
c s dung t rt lu thu nc ung bng phng phap chng ct
t ngun nc bn hoc nhim mn.
4.5.1. C u tao nguyn ly hoat dng
Co rt nhiu thit b khac nhau a c nghin cu va s dung
cho muc ch chng ct nc, mt trong nhng h thng chng ct
nc dung nng lng mt tri n gian c m ta nh hnh 4.85.













Nc ngng tu trn tm phu
Khay cha nc c sn
en lam b mt h p thu
Mang cha
nc ngng
Nc
vao

Hnh 4.85. Thit b chng ct n gian.

Nc bn hoc nc mn c a vao khay di va c un
153

nong bi s hp thu nng lng mt tri. Phn ay cua khay c sn
en tng qua trnh hp thu bc xa mt tri, nc co th xem nh
trong sut trong vic truyn bc xa song ngn t mt tri. B mt hp
thu nhn nhit bc xa mt tri va truyn nhit cho nc. Khi nhit
tng, s chuyn ng cua cac phn t nc tr nn rt manh va chung
co th tach ra khoi b mt mt thoang va s lng tng dn. i lu
cua khng kh pha trn b mt mang theo hi nc va ta co qua trnh
bay hi. S bc ln cua dong khng kh cha y hi m, s lam mat
cua b mt tm phu bi khng kh i lu bn ngoai lam cho cac phn
t nc ngng tu lai va chay xung mang cha goc di. Khng kh
lanh chuyn ng xung di tao thanh dong kh i lu.
at hiu qua ngng tu cao th nc phai c ngng tu bn
di tm phu. Tm phu co dc u ln cho cac giot nc chay
xung d dang. iu o cho thy rng moi thi im khoang phn
na b mt tm phu cha y cac giot nc. Qua trnh ngng tu cua
nc di tm phu co th la qua trnh ngng giot hay ngng mang,
iu nay phu thuc vao quan h gia sc cng b mt cua nc va t m
phu. Hin nay ngi ta
thng dung tm phu la
knh thun li cho qua
trnh ngng giot. Ngi
ta thy rng vung kh
hu nhit i, h thng
chng ct nc co th
san xut ra mt lng
nc ngng tng ng
vi lng ma
0,5cm/ngay.


Hnh 4.86. Tao thit b n gian
Trong mt s trng
hp, chung ta co th tao
154

mt thit b n gian mt cach nhanh chong ly nc ngot t nc
bin, hay t ngun nc nhim (hnh 4.86)
4.5.2. Tinh toan thit bj chung ct nuoc
Ta co th phn tch n gian qua trnh chng ct nc cua thit
b theo s hnh 4.87. Thc cht nu phn tch chi tit th y ra qua
trnh rt phc tap co lin quan n qua trnh truyn cht. Tuy nhin co
th phn tch qua trnh n gian nh sau:
Dong i
ln vi
nhit T
Tm phu co nhi t T1
Dong i xung
vi nhit T1
Nc tip xuc vi mt
hp thu co nhit T

Hnh 4.87. Miu ta qua trnh i lu trong thit b chng ct nc.
Gia thit r ng nc ti p xuc vi b mt hp thu va chung cung
chung nhit la T (hnh 4.87), nhit cua tm phu la T
1
, th ta co
dong nhit truyn qua mt n v din tch gia 2 b mt c xac
nh theo cng thc:
q = k(T- T
1
), (4.76)
Trong o k la h s truyn nhit (W/m
2
K)
Biu din qua trnh i lu nay nh tao bi 2 dong khng kh
(hnh 4.87), mi dong co lu lng khi lng tng ng la m
(kg/m
2
h), mt dong th chuyn ng ln con mt dong th chuyn
ng xung di. Ni nng cua mi n v khi lng khng kh co
nhit T la cT. Nu xem c tnh cua khng kh y nh la kh ly
155

tng th c la nhit dung ring cua khng kh. Dong kh nong ri khoi
b mt pha di mang ni nng mc mcT, cn dng kh lnh mang
ni nng mc mcT
1.
Nh vy dng nhit trao i gia cc b mt
bi nhng dng nay la:
q = mc (T- T
1
). (4.77)
So sanh cng thc 4.1 va 4.2 ta co lu lng dong kh:
mc = k, hay m = k/c. (4.78)
V du, vi nhit dung ring cua khng kh la c = 0,28 Wh/kgK,
va vi trng hp h s truyn nhit k = 4W/m
2
K, th m = 14,3
kg/m
2
h.
Gia s rng dong khng kh i lu chuyn ng tng t va
cung tc khi chung cha y hi m. S gia thit nay rt ph bin
khi phn tch qua trnh truyn cht nhng ch co th ung khi qua trnh
truyn cht xay ra vi tc nho.
Hn na ta co th cho rng khi khng kh ri khoi mi b mt
mang tng lng hi nc phu hp cn bng vi nhit tng ng
cua b mt, trang thai cn bng th trong mt n v thi gian co bao
nhiu phn t nc ri khoi b mt mt thoang th cung co by nhiu
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
310
Nhit , K

m

t

n
g

i
,

w
320 330 340 350 360

Hnh 4.88. m tng i cua khng kh ap sut kh quyn.
156

phn t nc quay tr lai. Sau o s tp trung cua cac phn t long
hay hi nc trong khng kh gn b mt mt thoang cung at n gia
tr cn bng va goi la m tng i, w. m tng i la khi
lng cua hi nc trong 1kg khng kh, w phu thuc nhiu vao nhit
(hnh 4.88).
Tip theo, nu ta miu ta qua trnh i lu bi s chuyn ng
ng thi cua 2 dong khng kh, mi mt dong co lu lng m trn
mt n v din tch, lng nc vn chuyn ra ngoai se la mw va
lng nc vao trong la mw
1
. Vy lng nc i ra m(w w
1
), y
cung chnh la lng nc c san xut ra bi thit b loc nc trong
mt n v din tch b mt, M.
Tng t nh qua trnh trao i nhit gia 2 tm phng ta co
th vit phng trnh cn bng nng lng trong thit b chng ct co
dang:
P

= k (T-T
1
) + (T
4
-T
4
1
) + m r(w-w
1
), (4.79)
Trong o: P(W/m
2
) la nng lng bc xa mt tri n, e la en cua
t hp b mt hp thu va nc, r (Wh/kg) la nhit hoa hi cua nc.
Vi r = 660 Wh/kg, e = 1 va chnh nhit trung bnh cua
thit b khoang 40K th ta co th xac nh lng nc san xut c
cua thit b co th xac nh theo cng thc:
M = (P-160)/660 (kg/m
2
h) (4.80)
a Nng vi cng bc xa trung bnh P = 850 W/m
2
th t
cng thc (4.80) ta tnh c M = 1.0 kg/m
2
h hay vi 6gi nng trong
ngay th mi ngay 1m
2
b mt hp thu thit b san xut c M = 6kg
nc.
i vi cac h thng ln thng t c nh vi din tch ln
th cac dong nng lng chu yu trong mt thit b chng ct nc s
dung nng lng mt tri khi no hoat ng co th biu din nh hnh
4.89.

157


Muc ch cua vic thit k mt thit b chng ct nc la lam sao
cho nhit lng dung cho nc bay hi Q
bh
la ln nht. Qua trnh
truyn nng lng bc xa mt tri a c hp thu n b mt ngng
xay ra bi hi nc, va qua trnh nay ty l thun vi nc ngng thu
c. Hn na tt ca cac phn nng lng khac truyn t ay n phn
xung quanh phai han ch cang nhiu cang tt.
G
Qbx
Qdl
Qbx
Qbh
Qdl
Qpxa
Qhthu
Qtrq
Qhthu
Qpxa
Qra
Qdat
Qvao
Qnuoc
Hnh 4.89. Cac dong nng lng chnh trong thit b
chng ct nc kiu b.
Hu ht ca c dong nng lng co th c xac nh theo cac
nguyn ly c ban, nhng s ro r va cac tn tht qua cac goc ca nh rt
kho xac nh va co th gp lai va c xac nh bng thc nghim
bng cac thit b chng ct th c t.
S mang nhit cua thit b chng ct nc dang b tng t
nh s nhit cua collector tm phng nhng co 3 s khac bit sau
(hnh 4.90): Nng lng truyn t ay n tm phu xay ra bi qua
trnh bay hi-ngng tu cng thm i lu va bc xa. Tn tht pha ay
chu yu la qua trnh truyn nhit xung nn t. Chiu su cua nc
158

trong thit b hay dung
lng cua b phai c xac
nh trong tnh toan...
Lng nc ra chng ct
tnh c t qua trnh bay
hi ngng tu truyn t ay
n tm phu.
S nhit c
trnh bay hnh 4.90,
trong o cac nhit tr
tng ng vi cac dong
nng lng hnh 4.86. (Cac
phn ro r, tn tht qua cac
canh, nc vao va ra
khng trnh bay y).

q
Ta
r,c-s
q
r,b-c
q
c,c-s
c,b-c
q
r,c-s
q
q
e
Tc
Tb
Tg
G

Hnh 4.90. S mang nhit.

4.5.3. Trin khai ung dung thuc t
3
4
5
2
1
6
7
1- Mang ly nc ngng
2 - Tm knh ngoai
3- Tm knh trong
4- Gng phan xa c nh
5- Gng phng phan xa xoay
6- Lp cach nhit
7- Tm hp thu sn en
8- Khung ngoai
8

Hnh 4.91. Thit b chng ct nc co gng phan xa.
159


Thc t, ch tao
thit b chng ct nc
co thm gng phan
xa tng cng
bc xa n, gng
phan xa co th gp lai
khi khng dung. Tm
gng phan xa co th
t pha trn hoc pha
di tuy theo hng
t thit b. Cu tao
cua thit b va nguyn
ly nhn bc xa c
m ta nh hnh 4.91.


Hnh 4.92. Thit b chng ct 5kg/ngay.
Hin nay Vit Nam a co nhiu tai nghin cu trin khai
ng dung thit b chng ct nc NLMT, dung chng ct nc ngot
t nc bin va cung cp nc sach dung cho sinh hoat nhng vung
co ngun nc
nhi m vi thit b
chng ct nc
NLMT co gng
phan xa, at c
hiu sut tng
i cao. Chung ta
co th ch tao cac
thit b chng ct
nc theo thit k
trn co cng
sut t 5 n 10


Hnh 4.93. Thit b chng ct nc c nh.
160

lt/ngay. Thit b nay rt thun li cho cac ng dn i thuyn anh ca
lu ngay trn bin. Thit b co th ch tao theo kiu khay (hnh 4.94)
thun li cho qua
trnh vn chuyn va
s dung. Tuy nhin
thit b nay gia thanh
con cao, nn vic
trin khai rng rai
vao thc t con nhiu
kho khn.
Thit b chng ct
nc thng co 2
loai: loai np knh
phng co chi ph cao
(khoang 23 USD/m
2
), tui tho khoang 30 nm, va loai np plastic co
chi ph re hn nhng hiu qua chng ct kem hn. nhng vung bin
hay Hai ao chung ta co th xy dng cac b xi mng vi s lng
ln th gia thanh co th re hn (hnh 4.95)

Hnh 4.94. Thit b chng ct kiu khay.

Hnh 4.95. H thng cac thit b chng ct nc
dung nng lng Mt tri.
161