You are on page 1of 10

Chui hm

1. nh ngha

Chui hm l chui

u ( x) = u ( x) + u ( x) + ...u ( x)...
n

n =1

trong cc un ( x) l cc hm ca x xc nh trn tp hp X
Khi x = x0 ( x0 X ) th chui hm tr thnh chui s

u ( x ) . Nu chui s hi t th
n =1

im x0 gi l im hi t, nu n phn k th im x0 gi l im phn k.
- Tp hp tt c cc im x m chui hm hi t c gi l min hi t ca chui hm.
n

- S n ( x) = uk ( x) : gi l tng ring th n ca chui hm.


k =1

S n ( x) = S ( x) th S(x) gi l tng ca chui hm.


- Nu tn ti lim
n

Gi hiu s ( x) sn ( x) = rn ( x) l phn d th n ca chui hm, ta c


rn ( x) = un +1 ( x) + un + 2 ( x ) + ...

2. V d

1) Cho chui hm s

x
n =0

= 1 + x + x 2 + ... + xn + ... l mt cp s nhn v hn c cng bi x,

n hi t nu x < 1 .
Vy chui hm s y hi t vi mi x ( 1,1) v c tng S ( x) =
1
= 1 + x + x 2 + ... + x n + ..., 1 < x < 1.
1 x

Do
2)

c min hi t l X = (1; +) (theo kt qu ca chui Riemann bit) ).

3)Xt chui hm s
Ta c

1
.
1 x

sin nx
3
+ x2

sin nx
1
1
3
3 , x . M chui
3
2
2
n +x
n +x
n

Vy min hi t l X =
2. Chui hm hi t u
1. nh ngha

n
n =1

hi t nn

sin nx
hi t x ,
3
+ x2

Chui hm

u ( x)
n =1

c gi l hi t u ti hm S(x) trn X, nu

> 0, n0 > 0 : n > n0 S ( x) S n ( x) = rn ( x ) < , x X

2. V d
Chui

( 1) n
x 2 + n hi t vi mi x (theo nh l Leibnitz)

Ta c rn ( x) un +1 ( x) =
Nh vy rn ( x) <

1
1
<
; x R
x + n +1 n +1
2

1
1
< , n > 1
n +1

Do > 0, ly n0 > 1 . Khi n n0 , rn ( x) < , x R

( 1) n
Vy chui 2
hi t u trn R.
x +n

3. Tiu chun v s hi t u
a. nh l (tiu chun Cauchy)
Chui hm

u ( x) hi t u trn X khi v ch khi > 0, n


n

: n, p * , n n0

un +1 ( x) + ... + un + p < , x X

b. nh l (tiu chun Weierstrass)


Cho chui hm

u ( x) .
n

Nu c mt chui s dng

hi t sao cho

un ( x ) an , n 1, x X th chui hm trn hi t tuyt i v u trn X.

Chng minh.

u ( x) , x X hi t (theo tiu chun so snh)


Do chui u ( x) hi t tuyt i
R rng chui

V chui s hi t nn ta c un +1 ( x) + ... + un+ p ( x) < un +1 ( x) + ... + un + p <


< an +1 + ... + an+ p < , x X

Theo nh l Cauchy trn, suy ra chui hm hi t u trn X


V d
Xt tnh hi t u ca chui hm
cosnxnx+

22

Ta c *22222cos11,,nxnNxnxnxn++R
Ta bit chui s dng 21n hi t nn chui hm 2cosnxnx + hi t tuyt i v u
trn . R
4. Tnh cht c bn ca chui hm hi t u
a. Tnh cht 1
Cho chui hm hi t u v hm S(x) trn X. Nu cc s hng (x) u lin tc th S(x)
cng lin tc ti ()nnuxnuXx0Xx0.
Ta c ===nnnnxxnnxxxxxuxuxuxSxS)(lim)()(lim)()(lim0000.
V d
Tnh +nxxnnx22sinlim
Ta thy chui trn hi t u, c cc s hng lin tc ti =x
Do 0sinlimsinlim2222=+=+xnnxxnnxnxnx
b. Tnh cht 2

Cho chui hm
hi t u v hm S(x) trn [a, b]. Nu cc s hng (x) u lin tc
trn [a, b], th . nnxu)(nu1n==ba)()()(nbannbadxxudxxudxxS
c. Tnh cht 3
Cho chui hm nnxu)( hi t trn (a, b) ti S(x), cc s hng lin tc trn (a, b). Khi
nu chui hi t u trn (a, b) th S(x) kh vi v S(x) = . )('),(xuxunnnnxu)('nnxu)('
6.4.3. Chui ly tha
1. nh ngha
Chui ly tha l chui hm c dng
(1) ...100++==xaaxannn
Ch
Nu chui lu tha c dng th bng cch t 00()nnnaxx= 0xxX= ta a chui v
dng (1). V vy, ta quy c nghin cu chui ly tha c dng (1).
V d
1)021nnxn=+ trong 121nan=+
2) 2021(2)71nnnnxn=+, trong 22171nnnan=+

2. nh l Abel
Nu chui lu tha hi t ti =0nnnxa00=xx th n hi t tuyt i ti mi x tho 0xx<.
Chng minh:
Gi s chui lu thahi t ti . Khi chui s =0nnnxa0x=00nnnxa hi t, khi . Do
00nnaxn
144

0:,1nnKaxKn>

Ta c 000,1nnnnnnxxaxaxKnxx= .
Khi |0||| th 00nnxKx= hi t (v 10<xx). Do vy chui lu tha hi t. =0||nnnxa
3. H qu
Nu chui lu tha phn k ti =0nnnxa0xx= th n phn k ti mi x tho 0xx>.
Chng minh:
Tht vy nu c tho | m chui hi t ti . Khi theo nh l Abel n s hi t tuyt i
ti 1x|||01xx>1x1||||xx<, m trong khong ny c cha im , iu ny mu thun vi gi
thit. 0x
4. Bn knh hi t ca chui ly tha
a. nh ngha
S c gi l bn knh hi t ca chui ly tha nu chui hi t (tuyt i) vi mi ||
0r>=0nnnxa=0nnnxaxr<, v phn k vi mi ||xr>.
Ch
Nu , th ch hi t ti 0r==0nnnxa0x=.
b. nh l (Hadamard) (Cng thc tm bn knh hi t)
Gi s 1|lim||nnnaa+= (hoclim||)nna=. Khi bn knh hi t c tnh bng cng
thc:
1,00,,0r<<+==++= (*)
Chng minh:
Gi s 1|lim||nnnaa+= . Ta c 11|()|||limlim.||.|||()|||nnnnuxaxxuxa++==

* Nu , th chui hi t tuyt i khi +<<01||1||xx<<, phn k khi 1||x> Do


bn knh hi t 1r=

* Nu =+ th 0,x ta c 1|()|lim|()|nnuxux+=+, do bn knh hi t. 0r=


* Nu 0= th ta c 1|()|lim01|()|nnuxux+=<, suy ra chui hi t tuyt i xR, do bn
knh hi t r =+.
i vi trng hp lim||nna=ta cng c chng minh tng t.
5. Bi ton tm min hi t ca chui ly tha
- Bc 1. Tm bn knh hi t ca chui lu tha bng cng thc (*) r
- Bc 2. Xt ti 2 im mt ,xrxr==.

- Bc 3. Kt lun min hi t.
Ch
Nu chui ly tha c dng th bng cch t00()nnnaxx= 0xxX=ta a v dng trc
khi p dng cng thc (*). 0nnnaX=
V d
Tm min hi t ca chui lu tha
1) 1nnxn=
- p dng cng thc (*) trn, ta c 11lim||||lim1=+==+nnaannnn => . 1r=
- Xt ti 1x=, ta c 01nn= phn k (chui iu ho).
- Ti 1x=: 0(1)nnn= hi t theo tiu chun Leibnitz.
Do min hi t ca chui l [)1,1X=
2) 1nnnnx=
Ta c limlimnnnnan=== . Suy ra 0r=.
Vy min hi t ca chui l {}0X=.
3) 0!nnxn=
Ta c 1||1!limlim0||(1)!1nnnnanan+==+ . Suy ra r=+
Vy min hi t ca chui l X=R.
4) 011212nnnnnx=+++
Ta t 12tx=+, ta c chui ly tha 0121nnnntn=++. Ta c
11limlim212nnnnnan+==+ . Suy ra bn knh hi t 12r==.

- Xt ti , ta c chui s 2t=02221nnnn=++.
Ch rng 211212221121210limlimnnnnnnnnne++++++= . Do
chui s l phn k.
- Xt ti . Ta c chui s 2t=022(1)21nnnnn=++ . Khi
221(1)102121limlimnnnnnnnnenn+++=+=++ . Do chui s

212112

phn k.
Vy tm hi t , hay 2t<<51222322xxx<<<+>.
Do min hi t ca chui ly tha cho l 53(,)(,).

6. Tnh cht c bn ca chui ly tha


Gi s chui lu tha c khong hi t (,nnxarr.
a. Tnh cht 1 Chui lu tha hi t u trn mi on );(];[rrba
Chng minh:
Ly00xr<<, sao cho . Khi v [][00,-x,abx 00xr<<nn chui s hi t. Mt khc ta li c
ax=[]nbaxxaxanonnn,,,

00nnn

Do chui hi t u trn nnxa);(];[rrba.


b. Tnh cht 2
C th ly tch phn tng s hng ca chui trn );(];[rrba.
c. Tnh cht 3
Tng ca chui lu tha l 1 hm lin tc trong khong (-r; r).
d. Tnh cht 4
C th ly o hm tng s hng ca chui.
Chng minh: Suy ra t tnh cht 1.
Bi tp
Tm min hi t ca chui hm
1) nnnxn)1(212= 2) nnxn)2(112+= 3) ()1221nnxn=++ 4) nnxxnn+=32112
5)++=1)2()1(nnnnx 6) nnxn)4(112+= 7) =1)2(1nnx 8) nnnxn)2(312=
6.5. Chui Taylor v chui Mac- Laurin
6.5.1. Khai trin 1 hm thnh chui lu tha
1. t vn
Gi s hm c o hm mi cp trong mi ln cn no ca im x)(xfo v c th biu
din di dng tng ca 1 chui lu tha trong ln cn y.
2. nh dng
(0) ...)(...)()()()(0303202010++++++=nnxxaxxaxxaxxaaxf
trong l cc hng s ,......,,,,210naaaa
3. Xc nh cc h s
Theo tnh cht 3 ca chui lu tha, trong khong hi t, ta c:
(1) ...)(...)(2)(10021/++++=nnxxnaxxaaxf

(2) ...)()1(...2)(202//+++=nnxxannaxf
.............................................................
(n) ...!)(0)(+=anxfn
.
Th x = xo vo cc ng thc trn, ta c: nkkxfakk,0!)(0)(==
4. Kt qu
Khi :
...)(!)(...)(!2)())(()()(00)(200//00/0+++++=nnxxnxfxxxfxxxfxfxf

6.5.2. Chui Taylor


1. nh ngha
Chui hm nnnxxnxf)(!)(000)(= c gi l chui Taylor ca hm trong ln cn ca im x)
(xfo

Khi x = xo: Chui hm nnnxnf=0)(!)0(c gi l chui Mac-Laurin ca hm )(xf


Ch
Theo trn, nu hm s c o hm mi cp trong v c th biu din di dng tng ca
1 chui lu tha trong ln cn y th chui lu tha y phi l chui Taylor ca hm
trong ln cn y. )(xf Vx
0

2. iu kin hi t
Ta xt xem nu chui Taylor ca hm no hi t th vi iu kin no tng ca n
ng bng . )(xf)(xf
a) V d tng ca chui hi t khng bng hm s
Xt hm s==000)(21xkhixkhiexfx
Hm kh vi v hn ln ti mi x v o hm mi cp ca ti )(xf)(xf0=x
Tht vy,
12222001()(0)102xttxxtttttxfxfetlimlimlimtelimlimxxtee====

= 0 0)0(/=f //24021112223002()
(0)2202440txttttttttxxxxxefxfexlimlimlimlimtexxxttlimlimlimeee++++========

0)0(//=f

Vy, chui Mac-Lau rin ca hml: f


n hi t v c tng bng khng vi mi x ...0...000032++++++nxxxx
b) nh ngha hm khai trin c thnh chui Taylor:
Hm s c gi l khai trin c thnh chui Taylor nu chui Taylor ca )(xf

hm hi t v c tng ng bng )(xf


c) Cc iu kin
nh l 1
Gi s trong mt ln cn no ca im xo hm c o hm mi cp. )(xf
Nu trong ()0nnlimRx=10)1()()!1()()(+++=nnnxxnfxR
vi l 1im no nm gia xo v x th c th khai trin hm thnh chui Taylor trong
ln cn y. )(xf
Chng minh:
Tht vy, Khai trin Taylor can cp n l:)(xf)()()(xRxPxfnn+= trong 10)1()()!1()()(++
+=nnnxxnfxR v ()0nnlimRx= nn ()()nnfxlimPx=
Mt khc,tng ring th n ca chui Tay lor ca hm, do )()(xsxPnn=f
...)(!)(...)(!2)()(!1)()()(00)(200//00/0+++++=nnxxnxfxxxfxxxfxfxf (.p.c.m)

nh l 2
Nu trong ln cn no ca im xo hm c o hm mi cp v tr tuyt i ca mi
o hm u b chn bi cng 1 s th c th khai trin hm thnh chui Taylor trong
ln cn y. )(xf)(xf
Chng minh:
Theo gi thit, Mxfn)()( trong ln cn 0Vx
nxxnMxxnfxRnnn010)1()!1()!1()()(++=++

Do chui s =10!)(nnnxx c min hi t l R s hng tng qut 00()!nnxxn


()!nnxxn+

0101

Hm thnh chui Taylor trong ln cn y. )(xf


6.5.3. Chui Mac-Laurin ca 1 s hm thng dng
1.()xfxe=
...!...!3!211)0(32)(++++++=nxxxxnfnn

N l 1 s dng c nh bt k, ta c
,1k),,(NNxMeexfNxk==)()(
khai trin hm thnh chui Mac-Laurin trong ln cn )(xf)(xf),(NN+ ca x = xo= 0
...!...!3!2132++++++=nxxxxenx
2. sinyx=
xkxxfk+=1)2sin()()(

Hm khai trin c thnh chui Mac-Laurin xxfsin)(=

,...0)0(,1)0(,0)0(,1)0(,0)0()4()3(///=====fffff
Vy, ta c:
...)!12()1(...!7!5!3sin121753++++=nxxxxxxnn
3. cosyx=
Tng t nh trn, chui Mac-Laurin ca hmxxfcos)(= hi t v chnh n trn ton R:
...)!2()1(...!6!4!21cos2642++++=nxxxxxnn

4.(1)yx=+(Chui nh thc)
...!)1)...(1(...!2)1(1)1(2++++++=+nxnnxxx
151

c bit

* Khi :1=...)1(...11132++++=+nnxxxxx
5. ln(1)yx=+
...)1(...432)1ln(1432++++=+nxxxxxxnn
Bi tp
1) Khai trin hm 3xy= thnh chui Taylor ln cn im 1=x ( Vit 4 s hng u ca
chui Taylor)
2) Khai trin hm xy1= thnh chui lu tha ca 3x
3) Khai trin thnh chui Mac-Laurin cc hm sau;
a) )(21xxeey+=
b) xexy2=
c) xy2sin=
4) Khai trin hm s 2)(+=xxxf thnh chui lu tha ca x v tm min hi
t ca chui va tm c.

152

You might also like