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1. nh ngha
Chui hm l chui
u ( x) = u ( x) + u ( x) + ...u ( x)...
n
n =1
trong cc un ( x) l cc hm ca x xc nh trn tp hp X
Khi x = x0 ( x0 X ) th chui hm tr thnh chui s
u ( x ) . Nu chui s hi t th
n =1
im x0 gi l im hi t, nu n phn k th im x0 gi l im phn k.
- Tp hp tt c cc im x m chui hm hi t c gi l min hi t ca chui hm.
n
2. V d
1) Cho chui hm s
x
n =0
n hi t nu x < 1 .
Vy chui hm s y hi t vi mi x ( 1,1) v c tng S ( x) =
1
= 1 + x + x 2 + ... + x n + ..., 1 < x < 1.
1 x
Do
2)
3)Xt chui hm s
Ta c
1
.
1 x
sin nx
3
+ x2
sin nx
1
1
3
3 , x . M chui
3
2
2
n +x
n +x
n
Vy min hi t l X =
2. Chui hm hi t u
1. nh ngha
n
n =1
hi t nn
sin nx
hi t x ,
3
+ x2
Chui hm
u ( x)
n =1
c gi l hi t u ti hm S(x) trn X, nu
2. V d
Chui
( 1) n
x 2 + n hi t vi mi x (theo nh l Leibnitz)
Ta c rn ( x) un +1 ( x) =
Nh vy rn ( x) <
1
1
<
; x R
x + n +1 n +1
2
1
1
< , n > 1
n +1
( 1) n
Vy chui 2
hi t u trn R.
x +n
3. Tiu chun v s hi t u
a. nh l (tiu chun Cauchy)
Chui hm
: n, p * , n n0
un +1 ( x) + ... + un + p < , x X
u ( x) .
n
Nu c mt chui s dng
hi t sao cho
Chng minh.
22
Ta c *22222cos11,,nxnNxnxnxn++R
Ta bit chui s dng 21n hi t nn chui hm 2cosnxnx + hi t tuyt i v u
trn . R
4. Tnh cht c bn ca chui hm hi t u
a. Tnh cht 1
Cho chui hm hi t u v hm S(x) trn X. Nu cc s hng (x) u lin tc th S(x)
cng lin tc ti ()nnuxnuXx0Xx0.
Ta c ===nnnnxxnnxxxxxuxuxuxSxS)(lim)()(lim)()(lim0000.
V d
Tnh +nxxnnx22sinlim
Ta thy chui trn hi t u, c cc s hng lin tc ti =x
Do 0sinlimsinlim2222=+=+xnnxxnnxnxnx
b. Tnh cht 2
Cho chui hm
hi t u v hm S(x) trn [a, b]. Nu cc s hng (x) u lin tc
trn [a, b], th . nnxu)(nu1n==ba)()()(nbannbadxxudxxudxxS
c. Tnh cht 3
Cho chui hm nnxu)( hi t trn (a, b) ti S(x), cc s hng lin tc trn (a, b). Khi
nu chui hi t u trn (a, b) th S(x) kh vi v S(x) = . )('),(xuxunnnnxu)('nnxu)('
6.4.3. Chui ly tha
1. nh ngha
Chui ly tha l chui hm c dng
(1) ...100++==xaaxannn
Ch
Nu chui lu tha c dng th bng cch t 00()nnnaxx= 0xxX= ta a chui v
dng (1). V vy, ta quy c nghin cu chui ly tha c dng (1).
V d
1)021nnxn=+ trong 121nan=+
2) 2021(2)71nnnnxn=+, trong 22171nnnan=+
2. nh l Abel
Nu chui lu tha hi t ti =0nnnxa00=xx th n hi t tuyt i ti mi x tho 0xx<.
Chng minh:
Gi s chui lu thahi t ti . Khi chui s =0nnnxa0x=00nnnxa hi t, khi . Do
00nnaxn
144
0:,1nnKaxKn>
Ta c 000,1nnnnnnxxaxaxKnxx= .
Khi |0||| th 00nnxKx= hi t (v 10<xx). Do vy chui lu tha hi t. =0||nnnxa
3. H qu
Nu chui lu tha phn k ti =0nnnxa0xx= th n phn k ti mi x tho 0xx>.
Chng minh:
Tht vy nu c tho | m chui hi t ti . Khi theo nh l Abel n s hi t tuyt i
ti 1x|||01xx>1x1||||xx<, m trong khong ny c cha im , iu ny mu thun vi gi
thit. 0x
4. Bn knh hi t ca chui ly tha
a. nh ngha
S c gi l bn knh hi t ca chui ly tha nu chui hi t (tuyt i) vi mi ||
0r>=0nnnxa=0nnnxaxr<, v phn k vi mi ||xr>.
Ch
Nu , th ch hi t ti 0r==0nnnxa0x=.
b. nh l (Hadamard) (Cng thc tm bn knh hi t)
Gi s 1|lim||nnnaa+= (hoclim||)nna=. Khi bn knh hi t c tnh bng cng
thc:
1,00,,0r<<+==++= (*)
Chng minh:
Gi s 1|lim||nnnaa+= . Ta c 11|()|||limlim.||.|||()|||nnnnuxaxxuxa++==
- Bc 3. Kt lun min hi t.
Ch
Nu chui ly tha c dng th bng cch t00()nnnaxx= 0xxX=ta a v dng trc
khi p dng cng thc (*). 0nnnaX=
V d
Tm min hi t ca chui lu tha
1) 1nnxn=
- p dng cng thc (*) trn, ta c 11lim||||lim1=+==+nnaannnn => . 1r=
- Xt ti 1x=, ta c 01nn= phn k (chui iu ho).
- Ti 1x=: 0(1)nnn= hi t theo tiu chun Leibnitz.
Do min hi t ca chui l [)1,1X=
2) 1nnnnx=
Ta c limlimnnnnan=== . Suy ra 0r=.
Vy min hi t ca chui l {}0X=.
3) 0!nnxn=
Ta c 1||1!limlim0||(1)!1nnnnanan+==+ . Suy ra r=+
Vy min hi t ca chui l X=R.
4) 011212nnnnnx=+++
Ta t 12tx=+, ta c chui ly tha 0121nnnntn=++. Ta c
11limlim212nnnnnan+==+ . Suy ra bn knh hi t 12r==.
- Xt ti , ta c chui s 2t=02221nnnn=++.
Ch rng 211212221121210limlimnnnnnnnnne++++++= . Do
chui s l phn k.
- Xt ti . Ta c chui s 2t=022(1)21nnnnn=++ . Khi
221(1)102121limlimnnnnnnnnenn+++=+=++ . Do chui s
212112
phn k.
Vy tm hi t , hay 2t<<51222322xxx<<<+>.
Do min hi t ca chui ly tha cho l 53(,)(,).
00nnn
(2) ...)()1(...2)(202//+++=nnxxannaxf
.............................................................
(n) ...!)(0)(+=anxfn
.
Th x = xo vo cc ng thc trn, ta c: nkkxfakk,0!)(0)(==
4. Kt qu
Khi :
...)(!)(...)(!2)())(()()(00)(200//00/0+++++=nnxxnxfxxxfxxxfxfxf
2. iu kin hi t
Ta xt xem nu chui Taylor ca hm no hi t th vi iu kin no tng ca n
ng bng . )(xf)(xf
a) V d tng ca chui hi t khng bng hm s
Xt hm s==000)(21xkhixkhiexfx
Hm kh vi v hn ln ti mi x v o hm mi cp ca ti )(xf)(xf0=x
Tht vy,
12222001()(0)102xttxxtttttxfxfetlimlimlimtelimlimxxtee====
= 0 0)0(/=f //24021112223002()
(0)2202440txttttttttxxxxxefxfexlimlimlimlimtexxxttlimlimlimeee++++========
0)0(//=f
nh l 2
Nu trong ln cn no ca im xo hm c o hm mi cp v tr tuyt i ca mi
o hm u b chn bi cng 1 s th c th khai trin hm thnh chui Taylor trong
ln cn y. )(xf)(xf
Chng minh:
Theo gi thit, Mxfn)()( trong ln cn 0Vx
nxxnMxxnfxRnnn010)1()!1()!1()()(++=++
0101
N l 1 s dng c nh bt k, ta c
,1k),,(NNxMeexfNxk==)()(
khai trin hm thnh chui Mac-Laurin trong ln cn )(xf)(xf),(NN+ ca x = xo= 0
...!...!3!2132++++++=nxxxxenx
2. sinyx=
xkxxfk+=1)2sin()()(
,...0)0(,1)0(,0)0(,1)0(,0)0()4()3(///=====fffff
Vy, ta c:
...)!12()1(...!7!5!3sin121753++++=nxxxxxxnn
3. cosyx=
Tng t nh trn, chui Mac-Laurin ca hmxxfcos)(= hi t v chnh n trn ton R:
...)!2()1(...!6!4!21cos2642++++=nxxxxxnn
4.(1)yx=+(Chui nh thc)
...!)1)...(1(...!2)1(1)1(2++++++=+nxnnxxx
151
c bit
* Khi :1=...)1(...11132++++=+nnxxxxx
5. ln(1)yx=+
...)1(...432)1ln(1432++++=+nxxxxxxnn
Bi tp
1) Khai trin hm 3xy= thnh chui Taylor ln cn im 1=x ( Vit 4 s hng u ca
chui Taylor)
2) Khai trin hm xy1= thnh chui lu tha ca 3x
3) Khai trin thnh chui Mac-Laurin cc hm sau;
a) )(21xxeey+=
b) xexy2=
c) xy2sin=
4) Khai trin hm s 2)(+=xxxf thnh chui lu tha ca x v tm min hi
t ca chui va tm c.
152