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MN CHUYN MCH TNG I Chng 2: k thut chuyn mch knh 1) chuyn mch khng gian s - CM khng gian s l trng CM c kh nng thay i v mt khng gian ( v tr vt l) ca 1 tn hiu s t v tr ny sang v tr khc, m khng lm thay i thi im xut hin ca tn hiu s sau , ch s khe thi gian khng thay i(Ts). to ra knh truyn thng cho cc cuc gi, cc thng tin c chuyn qua trng CM khng gian s c CM nh k vi khong thi gian 125s. 2) chuyn mch thi gian s - trng CM thi gian tn hiu s thc hin qu trnh chuyn i ni dung thng tin t 1 khe thi gian ny sang khe thi gian khc. Vi mc ch gy tr cho cc tn hiu. CM thi gian s c 2 kiu iu khin; iu khin u vo thc hin qu trnh ghi thng tin c iu khin v c ra tun t ; iu khin u ra thc hin ghi thng tin tun t v c ra theo iu khin. 3) chuyn mch ghp. Trng chuyn mch ghp kt hp c nhiu kiu cu khc nhau nh: T-S, S-T, T-S-T, S-T-S, T-S-S-T, trng chuyn mch c cu trc 3 t kiu TS-T, S-T-S c s dng cho cc tng i c dung lng trung bnh v ln. m bo v mt tn tht ta phi ch nhiu n tng ra. Trng chuyn mch TS-T c cu trc khng tn tht hoc tn tht nh, v vy m chuyn mch T-S-T thng c s dng cho cc tng i c cu trc chuyn mch lu thot lng ti ln. trng CM ghp STS nhm gii quyt vn m rng dung lng v s dng cho cc kt ni 2 hng trong trng CM thc t. theo l thuyt CM ghp STS c h s tp trung l 1:1. m bo khng tc nghn khi ton b cc yu cu u vo bt l c ni vi cc yu cu u ra bt k.

nguyn l hot ng trng CM ghp T-S: Qua chuyn mch thi gian cc khe thi gian trong cc tuyn PCM nhp v PCM xut c chuyn i cho nhau theo nguyn l iu khin u ra. Cn chuyn mch khng gian c nhim v kt ni cc bus nhp v bus xut. V d: Gi s thu bao ch gi c phn phi cho khe thi gian TS5 trn bus nhp A3, thu bao b gi c phn phi trong khe thi gian TS40 trn bus xut B1. Qu trnh thc hin chuyn mch nh sau: - Ti trng chuyn mch thi gian ni dung ca khe thi gian TS5 c ghi vo ngn nh th 05 ca b nh lu thoi SM-A3. ng thi ngn nh s 40

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ca b nh kt ni CM-A3 c ly ra cha a ch ca ngn nh th 05 di dng cc bt nh phn. Trong khong thi gian TS5 th khe thi gian TS5 trn bus nhp A1 c ni ti khe thi gian TS40 trn bus xut ca chuyn mch thi gian th nht. Cn c vo ni dung a ch cha trong ngn nh s 40 b iu khin trung tm thng qua b nh kt ni s pht lnh c ni dung ca ngn nh c a ch trn vo khe thi gian th 40 . Sau ni dung ca t m cha trong khe thi gian TS40 c truyn vo chuyn mch khng gian trn bus nhp A3. - n trng chuyn mch khng gian, khi c khe thi gian TS40 n th, ngn nh th 40 ca ct nh iu khin CM-B1 c ly ra ghi a ch ca tip im th 3 ca ct B1 trong chuyn mch khng gian. Kt qu l, trong khong thi gian TS40 ni dung cha trong khe thi gian TS40 trn bus nhp A3 c truyn qua chuyn mch khng gian n bus xut B1. Qu trnh kt ni gia TS5/A3 n TS40/ B1 c lp i lp li trn mi khung cho n khi cuc gi kt thc. Nguyn l Hot ng trng Chuyn mch S-T Qua trng chuyn mch khng gian th cc khung thi gian trn cc bus nhp v trn cc bus xut ca chuyn mch khng gian c kt ni trong khong thi gianca khe thi gian cn chuyn i. Qua trng chuyn mch thi gian th cc khe thigian trong cc tuyn PCM u vo v u ra c chuyn i theo nguyn tc iukhin u vo. V d: Gi s thu bao ch gi c phn phi cho khe thi gian TS10 trn bus nhp A2, thu bao b gi c phn phi trong khe thi gian TS45 trn bus xut B1. Qu trnh thc hin chuyn mch nh sau: - Ti trng chuyn mch khng gian, khi c khe thi gian TS10 n th, ngn nhth 10 ca ct nh iu khin CM-A2 c ly ra ghi a ch ca tip im s 1. Kt qu l, trong khong thi gian TS10 ni dung cha trong khe thi gian TS10 trn bus nhp A2 c truyn qua chuyn mch khng gian n bus nhp A2 ca chuyn mch khng gian nhng u ra, sau khe thi gian TS10 c a ti u vo ca chuyn mch thi gian th nht.
- Ti trng chuyn mch thi gian ni dung ca khe thi gian TS10 c ghi vo ngn nh th 10 ca b nh lu thoi SM-B1. ng thi, ngn nh s 45 ca b nh kt ni CM-B1 c ly ra cha a ch ca ngn nh th 10 di dngcc bt nh phn. Trong khong thi gian TS10 th khe thi gian TS10 ti khung u vo ca chuyn mch thi gian c ni ti khe thi gian TS45 trn bus xut B1. Cn c vo ni dung a ch cha trong ngn nh s 45 b iu khin trung tm thng qua b nh kt ni s pht lnh c ni dung ca ngn nh c a ch trn vo khe thi gian th 45 . Qu trnh kt ni gia TS10/A2 n TS45/ B1 c lp i lp li trn mi khung cho n khi cuc gi kt thc

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4) Nu u , nhc im ca chuyn mch KG s v CM TG s + CM KG s: - u im: cc trng chuyn mch khng gian s thng c kt hp vi cc b m gy tr thi gian trnh tranh chp, gii php ghp ni vi trng chuyn mch thi gian T c s dng ph bin trong cc h thng chuyn mch hin nay - nhc im: trong trng CM khng gian tn hiu s ch cho php thit lp tuyn ni v mt khng gian, cn thi gian khng thay i c nn khng th s dng duy nht trng CM ny xy dng trng CM cho tng i in t s SPC, c kh nng xy ra tc nghn khi c nhiu u vo yu cu ni vi 1 u ra ti 1 thi im. Do trng chuyn mch khng gian thng c cu trc kiu tn tht, v vy m n khng thch hp cho cc tng i c dung lng ln. * CM TG s: - u im: + c kh nng thit lp c tuyn ni gia 1 u vo bt k vi 1 u ra bt k. + - nhc im: lun gy tr tn hiu s,tuy nhin tr khng c vt qu 125s. Tc ghi c ca b nh yu cu ln gp 2 ln tc ca PCM, nn s lng khe thi gian trong 1 khung , khng vt qa 1024 Ts , do gii hn ca cng ngh in t m rng dung lng ghp vi trng chuyn mch KG s. 5) Phn tch cc c im ca CM gi vi CM knh c im S bng n bng thng nhy cm , li CM gi Ln ( 100/1000:1) Khng c php xy ra li Bng thng C nh v khng thay Bng thng ln, bng n i , tc knh truyn l bng thng ln,thay i 64kbps c th ln ti Gb/s Kh nng pht li thng Khng th pht li thng Nu c li th thc hin tin tin c d dng tr tr thp v n nh Cao v c th thay i Hng kt ni Hng c th Phi kt ni, hoc c th c hng kt ni a) ch lm vic trong mng CM gi: - ch datagram : trong ch ny mi gi tin s c x l 1 cch c lp c th n ch bng nhiu ng khc nhau. + c im: CM knh Khng m thoi li nu c li

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- cung cp cc dch v khng yu cu thi gian thc - khng cn giai on thit lp kt ni nn rt thch hp vi vi dng d liu c lu lng thp v thi gian tn ti ngn + u im: ch ny cho php la chn cc con ng ti ch nhanh nht p ng cc thay i nhanh ca mng. khng c pha thit lp, do vy khi trm gi s liu ngn th datagram s phn pht nhanh hn. Datagram mm do hn v khi mt phn ca mng c s c th n s t nh tuyn li trnh tc nghn. kiu ny ch c 1 pha truyn thng tin.. + nhc im: l hin tng lp gi , mt gi d dng xy ra. Phn tiu kh ln , tuy nhin ch ny cho php la chn con ng nhanh nht ti ch v p ng cc thay i nhanh ca mng. qu trnh x l ti nt mng qu phc tp. - ch c lp cu(VC): 1 ng ni lun l phi c thit lp trc khi cc gi gi i, c im chnh ca ch to cu l s nh tuyn gia cc trm c thit lp trc truyn d liu. mi gi c m ti mi node, v c sp xp truyn trn ng dy. - u im: s khc bit so vi ch datagram l cc node khng cn phi nh tuyn cho mi gi tin.n ch lm 1 ln cho mi cuc ni. tt c cc gi c gi trn cng 1 knh o VC s theo cng 1 ng dn , v vy th t v thi gian tr lan truyn c khng ch, rt hu ch vi cc lu lng thi gian thc v c thi gian tn ti di. tuyn c thit lp cho tt c cc gi , hu dng ca cc gi cao hn , kiu ny ph hp cho chuyn cc bn tin di.
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Nhc im:

b) cc s c v cch khc phc s c CM gi - gi tin b mt: s tht thot 1 gi tin c th lm cho 1 cuc ni khng th thit lp c trong ch lp cu hay khng m bo an ton d liu theo yu cu trn 1 mng chuyn mch gi.kh nng mt gi tin c th tim n trong hot ng cn bn ca mng. cch khc phc: + node s gi bo nhn cho node gi khi chuyn tip gi n node k tip. + trch nhim cui cng ca gi tin thuc vo node u tin pht i, nh dch v D bit trong X25. + node cui cng yu cu node u tin gi li gi b mt. - nhn i gi tin: hin tng nhn i gi tin gy ra nhiu phin h cho cc node chuyn mch, nht l cng 1 lc c hai hay nhiu i tng ging ht nhau trong d liu c x l bi cc phn mm tng i, nh hng xu n chnh xc d liu nhn. - bin php: c th xy dng 1 th tc nhn dng xem gi tin va nhn c hay cha, nu c th xa bt 1 , cch 2 l c th xy dng c cu bo

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nhn cho bo nhn, nh vo c cu ny m node 2 bit c bo nhn b mt v s khng copy gi 1 ln tuyn 2-3. 6) so snh phng php STDM vi TDM - phng php STDM: phng php ghp knh thng k theo thi gian khng ng b Trong k thut TDM ng b, c nhiu khe thi gian trong mt khung b lng ph. Mt ng dng tiu biu ca TDM ng b c lin quan n vic lin kt mt s cc u cui n mt cng my tnh ch chia s thng tin. Ngay c khi tt c cc u cui ang trong trng thi hot ng, hu ht thi gian l khng c d liu truyn ti bt k mt u cui c bit no . Phng php ghp knh ny khai thc c tnh chung nht ca truyn d liu bng cch phn phi cc khe thi gian mt cch linh ng theo yu cu. Cng ging nh TDM ng b,STDM bt ng b cng c mt s cc ng vo ra I/O trn mt mt v mt ng ghp knh tc cao trn mt kia. Mi ng xut nhp c mt b m ring. STDM cn gi l ghp knh phn thi thng k, s truyn d liu bng cch phn phi cc khe thi gain 1 cch linh ng theo yu cu. V ghp knh thng k li dng iu thc t thng xy ra l cc user khng truyn d liu trong tt c thi gian, nn tc trn ng ghp knh c thit k nh hn tng tc ca cc ng vo. Nh s u vo tng hn so vi b ghp knh TDM c cng tc . Trong trng hp TDM ng b, tc trn ng ghp knh phi bng bn ln. Trong sut cc khong thi gian, d liu c ly tun t t tt c bn ngun v gi i. V d trong khong thi gian th nht, ngun C v D khng c d liu, do 2 trong 4 khe thi gian c truyn i l rng. Ngc li trong k thut TDM bt ng b khng gi cc khe trng i (v khng c d liu). c mt s ng vo ra trn 1 pha v 1 pha l ng ghp knh tc cao , trn mi ng vo , ra c 1 b m ring ,gi s c n ng vo , ra th s c k< n khe thi gian trong 1 khung . nhp d liu , cc b m c qut v d liu c nhp cho n khi khung c lm y , sau s c truyn i b ghp knh s nhn c 1 khung v s phn phi cc khe d liu vo cc b m xut thch hp. Do trong khong thi gian th nht (frame th nht) ch c khe thi gian ca A v B l c gi i.

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7) phn bit cc phng php nh tuyn trong CM gi, chuyn mch ATM - trong CM gi: + nh tuyn trn lan gi : phng php ny s c gng truyn trong mi con ng c th gia ngun v ch n m bo phn t lu thng cui cng ri cng xuyn qua c mng ngay c trng hp mng b h hng hay khng. + u im: truyn gi tin n ch trn con ng tt nht. + nhc im: nhn rng lu lng ti trn mng , ti mi node th phi ci phn mm nhn dng gi tin, loi b cc gi trng lp nn vic x l ti mi node chm. v cc gi c truyn i trn cc con ng khc nhau nn n phi cha a ch hon chnh thng tin nhn dng. + nh tuyn ngu nhin: mt tuyn t mi nt s c chn ngu nhin v cc gi ch c truyn trn con ng ny, s la chn ngu nhin ca cc tuyn phi bao gm c tuyn v gi c nhn. mc tiu ca phng php ny l cc gi tin lang thang trn mng cui cng cng n c ch. + nh tuyn trc tip theo danh mc Trong phng php ny ti mi node s c mt bng nh tuyn, ch ng dn chn bt k ch no trong mng t node hin hnh. Bng c xy dng trong b nh ca chuyn mch v c pht trin ty thuc vo bt k tiu chun no, c th l ng ngn nht, ng c thi gian tr hon ngn nht, ng c dung lng cao, hot ng tin cy, nh tuyn trc tip theo danh mc cn bao gm khng ch ng chn la chnh m cn c cc chn la th hai d phng di cc iu kin ch nh, nh khi ng truyn b h, cc chuyn mch b h hay qu ti trong lu thng. + u im: hot ng ca n c xc nh r rng, mi gi lu thng gia ngun v ch s i theo cng mt tuyn ty thuc vo bng nh tuyn. Khi mt tuyn c thnh lp trn c s cc tiu chun nh ng ngn nht, ng c thi gian tr hon nh nht, cc gi s i theo mt cch trung thnh tr phi bng nh tuyn c thay i bi cc hot ng hay bi trung tm iu khin mng. + nhc im: mt s hn ch xut pht t vic s dng bng nh tuyn: Cu trc cng knh.

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Kh thch ng vi cc thay i v cu hnh mng, cng nh p ng thch hp vi cc hu qu khi node hay ng dy b h hoc qu ti. + nh tuyn theo danh mc thch nghi Hon ton tng t nh nh tuyn trc tip theo danh mc, trong mi chuyn mch c mt bng nh tuyn trong b nh ch ra tuyn ti u n ch. Tuy nhin, cc li vo trong bng c th thay i trong thi gian thc thi ty vo s thay i cc iu kin hot ng trong mng nh tc nghn lu thng hay s c ng truyn v chuyn mch. Do cc chn la ph khng cn cn thit na. ng truyn hin hnh v nguyn tc lun l i din cho tuyn ti u nht theo cc tiu chun chn vo thi im yu cu. + u im ;Mt node b h s khng thng tin v bng c lng tr hon cho cc node k, do n c xem l node h. Khi hot ng tr li n d dng tham gia vo mng v n gi cc bng c lng tr hon n cc node k n ngay sau . + nhc im: Hn ch ch yu c tnh khch quan ca phng php ny l vic x l phc tp, cc chuyn mch phi c th pht hin ra cc iu kin ca mng, m bo nng lc x l cp nht v a ra hng gii quyt ti u nh tuyn trong ATM ?????????????????? 8) so snh CM knh v CM gi trong ATM. - chuyn mch ATM thc t rt ging Chuyn mch gi c s dng trong mng my tnh, im khc nhau l tc chuyn mch, ATM c th gi l chuyn mch gi nhanh. - ?????????????????/ 9) nguyn l hot ng ATM - ng dng ca ATM cung cp dch v cho ngi s dng ,thu bao ATM c th nhn c dch v bng 2 cch sau: qua knh o c nh PVC - vic thit lp knh PVC theo th tc sau tng t nh knh cho thu 1. thu bao gi nh cung cp yu cu knh PVC. 2. thu bao a a ch ti ch , tc bit yu cu v thi gian s dng . 3. in thoi vin a cc thng tin ny qua termi nal thit lp knh tng t nh in thoi vin bnh thng. 4. knh ni c thit lp 5. thu bao tr tin theo quy nh thu knh hay theo chi tit cuc gi

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- hnh thc PVC c cc u im sau: + gn nh thi gian thc. + rng bng theo yu cu. + khng c th tc thit lp cuc gi + lun c mch ni gia cc im yu cu. + d m rng hay gii phng ng ni. qua knh o chuyn mch SVC - khi cuc gi thit lp , gi tr mc nh hoc theo nng lc hay gn tc l 64 kbps v ngay sau khi cuc gi thit lp mch s c gn cho ngi dng v dnh ring cho ngi dng. Thu bao ch nhc my v quay s , cuc gi hng ti trung tm ATM , n thch ng cc thng tin bo hiu vo t bo ATM , kim tra tc bit yu cu, dng cc thng tin cha trong phn ti tin ca t bo ATM.cc t bo ATM bo hiu qua mng ti ch thit lp ni. khi t bo ti ch , trung tm ATM pha ch s gi li cc t bo vi cc thng tin v knh o thit lp knh ni. khi cc t bo ti ch gi trung tm ATM s gn cho cc t bo gi tr VCI thch hp v s bit nh tuyn c th. - Khi pht t bo ATM bo hiu t ch gi c cha ch ch , ti cc tng i ATM pht cc t bo ny theo kiu qung b, ti cc ch chng c kim tra , nu ng ch thc s th s pht ngc li. trn ng i s gn cc gi tr VPIi/ VCIj v a vo phn ti tin ca t bo t bo ATM, t bo no tr v thu bao ch u tin chnh l ng i ngn nht. 10) Cu trc t bo ATM , cc dch v ng dng ca ATM ??????????????? dch v ng dng ca ATM ATM c th iu khin tt c cc knh lu lng thoi ,video, d liu.. c ghp thng k v chuyn mch trong mt mng chung . trong mng ATM rng bng thng c th c gn li trong 1 thi gian thc cho bt k kiu lu lng no theo yu cu. ATM l cng ngh cho mi mi trng LAN, WAN , PSTN .. cng ngh ATM c la chn l cng nh chuyn mch v truyn dn chung cho cc dch v B- ISDN vi cc tnh nng u vit ca mi trng ATM l: - ghp knh ng b v thng k cho mi kiu lu lng - gn rng bng tn linh ng v mm do - tc truy cp cao

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- bo v u t cc mng hin ti nh c kt ni chng vi mng ATM mi. - tit kim gi thnh OA v M nh cng ngh cao v ng nht. 11) Tng i SPC a) s khi T SPC - T SPC l tng i in t s t ng iu khin theo chng trnh ghi sn.

CM

Bo hiu

Bo hiu

iu khin

b) chc nng T SPC - khi chuyn mch : l thit lp tuyn ni gia u vo bt k v u ra bt k , v vy yu cu trng chuyn mch tng i phi c tip thng hon ton. Cu to trng chuyn mch ty theo dung lng v yu cu s s dng cc trng chuyn mch ghp : S-T, T-S, T-S-T. - khi bo hiu : + chc nng : bo hiu l cc thng tin iu khin phc v chc nng , thit lp v gii phng cuc gi. + bo hiu chia lm hai loi : bo hiu gia thu bao v tng i gi l mch vng thu bao, bo hiu gia cc tng i vi nhau gi l bo hiu lin i hay bo hiu trung k, trong bo hiu lin i c 2 loi bo hiu CAS l bo hiu knh lin kt hp, bo hiu CCS l bo hiu knh chung. - yu cu h thng bo hiu ca tng i phi c kh nng tng thch vi h thng bo hiu ca tng i khc trong mng vin thng, thun tin cho ngi s dng v d dng thay i theo yu cu ca mng li . - chc nng khi iu khin : phn tch v x l thng tin t khi bo hiu a ti thit lp v gii phng cuc gi + yu cu khi iu khin: c tin cy cao x l chnh xc , nhanh chng v kp thi , linh hot, c kh nng m rng. + cu trc: tp hp cc b vi x l , b nh , thit b ngoi vi.

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- khi ngoi vi thu bao v trung k: thc hin giao tip gia cc ng dy thu bao , cc ng trung k vi khi chuyn mch, kt cui thu bao c th l kt cui thu bao s hoc tng t , kt cui trung k c th s hay tng t. d) nguyn l hot ng - cuc gi ni b; tng i thc hin qu trnh phn tch ch s tin nh phn tch bin dch- to tuyn m thoi. - cuc gi ra: tng i thc hin qu trnh phn tch ch s tin nh phn tchphn tch- tm chn tuyn i ca cuc gi thch hp- bo hiu lin di to tuyn m thoi. - cuc gi vo: thc hin qu trnh bo hiu lin i- phn tch ch s tin nh phn tch- bin dch to tuyn m thoi. - cuc gi chuyn tip; thc hin qu trnh bo hiu lin i phn tch ch s tin nh phn tch tm chn tuyn i ca cuc gi thch hp bo hiu lin i- to tuyn m thoi. e) so snh cc loi cuc gi. - cuc gi ni b : l cuc gi xy ra gia 2 thu bao thuc cng 1 tng i . - cuc gi ra l cuc gi xy ra gia 1 thu bao tng i ny gi n thu bao tng i khc. - cuc gi vo l cuc gi t 1 tng i khc gi n thu bao ca tng i ang xt - cuc gi chuyn tip l cuc gi gia 2 thu bao thuc 2 tng i trn mng nhng cuc gi phi c i qua tng i ang xt. 12) vai tr ca kt cui trong tng i SPC - ??????????????? 13) bo hiu. a) phn bit bo hiu CAS v CCS - Bo hiu knh kt hp CAS: Bo hiu knh kt hp l loi bo hiu m trong , cc ng bo hiu c n nh trn mi knh thng tin v cc tn hiu ny c th c truyn theo nhiu cch khc nhau. C hai loi thng tin bo hiu trong bo hiu knh kt hp l :

Bo hiu ng dy: l phng php bo hiu c truyn dn gia cc thit b kt cui v thng xuyn kim tra ng truyn hoc tt c cc mch kt cui, v d cc trng thi bn, ri

Bo hiu thanh ghi: Bo hiu thanh ghi l s truyn tt c cc thng tin c lin quan n tuyn ni cuc gi bao gm cc con s thu bao b gi, nhng c tnh ca thu bao . Phng php truyn:

im ni im: Theo phng php bo hiu ny, thng tin lun c

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truyn i gia cc u cui ca tuyn ni theo tin trin ca n.

ng tip ng: Tn hiu lun c truyn i v tm lu tng qung ca tuyn ni. - bo hiu knh chung CCS: l h thng bo hiu m thng tin bo hiu nm trong 1 knh tch ri vi knh thoi , knh bo hiu ny c s dng chung cho 1 s ln cc knh thoi. khc phc c nhc im ca bo hiu knh kt hp v hiu sut s dng knh bo hiu. i bo hiu knh chung c mt chm knh bo hiu. Chm knh ny ch c cp cho knh ting ni khi c nhu cu bo hiu trc nht. V vy, knh ting ni cn xp hng ch knh bo hiu ri. Do , dung lng chm knh bo hiu ph thuc vo cp phc v c th chp nhn c, ni dung bo hiu, tn sut s dng mi knh ting ni.. Trong h thng PCM, knh bo hiu c th s dng bt k khe thi gian no m khng nht thit phi l khe thi gian TS16. Cc bn tin bo hiu c truyn i di dng cc gi, tc knh truyn l 64Kbps. u im: Kinh t, Nhanh, Tin cy, Dung lng cao, Linh hat. b) so snh m hnh OSI vi h thng bo hiu s 7 - so snh m hnh OSI vi h thng bo hiu s 7, h thng bo hiu s 7 ch c 4 lp MTP1, MPT2, MTP3. MTP l phn chuyn giao bn tin bo hiu , mc 1,2,3 th tng ng vi lp 1,2,3 trong m hnh OSI , mc 4 tng ng vi lp 4,5,6 trong m hnh OSI. TUP l phn ngi s dng in thoi ISUP l ngi s dng mng ISDN. SCCP: phn iu khin kt ni bo hiu. OMAP: phn iu khin khai thc bo dng.

c) Cc chc nng bo hiu Chc nng gim st Chc nng gim st c s dng nhn bit v phn nh s thay i v trng thi hoc v iu kin ca mt s phn t (ng dy thu bao, trung k). Chc nng tm chn Chc nng ny lin quan n vic thit lp cuc gi v c khi u bng

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thu bao ch gi gi thng tin a ch ca thu bao b gi. Cc thng tin a ch ny cng vi cc thng tin ca chc nng tm chn c truyn gia cc tng i p ng qu trnh chuyn mch. Chc nng ny phi c tnh hiu qu, tin cy cao m bo vic thc hin chnh xc cc chc nng chuyn mch. Chc nng vn hnh Nhn bit v chuyn thng tin v trng thi tc nghn trong mng, thng thng l trng thi ng cho thu bao ch gi. Thng bo v cc thit b, cc trung k khng bnh thng hoc ang trng thi bo dng. Cung cp cc thng tin tnh cc. Cung cp cc phng tin nh gi, ng chnh, cnh bo t tng i khc. d) hy m t qu trnh bo hiu gia 2 tng i v cc bn tin TUP - hy m t qu trnh bo hiu gia 2 tng i: ?????? - cc bn tin TUP: - nhm bn tin a ch hng i FAM + bn tin IAI : bn tin a ch khi u c thng tin ph. + bn tin IAM: bn tin a ch khi u. + bn tin SAM: bn tin a ch tip theo. + bn tin SAO; bn tin a ch tip theo vi 1 tn hiu a ch - bn tin kt thc c nhn a ch l ACM - bn tin tr li v tnh cc l ACN - bn tin yu cu gii ta theo hng v CBK - bn tin yu cu gii ta theo hng i.CLF - bn tin yu cu gii ta kt ni ton tuyn REG or RLG