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NI DUNG

1. K thut thm bt
S dng:
A
A A B B B
B
+
to ra cc b phn mi hai v ca bt ng thc m
c th nh gi c cc b phn vi nhau
Cc v d:
Bi 1: Chng minh rng vi mi a,b,c>0, ta c:

2 2 2
2
a b c a b c
b c c a a b
+ +
+ +
+ + +
Phn tch: - BT ng bc nht
- Vai tr a,b,c ging nhau
- D on du bng xy ra khi a=b=c
- Biu thc thm vo l bc nht
Hng dn:

2
2
4
a b c
a
b c
+
+
+
Bi 2: Chng minh rng vi mi a,b,c>0, ta c:

3 3 3 2 2 2
2 2 2 3
a b c a b c
b c c a a b
+ +
+ +
+ + +
Phn tch: - BT ng bc hai
- Vai tr a,b,c ging nhau
- D on du bng xy ra khi a=b=c
- Biu thc thm vo l bc hai
Hng dn:

3
2
2 2 2
( 2 ) 2
2 9 3
a a b c
a
b c
a b b c c a a b c
+
+
+
+ + + +
Bi 3: Chng minh rng vi mi a,b,c>0, ta c:

3 3 3 2 2 2
(1 ) (1 ) (1 ) (1 ) (1 ) (1 ) a b c a b b c c a + + + + + +
Phn tch: - D on du bng xy ra khi a=b=c

Hng dn:

( )
( )
3
3
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2
(1 ) (1 ) (1 ) 1 1 a b b a b c a b + + + + +
Bi tp: Cho a,b,c>0. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau:
1)
5 5 5
3 3 3
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
b c a
+ + + +
2)
3 3 3
2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 4
a b c a b c
b c c a a b
+ +
+ +
+ + +
3)
3 3 3
( ) ( ) ( ) 2
a b c a b c
b c a c a b a b c
+ +
+ +
+ + +

4)
4 4 4
2 2 2
a b c
a b c
bc ca ab
+ + + +

5)
3 3 3
2 2 2 2 2 2
3
a b c a b c
a ab b b bc c c ca a
+ +
+ +
+ + + + + +

Cho a,b,c>0 v a+b+c=1. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau:

6)
5 5 5
4 4 4
1
a b c
b c a
+ +

7)
3 3
2
a b c
b c c a a b
+ +
+ + +

Chng minh rng trong tam gic nhn ABC, ta c:

8)
1 1 1
6
o s A o s B o s B c c c
+ +

9)
1 1 1 6
2 o s 2 A 2 o s 2 B 2 o s 2 B 5 c c c
+ +
+ +

10)
1 1 1 2 7
o s A+ c o s B + co s C
o s Ac o s B o s Bc o s C o s C c o s A 2
c
c c c
+ + +

2. K thut san s
Xc nh: i lng ln, i lng b v chn cch san s ph hp
Cc v d:
Bi 1: Chng minh rng vi mi x,y>0 v x+y=1, ta c:

2 2
1 1
4 7 x y
x y xy
+ +
+
Phn tch: - Vai tr x,y ging nhau
- D on du bng xy ra khi x=y=
1
2
- i lng ln:
1
x y
; i lng b:
2 2
1
; 4xy
x y +
Hng dn:

2 2 2 2
2
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
4 4
2 4 4
(1 1) 1 1
2 . 4 7
2 4 ( )
xy x y
x y x y x y xy xy xy
xy
x y xy x y x y
+ + + + + +
+ +
+
+ +
+ + +

Bi 2: Chng minh rng trong tam gic nhn ABC, ta c:

1 1 1 1 5
o s A+ co s B+ c o s C
o s A o s B o s B 2
c
c c c
+ + +
Phn tch: - Vai tr A,B,C ging nhau
- D on du bng xy ra khi A=B=C=60
0
- i lng ln:
1 1 1
o s A o s B o s C c c c
+ +
; i lng b: o s A+ co s B + co s C c
Hng dn:

1 1 1
o s A + co s B + c o s C
o s A o s B o s C
1 1 1
4 o s A + 4 c o s B 4 co s C
o s A o s B o s C
9 1 5
-3 ( o s A c o s B c o s C ) 4 4 4
2 2
c
c c c
c
c c c
c
+ + +
+ + + +
+ + + +
Bi tp: Cho a,b,c>0. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau:
1)
3 3 3 3
2 2 2
2( ) 9( )
33
a b c a b c
abc a b c
+ + + +
+
+ +
2)
4 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3
a b c a b b c c a a b b c c a ab bc ca + + + + + + + + + +

3) Cho x,y>0 v x+y=1. Tm GTNN ca biu thc:

2 2 2 2
3 2 1 1
4 ; P xy Q
x y xy x y xy
+ + +
+ +
3. K thut nhm i xng
Bt ng thc dng i xng (vai tr ca cc bin l nh nhau). Khi chng ta c
th nh gi mt b phn ca v ny vi b phn tng ng ca v kia. Tng t, suy ra
cc kt qu i vi cc b phn cn li v thu c bt ng thc cn chng minh.
Cc v d:
Bi 1: Chng minh rng vi mi a,b,c>0, ta c:

b c c a a b
a b c
a b c
+ + + +
Phn tch: - BT ng bc nht
- Vai tr a,b,c
- D on du bng xy ra khi a=b=c

Hng dn:
2 . 2
b c c a b c c a
b
a b a b
+
Bi 2: Chng minh rng trong tam gic ABC, ta c:

A B C
s i n s i n s i n o s o s o s
2 2 2
A B C c c c + + + +
Phn tch: - Vai tr A,B,C ging nhau
- D on du bng xy ra khi A=B=C=60
0
Hng dn:

s i n s i n 2 ( s i n s i n )
C
4 s i n 2 o s
2 2
A B A B
A B
c
+ +
+

Bi 3: Chng minh rng trong tam gic ABC, ta c:

3 3 3
s i n s i n s i n s i n s i n s i n
4 4 4
A B B C C A
A B C
+ + +

Hng dn:

3 3 4 4
3 1 1 3
s i n s i n s i n s i n s i n
4 2 2 4 4
1
.4 . s i n s i n s i n s i n
4
A B A B
B A B
A B A B
+ + _
+ +

,

Bi tp: Cho a,b,c>0. Chng minh cc bt ng thc sau:
1)
2 2 2
2 2 2
a b c a b c
b c a c a b
+ + + +

2)
2
ab bc ca a b c
a b b c c a
+ +
+ +
+ + +

Chng minh rng trong tam gic ABC, ta c:

3) s i n 2 s i n 2 s i n 2 s i n s i n s i n A B C A B C + + + +

4)
c o s co s o s s i n s i n s i n
2 2 2
A B C
A B c C
5)
2 2 2
2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
s i n s i n s i n
o s o s o s
2 2 2
A B C
A A A
c c c
+ + + +
6)
A B C
s i n s i n s i n o s o s o s
2 2 2
n n n
n n n
A B C c c c + + + +
4. K thut ng bc ho
S dng gi thit bin i BT v dng ng bc chng minh.
Cc v d:
Bi 1: Chng minh rng vi mi a,b>0 v a+b=1, ta c:

2 2
1
( )
8
a b a b +
Phn tch: - BT khng ng bc
- Vai tr a,b ging nhau
- D on du bng xy ra khi a=b
- S dng gii thit ng bc ho
Hng dn:

2 2 4
4 2 2
4
1
( ) ( )
8
( ) 8 ( ) 0
( ) 0
a b a b a b
a b a b a b
a b
+ +
+ +


Bi 2: vi mi a,b,c>0 v a+b+c=1. Chng minh rng :

2 2 2
2 3 1 a b c a b c + + +
Phn tch: - BT khng ng bc
- Vai tr a,b ging nhau
- D on du bng xy ra khi a=b=c=
1
3
- S dng gii thit ng bc ho
Hng dn:

2 2 2 2
2
2 3 ( ) ( )
3 ( ) ( )
3 ( ) ( )
a b c a b c a b c a b c
a b c a b c a b b c c a
a b c a b c a b b c c a
+ + + + + + +
+ + + +
+ + + +

Bi tp:
1) Cho a,b,c>0, tho iu kin:

2 2 2
3 3 3
3 a a a + +
Chng minh rng :
2 2 2
2 2 2
3 3 3
a b c a b c + + + +
2) Cho a,b>0, tho iu kin:
2 a b +
Chng minh rng :
2 2 3 3 4 4
2 a b a b a b + + +
3) Chng minh rng vi mi a,b,c: a+b+c=0, ta c:

1 6 1 6 1 6 2 2 2
a b c a b c
+ + + +
5. K thut chun ho
S dng tnh cht ng bc ca BT chun ho. Vic chn i tng chun ho
l rt quan trng.
Cc v d:
Bi 1:
Cho a,b,c>0. Chng minh rng:

2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 6
( ) ( ) ( ) 5
a b c b c a c a b
b c a c a b a b c
+ + +
+ +
+ + + + + +
Phn tch: - BT ng bc
- Vai tr a,b,c ging nhau
- D on du bng xy ra khi a=b=c
- Chun ho: a + b + c = 1
Hng dn:
2 2 2
2 2 1
) 1 (
2 2 1
) 1 (
2 2 1
) 1 (
c c
c c
b b
b b
a a
a a
+

+
+

+
+

Theo Csi: 2a(1-a)


2
2
1 2

,
_

+ a a
=
( )
4
1
2
+ a
=> 1- 2a + 2a
2
= 1 - 2a (1- a) 1-
( )
4
1
2
+ a
=
( )( )
4
3 1 + a a
> 0
=>

,
_

+

+

3
3
1 4
3
4
) 3 )( 1 (
) 1 ( 4
2 2 1
) 1 (
2
a a
a
a a
a a
a a
a a
=> VT 4
1
]
1

+
+
+
+
+
)
3
3
1 ( )
3
3
1 ( )
3
3
1 (
c b a
= 4
1 1 1 6
3 3(
3 3 3 5 a b c
1
+ +
1
+ + +
]
Bi 2: Cho a, b, c>0. Chng minh rng:
6(a + b + c) (a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
) 27abc + 10 (a
2
+b
2
+c
2
)
3/2
(1)
Phn tch: - BT ng bc
- Vai tr a,b,c ging nhau
- D on du bng xy ra khi a=b=c
- Chun ho: a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
=9
Hng dn: (1) <=> 2(a + b + c) - abc 10
VT = 2(a+b+c) - abc = 2a - abc + 2(b+c) = a(2-bc) + 2(b+c)
VT
2
[a
2
+ (b+c)
2
] [(2- bc)
2
+ 4]
G/s: a b c do a
2
+ b
2
+ c
2
= 9 => a
2
3
t t = bc do
2 2 2
9
3
2 2
b c a
bc
+

Nn VT
2
(9+2bc) [(2-bc)
2
+ 4] = (9 + 2t) [(2-t)
2
+ 4] = f(t) vi -3t 3
Kho st f(t) => f(t) max f(t) = 100 => VT 10 pcm
1) (a+b) (b+c) (c+a) + abc
3
1
(a + b + c)
3
; a, b, c > 0
2)
ca bc ab
c b a
+ +
+ +
2 2 2
+
2
) )( )( (
8

+ + + a c c b b a
abc
; a, b, c > 0
3) a, b, c > 0:

,
_

+ +
+ +

+ +

+ +
+ +
ca bc ab
c b a
abc
c b a
c b a
c b a
2 2 2 3 3 3
2 2 2
2
2
1 ) (
2
4) a, b, c > 0: (a + b + c) (
a c c b b a +
+
+
+
+
1 1 1
)+
5
) )( )( (
4

+ + + a c c b b a
abc
6. K thut lng gic ho
K thut lng gic ho vi mc ch thay i hnh thc ca bi ton chng minh mt
BT i s thnh vic chng minh BT lng gic. K thut ny c xc nh thng qua
min gi tr ca cc bin, cc cng thc lng gic
v cc ng thc lng gic lin quan.
Cc v d:
Bi 1: Chng minh rng:

2 2 2 2
1 1 3 ( (1 ) (1 ) 2 a b b a a b a b + +
Phn tch: - K:
1 , 1 a b
- Cng thc lng gic lin quan
2 2
s i n o s 1 c +
- Lng gic ho
Hng dn:
t:
s i n
s i n
a
b


'

; [ ]
, 0;
VT=
2 s i n ( ) 2
3

+
Bi 2: Cho x,y,z>0; zy+yz+zx=1. Chng minh rng:

2 2 2
3 3
1 1 1 2
x y z
x y z
+ +

Phn tch: - ng thc lng gic lin quan
1
2 2 2 2 2 2
A B B C C A
t g t g t g t g t g t g + +
- Lng gic ho
Hng dn:
t:
t ; t ; t
2 2 2
A B C
a g b g c g
; ABC l tam gic nhn

( )
1 3 3
2 2
V T t g A t g B t g C + +
Bi 3: Cho a,b,c l cc s dng tha mn:
1 1 1
6
2 3 a b c
+ +
Chng minh rng:

1
36 9 4 27
a b c
a bc b ca c ab

+ + +
Hng dn:

1 1 1
36 9
4
1 1
1
VT
bc ca
ab
a b
c

+ +
+
t
2
36
,
2
bc A
cotg
a


2
9
2
ca B
cotg
b

,
0 , A B < <
T gi thit ta c: 6 3 2 6 3 2
bc ca ab bc ca ab
a b c a b c
+ +
Suy ra,
2 2
2
2 2
1
2 2
A B
cotg cotg
ab A B C
tg cotg
A B
c
cotg cotg
+
+ _


,


vi A,B,C l ba gc ca mt tam gic
Vy
2 2 2
1 1 1
1 1 1
2 2 2
VT
A B C
cotg cotg cotg

+ + +

2
2 2
2 2
3
1 A-B A+B
sin sin sin os os sin
2 2 2 4 2 2 2
1 A-B 1 C
os sin sin 1 sin sin
4 2 2 2 4 2 2
C C C
1 sin 1 sin 2sin
1 C C 1 1 2 2 2
1 sin 1 sin 2sin
8 2 2 2 8 3 27
A B C C
c c
C C C
c
C
_


,
_ _


, ,
_ _ _ _
+ +

_ _
, , ,


, ,

,
Bi t p : 1) Cho 0<a,b,c<1. Chng minh rng:
(1 ) (1 ) (1 ) 1 a b c a b c + <
2) Chng minh rng:

2 2
( ) (1 ) 1
(1 ) (1 ) 2
a b a b
a b
+

+ +
3) Chng minh rng:

2 2 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 1 1
a b b c c a
a b b c c a

+
+ + + + + +
4) Cho a,b,c>0 v abc+a+c=b. Tm GTLN

2 2 2
2 2 3
1 1 1
P
a b c
+
+ + +
KT LUN
Bi vit trnh by mt s k thut chng minh bt ng thc, cc tng, v d v bi
tp c sp xp mt cch c h thng nhm gip cho i tng hc sinh c iu kin
n tp, nghin cu, pht trin.
Do trnh cn hn ch nn trong bi vit khng th trnh khi nhng sai st v trnh
by cng nh v chuyn mn. Rt mong bn c gp kin.
Xin chn thnh cm n.

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