tài liệu hướng dẫn sản xuất sạch hơn ngành bia

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn
Ngnh: Sn xut bia
C quan bin son

Hp phn Sn xut sch hn trong cng nghip Chng trnh hp tc pht trin Vit nam an mch v mi trng
B CNG THNG
Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit nam Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng Trng i hc Bch khoa H ni
B GIO DC V O TO
Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia
Mc lc
Mc lc..............................................................................................................1 M u..............................................................................................................3 1 Gii thiu chung.........................................................................................4 1.1 M t ngnh sn xut bia Vit nam................................................4 1.2 Cc qu trnh c bn trong sn xut bia ...........................................5 1.2.1 Cc cng on sn xut chnh ......................................................6 1.2.2 Cc b phn ph tr......................................................................9 2 S dng ti nguyn v nhim mi trng ............................................11 2.1 Tiu th nguyn, nhin liu .............................................................12 2.1.1 Malt v nguyn liu thay th........................................................12 2.1.2 Tiu th nhit...............................................................................14 2.1.3 Tiu th nc ..............................................................................14 2.1.4 Tiu th in................................................................................15 2.1.5 Cc nguyn liu ph....................................................................15 2.2 Cc vn mi trng....................................................................16 2.2.1 Nc thi.....................................................................................17 2.2.2 Kh thi ........................................................................................19 2.2.3 Cht thi rn ................................................................................20 2.3 Tim nng ca sn xut sch hn ..................................................21 3 C hi sn xut sch hn........................................................................22 3.1 Cc c hi SXSH lin quan n khu vc nh nu ..........................22 3.1.1 La chn thit b nghin v lc....................................................22 3.1.2 Thu hi dch nha long ................................................................22 3.1.3 Tch dch nha khi cn lng nng...............................................23 3.1.4 Thu hi hi t ni nu hoa ..........................................................23 3.2 C hi SXSH ti khu vc ln men, hon thin sn phm ...............24 3.2.1 Thu hi nm men.........................................................................24 3.2.2 Thu hi bia tn tht theo nm men..............................................24 3.2.3 Gim tiu hao bt tr lc .............................................................25 3.2.4 Gim thiu lng bia d .............................................................25 3.2.5 p dng h thng lm lnh tng..................................................26 3.2.6 p dng cng ngh ln men nng cao, gim mc tiu hao nng lng ..............................................................................................26 3.2.7 ng dng cng ngh mi (bao gm c s dng enzyme) rt ngn thi gian sn sut, tng hiu sut...................................................26 3.3 Cc c hi SXSH lin quan n khu vc chit chai........................26 3.3.1 Tit kim nc trong ra chai, kt ..............................................26 3.3.2 Thit b thanh trng kiu tuy nen .................................................27 3.4 Cc c hi SXSH lin quan n b phn ph tr ...........................28 3.4.1 Thu hi nc lm mt t qu trnh lnh nhanh...........................28 3.4.2 Thu hi nc ngng....................................................................28 3.4.3 Bo n .........................................................................................28 3.4.4 Tit kim nc v ha cht v sinh ............................................29 3.4.5 Tit kim in ..............................................................................29 3.4.6 Duy tr bo tr...............................................................................29 3.4.7 Trnh r r kh nn .......................................................................30 3.4.8 Kim sot nhit bc hi ca h thng my lnh ....................30 3.4.9 Gim p my nn kh ..................................................................30 3.4.10 Thu hi nhit t h my nn....................................................30 3.4.11 Lp t thit b lm nng nc cp cho ni hi ......................30
3.4.12 S dng cc ha cht dit khun thn thin mi trng kh trng thit b thay v dng hi nng .........................................................31 3.4.13 Kt hp cung cp nhit v pht in (CHP) ............................31 4 Thc hin sn xut sch hn ..................................................................31 4.1 Bc 1: Khi ng ..........................................................................32 4.1.1 Nhim v 1: Thnh lp nhm nh gi SXSH.............................32 4.1.2 Nhim v 2: Phn tch cc cng on v xc nh lng ph........36 4.2 Bc 2: Phn tch cc cng on sn xut ....................................40 4.2.1 Nhim v 3: Chun b s dy chuyn sn xut......................40 4.2.2 Nhim v 4: Cn bng vt liu ....................................................42 4.2.3 Nhim v 5: Xc nh chi ph ca dng thi ................................44 4.2.4 Nhim v 6: Xc nh cc nguyn nhn ca dng thi ...............47 4.3 Bc 3: ra cc c hi SXSH .....................................................49 4.3.1 Nhim v 7: xut cc c hi SXSH........................................49 4.3.2 Nhim v 8: La chn cc c hi c th thc hin c ...........51 4.4 Bc 4: Chn la cc gii php SXSH...........................................51 4.4.1 Nhim v 9: Phn tch tnh kh thi v k thut ............................52 4.4.2 Nhim v 10: Phn tch tnh kh thi v mt kinh t .....................53 4.4.3 Nhim v 11: nh gi nh hng n mi trng ...................54 4.4.4 Nhim v 12: La chn cc gii php thc hin .........................54 4.5 Bc 5: Thc hin cc gii php SXSH .........................................55 4.5.1 Nhim v 13: Chun b thc hin ................................................55 4.5.2 Nhim v 14: Thc hin cc gii php ........................................56 4.5.3 Nhim v 15: Quan trc v nh gi cc kt qu........................56 4.6 Bc 6: Duy tr SXSH .....................................................................57 5 Cc yu t cn tr v h tr SXSH bn vng .........................................58 5.1 Cc yu t cn tr ...........................................................................58 5.2 Cc yu t h tr thc hin thnh cng SXSH ...............................58
M u
Sn xut sch hn c bit n nh mt tip cn gim thiu nhim ti ngun thng qua vic s dng nguyn nhin liu c hiu qu hn. Vic p dng sn xut sch hn khng ch gip cc doanh nghip ct gim chi ph sn xut, m cn ng gp vo vic ci thin hin trng mi trng, qua gim bt chi ph x l mi trng. Ti liu hng dn sn xut sch hn trong ngnh sn xut bia c bin son trong khun kh hp tc gia Hp phn sn xut sch hn trong Cng nghip (CPI), thuc chng trnh Hp tc Vit nam an mch v Mi trng (DCE), B Cng thng v Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit nam, thuc Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Mi trng, trng i hc Bch khoa H ni. Ti liu ny c cc chuyn gia trong ngnh ca Vit Nam bin son nhm cung cp cc kin thc c bn cng nh cc thng tin cng ngh nn tham kho v trnh t trin khai p dng sn xut sch hn. Cc chuyn gia dnh n lc cao nht tng hp thng tin lin quan n hin trng sn xut ca Vit nam, cc vn lin quan n sn xut v mi trng cng nh cc thc hnh tt nht c th p dng c trong iu kin nc ta. Hp phn Sn xut sch hn trong Cng nghip v Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit nam xin chn thnh cm n s ng gp ca TS. Nguyn Th Thu Vinh, cc cn b ca Cng ty C phn T vn EPRO v c bit l Chnh ph an mch, thng qua t chc DANIDA, v Chnh ph Thy s, thng qua T chc Pht trin Cng nghip Lin hp quc UNIDO h tr thc hin ti liu ny. Mi kin ng gp, xy dng ti liu xin gi v: Vn Phng Hp phn Sn xut sch hn trong cng nghip, email: cpi-cde@vnn.vn hoc Trung tm Sn xut sch Vit nam, email: vncpc@vncpc.org.
H Ni, thng 3 nm 2008 Nhm bin son
1 Gii thiu chung

Chng ny cung cp thng tin v tnh hnh sn xut bia Vit nam, xu hng pht trin ca th trng, cng nh thng tin c bn v quy trnh sn xut.
1.1 M t ngnh sn xut bia Vit nam

Ngnh cng nghip sn xut bia Vit Nam c lch s hn 100 nm. Xng sn xut bia u tin c t tn l xng sn xut bia Ch Ln, do mt ngi Php tn l Victor Larue m vo nm 1875, l tin thn ca nh my bia Si Gn, nay l Tng cng ty Bia Ru Nc gii kht Si Gn. min Bc, vo nm 1889, mt ngi Php tn l Hommel m xng bia Lng i Yn, Ngc H, sau tr thnh nh my bia H Ni, nay l Tng cng ty Bia Ru Nc gii kht H Ni. Trong qu trnh hnh thnh v pht trin, ngnh sn xut bia t mc tng trng cao vo nhng nm ca thi k m ca. Cng vi qu trnh hi nhp, ngnh sn xut bia pht trin v quy m v trnh cng ngh, tr thnh mt ngnh cng nghip c th mnh khi Vit Nam gia nhp t chc WTO. Vic u t xy dng cc nh my bia c trin khai mnh m t nhng nm 1990 tr li y. S cc nh my bia l 469 vo nm 1998 vi cc quy m khc nhau t 100.000 lt/nm n 100 triu lt/nm. Mc tiu th bnh qun u ngi tng ln nhanh chng trong vng 10 nm qua t mc di 10 lt/ngi nm vo nm 1997 t mc 18 lt/ngi.nm vo nm 2006 (hnh 1).
19 17 15
lt/ngi
13 11 9 7 5 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
Hnh 1. Mc tiu th bnh qun u ngi qua cc nm
Theo s liu thng k ca B Cng nghip (nay l B Cng Thng) tng sn lng bia ca Vit Nam qua 5 nm gn y th hin trong hnh 2. Mc d, n nm 2005 s c s sn xut ch cn 329, nhng quy m ca cc doanh
4 Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia
nghip tng ln. S liu thng k cho thy trong ngnh sn xut bia c 3 doanh nghip c sn lng trn 100 triu lt/nm l Sabeco (nng lc sn xut trn 300 triu lt/nm), Habeco (trn 200 triu lt/nm) v cng ty lin doanh nh my bia Vit Nam (trn 100 triu lt/nm). C 15 doanh nghip bia c cng sut ln hn 15 triu lt v 19 doanh nghip c sn lng sn xut thc t trn 20 triu lt. Khong 268 c s cn li c nng lc sn xut di 1 triu lt/nm
1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

t lt
1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 2003 2004 2005 2006
Hnh 2. Sn lng bia c nc
Theo l trnh pht trin d kin n nm 2010 c nc s sn xut khong 2,5 3 t lt bia v mc tiu th bnh qun u ngi khong 28-30 lt/ngi/nm. Vi tc pht trin nhanh hin nay, nhiu nh my bia bia m ln ang c u t v cng ko theo nhiu vn ny sinh nh tiu tn ti nguyn v nhim mi trng. Nu p dng tip cn sn xut sch hn ngay t khi u t cc nh my mi th s mang li hiu qu cao cho qu trnh sn xut ti cc nh my mi ny ng thi phng nga c ri ro tc ng mi trng.
1.2 Cc qu trnh c bn trong sn xut bia

Bia c sn xut t cc nguyn liu chnh l malt i mch, nc, hublon v nm men. Nhiu loi nguyn liu thay th malt trong qu trnh nu l go, ng v cc loi dn xut t ng cc; cc nguyn liu ph khc c s dng trong qu trnh lc v hon thin sn phm nh bt tr lc, cc cht n nh. Nhiu loi ha cht c s dng trong qu trnh sn xut nh cc cht ty ra, cc loi du nhn, cht bi trn, cht hot ng b mt T l cc thnh phn nguyn liu ph thuc vo chng loi bia s c sn xut. Cc cng ngh sn xut bia ca cc nh sn xut khc bit bi quy m v cc k thut sn xut: quy m nh (6.000-10.000 lt/nm) vi thit b n gin ph bin nhiu nc chu M (gi l bia th cng); cc quy m cng nghip ph bin thng nm trong khong 20 100 triu lt/nm; trong nhng nm gn y xu hng u t cc nh my cng sut ln c cc hng ln trn
Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia 5
th gii nh Anheuser Busch, Inbev, Carlsberg, Heineken, Asahi, Kirin tin hnh. Cc nh my mi c th c cng sut 200-500 triu lt/nm. Cc k thut sn xut trong mi nh my mi cng on sn xut ca cc hng rt khc nhau do cc quan im v cng ngh, to sn phm khc bit v cng c nhiu gii php cng ngh c la chn c xut pht im l l do mi trng v pht trin bn vng.
1.2.1 Cc cng on sn xut chnh

Cc cng on chnh trong sn xut bia c th hin trong hnh 3 vi cc nguyn liu u vo v cc pht thi i km.
Malt Go
CHUN B
in
-
Nghin
Bi Ting n
ng Nc Hoa Houplon in Hi
NU
-
H ho, ng ho Lc dch ng Nu hoa

Lng nng
Nc thi B hm Nhit Mi
LN MEN
Men in
Lm lnh
Ln men chnh Ln men ph
Men Kh CO2 Nc thi
HON THIN
Bt tr lc CO2 in
-
Lc bia n nh, bo ho CO2 Pha bia Lc v trng
Nc thi Bt tr lc Men
V chai,lon, keg Nhn mc in
NG CHAI, LON, KEG V THANH TRNG
Nc thi Chai v Nhn mc hng
Hnh 3. S cng ngh sn xut bia 1.2.1.1. Chun b Malt v go (gi tt l nguyn liu) c a n b phn nghin nguyn liu thnh cc mnh nh, sau c chuyn sang ni nu to iu kin cho
qu trnh chuyn ha nguyn liu v trch ly ti a cc cht ho tan trong nguyn liu. Cc nh sn xut bia thng s dng cc thit b nghin kh hoc nghin t. 1.2.1.2. Nu Qu trnh nu gm 4 cng on: H ha v ng ha: nguyn liu sau khi xay nghin c chuyn ti thit b h ha v ng ha bng cch iu chnh hn hp cc nhit khc nhau. H enzyme thch hp chuyn ha cc cht d tr c trong nguyn liu thnh dng ha tan trong dch: cc enzyme thy phn tinh bt to thnh ng, thy phn cc cht protein thnh axt amin v cc cht ho tan khc sau c a qua lc hm tch ng v cc cht ho tan khi b bia. Lc dch ng: dch hm c a qua my lc nhm tch b hm ra khi nc nha. Thit b lc dch ng ph bin c 2 loi l ni lc lng hoc my p lc khung bn. un si vi hoa houblon: dch ng sau khi lc c nu vi hoa houblon v un si trong 60-90 pht. Mc ch ca qu trnh nhm n nh thnh phn ca dch ng, to cho sn phm c mi thm c trng ca hoa hublon. Lng nng dch ng: dch sau khi nu c a qua bn lng xoy nhm tch cn trc khi chuyn vo ln men.
Qu trnh nu s dng nhiu nng lng di dng nhit nng v in nng cho vic vn hnh cc thit b; hi nc phc v mc ch gia nhit v un si. 1.2.1.3. Ln men Lm lnh v b sung xy: dch ng sau lng c nhit khong 9095oC c h nhit nhanh n 8 - 10oC v b sung xy vi nng 68 mg O2/lt.Qu trnh lnh nhanh c thc hin trong cc thit b trao i nhit vi mi cht lnh l nc lnh 1-2oC. Chun b men ging: Nm men c nui cy trong phng th nghim, sau c nhn trong cc iu kin thch hp t c mt nm men cn thit cho ln men Ln men chnh: dch ng c cp b sung xy, lm lnh n nhit thch hp tin hnh qu trnh ln men chnh vi thi gian v iu kin ph hp. Vic ln men c th c thc hin trong cc tank khng c bo n v t trong nh lnh c kim sot nhit theo ch nhit chung ca phng ln men. Cng ngh ln men trong phng lnh hin nay khng cn ph bin do tiu tn nhiu nng lng cho vic chy lnh cho phng ln men v kh khn trong vic thao tc vn hnh. Ngy nay vic
ln men ph bin c tin hnh trong cc tank lin hon c thit k ph hp cho cng ngh ln men ca cc nh sn xut khc nhau vi h thng kim sot nhit v d dng t ng ha. Kh CO2 sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men c thu hi. Thi gian ln men chnh thng l 5-7 ngy. Trong trng hp ln men chm, sau khi kt thc ln men chnh nm men kt lng xung y cc tank ln men v c ly ra ngoi gi l men sa. Nm men s c ly mt phn ti s dng cho ln men cc tank tip theo hoc c thi b. Trong trng hp ln men ni, nm men tp trung ln b mt v cng c tch mt phn khi dch ln men. Ln men ph: dch sau khi kt thc giai on ln men chnh c chuyn sang giai on ln men ph hon thin cht lng bia (to hng v v c trng). Qu trnh ln men ny din ra chm, tiu hao mt lng ng khng ng k, bia c lng trong v bo ho CO2. Thi gian ln men t 14-21 ngy hoc hn tu thuc vo yu cu ca tng loi bia.
1.2.1.4. Lc bia v hon thin sn phm Lc bia: Sau ln men, bia c em lc t c trong theo yu cu. Lc bia c tin hnh bng nhiu loi thit b khc nhau. Cc loi my lc bia thng dng l my p lc khung bn c s dng giy hoc vi lc. Trong nhng nm trc y nhiu nh my s dng cc my lc a nm ngang vi cc thit k khc nhau. Gn y cc nh sn xut bia trong cc nh my quy m ln s dng my lc nn vi cc ct lc l cc ct li inox c b mt lc rng, kch thc my gn, vn hnh hon ton t ng, d kim sot trong ca bia v cht lng bia n nh hn. Vic lc trong bia lun thc hin vi s duy tr nhit lnh cho bia trc v sau khi lc khong -1 oC n 1 oC. Tc nhn quan trng lc bia l cc loi bt tr lc khc nhau. Sau khi lc chng tr thnh cht thi v l vn gy nhim ln trong qu trnh sn xut. Hon thin sn phm: bia c th c lc hoc x l qua mt s cng on nh qua h thng lc trao i cha PVPP hoc silicagel loi bt polyphenol v protein trong bia, tng tnh n nh ca bia trong qu trnh bo qun. Nhm mc ch tng tnh n nh ca bia ngi ta c th s dng thm cc enzyme hoc cht bo qun c php s dng trong sn xut bia. Pha bia: Trong cng ngh sn xut bia gn y cc nh sn xut tin hnh ln men bia nng cao (ph bin trong khong 12,5 16 plato) tng hiu sut thit b v tit kim nng lng. Trong qu trnh lc v hon thin sn phm h s pha long bia v nng mong mun theo tiu chun sn phm trn nhng thit b chuyn dng. Qu trnh pha long bia lun yu cu nc tiu chun cao trong hm lng xy ha tan di 0,05 ppm.
Bo ho CO2: Bia trong v sau khi lc c bo ha thm CO2 m bo tiu chun bia thnh phm trc khi ng chai, lon. Lc bia v trng: c nhiu nh my bia trang b h thng lc mng sn xut bia ti ng chai/lon khng thanh trng.
Nh vy h thng lc bia trong nh my sn xut bia c nhiu cp khc nhau. Ty theo mc ch m nh sn xut trang b thit b v cht lng thit b n mc cn thit. 1.2.1.5. ng chai, lon, keg v thanh trng sn phm p ng nhu cu khc nhau ca ngi tiu dng v m bo vic vn chuyn bia n ni tiu th, cc nh sn xut bia phi tin hnh khu bao gi. Cc bao b phi c ra sch s tit trng trc khi chit rt. Khu ra bao b tn nhiu ha cht v nng lng km theo nc thi vi ti lng BOD cao. Bia c chit vo chai, lon, keg bng cc thit b chit rt. Ty theo yu cu ca th trng, thi gian lu hnh sn phm trn th trng c th t 1 thng n hng nm. Do vy yu cu cht lng ca bia sau khi ng vo bao b cng rt khc nhau. Vic kim sot tt cc thng s trong qu trnh chit nh hm lng xy/khng kh trong chai/lon i hi nghim ngt v nh vy cn phi la chn tt thit b chit rt ngay t khi u t. Qu trnh ng chai/lon cn chnh xc cao v hm lng xy/khng kh, mc bia trong chai. Nu thit b lm vic khng chnh xc s dn n nhiu sn phm hng, mc hao ht bia cao, gy ti lng hu c cao trong nc thi. Sau khi chit, sn phm c thanh trng. Qu trnh thanh trng c thc hin nh hi nc qua cc thang nhit yu cu. Yu cu k thut cho khu thanh trng c tnh bng n v thanh trng. n v thanh trng (PE) = t x 1,393 (T - 60) trong : t l thi gian thanh trng (pht); T l nhit thanh trng (C)
1.2.2 Cc b phn ph tr
1.2.2.1. Cc qu trnh v sinh Trong sn xut bia qu trnh v sinh ng vai tr quan trng m bo cc yu cu cng ngh v an ton v sinh thc phm cho sn phm. Ngoi ra, vic v sinh cn cha ng nhiu vn gy nhim mi trng nu khng c thit lp quy trnh v qun l ng mc. V sinh bao gm cc cng vic lin quan n khu vc sn xut v v sinh thit b. Cc thit b c ch to gn y lun trang b cc b phn c th cho php khu lm v sinh c th tin hnh hon ton t ng trong thit b (gi l CIP).
V sinh nh xng, khu vc sn xut phi c lm thng xuyn trnh nhim cho t mi trng vo sn phm. Cng vic ch yu thc hin bng tay v nh s tr gip ca cc bm, vi phun cao p. V sinh thit b nh h thng v sinh trong thit b (CIP) c th t ng ho cc mc khc nhau. Cc giai on trong quy trnh CIP bao gm: Khu trng ra ban u: Cc bn cha v ng ng c ra bng nc thng loi cc cht bn bm trn b mt. Nc ra khng c ti s dng m thi ra h thng x l nc thi. Mc nhim ca nc thi ph thuc vo bn ca cc bn v ng ng. Khu ra bng ho cht: Sau khi kt thc qu trnh ra ban u, cc bn cha v ng ng c sc ra bng dung dch xt nng nhit 7085oC ty sch cc cht bn cn bm b mt. Thi gian tun hon xt nng 15-30 pht tu thuc vo mc bn ca thit b. Xt nng c thu hi v thit b cha ti s dng. Sau khi tun hon xt nng, thit b c trng ra bng nc. Mt s thit b sau khi ra bng xt v trng ra c th phi ra tip bng dung dch axit v sau c trng ra bng nc nhiu ln n khi sch. Khu sc ra cui cng: Cc bn v ng ng c sc ra ln cui vi dung dch nc nhit mi trng lm sch cc cht ty ra cn li. Phn nc ny c thu hi v ti s dng cho khu sc ra s b. Do vy, ngoi kh nng m bo mc v sinh thc phm, quy trnh sc ra, ti s dng cho php tit kim ti nguyn nc v ha cht s dng. 1.2.2.2 Qu trnh cung cp hi H thng ni hi t than hoc du vi p sut ti a l 10 bar, p sut lm vic trong khong 4-6 bar. Thit b cung cp hi l ni hi chy bng nhin liu ha thch (than , ga), kh sinh hc, hoc bng in. T ni hi, hi nc c dn trong cc ng chu p cung cp cho cc thit b cn gia nhit. Hiu sut ca ni hi, cc ch vn hnh, vic bo n cch nhit, vic tn thu v s dng nc ngng c ngha ln trong vic xem xt hiu qu ca h thng cung cp nhit trong nh my bia. 1.2.2.3 Qu trnh cung cp lnh cho sn xut Trong nh my bia cc qu trnh c s dng lnh l qu trnh lm lnh dch ng t khu nu, qu trnh ln men, qu trnh nhn v bo qun ging men, qu trnh lm lnh bia thnh phm trong cc bn cha bia thnh phm, qu trnh lm lnh nc phc v ln men v v sinh... H thng my lnh vi mi cht hin nay thng s dng l ammoniac s lm lnh glycol hoc nc l cc mi cht th cp cho cc thit b ln men v trao i nhit. Vic tnh
ton cng sut my lnh, thit k h thng cung cp lnh hp l s m bo chi ph vn hnh thp, hiu qu sn xut cao. 1.2.2.4. Qu trnh cung cp kh nn Kh nn c dng trong nhiu qu trnh trong nh my sn xut bia. Kh nn c cung cp bi my nn kh, cha sn trong cc bnh cha. My nn kh tiu tn nhiu in nng, kh nn c d tr p sut cao trong cc balng cha kh, rt d b r r, hao ph do thot ra ngoi trn ng ng . 1.2.2.5. Qu trnh thu hi v s dng CO2 Bao gm balng cha, thit b ra, my nn CO2 , thit b loi nc, lc than hot tnh, thit b lnh, thit b ngng t CO2, 1 tank cha CO2 , 1 thit b bay hi CO2, h thng ng ng, ph kin. Ton b CO2 trong qu trnh ln men s c thu li v s dng cho vic bo ha CO2 ca bia thnh phm trong qu trnh lc.
2 S dng ti nguyn v nhim mi trng

Chng ny cung cp thng tin c th v tiu th nguyn nhin liu v tc ng ca qu trnh sn xut n mi trng, cng nh tim nng d on ca vic p dng sn xut sch hn trong ngnh sn xut bia
Trong phn ny m t cc hot ng m c tiu th v tiu tn ti nguyn v pht thi. Hnh 4 miu t cc ngun ti nguyn c s dng v cc ngun thi pht sinh trong nh my sn xut bia.
Khi Hi Bi Mi Ting n
Go, malt Nc in Than/du Bt tr lc Xt Cht ty ra Bao b CO2
NH MY SN XUT BIA
Bia B hm Men tha Bt tr lc V chai, nhn
Nc thi
Hnh 4. Ngun nguyn liu u vo v pht thi trong nh my bia
11
2.1 Tiu th nguyn, nhin liu

Cc nh my bia nh mc vic tiu hao ti nguyn v pht thi da trn sn lng bia (thng tnh trn 1 hecto lt bia). Trong bng 1 l cc mc tiu hao cho 3 loi cng ngh (truyn thng, trung bnh v cng ngh tt nht) v mc tiu hao trong cc nh my bia Vit Nam. Cc nh my bia truyn thng hay nh my bia kiu c l nh my c hot ng bo tr km v qun l ni vi km. Cc nh my ny c th tm thy nhiu ni trn th gii nhng thng l cc nc m gi nng lng v nc mc thp, cc quy nh v lut bo v mi trng cn lng lo. Nh my bia trung bnh l nh my c thit b tng i hin i v tp trung vo vn gim tiu hao ti nguyn v mi trng. Nh my bia cng ngh tt nht l nh my m tiu hao nng lng v nhim mc thp nht. Bng 1: Tiu hao ti nguyn trong mt s nh my bia (sn phm ng chai s dng nhiu ln, tnh cho 1 hecto lt bia hay 100 lt bia)
Tn ti nguyn n v tnh Cng ngh truyn thng Cng ngh trung bnh Cng ngh tt nht Mc hin ti VN
Malt/nguyn liu thay th Nhit Nhin liu (tnh theo du FO) in Nc NaOH Bt tr lc
kg MJ lt
18 390 11
16 250 7
15 150 4
14-18 250-350 4-8,5
kWh m
3
20 2,0-3,5 0,5 570
16 0,7-1,5 0,25 255
8-12 0,4 0,1 80
10-30 0,6-2,0 0,2-0,4 100-400
kg g
Chi tit ca vic tiu th nguyn nhin liu cng nh pht thi c c th ho di y.
2.1.1 Malt v nguyn liu thay th

Nguyn liu chnh dng cho sn xut bia l malt i mch, nc, hoa hublon v cc nguyn liu thay th khc nh i mch, go, ng v cc loi ng, si r. Thng sn xut 1000 lt bia cn 150 kg malt v nguyn liu thay th. T l nguyn liu thay th c th chim n 30%.
Hublon dng to hng v cho bia, c s dng di dng hoa t nhin, hoa vin hoc cao. Mc tiu hao nguyn liu ph thuc vo loi bia m nh sn xut nh sn xut; hiu sut s dng nguyn liu; mc hao ph nguyn liu trong qu trnh sn xut.
Phn nguyn liu hao ph thng nm di cc dng sau: 2.1.1.1. B hm B hm l phn cn li ca nguyn liu sau khi chit xut v tch ht dch nha khi b hm. B hm vn cn cha mt lng ng v nc. Lng b hm thng khong 140 kg/1000 lt dch ng v c hm lng nc khong 80%. Trong nc b hm vn cn mt lng cht ha tan cn st li (thng khong 1-5%). Trong nh nu c thit k v vn hnh tt, hiu s gia hiu sut trong sn xut v hiu sut trong phng th nghim ca nguyn liu nh hn 1%. Thng hiu s ny ln hn v c ngha l hao ph mt mt trong qu trnh nu theo b hm ln hn do hiu sut trch ly nguyn liu trong qu trnh nu, ng ha, qu trnh lc dch ng v ra b cha t hiu sut cao. 2.1.1.2. Nc ra b Trong khi lc, dch ng c thu v ni nu hoa, ngi ta dng nc nng ra b hm, tn thu c cht cn trong b. Lng nc ra b c xc nh bng lng dch cn thit trong ni nu hoa; nng dch ng trong qu trnh ra b cng gim dn. Tuy nhin sau khi ra b, trong b vn cn mt lng ln dch ng long nm trong b. Dch ng long chim 2-6% tng lng dch cha nng cht ha tan 1-1,5%. Nu tn thu nc ra b cho cc m nu sau s gp phn lm tng hiu sut ca qu trnh nu. Nu dch ng long i vo h thng nc thi s lm ti lng BOD ca nc thi tng ln. 2.1.1.3. Cn nng Dch ng sau khi chuyn sang thit b lng xoy, dch trong c chuyn qua thit b lnh nhanh vo h thng ln men, cn cn li trong y thit b gi l cn nng. Cn nng cn cha dch nha, b hoa, cc cht keo t t protein. i vi thit b lng xoy hiu qu cao th lng cn nng ch chim 0,2-0,4% tng lng dch, c hm lng c cht 15-20%. Trong cn nng c cha dch ng, t l hao ph dch ng ph thuc vo hiu qu ca vic lc v lng xoy dch ng. Cn nng c th c x l bng nhiu cch, hoc em trn vi b, hoc thi vo h thng nc thi. Nu cn nng i vo h thng nc thi s lm tng ti lng BOD ca nc thi ln 110.000 mg/kg cn nng. 2.1.1.4. Nm men Nm men sinh khi trong qu trnh ln men c s dng li mt phn vo qu trnh ln men. Lng nm men tha khong 20-40 kg/1000 lt bia. Trong nm men cn cha bia; c ti lng BOD khong 120.000-140.000 mg/l.
13
2.1.1.5. Hao ph bia Bia thng b mt mt trong nhng cng on sau ca sn xut Qu trnh lm trng tank: Sau khi cc tank c bm ht, thng trong tank cn mt lng bia nht nh. Ngi sn xut thng dng nc y vo tank lm trng tank. Lng bia mt mt ph thuc vo hiu qu v phng php ca qu trnh lm trng tank. Qu trnh lc bia: Khi bt u lm mng lc, mt lng ln nc ln vi bia c x b cng nh khi kt thc lc ngi ta dng nc y bia ra khi my. Tt c dch bia long ny nu khng c tn thu s l tn tht ln trong qu trnh sn xut v gy ra nhim cho ngun nc thi. Cc ng ng: Trong cc ng ng c bia hay c dng nc y, gy ra lng ph bia. Bia tht thot trong qu trnh chit chai: Do li ca my chit, do chai v, bia b phun ra ngoi. T l hao ph ny ph thuc vo chnh xc ca my chit, my thanh trng v thao tc vn hnh ca cng nhn. Bia quay v: Trong qu trnh tiu th nu c vn , trong qu trnh kim tra cht lng nu cc ch tiu khng m bo bia s c quay tr v nh my.
Lng bia b tn tht trong qu trnh sn xut chim khong 1-5%, trong mt s trng hp cn cao hn. Nu bia khng c tn thu trong nh my, chng b x vo dng nc thi, gy ra nhim nng v chi ph cho x l nc thi ln.
2.1.2 Tiu th nhit

Tiu th nhit ca mt nh my bia vn hnh tt nm trong khong 150-200 MJ/hl i vi nh my bia khng c h thng thu hi nhit trong qu trnh nu hoa nhng c h thng bo n tt, thu hi nc ngng, h thng bo tr tt.
Tiu hao nng lng trong nh my bia ph thuc vo c tnh ca nh my nh qu trnh cng ngh, phng php ng gi sn phm, k thut v loi thit b thanh trng, cng ngh x l sn phm ph. Cc qu trnh tiu hao nng lng nh my bia bao gm: Nu v ng ha, nu hoa, h thng v sinh (CIP) v tit trng, h thng ra chai, keg, h thng thanh trng bia. Trong tiu th nhit nhiu nht l ni nu hoa, chim n 30-40% tng lng hi dng trong nh my.
2.1.3 Tiu th nc
Mc tiu th nc trong nh my bia vn hnh tt nm trong khong 4-10 hl/hl bia.
Mc tiu th nc ph thuc vo h thng ng gi bia thnh phm, h thng thit b. Nhit ca nc cng quyt nh mc tiu th nc.
Cc qu trnh s dng nc trong nh my bia l: lm lnh, ra chai/keg, thanh trng lm ngui, trng v v sinh thit b (CIP), nu v ra b, v sinh nh xng, v sinh h thng bng ti c du nhn khu vc chit chai, lm mt cc bm chn khng, v phun ra bt tr lc.
Cc s liu gn y ca nh sau: Khu vc nguyn liu: V sinh: Truyn nhit Khc Tng cng
Hng Heineken cho thy mc tiu th nc cc b phn sn xut 1,3 hl/hl 2,9 hl/hl 0,7 hl/hl 1,6 hl/hl 6,5 hl/hl trong n 45% lng nc dng cho v sinh
2.1.4 Tiu th in
in tiu th cho nh my bia vn hnh tt trung bnh 8-12 kWh/hl, ph thuc vo qu trnh v c tnh ca sn phm.
Nhiu nh my c mc tiu th in gp i do sn xut khng hiu qu v thiu thc trong qun l nng lng. Hin nay nhiu nh my c mc tiu th in thp hn do cc thit b th h mi c mc tiu th in nng thp v kh nng t ng ha cao. Cc khu vc tiu th in nng l: khu vc chit chai, my lnh, kh nn, thu hi CO2, x l nc thi, iu ha khng kh, cc khu vc khc nh bm, qut, in chiu sng.
2.1.5 Cc nguyn liu ph

Bt tr lc: Lng bt tr lc dng trong lc bia khong 1-3 kg/1000 lt bia ph thuc vo loi nm men, loi bia, thi gian v nhit ln men. Xt: Dng v sinh thit b v ra chai. Mc dng 5-10 kg xt 30%/1000 lt bia. Mc tiu th xt cao chng t vic thu hi xt t qu trnh v sinh km hoc qu trnh ra chai c vn . Nu nc thi khng c trung ha th khi mc dng xt cao dn n pH ca nc thi rt cao. Cc cht ty ra v axt: Mc tiu th ph thuc vo h thng CIP. CO2: Trong qu trnh ln men ng c nm men chuyn ha thnh etanol v CO2. C th thu c 3-4 kg CO2 t ln men 1 hl dch ng, ph thuc vo nng dch ng. Nhiu nh my thu hi chng, lm sch v s dng trong qu trnh sn xut. mt s nh my bia khng c h thng thu hi CO2, chng c thi vo khng kh trong khi h li phi mua CO2 v s dng cho qu trnh bo ha CO2 v chit chai/keg.
15
CO2 do ni hi pht thi khi t nhin liu ha thch th khng c thu hi. Lng CO2 pht thi t ni hi khong 16 kg/hl bia (nhu cu nhit cho bia l 200 MJ/hl). Lng ny ln hn lng CO2 sinh ra trong qu trnh ln men bia. Nh my bia c th thu hi v s dng lng CO2 cn thit trong qu trnh sn xut nu h thng thu hi CO2 t h thng ln men c tnh ton tt. Nguyn liu ng gi: chai, lon, nt, np, mng co, phi nhm, nhn, h dn, cc ph gia nh cc cht chng xy ha, cc enzyme, cc cht to bt, cc cht n nh
2.2 Cc vn mi trng
Vn mi trng ln nht trong nh my bia l lng nc thi rt ln cha nhiu cht hu c, pH cao, nhit cao. Vic lu gi v thi b lng men thi ln v bt tr lc, vi lc c ln nm men sau mi ln lc lm ti lng hu c trong nc thi rt ln. Ngun nc thi khng c kim sot v khng c x l s dn n phn hy cc cht hu c, lm gim xy ha tan trong nc cn thit cho thy sinh. Ngoi ra qu trnh ny cn gy ra mi kh chu. Cc thnh phn khc c trong nc thi nh nitrat, photphat gy ra hin tng ph dng cho cc thc vt thy sinh. Theo s hnh 4, qu trnh sn xut bia pht thi ra mi trng di c ba dng rn, lng v kh. Bng 2 tm tt cc vn mi trng theo khu vc sn xut.
16
Bng 2: Cc vn mi trng trong khu vc sn xut ca nh my bia
Khu vc
Tiu hao/Thi/Pht thi - Tiu tn nng lng (nhit) - Tiu tn nhiu nc - Xt v axt cho h CIP - Thi lng hu c cao - Pht thi bi - Gy mi ra cc khu vc xung quanh - Tiu tn nng lng (lnh) - Tiu tn nhiu nc - Xt v axt cho h CIP - Pht thi CO2 - Thi lng hu c cao (do nm men v vic v sinh thit b gy nn, nc thi c nng cht hu c, nitrat v phot pho cao)
Cc vn mi trng - Tiu tn ti nguyn v nhim khng kh. - Gp phn vo vic lm m ln ton cu do pht thi CO2 - Gy kh chu cho c dn xung quanh. - Ph dng sng, h, bin v nguy c cho c dn xung quanh, - nh hng n a dng sinh hc
Nu
Ln men
Lc bia
- Tiu tn nhiu nc - Tiu tn bt tr lc - Tiu tn lnh, CO2 - Thi lng hu c cao (nm men, bt tr lc)
- Ph dng sng, h, bin v nguy c cho c dn xung quanh, - nh hng n a dng sinh hc
ng gi Thanh trng
- Tiu hao nng lng (hi nc) - Nc thi c pH cao v cht l lng nhiu. - Tiu hao nhiu nc nng v nc lnh. - Ting n
- Tiu tn ti nguyn v nhim khng kh. - Gp phn vo vic lm m ln ton cu do pht thi CO2 - Nguy c tc ng xu n thy sinh. - Gy kh chu hoc dn v ngi lao ng - nhim nc v t - Lm hi sc kho con ngi - CFC l cht ph hu tng ozon
Cc hot ng ph tr: ni hi t than hoc du, my lnh
- Tiu th nhiu nng lng, -- Pht thi CO2, NOx v PAH (polyaromatic hydrocacbon) - Nguy c r r du - Nguy c r r v pht thi NH3 - Nguy c r r v pht thi CFC
2.2.1 Nc thi
Lng nc thi ph thuc vo lng nc s dng trong sn xut. Ch c mt lng nc trong bia, nc bay hi, nc trong b hm, b bia khng i vo h thng nc thi. Lng nc khng i vo h thng nc thi khong 1,5 hl/hl, c ngha l lng nc thi trong sn xut bia bng lng nc s dng tr i 1,5 hl/hl bia.
17
Nc thi nh my bia bao gm: Nc thi v sinh cc thit b Nc thi t cng on ra chai, thanh trng bia chai Nc thi t phng th nghim Nc thi v sinh nh xng Nc thi sinh hot ca cng nhn nh my
Bng 3, 4 tm tt c trng nc thi ca cng nghip sn xut bia.
Bng 3: Tnh cht nc thi t sn xut bia

Cc cht nhim pH BOD5 COD SS mg/l mg/l mg/l 6-8 900-1.400 1.700-2.200 500-600 n v tnh Mc hin ti VN A 6-9 30 50 50 B 5.5-9 50 80 100 C 5-9 100 400 200 nhim nhim gy ngt th cho thy sinh Tng N mg/l 30 15 30 60 gy ra hin tng ph dng cho thc vt Tng P mg/l 22-25 4 6 8 kch thch thc vt pht trin NH4
+
TCVN 5945:2005*
Tc ng n mi trng
mg/l
13-16
10
15
c hi cho c nhng li thc y thc vt pht trin, thng gy ra cc hin tng to
Ghi ch: * Cc thng s quy nh trong tiu chun, cha xt h s lin quan n dung tch ngun tip nhn v h s theo lu lng ngun thi A - Thi vo ngun tip nhn dng cho mc ch sinh hot B - Ngun tip nhn khc, ngoi loi A C - Ngun tip nhn c quy nh
18
Bng 4: Ti lng cc cht nhim trong nc thi sn xut bia (i vi nh my bia cng sut 100 triu lt/nm)
Cc cht nhim SS COD BOD5 Tng ni t Tng pht pho Ti lng (kg/ngy) 2.300-2.500 10.000-11.000 6.500-7.000 130-150 110-130
Thnh phn nc thi nh my bia vt rt nhiu ln mc cho php theo tiu chun Vit Nam, cn phi qua x l. Cng sut ca h thng x l nc thi nh my bia cng cn tnh ton ln v ph hp vi cng sut sn xut bia km theo tiu tn nhiu nng lng trong qu trnh vn hnh. Xin tham kho thng tin x l nc thi trong phn 5. Vy vic tit kim nc v p dng cc k thut sn xut sch hn rt cn thit gim lng nc pht thi cng nh nng c cht hu c trong nc thi.
2.2.2 Kh thi
Kh thi ca nh my bia bao gm kh thi pht sinh do s dng ni hi, hi v mi ho cht s dng, mi sinh ra trong qu trnh nu v ca cc cht thi hu c nh b hm, men... cha c x l kp thi. Qua thc t kim tra nng cc cht thi CO, SO2, NOx, H2S, CO2, NH3 ti cc khu vc sn xut khc nhau trong nh my nh ngoi phn xng ln men, ti trung tm nh my, ti khu vc my lnh, khu vc ng khi ni hi v i chiu vi Cht lng khng kh - Tiu chun kh thi cng nghip vi bi v cc cht v c (TCNV 5939:2005) cho thy nh my sn xut khng c vn ln v nhim khng kh. C 2 khu vc cn quan tm l ng khi ni hi v my lnh. Bng 5 cho bit mt s thng s kh thi ca ni hi t du v ni hi t than.
19
Bng 5: Nng cc cht nhim khng kh t ni hi

Nng (mg/m ) Cht nhim Bi khi SO2 NOx CO Ghi ch: A ang hot ng B Xy mi Ni hi than 420 - 624 210,8 - 647,4 225 - 305 Ni hi du 10,9 - 11,4 925 - 2078 148 - 242 12 - 22,1
3
TCVN 5939:2005 A 400 1500 1000 1000 B 200 500 580 1000
Nng cc cht nhim cn ph thuc vo cht lng nhin liu v cao ca ng khi, hiu sut vn hnh ni hi. Tuy nhin s liu cng cho thy khi s dng nhin liu l than th nng bi pht tn ra mi trng ln hn mc cho php 1,5-3 ln v cn thit phi u t h thng lc bi. C 2 trng hp nhin liu l than v du u cho nng pht thi SO2 cao hn mc cho php 1,3-4 ln v cn thit phi u t h thng x l SO2. H thng my lnh s dng mi cht NH3 t gy nh hng n mi trng. Cc s c c th xy ra l n bn cha hoc r r NH3. Kh NH3 gy kch thch ng h hp, c mi khai v gy ngt v c th gy cht ngi. Nng ti a cho php trong khng kh khu vc sn xut l 0,02 mg/l.
2.2.3 Cht thi rn

Cc cht thi rn chnh ca qu trnh sn xut bia bao gm b hm, b men, cc mnh thy tinh t khu vc ng gi, bt tr lc t khu vc lc, bt giy t qu trnh ra chai, giy, nha, kim loi t cc b phn ph tr, x than, du thi, du phanh. B hm v b men l cht hu c, s gy mi cho khu vc sn xut nu khng c thu gom v x l kp thi. Bng 6 cung cp s liu v lng cht thi rn pht sinh trong qu trnh sn xut bia.
20
Bng 6: Lng cht thi rn pht sinh khi sn xut 1 hectolt bia
Cht nhim B hm Nm men V chai v Bn hot tnh Nhn, giy Bt tr lc Plastic Kim loi n v kg kg chai kg kg kg kg kg Lng 21-27 3-4 0,9 0,3-0,4 1,5 0,2-0,6 Tc ng Gy nhim ngun nc, t, gy mi kh chu Gy nhim ngun nc, t, gy mi kh chu gy tai nn cho ngi vn hnh Gy nhim ngun nc, t, gy mi kh chu Gy nhim ngun nc, t, gy mi kh chu Gy nhim ngun nc, t, gy mi kh chu To ra ti lng cht thi rn cao, bi cha ln To ra ti lng cht thi rn cao, bi cha ln
2.3 Tim nng ca sn xut sch hn

Bng 1 cho thy mc tiu th nguyn nhin liu trung bnh ca Vit nam cn cao hn nhiu so vi cc cng ngh tin tin hin c trn th gii. Nh vy, vic ci tin, s dng nguyn nhin liu hiu qu c th mang li li ch kinh t ln. Bng 7 c tnh tim nng d dng t c bng cc k thut n gin i vi cc doanh nghip sn xut bia Vit nam. Vi cng sut ph bin hin nay l 20 triu lt/nm, vic thc hin sn xut sch hn c th mang li hiu qu 6 t ng/nm, cha k n vic gim chi ph x l mi trng. Bng 7: c tnh tim nng tit kim c th t c t vic p dng sn xut sch hn ti cc nh my bia Vit nam
Khu vc Nu Nhit Gim 15-20% in Gim 5% t cc ng c, chiu sng Gim 5-10% t p dng cng ngh ln men mi, tng cng bo tr Gim 2% t dy chuyn, ng c, chiu sng Nc Gim 5% nc v sinh v ti s dng Gim 5% nc my lnh v v sinh Thu hi Tng hiu sut thu dch 1-2%
Ln men, tng tr v hon thin sn phm
Tng hiu sut thu hi bia 1%
Chit chai/lon
Gim 5% do hp l ha h thng thanh trng Tng hiu sut sinh hi 5%
Gim 3-5% do ra chai, tn dng nc lm mt Ci thin h thng lm mt; Tn dng nc ngng
Gim bia thot 1-2%
tht
Ph tr
Gim 5-10% t my lnh, my nn, ng c, chiu sng
Ci to, tng h s hu ch ca thit b
21
3 C hi sn xut sch hn
Chng ny dn ra mt s v d v gii php sn xut sch hn c th p dng thnh cng trong ngnh sn xut bia. Danh sch ny s tip tc c cp nht khi c thm cc doanh nghip p dng sn xut sch hn.
Cc nh my bia c c trng bi vic tiu th ti nguyn ng k nhng s dng rt t cc ha cht c hi. C th phn loi cc c hi sn xut sch hn lin quan n cc khu vc chnh l (1) nu, (2) ln men v hon thin, (3) chit chai v (4) ph tr nh sau:
3.1 Cc c hi SXSH lin quan n khu vc nh nu
Nu chnh lch v hiu sut chit ca malt trong phng th nghim v thc t sn xut ln hn 1% th cht chit b tn tht trong b hm v c ngha l nguyn liu u vo cha c s dng ht. Nu gim c tn tht nguyn liu 1% th c ngha l gim c 2 kg malt cho 1000 lit bia.
3.1.1 La chn thit b nghin v lc

Mi nh sn xut chn mt loi cng ngh lc dch hm khc nhau v do vy thit b nghin cng khc nhau. Thit b lc dch hm l ni lc lng i hi v malt c gi nguyn to lp lc sau ny. Cng ngh nghin xc nh hiu sut trch ly nguyn liu. Trong trng hp lc bng ni lc, nu nghin malt theo phng php nghin kh thng km theo thi gian lc dch ng di 3-4 gi/m hiu sut thp hn so vi nghin t 1-1,5%. Thit b lc khung bn p sut cao bng my lc Meura th h mi c nhiu li th v thi gian lc, ch di 100 pht/m, cho php 1 ngy c th nu gn 16 m vi nng dch ng cao thch hp cho cng ngh ln men nng cao. Hiu sut cao hn trng hp lc ni 1,5-2%. My nghin ba thch hp cho thit b ny. Vit Nam Tng Cng ty bia ru NGK Si gn, nh my bia H Ty u t thit b ny. Trn th gii hng Inbev v Heineken s dng nhiu loi thit b ny do tnh hiu qu cao.
3.1.2 Thu hi dch nha long

Trong qu trnh ra b mt lng nc ra b cn li sau khi ly dch cho nu hoa. Lng nc ra b ny c th tch bng 2-6% th dch tch ng, vi nng 1-1,5%, c COD khong 10.000 mg/l. Thay v thi b, dch nha long c thu hi vo tank cha c bo n v gia nhit dng lm nc nu cho m tip theo. Vic lm ny c bit quan trong cng ngh nu
nng cao s lm tit kim nc v nguyn liu u vo. Nu dch nha long b thi vo h thng nc thi s lm tng ti lng COD ca h thng ln 20-60 g/hl dch ng c sn xut.
3.1.3 Tch dch nha khi cn lng nng

Cn lng nng cha dch ng, hoa hublon, cc cht keo t ca protein v tanin. Cn chim th tch 1-3% th tch dch ng, c COD khong 150.000 mg/l, hm lng cht ha tan khong 15-20%. C th dng my ly tm hoc thit b gn lng th tch mt phn dch nha ra khi cn. Dch nha a vo ni nu hoa, cn a vo cng b hm lm thc n gia sc. Vic thu hi cn lng nng, khng x b vo h thng nc thi cho php gim 150-450g COD/hl dch ng x b vo h thng nc thi.
p dng trn ln cn lng nng vi b hm Mt nh my bia chu cng sut 10 triu lt/nm, lp t h thng nc thi. Nh my ny thi cn lng vo dng thi lm ti lng BOD cao. Nh my lp t thit b thu hi cn v phun ln b hm. Gi tr dinh dng ca b hm tng ln. Kt qu l: Gim ti lng trong nc thi Thi gian hon vn Vn u t: 2.5 kg BOD/1000 lit bia 3 thng 20.000 USD
Kt qu: Gim 15% ti lng hu c vo h thng x l nc thi
3.1.4 Thu hi hi t ni nu hoa

Qu trnh nu hoa l qu trnh tiu th nhiu nhit nht trong cc cng on sn xut bia. Trong qu trnh si hoa, c khong 6-12% nc bc hi. Hi thng thot vo khng kh gy tn tht nhit v to ra mi kh chu. Thu hi li hi ny s t c 2 mc tiu l thu hi nhit v gim bt mi. Phng php n gin nht l thu hi hi s dng vo vic un nc nng ca cc qu trnh v sinh. C th tm thy h thng ny mt s nh my bia. Trong mt s nh my bia c h thng thu hi nc nng trong qu trnh lm lnh dch ng th c kh nng d tha nc nng v nc nng s b thi ra ngoi. C 2 tnh hung c th xem xt l: S dng hi t ni nu hoa: Hi t ni nu hoa dng qua thit b trao i nhit nu si dch. Nc ngng c nhit khong 100C dng sn xut nc nng. Nc ngng sau khi ly bt nhit ca hi s dng trng ni nu. Ti nn hi nu hoa: Hi tha trong qu trnh nu hoa c ti nn qua 1 thit b VRC ca cng ty Mycom quay tr li ni nu hoa. Thit b c lp t ti cng ty Bia Thanh Ha v Nh my bia Lo. Kt qu cho thy gim c 60-70% lng hi cn thit cho nu hoa.
23
Mt nh my hiu qu c mc s dng nng lng cho 1 hl bia khong 150 MJ cn nh my km hiu qu mc s dng c th n 350 MJ.
3.2 C hi SXSH ti khu vc ln men, hon thin sn phm

3.2.1 Thu hi nm men
Nm men d c hm lng cht hu c cao, cn c thu hi cng trit cng tt trnh COD cao trong h nc thi. COD ca nm men bia l 180.000-220.000 mg/l. Nu nm men c thu hi trit khng cho x vo dng thi n gp phn lm gim 360-880 g COD/hl bia. Nm men bia c th c s dng bng nhiu cch: Bn cho ngi chn nui ln, v n cha nhiu vitamin, protein, cht khong, cacbohydrat, cht bo. Sy kh lm thc phm cho ngi.
Vic thu hi nm men cn u t cc thit b nh my ly tm, tank cha, ng ng, bm.
Cng ty Lin hp thc phm H Ty c cng sut 5 triu lt/nm. Khi tch nm men t y tank, chng thng ri vi ra sn nh, dn n cc chi ph nc ra sn, ha cht v sinh nn nh, tng ti lng dng thi. Nm 2000 cng ty lp t thit b thu hi men, kt qu trit rt c men khi tank v khng ri vi ra nn nh, gim 30 m3 nc ra sn v cc ha cht, nhn cng, gim ti COD khong 74 kg/ngy.. Chi ph u t: Thi gian hon vn : 2100 USD tng ng 29,4 triu VN. 0,5 nm
3.2.2 Thu hi bia tn tht theo nm men

Trong nm men bia c cha ln bia. Lng bia hao ph theo nm men khong 1-2%. Bia cn c thu hi bng cc cch sau: Ly tm Lc ngang Lc p khung bn
Bia thu hi c th a vo ni nu, hoc thanh trng v a vo tank ln men.
24
p dng lp thit b ly tm men Mt nh my bia chu u c cng sut 100 triu lt/nm. gim lng men thi vo h thng nc thi v gim lng bia hao ph h tnh ton nh sau: Lp t thm thit b 2 tank 50 hl cha men sau ly tm 1 my ly tm 20 hl/gi 2 tank 50 hl cha bia thu hi ng ng, bm, h thng CIP Vn u t: Chi ph vn hnh Thi gian khu hao thit b Tit kim c Thi gian thu hi vn 500.000-700.000 USD 20.000 USD/nm 15 nm 20.000 hl bia hay 10 USD/hl bia 3-4 nm
3.2.3 Gim tiu hao bt tr lc

Bia sau khi ln men cn c tch men trc khi chuyn sang khu hon thin. Vic tch men c th thc hin qua thit b lc (vi bt tr lc), hoc dng cc gii php khc r tin hn, d thc hin hn nh s dng cc cht tr lng trong qu trnh nu v ln men gip nm men lng tt hn. C th gim tiu hao bt tr lc trong qu trnh lc bia bng cch gim mt nm men v trong ca bia trc khi lc. C th ci thin c bng bin php cng ngh trong qu trnh nu, to mi trng ph hp vi chng nm men; tuyn chn chng ging nm men, ti u ha qu trnh nhn ging, bo qun nm men v tip ging; ti u ha qu trnh ln men (thit b, thi gian ln men, tng tr) nm men c th lng t nhin. Trong mt s nh my bia s dng chng nm men c c tnh lng khng cao c th s dng cc cht lm trong dch ng trc khi ln men, cc cht tr lng trong qu trnh ln men gim mt nm men trc khi lc.
gim bt tr lc hn na ngi ta u t my ly tm, c th tch c 98-99% nm men trong bia. Khi lp t my ly tm c nhng u im sau: - Gim lng bt tr lc trong qu trnh lc bia - Ko di thi gian vn hnh my lc - Gim tiu th mc cho vic sc ra my lc - Thu hi thm nm men tha
3.2.4 Gim thiu lng bia d

Bia d l bia cn st li trong cc tank. Lng bia d cn c gim thiu bng cch thay i quy trnh, c bit cc thao tc lin quan n vic tho rng tank. Ngi vn hnh cn xc nh chc chn rng bia ht trc khi v sinh tank. Qua vic qun l ni vi v h thng quan trc hiu qu th ch
25
cn mt lng bia d rt nh nht cn trong tank khi khng th ly ra c thm. BOD ca bia l 80.000mg/l ph thuc vo nng v hm lng cn ca bia. Nu bia d b thi vo h thng nc thi th khng ch lm tng BOD m mt lng sn phm c gi tr b mt.
3.2.5 p dng h thng lm lnh tng

C nhiu cng ngh nng cao hiu qu h thng my lnh trong nh my bia. Cng ty Mycom (Nht Bn) nghin cu v ng dng thnh cng cng ngh my lnh tng. Thng thng lnh nhanh dch ng ngi ta lm lnh nc 28-30C v 2C bng 1 my lnh. Vic chy lnh cho h s hu ch ca ng c l 4,87. Cng ngh mi ca Mycom l chia vic lm lnh nc thnh 3 cng on vi 3 my c cng sut nh hn. Mi my chy trong khong nhit gn nhau (30C xung 18 C; 18 C xung 10 C; 10 C xung 2 C. Do vy hiu sut ca my lnh tng ln 8,06; nng lng gim 60%; cng sut my gim 70%, ngha l ch cn lp my lnh c cng sut nh hn rt nhiu.
3.2.6 p dng cng ngh ln men nng cao, gim mc tiu hao nng lng
Ln men truyn thng bt u t dch ng c nng 10-12%. Cc nghin cu v ng dng a ra cng ngh ln men nng cao hn n 16% (c nhiu nghin cu tin hnh nng n 22% nhng vic ng dng cha rng ri). Kt qu thc t nhiu nc, Vit Nam c Tng cng ty Bia ru nc gii kht Si Gn, Cng ty Bia Vit Nam, Nh my bia H Ty p dng cho thy c th nng cng sut nh my ln 10-15%, gim in nng, nng lng 15-18% trong khi c th linh hot sn xut nhiu loi bia c cc nng ban u khc nhau.
3.2.7 ng dng cng ngh mi (bao gm c s dng enzyme) rt ngn thi gian sn sut, tng hiu sut
Vic s dng cc loi enzyme trong qu trnh nu nh enzyme dch ha, ng ha, cho php rt nng thi gian nu t 30-45 pht mi m, gim in, hi nc, tng cng sut; Enzyme trong ln men nh s dng enzyme Maturex gip lm gim hm lng diacetyl trong bia ln men ph, cho php rt ngn thi gian ln men ph t 3-5 ngy m vn m bo cht lng; v cc cht tr lng gip lm gim thi gian ln men, gim tiu hao lnh, in.
3.3 Cc c hi SXSH lin quan n khu vc chit chai

3.3.1 Tit kim nc trong ra chai, kt
Trong h thng chit chai my ra chai tiu tn nhiu nc nht v do vy cng thi ra mt lng nc thi rt ln. C th gim tiu hao nc bng cch kt hp cc phng php khc nhau trong cc vng khc nhau ca my
ra chai. pH ca nc ra c kim sot tit kim ha cht v nc trng. Do vy tit kim c nng lng v gim chi ph cho x l nc thi. Cc my ra chai mi cho php gim ti hn 50% nc ra chai (t mc 530 ml/chai xung 264 ml/chai). My ra chai s dng nc v xt lm sch. Mc tiu th nc ca my ra chai ch yu ph thuc vo cu to ca my. Cc my th h mi c mc tiu th nc (0,5 hl/hl v chai) v nng lng thp hn so vi cc my c (34 hl/hl v chai). Cc ci thin v tit kim nc bao gm: Lp cc van t ng ngng cp nc khi dy chuyn khng hot ng; Lp cc vi phun cao p; Ti s dng dng nc trng chai 2 hng cui vo vic ra chai cc hng u; Tn dng nc thi t h thng ra chai ra kt; Tit kim xt trong ra chai.
Xt trong qu trnh ra chai c th thu hi v ti s dng. Cn lp t tank lng xt ra t h thng ra chai, c bit trong nhng ngy dng hot ng ca my ra chai. Xt c bm vo tank lng, tt c cc cht cn s c tch ra khi xt v c th ti s dng.
C th gim c 75% xt dng cho ra chai nh thu hi v ti s dng.
3.3.2 Thit b thanh trng kiu tuy nen

Trong my thanh trng, bia v chai c hm nng ln dn dn ln n 60C sau lm ngui v 30-35C. Nu bia c lm ngui bng nc sch th mc tiu th nc ca nh my s rt ln. Nu tn thu nc lm mt, tun hon v ti s dng qua thp gii nhit c th tit kim c 80% nc trong h thng thanh trng.
p dng lp thp gii nhit trong h thng thanh trng Mt nh my bia chu c cng sut 50 triu lt/nm lm ngui bia chai thanh trng bng nc trong h thng h. tit kim nc h lp h thng lm ngui khp kn vi thp gii nhit. Kt qu l: Gim lng nc tiu th mi nm u t Thi gian thu hi vn 50.000 m
3
45.000 USD 1 nm
27
3.4 Cc c hi SXSH lin quan n b phn ph tr

3.4.1 Thu hi nc lm mt t qu trnh lnh nhanh
Tht thot 1m nc nng 85C tng ng mt 8,7 kg du.
3
S dng nc nng hiu qu l mt trong nhng vn mu cht ca tit kim nng lng. Nc lm mt dch ng trong qu trnh lnh nhanh (t 100C v 10C) c th t 85oC (vi cc thit b trao i nhit tt) cn c tun hon v ti s dng tn dng nc v nhit. S dng tank c bo n tr trc khi s dng. Nc ny c th s dng li nhng khu vc c nhu cu nh lm nc nu, nc cp ni hi, h thng v sinh CIP, ra chai v thanh trng. Thng cha nc nng cn tnh ton cn i vi quy m thu hi cho khng c tha nc nng thi vo h thng nc thi.
V d v ti u ha h thng nc nng Mt nh my bia chu u c cng sut 100 triu lt/nm c h thng lm lnh dch ng kiu c. Sau khi trao i nhit trong qu trnh lnh nhanh, nhit nc c lm nng ln n 60C v dng vo h thng nu. Lng nc d tha s b thi vo h thng nc thi Mt h thng lnh nhanh mi c lp t, c kh nng lm nng nc n 85C. Tank cha nc nng ln hn c lp t. Nc 85C c dng nu, v sinh, ra chai. Kt qu nh sau: Lng du gim mi nm Lng nc gim mi nm u t Thi gian thu hi vn 340 tn 40.000 m
3
120.000 USD 3 nm
3.4.2 Thu hi nc ngng

Nc ngng t cc ni nu l nc tinh khit, c cha nhit nng. Cc thc hnh ph bin cho thy nc ngng c dng lm nc cp cho ni hi. Nu u t cc ng ng v cc tank cha nc ngng ti s dng s c thi gian thu hi vn rt ngn.
3.4.3 Bo n
Bo n cc b mt nng v lnh l gii php n gin v d lm nht, ng thi mang li hiu qu cao trong tit kim nng lng. Cc b mt ny gm thn ni hi, ni nu, cc ng cp hi nng, hi lnh, cc tank ln men v cha bia thnh phm
Bo n 1 mt di ng ng hi 89 mm s dng trong 6.000 gi/nm s gip tit kim c 450 kg du/nm (tng ng 18.000 MJ/nm) nng lng cho sn xut 120 hl bia.
28
3.4.4 Tit kim nc v ha cht v sinh

Lp t h thng v sinh trong thit b (CIP): tit kim nc, ha cht, c kh nng tn thu ti s dng ha cht ty ra v nc, m bo yu cu v sinh cao ca dy chuyn; c kh nng s dng cc ha cht hiu qu cao, thn thin mi trng. S dng h thng vi phun cao p: m bo tiu chun v sinh an ton thc phm, tiu tn t nc, ch s dng khi cn thit, trnh chy nc lng ph; s dng vi phun nh lng cao p cho v sinh cc thit b vn ti, kt cha chai S dng cc ha cht c hiu: dng axit cho vic v sinh cc tank ln men thay v s dng xt, s dng cc cht h tr v sinh trong ra chai tng sch ca chai, gim lng nc.
V d v tn tht nc khi c r r (p lc nc 4,5 bar) Kch thc l (mm) 0,5 1 2 4 6
m3/ngy 0,39 1,20 3,70 18,0 47
m3/nm 140 430 1.300 6.400 17.000
3.4.5 Tit kim in

Mt nh my sn xut bia hiu qu c mc tiu th in ch l 29kW/hl bia. Phn ln in nng trong nh my bia c s dng chy cc m t. C 2 gii php ph bin gim bt tiu th in nng l: Lp t cc m t th h mi c hiu qu cao Lp t cc bin tn c th kim sot tt hn tc dng v p sut ca m t.
Cng ty C phn Bia Kim Bi (H Ty) c cng sut 30 triu lt/nm. m bo lnh cho sn xut cng ty s dng 4 my lnh mi my c cng sut 90 KW. Nm 2007 cng ty lp thm bin tn cho cc ng c my lnh v u t h thng iu khin t ng cho h thng my lnh. S vn u t ban u l 1,4 t VN. Qua thi gian vn hnh cho thy cc my gim c 1012% in nng. Thi gian thu hi vn c tnh 4 nm
3.4.6 Duy tr bo tr
Vic bo tr h thng c ngha ln trong vic duy tr mc tiu hao in, nc thp. Vic bo tr tt cn c tc dng lm cho hiu qu dy chuyn tng ln do gim s ln v thi gian b dng sn xut do s c. Thi gian hon vn ca vic bo tr thng rt ngn c khi ch vi tun.
29
S r r ch gy ra ting x nh, khng nhn r hi thot ra t cc van hi c th dn n lm mt 1kg hi/gi, tng ng vi tiu th 700 kg du mi nm hay nng lng ny cho sn xut 200 hl bia vi mc tiu hao thp. R r mc nhn r hi thot ra cc mt bch c th dn n lm mt 3-5 kg hi/gi, tng ng 2.100-3.500 kg du/nm, nng lng sn xut 580-1000 hl bia mc tiu hao thp
3.4.7 Trnh r r kh nn
Tc ng ca r r kh nn (p lc kh 6 bar) tng ng mc tiu th in Kch thc l (mm) l/s kWh/ngy MWh/nm 1 1 6,2 3 19 74,4 5 27 199,0 thng h thng c th mang li kt qu tit kim khong 10%
2,6 27,0 73,0
3.4.8 Kim sot nhit bc hi ca h thng my lnh

H thng my lnh tiu th nhiu in nht trong nh my bia. Nhit bc hi ca my lnh ch cn thp theo mc cn thit. V d lm lnh bia xung -2C th nhit bc hi ch cn khong (-6) - (-8)C l nhng nhiu nh my bia thit k h thng c nhit bc hi thp hn (< -10C) s lm hiu sut my khng cao, tn nhiu in. Nu nhit bc hi tng ln 1C th gim c tiu th in nng ca my l 3-4%
Cn vn hnh h thng my lnh sao cho nhit ngng t thp nht c th, ph thuc vo iu kin kh hu. C gim c 1C cho ngng t th s gim c mc tiu th in nng ca my lnh i 1%.
Chn my lnh th h mi tiu th in nng thp.
3.4.9 Gim p my nn kh
p lc ca my nn cng thp trong gii hn c th cng tt.
Nu p ca my nn kh t thp hn c t 7-8 bar th mc tiu th in ca my nn gim c 7%.
lm mt my nn cn s dng nc tun hon khp kn.
3.4.10 Thu hi nhit t h my nn

S dng h thng trao i nhit thu hi nhit t cc my nn lnh c th thu c nc nng 50-60C.
3.4.11 Lp t thit b lm nng nc cp cho ni hi

Lp t thit b lm nng nc trc khi vo l. Thit b ny s dng khi l gia nhit nc cp.
Nu nc cp tng c 6C th mc tiu hao nhin liu ca l gim 1%.
30
3.4.12 S dng cc ha cht dit khun thn thin mi trng kh trng thit b thay v dng hi nng
Mt s nh my bia thng dng hi nng thanh trng thit b. Gii php ny tiu tn nhiu nng lng cho vic thanh trng v lm ngui thit b. Hin nay c nhiu ha cht thn thin mi trng cha xy nguyn t, khi phun vo thit b chng c kh nng dit khun, sau chng c chuyn ha v dng xy phn t, khng c hi cho qu trnh ln men v mi trng xung quanh. Cc ha cht cha xy nguyn t c th l nc zn, hn hp peracetic v hydrogen peroxide (trong sn phm thng mi c tn l SOPUROXID ca hng SOPURA) hoc cc sn phm thng mi tng t ca ECOLAB.
3.4.13 Kt hp cung cp nhit v pht in (CHP)

Hiu sut v nng lng ca h thng c th t n 90%. H thng cho php gim pht thi CO2 v tit kim t nht 10% nhin liu so vi vic s dng ring r cho mc ch cung cp nhit v in. H thng lm gim tiu hao nng lng ca nh my 14%, in nng 40%, nng hiu sut chy ca nhin liu ln 2-4%, gim pht thi NOx 14,8% v CO2 7,9%
4 Thc hin sn xut sch hn

Chng ny s trnh by tng bc tin hnh nh gi sn xut sch hn ti doanh nghip sn xut bia vi mc tiu tm kim c y nht cc gii php sn xut sch hn ph hp vi iu kin sn xut. Cc biu mu i km c th c s dng thu thp v x l thng tin.
Cht thi chnh l nguyn nhin liu u vo khng c t ng ch. Vic thc hin nh gi sn xut sch hn tun theo nguyn tc c bn l mi nguyn nhin liu vo quy trnh sn xut, nu khng nm li trong sn phm s b thi ra mi trng, di dng ny hoc dng khc. Vic trin khai nh gi sn xut sch hn mt cch bi bn s h tr doanh nghip tm c ng i cng nh dng chuyn i ca cc loi nguyn liu , tm ra cc phng php gim thiu lng s dng mt cch hu hiu nht, ng thi thm ch c th tng c nng sut v cht lng ca sn phm, v tit kim chi ph x l mi trng. cng chnh l mc tiu ca vic p dng sn xut sch hn. Vic p dng sn xut sch hn yu cu thi gian v n lc ca cc b phn trong ton doanh nghip, do s cam kt v h tr mnh m ca Ban lnh o cng ty s l yu t quyt nh cho thnh cng ca chng trnh. Chng ti khuyn co p dng sn xut sch hn ln lt theo 6 bc hay 16 nhim v sau y: Bc 1: Khi ng Bc 2: Phn tch cc cng on
Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia 31
Bc 3: a ra cc c hi sn xut sch hn Bc 4: Chn cc gii php sn xut sch hn Bc 5: Thc hin cc gii php sn xut sch hn Bc 6: Duy tr sn xut sch hn
4.1 Bc 1: Khi ng
Mc ch ca bc ny nhm: - Xy dng c nhm nh gi sn xut sch hn - Thu thp s liu sn xut lm c s ban u - Tm kim cc bin php ci tin n gin, hiu qu c th thc hin ngay
4.1.1 Nhim v 1: Thnh lp nhm nh gi SXSH

Vic thnh lp nhm nh gi SXSH l rt cn thit khi trin khai chng trnh nh gi SXSH. Cc thnh vin ca nhm l cn b ca doanh nghip, c th h tr trin khai khi c chuyn gia bn ngoi hoc trc tip thc hin nu qua o to. Quy m ca nhm s ph thuc vo quy m ca doanh nghip. Vi doanh nghip ln, nhm nh gi SXSH nn bao gm i din Ban Lnh o v qun c/trng phng ca tng phng ban v nhm trin khai ph c thnh lp ty theo thi im. Vi doanh nghip nh hn, nhm c th ch gm i din lnh o v qun c ph trch cc cng vic sn xut bia hng ngy. Cc thnh vin trong nhm phi c php hp nh k, trao i ci m, c tnh sng to, c php xem xt, nh gi li quy trnh cng ngh v qun l hin ti cng nh nng lc p dng trin khai cc tng sn xut sch hn kh thi. Trong nh my sn xut bia nhm nh gi sn xut sch hn bao gm cc cn b thuc ban lnh o, k ton, nhn s v cc b phn sn xut nh xay nghin nguyn liu, nu, ln men, thnh phm, ph tr, in. Vic mi thm cn b ph trch ti chnh, cn b t vn ngoi cng ty cng nn c xem xt cc kin a ra khch quan. Nhm nh gi sn xut sch hn s bt u qu trnh nh gi bng vic thu thp cc thng tin sn xut c bn ca doanh nghip cng phn tch vi cc thnh vin trong nhm. Vic thu thp thng tin c th s dng Phiu cng tc s 1.
32
Phiu cng tc s 1. Cc thng tin c bn

Tn v a ch doanh nghip S ngy lm vic trong nm:
Nhm SXSH
Tn 1 2 3 4 5 Chc v - b phn Nhim v nhm
Thng tin sn xut c bn ca doanh nghip

Sn phm chnh Bia hi Bia keg Bia chai 330ml Bia chai B 450ml Nguyn nhin liu s dng Tn/nm Malt Nguyn liu chnh Go Ho cht ng Houblon Bt lc Chai Nhn Nt Lng Nc v nng lng Nc cp Nc t khai thc Than Du FO Du DO in li in t sinh m3/nm m /nm tn/nm lit/nm lit/nm Kwh/nm Kwh/nm Thit b v ph tr
3
CS thit k (1000 l/nm)
Sn lng (1000 l/nm)
Tn/nm Xt Axit
Cng sut Ni hi du 1 Ni hi du 2 Ni hi than 1 Ni hi than 2 My pht in My nn kh My lnh tn/gi tn/gi tn/gi tn/gi KVA Kwh Kwh
Sau y l v d c trch t bo co nh gi sn xut sch hn ti Cng ty C phn Bia H Ni - Bia Hng H, l doanh nghip sn xut bia u tin thc hin nh gi sn xut sch hn trong khun kh hp phn sn xut sch hn trong cng nghip ca B Cng thng.
33
Phiu cng tc s 1. Cc thng tin c bn

Tn v a ch doanh nghip Cng ty C phn Bia H Ni Hng H S ngy lm vic trong nm: N/A
Nhm SXSH
Tn 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Dng Vn Hoan Trnh V c Nguyn Th Thu Hng o Hi Nam L Quang H Nguyn Khc Cng Nguyn Trng Hiu Hng Dng Chc v - b phn Ph Gim c Cng ty Trng phng KCS Ph phng KT Cn b KCS T trng t men Q phn xng PQ phn xng TT. T xut hng Nhim v nhm Ch o chung Trng ban thnh vin thnh vin thnh vin thnh vin thnh vin thnh vin
Thng tin sn xut c bn ca doanh nghip

Sn phm chnh Bia (hi, chai) CS thit k (l/nm) 10.000.000 Sn lng 2006 (l/nm) 3.835.000 Sn lng Q I, 2007 (l/nm) 201.000 Sn lng T3, 2007 (l/nm) 193.900
Nguyn nhin liu s dng Kg/2006 Nguyn liu chnh Malt Go ng Houblon 2.000 395.000 220.000 Kg/QI 2007 19.900 11.100 450 116 Kg/T3 2007 19.200 10.700 450 111
Lng 2006 Nc v nng lng Nc Than in m

3
QI 07 6.300 40,3 50.300
T3 07 4.000 22,7 24.700
46.700 380 634.900
tn Mwh
34
Nhn xt: - Nhm sn xut sch hn c thnh lp vi i din ca tt c cc phng ban, v c s tham gia ca Ban lnh o (Ph Gim c). S lng thnh vin dng nh qu ln so vi sn lng. C th thnh lp nhm quy m nh hn v huy ng cc thnh phn khi c hot ng lin quan n b phn trnh vic vng mt cc thnh vin khi tho lun/hp bn v sn xut sch hn. Vic Ph Gim c Cng ty trc tip iu hnh hot ng nhm (tham gia su hn) c th s c tc ng mnh m hn. - S liu c thu thp theo nm, theo qu, theo thng trong trng hp ny l c bit cn thit do c s bin ng ln v sn lng (3.8 triu lt/nm trong nm 2006 nhng k hoch 2007 l 6 triu lt/nm). Thnh phn v lng nguyn nhin liu s dng trn mt n v sn phm cng thay i ng k. Trong trng hp ny, nn s dng s liu nn trc khi trin khai chng trnh bng s liu trung bnh ca nm 2006 v qu 1 nm 2007. - Nn tch sn lng bia hi v bia chai. Cc s liu v ha cht, nguyn liu ph, nng lng cha c ch trng nn khng so snh c cc thng s ny vi cc doanh nghip khc cng nh lm c s o mc ci tin.
Vic tin hnh nh gi sn xut sch hn cn yu cu c thng tin nn, da trn mt s ti liu, h s. Nu khng c y thng tin th cn x l, tnh ton hoc thng nht xy dng. Bng kim tra trong phiu cng tc 2 s gip cho nhm xem xt v tnh sn c ca thng tin.
Phiu cng tc s 2. Tnh sn c ca thng tin

Thng tin S mt bng H s sn lng H s nguyn liu tiu th & chi ph H s tiu th nc, nng lng v chi ph H s tiu th ho cht v chi ph S cng ngh Cn bng nng lng Cn bng nc H s bo dng thit b H s hin trng mi trng, bin php x l v chi ph Cc thng tin cng ngh: T l nguyn liu, nhit , thi gian, pH mi trng, p lc hi nng, hi nn, cc kt qu phn tch ho, l, vi sinh vt, cc ch tiu cm quan Cht lng sn phm C/khng Ngun, tip cn Ghi ch
35
Nhn xt: Rt nhiu doanh nghip khng c thng tin trn, v cc thnh vin trong nhm s lm nhim v tho lun cch thc thu thp nhng thng tin ny. Ch c cc ti liu phn nh hin trng sn xut thc mi c gi tr trong nh gi ny.
S dng sut tiu hao xem xt hin trng v hiu qu ca chng trnh nh sut tiu hao l cng c o lng nguyn nhin liu tiu th v pht thi thc t trn mt n v sn phm. Cc thng s thng dng l mc tiu dng nc, mc tiu dng in, than/du, ha cht, ti lng nhim COD, BOD, SS trn mt n v sn phm nh 1 hl bia hoc 1000 lt bia. Hiu sut thu hi dch nu, hiu sut thu hi sn phm, cht lng sn phm cng l nhng ch s tham kho trong nh gi sn xut sch hn. Cc sut tiu hao khng ch c xy dng cho ton nh my, m cn xy dng cho tng cng on, b phn. Vic c c thng tin y lin quan n mc tiu th v pht thi ng gp phn quan trng trong thnh cng ca nh gi sn xut sch hn. Chng ti khuyn co cc nh my xc nh cc sut tiu hao quan trng v lp t cc thit b o c trc khi trin khai su chng trnh. Bng 1 c th c s dng nhn din kh nng cnh tranh ca doanh nghip so vi cc doanh nghip khc Vit nam v trn th gii.
4.1.2 Nhim v 2: Phn tch cc cng on v xc nh lng ph

Khi c y thng tin c bn v doanh nghip, nhm nh gi SXSH nn tin hnh thng nht quy trnh sn xut hin ti bng cch lit k li cc cng on sn xut chnh, c th l nu, ln men v hon thin v chit chai/keg. nhim v ny, nhm cn i kho st li thng tin cng nh tm ra cc c hi ci tin d thy, d lm lm im khi u cho nh gi. y l c hi r sot li quy trnh sn xut, thng nht ng i ca nguyn liu, xem xt li cc tn tht. Vic kho st c tin hnh bng cch i tham quan cc phn xng sn xut theo quy trnh cng ngh, t khu nghin, n ht ng chai/keg, tham quan cc phn xng ph tr nh khu ni hi. Vic tham quan ny cn mang ngha tch cc, khng phi l c hi nhm nh gi soi xt, ph bnh. Cc kin a ra t vic tham quan nn mang tnh xy dng, gi m thc hin. Trong qu trnh tham quan, nhm cn ghi li c cc thng tin chnh sau: u vo, u ra ca mi cng on. Khu vc chnh v hin nhin sinh ra cht thi cn c nh du trn s . K hiu mi dng thi theo trng thi vt l ca chng (rn, lng, kh) s c li trong giai on nh lng cht thi. Mt s khi tng t nh phiu cng tc s 3 c xy dng v c th c iu chnh cho ph hp vi tnh hnh sn xut thc t ca nh my.
36
Cc quan st v lng ph nguyn nhin liu ti mi cng on (phiu cng tc 4). y l cc quan st ban u, nhm s tip tc khai thc cc c hi ci tin. i vi cc doanh nghip sn xut bia, vic qun l ni vi km l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn chnh dn n tn tht nguyn nhin liu. ng nhn hot ng sn xut nh nhng iu hin nhin, m xem xt t gc c th thay i nh th no cho c li. iu ny gip d dng nh ra nhiu phng n v thc hin trong giai on sm. Chi ph cho nguyn nhin liu c bn (phiu cng tc 5) ghi li gi nguyn nhin liu s dng lm c s tnh ton tip theo.
Phiu cng tc s 3. Cng on sn xut vi cc dng nguyn nhin liu v pht thi
Malt Go
CHUN B
in
-
Nghin
Bi Ting n
ng Nc Hoa Houblon in Hi
NU
-
H ho, ng ho Lc dch ng Nu hoa

Lng nng
Nc thi B hm Nhit Mi
LN MEN
Men in
Lm lnh
Ln men chnh Ln men ph
Men Kh CO2
HON THIN
Bt tr lc CO2 in
-
Lc bia n nh, bo ho CO2 Pha bia Lc v trng
Nc thi Bt tr lc Men
V chai, lon, keg Nhn mc in
NG CHAI, LON, KEG V THANH TRNG
Nc thi Chai v Nhn mc hng
37
Lu cc dng u vo v u ra c lit k cho tt c cc cng on ph ca quy trnh sn xut. Pht thi gin tip nh pht thi kh nh knh do s dng in s khng lit k y m c tnh vo kt qu chung cui cng.
Rt nhiu gii php sn xut sch hn c xut ngay t bc ny m cha cn s dng cc k thut phn tch tip theo. y l cc gii php hin th r rng m cha c lu tm khi vn hnh. Vic mi cc chuyn gia bn ngoi tham gia tham quan kho st bc ny l c bit c hiu qu. Phiu cng tc s 4. Hin trng qun l ni vi
Khu vc Kho nguyn liu & chun b Quan st - B tr kho - B mt sn - Kch thc ht sau nghin - Bi nguyn liu Khu nh nu - Cc van hi - S dng nc - ng h o p lc, nhit ni nu - Thu hi nc ngng - Ni v cch thc t nguyn liu - Bo n Khu vc ln men - ng ng mm - Ha cht ty ra - Men thi - S dng nc - Bo n Khu vc chit - Nhit s dng thanh trng - S dng nc thanh trng, v sinh - S dng ha cht ra chai - Tc chit chai - Bia mt mt Khu vc ph tr - Cc gin tn nhit - Kch c than - Thnh phn than trong x - Nc cp cho ni hi - Thu hi nhit t khi l ca ni hi - Kho nhin liu - Kho vt t, ha cht - Tp kt ph thi - Khu vc my lnh - Khu vc ni hi, my nn, - Khu vc x l nc
38
Qun l ni vi km l nguyn nhn sinh ra lng ph nh my sn xut bia. iu thng b b qua v l phn n gin nht, hp dn nht bt u cc bc tip cn SXSH. Trong khi tin hnh nghin cu, nhm SXSH nn ch c bit ti cc nh hng do qu trnh qun l mt bng sn xut km. Tip cn nh gi SXSH nh my ca nhm SXSH l bt u bng vic thm phn xng sn xut kiu nh vy. Hn na, rt nhiu phng n SXSH c xc nh l nhng phng n c th thc hin trng thi gian ngn, chi ph thp ch cn nhng thay i nh v thit b hoc ci thin v duy tr bo dng. Vic p dng nhng bin php ny chng minh l mt khi u tt cho cc c gng SXSH ca nh my, khuyn khch nh qun l cng nh cc cn b c gng hn na khi tin hnh nh gi SXSH. Phiu cng tc s 5. Chi ph nguyn liu u vo
B phn/ nguyn liu n v n gi, /n v Lng s dng, n v/nm Lng s dng, n v/1000 lt bia Chi ph /1000 bia lt
Chun b nguyn liu Malt Go ng Hoa Houblon Nc in Ln men v hon thin Nc in Men Bt tr lc CO2 Chit chai, chit keg V chai V lon V keg Nhn H in Ni hi Than Nc H thng lm lnh in Cht ti lnh H thng cp nc in H thng v sinh Nc Axit Xt
39
Lu bng trn ch bao gm chi ph cho nguyn liu chnh. y l c s dng o c hiu qu chng trnh, ng thi cng phn no ch ra t l tng quan gia cc loi nguyn liu. Bc tranh chi ph sn xut tng th cn c b sung bi chi ph nhn s, nng lng v vn hnh h thng x l mi trng.
4.2 Bc 2: Phn tch cc cng on sn xut

Mc ch ca bc ny nhm thu c s thng nht chung ca nhm v: Quy trnh sn xut, cc thng s kim sot Xc nh cc tn tht quan trng trong dy chuyn sn xut v chi ph tng ng Xc nh y cc nguyn nhn sinh ra tn tht
4.2.1 Nhim v 3: Chun b s dy chuyn sn xut

Vic chun b s dy chuyn sn xut, hay s cng ngh, l mt bc quan trng trong phn tch nh gi SXSH. S khi ca dy chuyn sn xut bao gm cc hnh khi hp mang tn cng on sn xut (theo bn cht quy trnh, khng theo tn thit b) vi cc dng u vo, u ra, cht thi v pht thi. iu kin sn xut ca cng on no c ghi km trong hp cng on sn xut ca cng on . Mi nguyn liu s dng u nn c trong s ny v nguyn liu s hoc nm li trong sn phm hoc ra theo cht thi. Cc nguyn liu t khi dng cng cn c nu r. C th phi tin hnh tham quan kho st ni sn xut mt vi ln trc khi thng nht c dy chuyn sn xut nhm dng s dng cho nh gi sn xut sch hn. Vi quy m sn xut ln hoc trin khai sn xut sch hn mang tnh th im, dy chuyn sn xut chi tit s c xy dng cho khu vc c chn trin khai. y phi l khu vc gy lng ph ln nht. Cc doanh nghip sn xut bia c dy chuyn sn xut n gin, quy m khng ln nn vic p dng sn xut sch hn thng c tin hnh trin khai trn ton b dy chuyn.
Lu s cng ngh tt nht cn t c cc im sau: Cng on sn xut c m t bng hp ch nht gia, bao gm tn quy trnh v iu kin vn hnh Lit k y cc dng u vo, u ra. Dng u vo ghi bn phi, u ra ghi bn tri ca hp m t cng on . Vi cc dng lin tc c th dng nt lin, dng gin on c th dng nt t. Nguyn liu chnh ban u (malt, go) c th c a vo t pha trn ca s hoc bn tri nh cc dng nguyn liu khc Bao gm cc dng tun hon nguyn liu
40
Malt
Go
Malt
Nc in Hi Nc
Nghin
in
Nghin
Bi (R) Ting n (K) Hi nc (K) Nc ngng (L)
H ha
in
ng ha
Nc Tr lc in ng Hoa houblon in Hi in Nc lm mt in Nhit lnh
Lc dch ng
B hm (R) Nc thi (L) Hi nc (K) Nc ngng (L) Cn hoa (R)
Nu hoa
Lng trong
Men ging
Lm lnh
Kt ta lnh (R) Nc lm mt (L) CO2 (K)
Nhn ging
Nhit lnh
Ln men chnh
Ln men ph
Men (R) Bia (L) Men (R) Bia (L) Bia (L) CO2 (K) Nc thi (L) Bia (L) Chai v (R) Nc thi (L) Chai v (R)
in
Lc trong
Chai, nc, xt, in
CO2 in
Bo ha CO2
Ra chai
Nc in Hi Nhn H
Chit chai
Chit keg
Thanh trng
Dn nhn
Nhn rch (R)
Nhp kho
41
Trn y l v d v s cng ngh in hnh ti Vit nam. S ny cha xt n cc dng tun hon trong dy chuyn v v sinh thit b, nh xng, cng nh cc thng tin cng ngh trong mi cng on. Vic lit k y dng thi nhim v ny s h tr cho nhim v cn bng vt liu cng nh xc nh chi ph dng thi nhim v tip sau.
4.2.2 Nhim v 4: Cn bng vt liu

Cn bng vt liu thc cht l cng c thng k ghi li mt cch nh lng nguyn liu s dng ti mi cng on sn xut. Cn bng vt liu tt ng vai tr quan trng trong nh gi SXSH v nh c th nh lng cc mt mt hoc pht tn cha bit. Cn bng vt liu tt cn h tr vic nh gi li ch chi ph ca gii php sn xut sch hn. Nguyn tc c bn ca cn bng vt liu l nguyn liu i vo dy chuyn s phi ra khi dy chuyn sn xut mt im no , di mt hnh thc no . Cn bng vt liu c th c lm di mt trong hai hnh thc sau: Cn bng tng th: dng cho tt c cc dng nguyn liu vo dy chuyn sn xut. Cn bng c tin hnh qua tng cng on vi s bin i ca tt c cc thnh phn tham gia vo dy chuyn sn xut Cn bng cu t: ch dng cho mt loi nguyn liu hoc cu t c gi tr. Theo di bin i ca cu t ny trn mi cng on
i vi qu trnh sn xut bia, l cng ngh s dng t nguyn liu, cn bng tng th l ph bin hn. Nn s dng Phiu Cng tc s 6 ghi li cn bng vt liu. C hai cch ghi th hin cn bng vt liu: theo bng hoc theo s cng ngh. Khi s dng s cng ngh ghi li cn bng vt liu cn ghi r thnh phn, nng ca tng loi nguyn liu vo, ra. Cn bng vt liu c th da trn o c, ghi chp ca mt ngy, mt thng hoc mt nm sn xut.
Phiu cng tc s 6. Cn bng vt liu

C s tnh: chn mt c s l 1 ngy/ 1 thng/ 1 nm Cng on Vt liu u vo Vt liu u ra Tn S Tn S lng lng Nghin Malt x1 kg Bt malt x2 kg Go x4 kg Bt go x5kg Nc H ha Dch cho Bt malt Bt gao Dich ng ha cho Dich ng ha Nc Bt malt Nc Lc dch Dch Dch hm ng ng 42 Lng Dng thi Rn x3 kg x6 kg Hi Nc Hi nc B (Ph phm) Kh
Phiu cng tc s 6. Cn bng vt liu

C s tnh: chn mt c s l 1 ngy/ 1 thng/ 1 nm Cng on Vt liu u vo Vt liu u ra Tn S Tn S lng lng ng Nu hoa Dch Hoa ng Dch ng Lng, nng Dch Dch ng ng Lnh nhanh Dch Dch ng ng Lng Dng thi Rn Kh Hi nc Cn hoa Kt ta lnh, ui dch ng ng CO2 Men+bia
Ln men chnh Ln men ph, tch men Lc trong bia
Men ging Dch ng Bia non Bia trc lc Bt tr lc CO2 Bia sau lc Bia thnh phm Chai, nt, nhn Bia chai trong Bia chai sau TT Nhn
Bia non Bia trc lc Bia sau lc
Bo ha CO2
Bia thnh phm
Men+ui bia ng ng Bia
Bt lc thi CO2
Chai v Bia chai trong Bia sau TT Bia chai thnh phm Bia Bia Bia Chai v Chai v, nhn hng
Chit chai Thanh trng Dn nhn, nhp kho Lu :
Cn bng vt liu tt i vi nh gi sn xut sch hn l cn bng c s liu tin cy v tn tht nguyn nhin liu i theo dng thi. Cn c trn s liu cn bng v kim chng trong phn c trng dng thi ta s c s liu v chi ph mt theo dng thi. Khng c cn bng no l hon thin c. Khi ghp s liu ca tng cng on v s liu tng th ca c dy chuyn s xut hin sai s do tnh chnh xc ca s liu, do tng ca nhiu dng thi nh cha c k n nh bay hi, ri vi.... Mc ch ca cn bng vt liu l tm ra cc dng thi lng ph ln nht tp trung gim thiu. S liu dng trong cn bng vt liu c th c thu thp t: s sch ghi chp hoc o c trc tip. Cc s liu s dng cn quy i v cng mt n v sn phm. Ring i vi bt phi quy i dng kh tuyt i trnh m nguyn liu th l khc nhau S liu dng thi trong cn bng vt liu l tng nht l c km thm thng s v nguyn liu hoc dng bin i mi ca nguyn liu b mt theo dng thi tin cho vic xc nh chi ph dng thi bc tip theo. Mi dng thi nn c nh s (v d L1, L2, L3 cho dng thi lng, K cho kh v R cho rn) tin cho vic xc nh chi ph cng nh phn tch nguyn nhn tip theo.
43
4.2.3 Nhim v 5: Xc nh chi ph ca dng thi

Mi dng thi ra mi trng u mang theo nguyn liu u vo, ng thi c th cn chi ph x l trc khi c php thi vo mi trng. Vic xc nh chi ph dng thi bao gm xc nh c tng hai chi ph ny. Vic xc nh tn tht nguyn vt liu, bn thnh phm, sn phm c trong dng thi da vo thng tin thu c t cn bng vt liu (phiu cng tc s 6) v chi ph nguyn liu (phiu cng tc s 5). Vi cng ngh n gin l sn xut bia, nguyn liu b mt theo dng nc thi ch yu l nc (trong nc thi), malt, go (dng bi), ha cht ty ra (theo nc thi) v nhn mc hng. bit c nh hng kinh t ca mt dng thi cn xc nh cc chi ph cho dng thi nh quy nhng mt mt do cht thi thnh tin. Nu nhn n gin mt dng thi th khng th nh lng c chi ph ca n tr khi mt mt cc nguyn liu th v sn phm trc tip. Nu phn tch su dng thi c th ch ra chi ph trc tip hoc gin tip ca cc thnh phn kt hp trong dng thi. Chi ph x l mi trng ch c xc nh khi c b sung kt qu phn tch thng s mi trng ca cc dng thi ring bit. Lng thi c xc nh trong cn bng vt liu (phiu cng tc s 6). Phiu cng tc s 7 tm tt cc dng thi c xc nh t cn bng vt liu i vi mi cng on.
in phiu cng tc s 7: Tn dng thi l cc dng c xc nh trong s cng ngh (v d bi, nc thi, b hm). m t thnh phn, dng v lng trong dng thi cn xc nh t cn bng vt liu. V d dng thi bi t khu nghin bao gm vn malt dng cm, lng xx kg/n v v bi t c xc nh trong cn bng vt liu (m, ngy, nm). Hin nhin, c cc con s ny trong phiu cng tc s 6, cn phi o c hoc tnh ton.
Cc phiu cng tc s 7(A-C) c th c s dng thu thp thng tin v c tnh mi trng ca dng thi.
Phiu cng tc s 7. c tnh dng thi

C s tnh: chn mt c s l 1 ngy/ 1 thng/ 1 nm Cng on Nghin H ha Tn dng thi Thnh phn Dng Lng
ng ha
44
Phiu cng tc s 7. c tnh dng thi

C s tnh: chn mt c s l 1 ngy/ 1 thng/ 1 nm Cng on Lc dch ng Nu hoa Lng, nng Lnh nhanh Tn dng thi Thnh phn Dng Lng
Ln men chnh Ln men ph, tch men Lc trong bia Bo ha CO2
Chit chai Thanh trng
Dn nhn, nhp kho
V d: Nc thi t lc dch ng l mt dng thi, khng ch n thun c thnh phn l nc m c cc thnh phn c gi tr khc nh dch ng mt theo, b hm. Lng ca cc thnh phn ny c xc nh trong cn bng vt liu.
Phiu cng tc s 7A. c tnh dng thi lng

Cng on Lng thi, 3 m /ngy BOD, kg/ngy COD, kg/ngy TSS, kg/ngy TS, kg/ngy Nhit , o C
Nu Ln men Lc
Chit chai
45
Phiu cng tc s 7B: c trng kh thi

Ngun
Cht rn l lng kg/ngy SO2 kg/ngy NOx kg/ngy CO2 kg/ngy NH3 kg/ngy Nhit
L hi Khu vc ln men Khu vc my lnh
Phiu cng tc s 7C: c trng cht thi rn

Ngun Loi Khu vc nghin Khu vc nu Khu vc ln men Khu vc lc bia Khu vc chit chai Khu vc kho Khu vc l hi Nguy him Lng (kg/ngy) Khng nguy him Lng (kg/ngy)
Phiu cng tc s 8 tng hp chi ph dng thi. Chi ph dng thi c tnh bng tng chi ph nguyn liu mt mt (nh r trong phiu cng tc s 7) v chi ph x l dng thi (Phiu cng tc s 7A-7C).
Phiu cng tc s 8. Chi ph dng thi

C s tnh: chn mt c s l 1 ngy/ 1 thng/ 1 nm Cng on Malt, go Lng Nghin H ha Tin Nc Lng Tin Ha cht Lng Tin X l mi trng Lng Tin TNG
ng ha Lc dch ng
46
Nu hoa Lng, nng Lnh nhanh
Ln men chnh Ln men ph, tch men Lc trong bia Bo ha CO2 Chit chai Thanh trng
Dn nhn, nhp kho
V d: xc nh chi ph ca dng thi t lc dch ng, cn xc nh chi ph do nguyn liu ban u mt i theo dng thi (phn khng chuyn xung cng on tip theo) d di dng ny hay dng khc cng chi ph x l dng thi . B hm chnh l malt v go khng c chuyn vo dch ng nn n gi ca thnh phn ny vn c tnh nh n gi mua malt, go. Vic p dng n gi theo nguyn tc ny s l cng bng i vi tt c cc cng on.
Lu : Chi ph dng thi xc nh trn cha tnh n chi ph nng lng. Cn lm cn bng nng lng hoc cn bng tn tht nng lng xc nh chi ph y ca ton nh my. Vic xc nh chi ph dng thi nhm ch ra tng quan tn tht gia cc dng thi tp trung tm kim gii php, ng thi cho thy tim nng u t thc hin sn xut sch hn. V d khi xc nh c tng chi ph ca dng thi lng trong ln men l 1 triu ng/ngy, vi 300 ngy lm vic/nm, cng ty c th sn sng u t gii php 300 triu ng c th gim dng thi ny xung cn mt na. Thi gian hon vn gin n cho gii php , nu kh thi v mt k thut, s ch l 1 nm. Cc gii php sn xut sch hn khng cn ch n thun l cc gii php khng tn hoc tn chi ph thp. Tuy nhin cc gii php sn xut sch hn vn l nhng gii php c thi gian hon vn ngn.
4.2.4 Nhim v 6: Xc nh cc nguyn nhn ca dng thi

C nhiu cch thc hin nhim v ny mt cch c h thng thng qua vic r sot cc phm vi lin quan n dng thi mt cch h thng. iu cn ch l lun ch ghi li nguyn nhn nh thc t vn hnh hin ti t quan st, o c m khng mang tnh ch trch hoc ph bnh.
47
Nguyn nhn ca dng thi c xc nh mt cch c h thng v y nht khi s dng phng php tho lun nhm v biu Ishikawa (hay cn gi l biu xng c). Biu Ishikawa l mt trong by loi biu kim sot cht lng, c coi l cng c ph bin nht thc hin phn tch nhn-qu. xy dng biu ny cn dng phng php xem xt 4M1E, bao gm con ngi (man), phng php thc hin (method), nguyn liu (material), my mc (machine) v mi trng (environment). Cng c th xc nh nguyn nhn dng thi da trn cc cu hi c bn sau: bn cht ca cng on l g (vy dng thi sinh ra c phi p ng mc ch ca cng on khng), ti sao sinh ra nhiu nh th (c phi do nh hng ca cng on trc hay do cng on ny dng lng ph), v c th lm g c vi dng thi ny (c thc hin tun hon ti s dng c khng). D thc hin theo cch ny hay cch khc, cn tin hnh phn tch nguyn nhn cho mi dng thi theo cng mt h thng, v truy n tn nguyn nhn cui cng bng cch t cu hi ti sao.
Lu : cch r sot nguyn nhn y nht l theo dng thi c nh s phiu cng tc 9. Mi mt dng thi s c th c mt hoc mt vi nguyn nhn tng ng. Cc nguyn nhn ny cng s c nh s th t theo s th t ca dng thi. Trong mt s trng hp cn nh gi nhanh, nguyn nhn c xc nh theo nguyn liu tiu th chnh (nh in, nc... tiu th cao). Khng khuyn co xc nh nguyn nhn theo cng on m khng bm theo dng thi v s khng m bo xem xt ht c cc nguyn nhn tim nng. Vic a ra cc nguyn nhn cng chi tit th cc gii php c xut cng phong ph.
Phiu cng tc s 9 c th c dng ghi li cc nguyn nhn ca dng thi. Phiu cng tc s 9. Phn tch nguyn nhn dng thi
Dng s 1 2 thi Cng on Nguyn nhn 1.1. 2.1 Ch quan Khch quan
V d v Phn tch nguyn nhn dng thi ti Cng ty C phn Bia H ni Hng h Dng thi s 1-Tn tht bt go v malt 2- Bi go v malt 3. Dch ng theo cn hoa trong Cng on Bo qun Nghin Lng trong Nguyn nhn 1.1. Chut v cc loi cn trng n 2.1. Cha c h thng ht lc bi 3.1. Dch ng b lng ln vo cn hoa do cng ngh Ch quan Khch quan
48
4. Mt bia 5. Mt bia
Ln ph
men
4.1. Bia ln vo men sa khi rt men di y thng 5.1. Bia ln vo nc khi ui nc vo u chu trnh v ui bia vo cui chu trnh 5.2. Bia mt khi x l my lc khi my b
Lc trong
6. Mt bia 7. Mt bia
Bo CO2
ha
6.1. Qu p lm tro bia theo ng x p 7.1. Chit bia th cng nn khng m bo cn bng p sut 7.2. K nng v thao tc ca cng nhn khi chit bom 7.3.Np bom b x h 7.4. Th tch bom ln hn danh ngha
Chit bom
Nhn xt: 1. Bng trn ch lit k dng thi chnh m b qua rt nhiu dng thi t c gi tr hn 2. Phn ln cc nguyn nhn a ra mang tnh quan st, khng mang tnh ch trch. Nn c thm s liu c th v d nh 7.4. th tch bom ln hn danh ngha vy ln hn n mc no 3. Mc phn tch nguyn nhn c th khai thc thm nhiu gc bng cch t cu hi ti sao. V d khi c nguyn nhn 1.1. Chut v cn trng n, c th khai thc tip ti sao chng n? C phi do con ngi, do vt liu, do nh xng, cch thc lu kho hay do thi tit (4M1E). Vi nguyn nhn chut n, cha th xc nh c do ch quan hay khch quan.
4.3 Bc 3: ra cc c hi SXSH
Mc ch ca bc ny nhm thu c ng gp kin v: Cc c hi sn xut sch hn Phn loi s b cc c hi theo kh nng thc hin Trin khai cc c hi c th lm ngay
4.3.1 Nhim v 7: xut cc c hi SXSH

Cc c hi SXSH khng nht thit phi l gii php SXSH. Vic xc nh y nguyn nhn gc r sinh ra cc dng thi (phiu cng tc s 9) cng vi vic xc nh chi ph dng thi (phiu cng tc s 8) l c s xut cc c hi SXSH. Cn c tho lun nhm SXSH nhim v ny. Cng c th mi thm cc chuyn gia bn ngoi tham gia kin. c th l cc chuyn gia v tinh bt hoc v sn xut sch hn. Ti nhim v ny, cn tip nhn tt c cc tng xut v coi l c hi sn xut sch hn m cha xt n tnh kh thi ca chng. Phiu cng tc s 10 ghi li cc c hi do nhm xut. Vi mi nguyn nhn c xc nh phiu cng tc s 9 c th khng c, c mt hoc
49
nhiu c hi. Cc c hi nn c tip tc nh s theo s ca nguyn nhn/ dng thi tng ng. Phiu cng tc s 10. Cc c hi SXSH
Cng on Nghin C hi 1.1.1 1.1.2 QLNV NL QT TB CN TH SP
TNG Ghi ch: QLNV: Qun l ni vi, NL: thay i nguyn liu, QT: Ci tin qu trnh, TB: ci tin thit b, CN: thay i cng ngh, TH: tun hon, ti s dng, SP: ci tin sn phm
V d v c hi sn xut sch hn ca Cng ty C phn bia H ni-Hng H TT 1 Dng thi/vn Bt go v malt mt trong khu bo qun Bt go v malt mt trong khu nghin Dch ng mt trong khu lng nng Nguyn nhn 1.1. Chut v cn trng n 2.1. Cha c thng ht lc bi h Gii php SXSH 1.1.1. Gia c kho chng chut 1.1.2. S dng cc bin php dit chut 1.1.3. u t si l 2.1.1. Lp h thng ht, lc bi, thu hi bt
3.1. Dch ng b x b theo cn nng vo nc thi
3.1.1. Gim lng dch mt bng cch tng cng kh nng lng ca dch bng cch s dng cht tr lng 3.1.2. Thu hi dch cn a v ni lc 3.1.3. u t my ly tm dch lng nng
Mt bia trtong dch ln men
4.1. Bia ln vo men sa khi rt, x men y tank
4.1.1. Tng cng kh nng kt lng ca nm men khi kt thc ln men: chn chng ging ; la chn quy trnh cng ngh ti u 4.1.2. u t h thng rt men ng p 4.1.3. Ly tm men sau khi rt
Mt bia trong khu lc
5.1. Bia ln vo nc khi ui nc u chu trnh v ui bia cui chu trnh 5.2. Mt bia do khu tho ra my mi ln my b
5.1.1. S dng bnh trung gian cha bia ln nc phi trong sut qu trnh lc 5.1.2. p dng cng ngh ln men nng cao tng vic s dng nc ln bia trong qu trnh lc 5.2.1. Tng cng kh nng lc ca dch bia bng cc gii php cng ngh: la chn chng ging, s dng cht tr lng trong qu trnh ln men; cp lnh cho bia trc khi lc 5.2.2. u t thit b lc ph hp 6.1.1. u t h thng np CO2 trn ng ng 6.1.2. Thu hi v ti s dng bia tro 7.1.1. Kim sot nng CO2 v nhit ca bia trc khi bo ha CO2 7.2.1. Ci to hoc u t thit b chit
Mt bia trongkhu bo ha CO2 Mt bia trong khu chit bom
6.1. Do qu p lm bia tro theo ng x p 7.1 CO2 trong bia qu nhiu, nhit cao 7.2. Thit b chit cha m bo
50
Nhn xt: Vic phn tch nguyn nhn cng su th kh nng thu c cng nhiu tng v c hi sn xut sch hn. Nhim v xc nh chi ph dng thi trn cho thy tng quan gia cc dng thi tp trung phn tch vo dng thi c chi ph ln. Lu : trong cc bo co nh gi sn xut sch hn, phn nguyn nhn v c hi SXSH thng c trnh by trong cng mt bng. Phn phn loi cc c hi cng nh kh nng thc hin c trnh by trong bng khc. Ni dung ca phng php lun l nh nhau, ch khc bit cch trnh by.
4.3.2 Nhim v 8: La chn cc c hi c th thc hin c

Ngay sau khi c danh mc cc c hi SXSH, nhm sn xut sch s phn loi s b cc c hi theo hng mc c th thc hin ngay, cn nghin cu tip hoc loi b. Ch cn thc hin nghin cu kh thi vi nhm c hi cn nghin cu tip. Vi cc c hi b loi, cn nu l do. Phiu cng tc s 11 ghi li kt qu ca vic phn loi ny. Phiu cng tc s 11. Sng lc cc c hi SXSH
C hi 1.1.1 1.1.2 Thc hin ngay Nghin cu tip Loi b
TNG
V d v sng lc cc c hi sn xut sch hn ca Cng ty C phn bia H ni-Hng H TT 1.1.1. 1.1.2. 1.1.3. 2.1.1. Cc gii php Bt cc l h chng chut Cc bin php dit chut u t si l Lp h thng ht bi thu hi bt go, malt X Thc hin ngay G 1 X X X Thc hin G 2 Cn phn tch thm B loi b L do
Lu : cn bm theo s th t ca cc c hi c xy dng theo di trong sut qu trnh trin khai.
4.4 Bc 4: Chn la cc gii php SXSH

Mc ch ca bc ny nhm xp th t u tin thc hin cc gii php SXSH da trn: Tnh kh thi v mt k thut Tnh kh thi v kinh t Tnh tch cc v mi trng
Cc gii php SXSH khng ch n thun l kh thi v mt k thut, kinh t, m cn cn mang li li ch v mt mi trng.
51
4.4.1 Nhim v 9: Phn tch tnh kh thi v k thut

Phn tch kh thi k thut ca gii php SXSH l kim tra nh hng ca gii php n qu trnh sn xut, sn phm, nng sut, an ton... Trong trng hp vic thc hin gii php c th gy nh hng ng k ti sn xut, th cn kim tra v chy th quy m phng th nghim xc minh. Cc hng mc kim tra, nh gi k thut in hnh c a ra trong phiu cng tc s 12. Cc gii php c xc nh l kh thi v k thut s c xem xt nhim v tip theo (phn tch tnh kh thi v kinh t). Cc gii php c xc nh l khng kh thi v k thut do thiu cng ngh, thit b, din tch...cn c ghi li tip tc nghin cu.
Phiu cng tc s 12. Phn tch kh thi v k thut

Tn gii php Kt lun: Kh thi Cn kim tra thm Loi 1. Yu cu k thut Ni dung C u t phn cng Thit b Cng c Cng ngh Din tch Nhn lc Thi gian dng hot ng 2. Tc ng k thut Lnh vc Tc ng Tch cc Nng lc sn xut Cht lng sn phm Tit kim nng lng v hi v in An ton Bo dng Vn hnh Khc Lu : Mi phiu cng tc s dng phn tch cho mt gii php. Tiu cc Yu cu Khng c sn M t gii php
52
4.4.2 Nhim v 10: Phn tch tnh kh thi v mt kinh t

Tnh kh thi v mt kinh t l mt thng s quan trng i vi ngi qun l quyt nh chp nhn hay loi b gii php SXSH. Phn tch tnh kh thi v mt kinh t c th c thc hin bng cc thng s khc nhau. i vi u t thp, thi gian hon vn gin n l phng php tt v thng c p dng. Phiu cng tc s 13 dng xc nh tnh kh thi v kinh t. Phiu cng tc ny cng c th sa i cho thch hp vi cc kh nng khc nhau. Khng nn loi b ngay cc gii php SXSH khng c tnh kh thi v mt kinh t v nhng gii php c th c nhng nh hng tch cc ti mi trng, vn c th c trin khai thc hin. Phiu cng tc s 13. Phn tch kh thi v kinh t
Tn gii php Kt lun: Kh thi Khng kh thi u t phn cng Thit b VND Tit kim Malt Go ng Hoa houblon Men Nc Than Du in Ha cht Chi ph x l Chi ph thi b Khc TNG VND
LI THUN = TIT KIM CHI PH VN HNH
M t gii php
VND
Ph tr Lp t Vn chuyn Khc
TNG Chi ph vn hnh nm Khu hao Bo dng Nhn s Hi in Nc Ho cht Khc TNG
THI GIAN HON VN = (U T/LI THUN) X 12 THNG
Lu vic in thng tin cho mi gii php SXSH vo mt phiu cng tc l l tng trc khi tng hp danh mc cc gii php kh thi.
53
4.4.3 Nhim v 11: nh gi nh hng n mi trng

Cc phng n SXSH phi c nh gi trn phng din nh hng ca chng ti mi trng. Trong nhiu trng hp, u im v mi trng l hin nhin khi gim hm lng cht c hi hoc lng cht thi. Phiu cng tc s 14 c th c s dng kim tra tc ng tch cc v mi trng ca mt gii php. Phiu cng tc s 14. Phn tch nh hng n mi trng
Tn gii php Kt lun: Tch cc Tiu cc Khng i Mi trng Kh Bi Kh Khc COD BOD TS TSS Khc Cht thi rn Bn ho cht Bn hu c Thng s nh tnh nh lng M t gii php
Nc
Rn
Ngy nay, vic trin khai gii php SXSH c tc ng tch cc n mi trng ngy cng c coi trng, thm ch c th c thc hin ngay c khi khng kh thi v mt kinh t.
4.4.4 Nhim v 12: La chn cc gii php thc hin

Sau khi tin hnh nh gi v k thut, kinh t v mi trng, bc tip theo l la chn cc phng n thc hin. R rng rng nhng phng n hp dn nht l nhng phng n c li v ti chnh v c tnh kh thi v k thut. Tuy nhin, tu theo mi trng kinh doanh ca doanh nghip m tc ng mi trng c nh hng nhiu hay t n qu trnh ra quyt nh. Phiu cng tc s 15 h tr vic xem xt th t u tin ny. Phiu cng tc s 15. Lac chn cc gii php SXSH thc hin
Gii php Kh thi k thut (25) L 1.1.1 M H Kh thi kinh t (50) L M H L Kh thi mi trng (25) M H Tng im Xp hng
im cho cc mc thp (L: 0-5), trung bnh (M: 6-14), cao (H: 15-20) Trng s 25 (kh thi k thut), 50 (kh thi kinh t), 25 (kh thi mi trng) ch l v d
54
Hin ti cc doanh nghip Vit nam trng s 30, 40, 30 cho tnh kh thi v k thut, kinh t v mi trng.
4.5 Bc 5: Thc hin cc gii php SXSH

Mc ch ca bc ny nhm cung cp cng c lp k hoch, trin khai v theo di kt qu ca vic p dng cc gii php sn xut sch hn c xc nh.
Cc gii php c la chn cn a vo thc hin. Song song vi cc gii php xc nh ny, c mt s cc gii php c chi ph thp hoc khng cn chi ph, c th c thc hin ngay sau khi c xut (nh bt r r, kho van khi khng s dng...). Vi cc gii php cn li, cn c mt k hoch thc hin mt cch c h thng.
4.5.1 Nhim v 13: Chun b thc hin

Cc gii php c chn c th a vo thc hin. Trong s c mt s gii php c bit nh c chi ph thp hoc khng mt chi ph c th c thc hin nhanh chng sau khi chng c quyt nh. chun b thc hin cn lp phiu cng tc s 16 gip cho vic thc hin c khoa hc v nh gi ngay c nhng li ch m chng em li. Cc li ch m gii php em li c theo di duy tr trong sut qu trnh thc hin v hon thnh d n.
Phiu cng tc s 16. K hoach thc hin

Gii php c chn Thi gian thc hin Ngi chu trch nhim nh gi tin Phng php Giai on
V d v k hoch thc hin ti Cng ty C phn Bia H ni Hng H

Gii php 1.1.3 Lp si l cha go v malt 2.1.1 Lp t h thng ht lc bi cng nghip thu hi bt go v malt Ngi chu trch nhim i vi tng gii php Nguyn Khc Cng Thi gian thc hin (D kin) 2008 K hoch quan trc ci thin (D kin) Cui nm 2008
Dng Vn Hoan
2008
Cui nm 2008
Nhn xt: Cch thc quan trc, nh gi vic thc hin d n nn ghi c th hn (v d quan trc thng s g, tn sut nh th no)
55
4.5.2 Nhim v 14: Thc hin cc gii php

Cc nhim v phi thc hin bao gm chun b cc bn v v b tr mt bng, tn dng hoc ch to cc thit b, lp t v bn giao. Phi ng thi tuyn dng v hun luyn nhn s sn sng s dng khi cn. Mt tnh ton c tt n u cng c th khng thnh cng nu thiu nhng ngi th lnh ngh, c hun luyn mt cch y . Phiu cng tc s 17 c th c s dng ghi li kt qu trong qu trnh trin khai cc gii php c la chn. Phiu cng tc s 17. Cc gii php thc hin
Gii php c chn Chi ph hin thc Li ch kinh t D kin Thc t Li ch mi trng D kin Thc t
4.5.3 Nhim v 15: Quan trc v nh gi cc kt qu

Cc gii php c thc hin cn c gim st v nh gi. Cc kt qu thu c cn phi st vi nhng g c d tnh v nhng phc tho trong nh gi k thut. Nu nh kt qu thc t khng t c tt nh d tnh th nn tm hiu nguyn nhn v sao. C th s dng phiu cng tc 17 hoc tng hp kt qu thu c trong phiu cng tc 18 khi c nhiu gii php khng tch bit c li ch thu c. Phiu cng tc s 18. Kt qu chng trnh nh gi SXSH
u vo / n v sn phm n v Trc SXSH Sau SXSH Li ch kinh t Li ch mi trng
V d v tng kt chng trnh ti Cng ty C phn Bia H Ni Hng H

Nguyn nhin liu u vo
Li ch k thut cho 1000 lt bia Li ch mi trng Trc SXSH Sau SXSH 46,4 kg 67,7 kg 9m
3
Go Malt Nc Than in
50 kg 73 kg 12 m
3
Gim 7,23% COD v BOD
3m3 nc sch/ 1000 lt SP, ~18.000 m3 nc sch/nm 2.575 kg bi, 1.648 kg SO2, 189,2 tn CO2/nm
80 kg 164 kW
64 kg 140 kW
Gim pht thi 899.640 kg CO2/nm
Nhn xt: Cch thc tng kt ny s gip cho doanh nghip c c s theo di v so snh trong nhng nm sau. 56 Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia
4.6 Bc 6: Duy tr SXSH

Mc ch ca bc ny nhm cung cp cc yu t nh hng n vic duy tr thnh cng t c.
Vic duy tr cng c chng trnh SXSH thc s l mt thch thc. Vic cn phi lm l hp nht chng trnh SXSH vi quy trnh sn xut bnh thng ca doanh nghip. Cha kha cho thnh cng lu di l phi thu ht s tham gia ca cng nhiu nhn vin cng tt, cng nh c mt ch khen thng cho nhng ngi c bit xut sc, lm cho SXSH tr thnh mt hot ng lin tc trong nh my. Nhim v 16: Duy tr SXSH S c gng cho SXSH khng bao gi ngng. Lun lun c nhng c hi mi ci thin sn xut v cn phi thng xuyn t chc vic nh gi li SXSH. Nhm nh gi SXSH ti nh my sn xut bia cn la chn mt chin lc to s pht trin sn xut bn vng v n nh cho nh my. Chin lc ny bao gm nhng ni dung sau: B nhim mt nhm lm vic lu di v nh gi SXSH, trong c nhng ngi ng u l cp lnh o ca nh my. Kt hp cc c gng SXSH vi k hoch pht trin chung ca nh my. Ph bin cc k hoch SXSH ti cc phng ban ca nh my. To ra mt phng thc cn nhc tc ng ca cc d n mi v cc cng tc ci t v SXSH trong nh my. Cc d n v nhng thay i cng c th dn ti lm tng nhim hay gim hiu qu trong cng vic s dng nguyn vt liu v nng lng trong nh my. Khuyn khch nhn vin c nhng sng kin mi v nhng xut cho c hi SXSH. T chc cc tp hun cho cn b v cc lnh o nh my.
Ngay sau khi trin khai thc hin cc gii php SXSH, nhm chng trnh SXSH nn quay tr li bc 2: Phn tch cc bc thc hin, xc nh v chn la cng on lng ph nht tip theo trong nh my. Chu k ny tip tc cho ti khi tt c cc cng on c hon thnh v sau bt u mt chu k mi.
57
5 Cc yu t cn tr v h tr SXSH bn vng
5.1 Cc yu t cn tr
Mc d hu ht cc nh gi SXSH u dn n doanh thu tng, tc ng xu ti mi trng gim v c cc sn phm tt hn. Tuy nhin, nhng c gng SXSH c th b gim dn hoc bin mt sau giai on hng khi ban u. Nhng yu t gy tc ng xu cho chng trnh SXSH thng bao gm: Cc tr ngi v ti chnh trong vic thc hin mt s cc phng n mong mun, iu ny dn ti gi thit ng lo ngi l khng nn lm cc nh gi SXSH nu nh khng c vn thc hin cc phng n. C nhng thay i trong trch nhim ca cc thnh vin ca nhm dn ti mt s gin on v mai mt kin thc ca nhm SXSH. Cc thnh vin ca nhm chng trnh SXSH i lc sang cc nhim v khc m h cho l khn cp hn. Tham vng qu nhiu dn ti vic rt nhiu phng n cng c thc hin mt lc, lm mt mi nhm cng tc. Kh khn trong vic lm cn bng cc h s v kinh t ca cc gii php SXSH. Thiu chuyn nghip v kinh nghim.
5.2 Cc yu t h tr thc hin thnh cng SXSH

S hiu bit y v cam kt ca cc lnh o nh my trong vic thc hin SXSH. C s trao i gia tt c cc cp ca cng ty v nhng mc tiu v li ch ca SXSH. Cn c mt chnh sch r rng ca cng ty v nhng u tin v u t cho SXSH v kim sot mi trng. Cn nng cao trch nhim thc hin SXSH, vi cc mc tiu khng thay i, lun xem xt li qu trnh tin hnh v phng thc thc hin, trn c s thc hin chin lc pht trin cng ty. Tch hp v hnh ng hi ha vi cc h thng qun l cht lng v sinh an ton thc phm, h thng qun l cht lng, h thng qun l mi trng, an ton lao ng v phng chng chy n. Li ch ca tt c cc h thng mang li nm trong s thng nht ca mc ch v hnh ng.
Mt trit l SXSH phi c cao trong ni b cng ty l s hp nht trong cc hot ng. Cho ti nay tt c cc chng trnh SXSH thnh cng u thc hin theo nguyn tc ny.
58

tài liệu hướng dẫn sản xuất sạch hơn ngành bia

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

tài liệu hướng dẫn sản xuất sạch hơn ngành bia

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn

Ngnh: Sn xut bia

C quan bin son

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia

H Ni, thng 3 nm 2008 Nhm bin son

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia

1 Gii thiu chung

1.1 M t ngnh sn xut bia Vit nam

13 11 9 7 5 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005

Hnh 1. Mc tiu th bnh qun u ngi qua cc nm

1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2

Hnh 2. Sn lng bia c nc

1.2 Cc qu trnh c bn trong sn xut bia

1.2.1 Cc cng on sn xut chnh

H ho, ng ho Lc dch ng Nu hoa

Ln men chnh Ln men ph

Men Kh CO2 Nc thi

Lc bia n nh, bo ho CO2 Pha bia Lc v trng

V chai,lon, keg Nhn mc in

NG CHAI, LON, KEG V THANH TRNG

Nc thi Chai v Nhn mc hng

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia

2 S dng ti nguyn v nhim mi trng

Go, malt Nc in Than/du Bt tr lc Xt Cht ty ra Bao b CO2

Bia B hm Men tha Bt tr lc V chai, nhn

Hnh 4. Ngun nguyn liu u vo v pht thi trong nh my bia

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia

2.1 Tiu th nguyn, nhin liu

14-18 250-350 4-8,5

20 2,0-3,5 0,5 570

16 0,7-1,5 0,25 255

8-12 0,4 0,1 80

10-30 0,6-2,0 0,2-0,4 100-400

2.1.1 Malt v nguyn liu thay th

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia

2.1.2 Tiu th nhit

2.1.5 Cc nguyn liu ph

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia

Bng 2: Cc vn mi trng trong khu vc sn xut ca nh my bia

Cc hot ng ph tr: ni hi t than hoc du, my lnh

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia

Bng 3, 4 tm tt c trng nc thi ca cng nghip sn xut bia.

Bng 3: Tnh cht nc thi t sn xut bia

c hi cho c nhng li thc y thc vt pht trin, thng gy ra cc hin tng to

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia

Bng 5: Nng cc cht nhim khng kh t ni hi

2.2.3 Cht thi rn

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia

2.3 Tim nng ca sn xut sch hn

Ln men, tng tr v hon thin sn phm

Tng hiu sut thu hi bia 1%

Gim 5% do hp l ha h thng thanh trng Tng hiu sut sinh hi 5%

Gim 3-5% do ra chai, tn dng nc lm mt Ci thin h thng lm mt; Tn dng nc ngng

Gim bia thot 1-2%

Gim 5-10% t my lnh, my nn, ng c, chiu sng

Ci to, tng h s hu ch ca thit b

Ti liu hng dn Sn xut sch hn ngnh sn xut bia

3.1 Cc c hi SXSH lin quan n khu vc nh nu