Cc sn phm thin nhin v ng dng

Tng quan v du m

I/ nh ngha v phn loi

I.1. nh ngha Tht kh cung cp mt nh ngha chnh xc cho mt lp nhng hp cht c tn gi l lipit. Nhng nh ngha sm nht th ch yu da trn vic xem xt xem hp cht c tan trong cc dung mi hu c nh ete, benzen, hoc clorofom v khng tan trong nc hay khng. Hn na, cc nh ngha thng nhn mnh vo c tnh trung tm ca axt bo; l, lipit l axit bo hoc l dn xut ca n. Hng lot nhng nh ngha a ra cho n by gi c mt vi hn ch. V d, monoglyxerit ca nhng axt bo mch ngn hin nhin l lipit, nhng li khng c xem l lipit theo nh ngha da trn tnh tan bi v chng tan trong nc tt hn l trong cc dung mi hu c. Hin nay, ngi ta cng ch c th thng nht vi nhau rng m v du phn nhiu l cc triglixerit, l trieste ca glixerin vi cc axit bo mch trung v mch di. I.2. Phn loi v khi qut chung v cc thnh phn ca du m Thay v c gng tm ra mt nh ngha m c th bao qut c y cc thnh phn ca lipit, ngi ta cung cp mt s m t cc lipit v thnh phn ca chng. Hexoz Sphingosin xerebrosit Sterol Glyxerol sphingomyelin estephotphatidyl Axit bo sp Ru bo Phosphoric acid amino alcohols Aldehit bo Este sterol

Mono, i, tri glyxerit

Este ete

Ete glyxeryl

Plasmalogen

Mi lin h trong lipit Trong bng trn, thnh phn c bn ca lipit nm ct gia vi axit bo v tr trung tm. Ct bn tri l cc photpholipit. Ct bn phi ca s bao gm hu 1

Cc sn phm thin nhin v ng dng

Tng quan v du m

ht cc hp cht quan trng theo quan im nh lng thc phm. hu ht l cc este ca axit bo v glixerol. Khong 99% cc lipit trong nguyn liu ng, thc vt l cc este m chng ta vn bit ti vi tn gi l du v m. Phn bit du v m: M v du v mt ho hc c cng cu to v ch phn bit do cc im nng chy ca chng khc nhau: nhit phng m l cht rn cn du l cht lng. Thnh phn cht bo c th dao ng t mc rt thp ti rt cao trong c hai sn phm ng, thc vt. Trong cc loi thc phm khng thay i, nh tht, trng, ng cc, c th lipit l hn hp ca nhiu hp cht, vi triglyxerit l thnh phn chnh. Du v m dng cho ch bin thc phm nh macgarin, shortening, hu ht l hn hp cc triglixerit tinh khit. Cc cht bo i khi cn c phn loi thnh cc cht bo d thy v kh thy. M, khong 60% tng lng du v m c tiu th l cc cht bo kh nhn thy, n cha trong cc sn phm hng ngy (tr b) nh trng, tht, g, c, tri cy, rau v cc sn phm ht. Nhng cht bo nhn thy r rng, bao gm m ln, b, macgarin, shortening, du n v chng chim 40% tng cht bo. Cc loi du v m c th xem xt s khc nhau thnh phn, ph thuc vo ngun gc ca chng. C hai thnh phn axit bo v glixerit u c th dn ti nhng tnh cht khc nhau. Du v m c th phn loi rng hn thnh: Cht bo d tr ng vt, cht bo t sa ca ng vt nhai li, du hng hi v cc loi du thc vt. Loi sau cng c th c phn loi chi tit hn thnh cc cht bo t v v tht qu v cht bo t ht. Hm lng cht bo ca mt s thc phm Sn phm Hm lng cht bo Mng ty 0.25 Yn mch 4.4 La mch 1.9 La go 1.4 Cy c ch 58 Da 34 Lc 49 u nnh 17 Hng dng 28 Sa 3.5 B 80 Pho mat 34 Tht ln hamberge 30 Tht b 10-30 G 7 Tht ln 31 C morug 0.4 C efin 0.1 C trch 12.5

Cc sn phm thin nhin v ng dng

Tng quan v du m

Nhng cch phn chia du m trn phn ln l da theo ngun gc hay chc nng ca mi loi, mang tnh cht trong sn xut ch bin. Cn trong nhng ti liu hc thut ngi ta thng phn loi theo c im ca gc acyl hay tnh phn cc ca du m. Bng phn loi lipit Phn loi theo c im ca gc acyl A. Lipit n gin (khng x phng ho): axit bo t do, steroit, carotenoit, monotecpen, tocopherol. B. Lipit phc tp hay acyl lipit (c kh nng x phng ha) Mono-, di-, triacyl- Axit bo, glyxerol glyxerol Phospholipit Axit bo, glyxerol hay sphingosin, axit phosphoric, baz hu c Glycolipit Axit bo, glyxerol hay sphingosin, mono-, di-, hay oligosaccarit Diol lipit Axit bo, etan. Propan, butadiol Sp Axit bo, ru bo Sterol este Axit bo, sterol Phn loi theo tnh phn cc Lipit trung tnh Axit bo Mono-, di-, triacyl-glyxerol Sterol v sterol este Carotenoit, tocopherol Sp Lipit phn cc Glyxero-phospholipit Glyxero-glycolipit Sphingo-phospholipit Sphingo-glycolipit

Cc sn phm thin nhin v ng dng

Tng quan v du m

II/ Cc thnh phn ca du v m

II.1.Axit bo II.1.1. H thng cc axit bo v s phn loi chng Cc axit bo no v khng no, mch thng, cha s cacbon chn chim t l ln nht trong cc axit bo c mt trong cc cht bo trong t nhin. Tuy nhin, ngy nay ta vn bit rng c nhiu axit bo khc c mt vi hm lng nh. Mt vi trong s l cc axit c s cacbon l, axit mch nhnh, axit hidroxy. Chng c th xut hin trong cc cht bo t nhin, cng nh trong cc cht bo qua ch bin. Thng thng, ngi ta phn loi axit bo thnh nhng nhm khc nhau, v d thnh cc dng khng no v dng no. S phn loi c trng ny c bit c ch trong cng ngh do cc axit bo no thng c im nng chy cao hn nhiu so vi axit bo khng no, v th t l gia axit bo no v khng no nh hng ng k ti cc tnh cht vt l ca du hoc m. Mt kiu phn chia ph bin khc l phn loi thnh cc axit bo mch ngn, mch trung bnh v mch di. Song tht ng tic, nhn chung l cha c s phn chia no tho ng vi nhm ny. Mt cch tng qut, cc axt bo mch ngn cha t 4 n 10 nguyn t C, mch trung bnh l t 12 n 14 nguyn t C, mch di cha t 16 C tr ln.Tuy nhin, c mt s tc gi li s dng cc thut ng axit bo mch ngn di vi mt s lin h cng nhc. Trong mt cht bo cha cc axit bo vi 16 v 18 nguyn t C th axit cha 16 C c th c coi l axit bo mch ngn. Vn cn mt cch phn loi khc l da trn axit bo thit yu hay khng thit yu. Mt s axit bo no v khng no quan trng v ph bin vi nhng tn gi h thng v tn gi thng c lit k theo bng sau: Bng cc axit bo no c s C chn v l: Tn h thng Tn thng Cng thc Biu din s lc n-butanoic Butiric CH3(CH2)2COOH 4:0 n-hexanoic Caproic CH3(CH2)4COOH 6:0 n-octanoic Caprilic CH3(CH2)6COOH 8:0 n-decanoic Capric CH3(CH2)8COOH 10:0 n-dodecanoic Lauric CH3(CH2)10COOH 12:0 n-tetradecanoic Myristic CH3(CH2)12COOH 14:0 n-hexadecanoic Palmitic CH3(CH2)14COOH 16:0 n-octadecanoic Stearic CH3(CH2)16COOH 18:0 n-eicosanoic Arachidic CH3(CH2)18COOH 20:0 n-docosanoic Behenic CH3(CH2)20COOH 22:0 n-pentanoic Valeric CH3(CH2)3COOH 5:0 n-heptanoic Enanthic CH3(CH2)5COOH 7:0 n-nonanoic Pelargonic CH3(CH2)7COOH 9:0 n-undecanoic CH3(CH2)9COOH 11:0 n-tridecanoic CH3(CH2)11COOH 13:0 n-pentadecanoic CH3(CH2)13COOH 15:0 n-heptadecanoic Margaric CH3(CH2)15COOH 17:0 4

Cc sn phm thin nhin v ng dng

Tng quan v du m

Bng cc axt bo khng no Tn h thng Tn thng Dec-9-enoic Dodec-9enoic Tetradec-9enoic Hexadec-9enoic Octadec-6enoic Octadec-9enoic Octadec-11enoic Octadeca9:12-dienoic Octadeca9:12:15trienoic Octadeca6:9:12trienoic Octadeca9:11:13tgrienoic Eicos-9enoic Eicosa5:8:11:14tetraenoic Eicosa11:14:17pentaenoic Docos-13enoic Docosa13:16:19hexaenoic Cng thc CH2CH(CH2)7COOH CH3CH2CH=CH(CH2)7COOH Myristoleic Palmitoleic Petroselinic Oleic Vaccenic Linoleic Linolenic -linolenic Elaeostearic Gadoleic Arachidonic EPA Erucic DHA CH3(CH2)3CH=CH(CH2)7COOH CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)7COOH CH3(CH2)10CH=CH(CH2)4COOH CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH CH3(CH2)5CH=CH(CH2)9COOH CH3(CH2)4(CHCHCH2)2(CH2)6COOH CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)3(CH2)6COOH CH3(CH2)4(CHCHCH2)3(CH2)3COOH CH3(CH2)3(CH=CH)3(CH2)7COOH CH3(CH2)9CH=CH(CH2)7COOH CH3(CH2)4(CHCHCH2)4(CH2)2COOH CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)5(CH2)2COOH CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)11COOH CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)6(CH2)COOH Biu din s lc 10:1 12:1 14:1 16:1 18:1 18:1 18:1 18:w6 18:3w6 18:w6 20:3 20:1 20:4w6 20:4w3 22:1 22:6w3

Cc sn phm thin nhin v ng dng II.1.2. Thnh phn axit bo trong mt s nguyn liu

Tng quan v du m

II.1.2.1. Axt bo thc vt Cc loi du v cht bo thc vt c th c chia thnh ba nhm da trn thnh phn c bn ca cc axit bo. Nhm u tin bao gm cc loi du cha ch yu cc axt vi 16 hoc 18 nguyn t C, bao gm hu ht cc loi du ht, trong nhm ny l du bng, du u phng, hng dng, ng, vng, oliu, c, u nnh v du ngh. Bng thnh phn axit bo ca mt vi loi du thc vt ( % khi lng) Du Ht bng u phng Hng dng Ng Vng Oliu C u nnh Ngh 14:0 16:0 18:0 20:0 22:0 16:1 18:1 18 :2 1 29 4 2 24 40 6 5 2 3 61 22 4 3 34 59 13 4 29 54 10 5 40 45 14 2 2 64 16 1 48 4 38 9 11 4 25 51 8 3 13 75 18 :3 9 1 Tng C18 68 88 96 87 90 82 51 89 92

Nhm th 2 bao gm cc loi du ht cha axit Erucic (dcos-13enoic). Nhm ny bao gm du ht cy ci du v cy m tc. Bng thnh phn axit bo ca mt vi loi du ht t cy hoa h thp(% trng lng) Du ht Ht ci tha Ht ci Canola Ci canh vng 16:0 4 3 4 4 18:0 2 1 2 18:1 18:2 33 17 55 22 18 14 26 24 18:3 9 9 10 14 20:1 12 11 2 12 22:1 22 45 <1 20 Tng C18 62 41 93

Nhm th 3 l cc cht bo thc vt, gm du da v du ht c, b ca cao m mc bo ho cao (tr s Iot khong 15 38). Bng thnh phn axit bo ca mt vi cht bo thc vt(% khi lng) Cht bo Da Ht c B ca cao 6:0 0.5 8:0 9.0 2.7 10:0 6.8 7.0 12:0 46.4 46.9 6 14:0 18.0 14.1 16:0 9.0 8.8 26.2 18:0 1.0 1.3 34.4 18:1 7.6 18.5 37.3 18:2 1.6 0.7 2.1

Cc sn phm thin nhin v ng dng

Tng quan v du m

Nhn chung axit Palmitic l axit bo no ph bin nht trong cc loi du thc vt. II.1.2.2. Axit bo t ng vt Cc cht bo d tr cc loi ng vt bc cao cha ch yu l axit palmitic, oleic, stearic, l cc axit bo no cha s C cao. Tng hm lng cc axit vi s C 18 chim khong 70%. Bng hm lng axit bo trong cht tng s) ng 12:0 14:0 16:0 18:0 vt B 6.3 27.4 14.1 Ln 1.8 21.8 8.9 Cu 4.6 24.6 30.5 D 3.5 2.1 25.5 28.1 Nga 0.4 4.5 25.9 4.7 G 1.9 2.5 36.0 2.4 G ty 0.1 0.8 20.0 6.4 bo d tr mt s ng vt (%so vi 20:0 16:1 18:1 18:2 18:3 20:1 0.8 2.4 0.2 1.3 4.2 6.8 8.2 6.2 49.6 53.4 36.0 38.4 33.7 48.2 38.4 2.5 6.6 4.3 5.2 0.8 23.7 0.8 16.3 1.6 0.8 2.3 -

Cc cht bo c trong sa ca loi ng vt nhai li c s a dng ln v thnh phn axit bo. Cc axit bo chnh l palmitic, oleic, v stearic. Ngoi ra cn c mt lng kh ln cc axit bo no mch ngn cha s nguyn t C t 4 n 10 nguyn t. Bng thnh phn axit bo ca mt vi loi sa (tnh theo % s phn t gam) Axit bo 4:0 6:0 8:0 10:0 Tng mch ngn 12:0 14:0 16:0 18:0 20:0 10, 12 bt bo ho 16:1 18:1 18:2 20-22 bt bo ho B 9.5 4.1 0.8 3.2 17.6 2.9 11.5 26.7 7.6 1.8 1.1 4.3 22.4 3.1 1.0 D 7.5 4.7 4.3 12.8 29.3 6.6 11.8 24.1 4.7 0.4 1.4 2.2 16.5 2.8 0.2 Cu 7.5 5.3 3.5 6.4 22.7 4.5 9.9 21.6 10.3 0.8 1.0 2.0 21.6 4.3 1.3

Cc loi du hng hi cng cha mt lng ln cc axit bo. Chng l nhng axit bo no mch ngn v cc axit bo khng no mch di, c bit cc 7

Cc sn phm thin nhin v ng dng

Tng quan v du m

axit bo khng no vi mch C cha 20 hoc 22 nguyn t C hoc hn na. Mt vi trong s nhng axit ny l Eicosapentaenoic (EPA) v Docosahexaenoic (DHA), m gn y rt c ch bi nhng kt qu tt i vi sinh y hc. Bng cc axit bo thnh phn chnh ca mt s du hng hi v du c nc ngt Du C C trch C bn chu u C chn C morug C bn C bn li nga C chp C hi C tr Du c 18:2w 6 C trch 1.1 C bn 0.5 chu u C chn 0.7 C morug 0.7 C bn 0.3 C bn li nga C chp 13.2 C hi 7.3 C tr 10.0 14:0 6.4 6.5 6.7 1.4 4.3 0.8 3.1 2.7 1.0 18:3w 3 0.6 0.2 0.2 0.1 2.0 2.3 1.6 0.5 16:0 12.7 12.0 11.1 19.6 16.5 9.6 16.8 20.9 15.2 18:0 0.9 0.9 1.9 3.8 2.4 9.0 4.3 8.3 3.9 16:1 8.8 15.4 6.6 3.5 14.4 2.5 17.1 3.9 2.9 18:1 12.7 17.4 29.0 13.8 12.2 12.3 28.3 18.4 29.7 20:1 14.1 18.6 18.1 3.0 3.9 4.0 3.9 0.9 22:1 20.8 17.8 14.8 1.0 5.0 -

18:4w 3 1.7 0.8 0.3 0.4 1.6 3.2 0.4

20:4w6 20:5w 3 0.3 8.4 0.1 3.0 0.3 2.5 4.0 1.4 2.5 1.7 0.8 1.4 17.0 11.9 13.0 3.2 5.8 0.2

22:5w3 22:6 w3 0.8 4.9 0.6 1.9 0.5 1.3 10.6 2.5 0.2 1.0 29.8 7.0 37.6 7.0 0.6

II.1.3. Cc tnh cht ng ch ca axit bo II.1.3.1. ng phn hnh hc Trong hu ht cc axit bo t nhin, nhng lin kt i ca cc axit bo khng bo ha xut hin dng hnh hc cis. Cc ng phn dng cis c cu trc phn t d un cong, d kt tinh, nhit tan thp v d vn chuyn trong c th. Phi chng y s chn lc ca t nhin l c c s t nhng u im ny ca ng phn cis. ng phn hnh hc dng trans chim t 2 n 4 %. Ngc li vi nhng tnh cht ca ng phn cis, chng c nhit nng chy cao v kh vn chuyn trong c th.

Cc sn phm thin nhin v ng dng V d:

CH 3 (CH2 ) 7 C=C H

Tng quan v du m

(CH2 ) COOH 7 H

CH3 (CH2)7 C=C H

H (CH2)7COOH

Cu trc hnh hc dng cis v trans ca axit octadec-9-enoic. II.1.3.2. Cu trc tinh th v im nng chy Axit cacboxylic c xu hng to cc dime nh cc lin kt hidro
R O C O H O H O C R

im nng chy ca cht bo ph thuc vo s sp xp cc on acyl trn li tinh th v nhng yu t khcnh hng n cu trc ca triglyxerit. Cu trc tinh th to nn do s sp xp cc u k nc li vi nhau v cc tng tc a nc ca nhm cacboxyl. Do mng tinh th c lm bn vng nh cc tng tc k nc dc theo mch acyl nn nhit cn thit lm nng chy khi tinh th s tng khi chiu di mch acyl tng. Bng : nh hng ca s lng , v tr, v cu hnh ca cc ni i ln nhit nng chy ca mt s axit bo Axit bo 18:0 Axit stearic 18:1(tr9) Axit elaidic 18:1(2) Cis-2-octadecenoic axit 18:1(9) Axit oleic 18:2(9,12) Axit linoleic 18:2(tr9, tr12) Axit linolelaidic 18:3(9,12,15) Axit -linolenic 20:0 Axit arachidic 20:4(5,8,11,14) Axit arachidonic Nhit nng chy (0C) 69.0 46.0 51.0 13.4 -5.0 28.0 -11.0 75.4 -49.5

II.1.3.3. ho tan Cc axit bo mch di ni chung khng tan trong nc v to ra lp mng film trn b mt dung dch nc. Trong lp mng ny cc gc phn cc cacboxyl hng vo pha nc , cn cc ui k nc th hng vo pha

Cc sn phm thin nhin v ng dng

Tng quan v du m

kh(khng kh). Khi chiu di mch gim v s ni i dng cis tng th ho tan tng. Etyl ete l dung mi tt nht cho axit stearic v cc axit bo no mch di khc, do n c phn cc cn thit li ko cc gc cacboxyl. Nhng dung mi hon ton khng phn cc nh petroleum ete khng ph hp ho tan axit bo t do. II.1.3.4. Cc phn ng ho hc Cc phn ng ho hc ca axit bo tp trung vo phn ng do nhm cacboxyl v do ni i. -Phn ng methyl ho cc nhm cacboxyl -Phn ng vi cc gc halogen -Phn ng isome ho (ng phn ho) -Phn ng to phc khng tan v thun nghch vi Ag -Phn ng vi Hidro. II.2.Thnh phn glixerit II.2.1. S phn b cc axit bo trong glixerit Cc cht bo t nhin c th c nh ngha l hn hp ca cc triglyxerit hn tp. Nhng triglyxerit n gin hu nh khng c mt trong nhng cht bo t nhin v s phn b cc axit bo gia v trong glyxerit l mang tnh chn lc ch khng h ngu nhin. Khi xut hin cc nhm thay th bt i xng vo phn t glyxerol, cc dng ng phn lp th c th c to ra. iu ny thng xy ra 1-monoglyxerit, tt c nhng 1,2-diglyxerit v 1,3-diglyxerit cha nhng nhm th khc nhau, v hu ht cc triglyxerit th nhng v tr 1 v 3 mang nhng nhm acyl khc nhau. Vic nh s cc v tr lp th ca glyxerol i vi mt triglyxerit c cho nh sau:
CH OOCR1 2
2

( 1) (2)

RCOO

CH CH 2 OOC R
3

(3)

Phn t c th hin bng php chiu fiser vi nhm hyroxyl th 2 t bn tri. Sau cacbon trn nh c k hiu l C 1. Cc phng php phn tch hin i c bit l bng phng php thu phn nh cc enzim lipaza, pancreatin v php phn tch lp th thc s m rng s hiu bit ca chng ta v cc thnh phn ca glyxerit. c tnh ca mt cht bo hoc du c xc nh bi cc thnh phn ca n, vy cu hi t ra l lm th no m cc axit ny c phn b vo trong cc glyxerit. Nhng thuyt u tin v s phn b glyxerit c gng gii thch bng phng php sp xp theo kiu ton hc v s c mt cc tnh cht c bit v lng cc glyxerit cc cht bo trong t nhin. Nhng thuyt v sau ny cng v ang n lc chn lc tm mi lin h t c ch sinh ho ca s tng hp glyxerit. Hilditch a ra khi nim v s phn b ng u. Trong cng thc v s phn b u (hay rng nht), mi axt bo trong mt 10

Cc sn phm thin nhin v ng dng

Tng quan v du m

cht bo c phn b u ti mc c th,nh nhau gia cc phn t glyxerit.Mt thuyt na l thuyt v s phn b ngu nhin hn ch do Kartha a ra(1953). Trong thuyt ny, cc axt bo c phn b mt cch ngu nhin, nhng hm lng cc glyxerit c bo ho cao l hn ch khi n duy tr trong c th sng. Da theo thuyt ny, tt c cc nhm acyl v tr s 2 ca mt na s phn t glyxerol trong mt cht bo c phn b ti mt cch ngu nhin. Tt c nhng nhm acyl v tr 1 v 3 c phn b ngu nhin v nhng v tr ny c th coi l ng nht. p dng thuyt ny cho nhng kt qu tng i ph hp vi thc nghim. VD: s phn b v tr ca axit bo trong m heo v trong b coca cho bi bng sau (% mol). Cht v tr bo M heo 1 2 3 B 1 coca 2 3 14:0 0.9 4.1 0 16:0 9.5 72.3 0.4 34.0 1.7 36.5 16:1 2.4 4.8 1.5 0.6 0.2 0.3 18:0 29.5 2.1 7.4 50.4 2.1 52.8 18:1 51.3 13.4 72.7 12.3 87.4 8.6 18:2 6.4 3.3 18.2 1.3 8.6 0.4

II.2.2. Tnh cht vt l im nng chy ca cc glixerit ph thuc vo thnh phn axit bo v v tr ca chng trong phn t glixerit. Cc mono-, di-, v triglyxerit c th to thnh nhiu dng tinh th khc nhau.Cc tinh th -, -, - c cc im nng chy v tnh cht tinh th khc nhau. Tinh th - l mt h su cnh, c im nng chy thp nht do cc ui methyl sp xp kh t do khi hnh thnh tinh th lipit. Tinh th l mt h trc giao vi cc on mch cacbon vung gc vi nhau, n c im nng chy trung bnh. Cui cng tinh th l mt h ba gc vi cc on mch cacbon song song vi nhau, dng ny bn nht v c im nng chy cao nht. Khi lm ngui dung dch du m nng chy, mt trong s ba dng cu trc tinh th s c to ra tu thuc vo gradien nhit c s dng. Cc triglyxerit khi kt tinh t h dung mi thng to thnh cc tinh th . Cc phn tch bng tia X v quang ph Raman cho thy, trng thi tinh th cc triglyxerit no thng c cu hnh dng gh. i vi trng hp ca cc cht bo khng no, s sp xp thiu cht ch trong cu trc tinh th lm cho nhit nng chy ca chng gim xung. II.2.3. Tnh cht ho hc II.2.3.1. Phn ng thu phn Khi x l vi kim, du m b thu phn to ra cc axit bo t do, sau chuyn thnh mui kim (cn c gi l x phng). Phn ng ny c s dng trong php phn tch du m. 11

Cc sn phm thin nhin v ng dng

Tng quan v du m

OOCR RCOO OOC R 3KOH HO

OH 3RCOOH OH

II.2.3.2. Phn ng to ra cc metyl este II.2.3.3. Phn ng este ho gia cc phn t y l phn ng trao i gia cc axit bo trong phn t glyxerit. Phn ng ny c vai tr quan trng trong cng nghip v n gip thay i tnh cht vt l ca du m (vd: im nng chy m khng gy ra nhng thay i v cu trc ho hc ca cc axit bo t do trong glyxerit. II.3. Cc thnh phn khc ca du m Ngoi cc hp cht ch yu trn trong du m th cn cha mt lng nh cc hp cht khc nh photphatit, cc cht sp, cht nha, cht nht, cc cht mu (cc sc t tan trong cht bo), cc cht gy mi, cc tin sinh t v sinh t... II.3.1. Photpho v glycolipit Photpho- v glycolipit , cng vi protein l nhng thnh phn to nn mng t bo sinh hc, v th chng c mt trong tt c cc du m c ngun gc ng thc vt. Ging nh cc cht hot ng b mt, cc lipit ny c 2 phn : Phn k nc (gc acyl hay N-acyl sphingosin) v phn a nc (axit photphoric, cacbohyrat). II.3.1.1. Photphatit L nhng hp cht glyxerit phc tp trong cc gc ca axit photphoric, axit bo bc cao, mt ru nhiu bc v baz hu c. Cc hp cht in hnh nht l lexitin, xephalin, plasmalogen v axit phophatic.
CH OCOR 2 1 RCOO 2 CH CH2O P O O O(CH2 ) 2 N(CH3 )3

Hm lng photphatit trong cc loi du m vo khong 0.5-3%. Trong cng nghip ngi ta thu photphatit bng phng php hydrat ha. II.3.1.2. Glycero-glycolipit Glycero-glycolipit l nhng 1,2- diaxyl glyxerol, v tr th 3 ca glyxerol c gn vi mono-, disaccarit hay tritetrsaccarit (thng t gp hn). Galactoz l thnh phn ng chnh trong cc loi glycolipit thc vt. Dn xut gluxit trong du thng l glucoancaloit v taninglucozit. Chng c tn gi chung l glucozit. Hu ht glucozit du c tnh c, gy tr ngi cho vic s dng du v kh du trong ch bin thc phm. 12

Cc sn phm thin nhin v ng dng

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II.3.1.3. Sphingolipit
NH2 CH2 OH OH

Sphingolipit l mt loi lipit khng cha glyxerol, thay vo l ru cha gc amin (amino alcohol) vi mch cacbon khng no di. Nhm NH2 trong sphingolipit s lin kt vi axit bo to thnh cacboxyamit. Nhm OH c th este ho vi axit photphoric to thnh sphingophospholipit, hay lin kt vi mono-, di-, hoc oligosaccarit to thnh sphingo-glycolipit. Khi nhm phosphat ca sphingo-phospholipit lin kt vi cacbonhidrat, ta c phyto-glycolipit. Phytosphingolipit ni chung c cu trc phc tp, khi thu phn hon ton s to ra phytosphingosin, inositol, axit photphoric v nhiu ng monosaccarit. Loi lipit ny c tm thy trong u nnh v u phng. II.3.2. Cc lipit n gin (khng x phng ho c) Ni chung du m trung bnh cha khong 0.2-1.5% cc hp cht khng c kh nng x phng ho. Chng c tch khi dung dch x phng bng cc dung mi hu c Phn khng x phng ho c trong du m thng cha cc hydrocacbon, steroit, tocopherol v carotenoit Du/m u nnh Hng dng Ca cao u phng liu C T l khng x phng ho c (%khi lng) 0.6-1.2 0.3-1.2 0.2-0.3 0.2-4.4 0.4-1.1 0.3-0.9 Du/m Ht ci du Cy ht m M ln C mp C trch t l khng x phng ho c (% khi lng) 0.7-1.1 3.6-10.0 0.1-0.2 15-17 0.7-1.0

II.3.2.1. Hydrocacbon Du m n c thng cha cc hydrocacbon t C11 n C35. Du oliu, du t go v du c c t l hidrocacbon rt cao. Thnh phn hydrocacbon chnh trong du oliu (1-7g/kg) v du go (3.3g/kg) l squalene - mt triterpene thng (C30). Hp cht ny c s dng nh l cht ch th c trng cho du oliu. Squalene cn hin din vi hm lng cao trong du gan c. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn tm thy mt s thnh phn c mch vng nh alkylbenzen vi t l thp.

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II.3.2.2. Steroit Cc sterol l ru cao phn t ca sterin, c cu to phc tp v phn b rng ri trong t nhin. Chng c th tn ti di dng estehoc dng t do, l thnh phn ch yu ca cc cht khng x phng ha trong du m. Tu thuc vo xut x m ngi ta phn bit sterin ng vt l zusterin ; sterin thc vt l phytosterin v sterin nm l amycosterin. Mt vi cht thng gp l Cholesterol (cholesterol thuc nhm zusterin), stimasterol (stigmasterol thuc nhm phytosterin). Hm lng ca cc hp cht ny khong trn di 1% so vi du m. Trong du thc phm cn loi tr thnh phn ny n mc thp nht. Phng php thng dng l em du m lm ng lnh, chng s tch ra dng rn v dng cc phng php phn ly tch khi du m. II.3.2.3. Cc cht mu Du m c mu sc l do s tn ti ca mt cht mu c tnh tan trong du. Cht tn ti ph bin nht l cc carotenoit. Chng gm khong 65 ti 70 cht khc nhau c mu t sng vng n thm. Dip lc t (clorophyl) cng l mt loi cht mu kh ph bin trong du m, chng gy ra mu xanh. Ngoi ra cn c mt s hp cht gy mu khc nh du mu en do cha nhiu cc hp cht nha. II.3.2.4. Cc cht gy mi Du m nguyn cht khng c mi, tr mt vi loi c sn t du, cn i b phn l do cc sn phm phn hu ca du m trong qu trnh ch bin v tn tr. Nhng hp cht ny phn ln l hidrocacbon v mt s dn xut cha oxy khc. II.3.2.5. Cc sinh t Mt s du m c cha mt s sinh t c tnh tan trong du nh A, D, E ... Ngy nay ngi ta cn xc nhn cc axit bo khng no gi vai tr nh mt sinh t v c gi l sinh t E.

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III/ Cht lng du m.

III.1.Cc yu t nh hng n cht lng du m. Nh ni ti nhng phn trn, du m th l hn hp nhiu thnh phn, do cc phn ng ho hc xy ra trong qu trnh thu hi, ch bin, bo qun du m cng rt a dng. Du m vi thnh phn axit bo vi nhng ni i lin hp rt d xy ra cc phn ng oxiho. Sau khi b oxiha du m thng to ra cc cht c mi kh chu. Mt khc nh bit cc glyxerit cng d b thu phn trong mi trng kim hoc axit gii phng cc axit bo t do c tnh cht cm quan khng tt nh gy ra v ng, cay, kht... Nh vy nhng yu t nh hng ti cht lng du m cng gn nh ng ngha vi vic thc y cc phn ng oxiho, phn ng thu phn v mt phn na l do cc vi sinh vt. III.1.1. Cc yu t tc ng ln qu trnh oxiho du m Cc thnh phn axit bo khng no nh axit oleic, linoleic ca lipit cha nhiu ni i nn rt d b oxiha to ra cc hydroperoxit (ROOH) sau li tip tc b phn hu thnh nhiu hp cht khc nhau. V th trong cc iu kin bo qun thng thng , cc acyl lipit khng no c coi l khng bn. C hai qu trnh xy ra vi cc cht bo khng no v to ra cc hydropeoxit : s t oxiho v oxyho di tc dng ca enzym lypoxigenaza. Qu trnh peoxit ho lipit thng to nn cc hp cht bay hi c mi vi cng mnh. a phn to nn cm gic mi i tanh, thiu kh chu...Tuy nhin cc hp cht bay hi trong qu trnh oxyho cht bo tri cy v rau c , nng thp hn ngng to nn mi kh chu li gip tri cy c mi thm, hay trong mt s trng hp gip vhe bt nhng mi khng mong mun t thc phm cha du m. Nhn chung, cc yu t tc ng trc tip vo qu trnh oxiho ny l O 2 (khng kh) ( tc nhn phn ng), nh sng (cung cp nng lng hot ho trong qu trnh oxiho quang hc). Ngoi ra, cc ion kim loi nng nh Fe, Cu, Co c th c ngun gc t nguyn liu th (c mt trong thnh phn ca nhiu enzim v protein) ; t cc thit b s dng trong qu trnh ch bin hoc t bao b bo qun.Cc ion kim loi ny s khi ng qu trnh t oxyho cht bo khng no khi c mt cc hidropeoxit. S oxyha du m cng din ra khi c mt enzym lypoxygenaza. N xc tc phn ng oxiho mt s axt bo khng no to thnh ROOH tng t nh trong qu trnh t oxiho cht bo. III.1.2. Cc yu t tc ng ln s thu phn du m Trong mi trng kim hay di tc ng ca enzym lipaza cc acyl lipit s b thu phn to ra cc axit bo v glixerol. Cc axit bo khng no nh linoleic v linolenic c gii phng ra trong qu trnh thu phn hay dng 15

Cc sn phm thin nhin v ng dng

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nh ho c nh hng khng tt n gi tr cm quan ca du m do gy nn cm gic ng kht. Ngoi ra, chng cn d b phn hu bi qu trnh t oxiho hay bi enzym oxyho to ra cc hp cht c mi kh chu. III.1.3.Yu t vi sinh vt Cc axit bo mch ngn v trung bnh trong cht bo ca sa, du da, du c c th b phn hu thnh cc methyl xeton nh mt s nm mc nh Penicillium, Aspergillus, Ascomycetes, Phycomycetes... u tin vi sinh vt s thu phn triglyxerit bng enzym, sau cc axit bo < C 14 s b oxyho thnh methyl keton. Mt phn methyl keton sau b kh thnh ru. Ngng cm nhn ca methyl keton kh cao so vi cc andehit khc. N l thnh phn to nn mi c trng ca phomai c lm chn bng nm mc. Tuy nhin trong sa, du c v du da, methyl keton li to ra mi kh chu khng mong mun. III.1.4.Gia nhit du m Qu trnh gia nhit du m , cc phn ng ch yu lin quan n cc ni i, dn n lm gim ch s iot trong du. Cc peoxit to ra nhit cao b phn hu ngay lp tc thnh cc hp cht hidroxy v v th lm gia tng ch s ny. Hin tng polyme ho cc triglyxerit khng no xy ra trong qu trnh gia nhit l nguyn nhn lm tng nht ca du m. Rt nhiu cc sn phm bay hi v khng bay hi c to ra trong qu trnh gia nhit dn n lm thay i cu trc du m. Bng : tnh cht ca du u nnh ( hydrogen ho mt phn ) trc v sau khi gia nhit nhit cao Tnh cht Du mi Du chin Ch s iot 108.9 103.1 Ch s x phng ho 191.4 195.9 Axit bo t do 0.03 0.59 Ch s hydroxy 2.25 9.34 DG 1.18 2.73 Thnh phn axit bo (% khi lng) 14:0 0.06 0.06 16:0 9.90 9.82 18:0 4.53 4.45 18:1(9) 45.3 42.9 18:2(9,12) 37.0 29.6 18:3(9,12,15) 2.39 1.67 20:0 0.35 0.35 22:0 0.38 0.38 Axt bo khc 0.50 0.67 III.1.5. Cc yu t khc

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Cc sn phm thin nhin v ng dng

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Ngun gc nguyn liu cha du m cng nh hng ln cht lng ca n. Du m m cng nhiu cc hp cht ph nh cholesterol hay cc hp cht mang mi ...s cng lm gim cht lng du m. i khi hm lng v t l cc axit bo trong du m cng trc tip to ra nhng nh hng vi cht lng du m. III.2.Gi v nng cao cht lng du m. Cc bin php a ra hn ch ti a s oxyha, s thu phn, nh hng c hi ca vi sinh vt ln du m. ng thi, c nhng bin php nng cao hm lng nhng thnh phn tt cho du m. a/ Loi b oxy trong du m bng bin php ng gi chn khng hoc s dng glucoz-oxydaza. b/ Bo qun trong iu kin nhit thp v trnh nh sng. Trong trng hp ny tc oxyha gim r rt. c/ p dng cc bin php kh trng loi b nh hng ca enzym, vi sinh vt vi nhit kh trng phi trong gii hn ph hp. d/ Thm cc cht chng oxyho vo (cht chng oxyho t nhin: Tocopherol, Axit ascorbic, Carotenoid, Flavanone, Flavonol v cc cht chng oxiho tng hp : BHT, BHA, TBHQ ). e/ Loi b nhng thnh phn xu du m th nh cholesterol, hidrocacbon... theo cc phng php kt tinh phn on, phn ly, cc phng php chit... f/ Nng cao mt s thnh phn trong du m c bit l mt s axit bo bng cc k thut khc nhau. Vd: tng hm lng axit oleic trong du u nnh bng k thut gen t bc trng trt lm tng gi tr ca n vi sc kho con ngi. V n l axit khng no cha mt ni i, bn vng trong cc iu kin bo qun v ch bin so vi cc axit khng no khc, v c li cho sc kho hn cc dng axit bo no. Ngy nay bng vic p dng nhng k thut di truyn, to ra kh nng ln trong sn xut cc loi du c bit trong nng nghip v rt hp dn v gi tr kinh t. i vi vic s dng trong thc phm v khng trong thc phm, s tip cn ca phng php chuyn i gen vo trong cc phng php nui trng truyn thng c s dng thay i bt bo ho hoc lm tng , gim di mch C ca axit bo. Cc nguyn t tr xc tc c bit m t nhng gen m chng m ho cc protein d tr trong ht c th c s dng trc tip biu t gen trn cc m d tr mong mun, do c th trnh c nhng nh hng c hi m c th l do s biu t ca nhng gen chuyn i thc vt. III.3.nh gi cht lng du m. Trong cng nghip ngi ta thng cn c vo cc ch s sau y nh gi cht lng du m. Tuy nhin, ngoi cc gi tr t ca cc ch s cn phi km theo mc ch s dng ca du m nh gi cht lng ca chng th mi ph hp. 1.Ch s axit : L s mg KOH dng trung ho axit bo t do c trong 1 gam cht bo Dng xc nh ti.

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2.Ch s x phng : L s miligam KOH dng x phng ho 1 gam cht bo v trung ho axit bo t do c trong 1 gam cht bo. 3.Ch s este: L s miligam KOH dng trung ho axit bo lin kt vi glixerin c gii phng khi x phng ho 1 gam cht bo. Ch s este = Ch s x phng - Ch s axit 4. Ch s iot: L s gam iot kt hp vi 100 gam cht bo. Ch s ny dng xc nh mc cha bo ho ca axit bo v iot s kt hp vi cc ni i trong phn t axit. 5. Ch s peoxit: L s gam iot c gii phng bi peoxit c trong 100 gam cht bo. Cc peoxit tc dng vi KI gii phng I2 . Chun iot bng thiosunfat. Ch s ny phn nh mc i ca cht bo. Du m lu ngy thng b bin cht, to mi kh chu, l do to thnh cc peoxit.

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Cc sn phm thin nhin v ng dng

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IV/ Mt s ng dng ca du m
Du m l loi hp cht c nng lng d tr cao (37 kJ/g) Hin nay, ch khong 10% cc loi du thc vt c sn xut ra l s dng trong cc ngnh khng phi thc phm nh cht bi trn, du thu lc, nng lng sinh hc, hoc cc lnh vc ho du nh trong cng ngh trng ph, sp, x phng v cht ty ra. Cc yu cu v kinh t i vi cc nguyn liu th cho nhng ngnh cng nghip khc so vi nhng yu cu i vi du dinh dng. Mt loi du l tng ng dng vo lnh vc ho du th phi c thnh phn v loi axit bo ph hp m c th c cung cp thng xuyn c u th v gi thnh cnh tranh thp, khi so snh vi nguyn liu th da trn cc sn phm du khong ( du m). Nh vy, cn khong 90% du m sn xut ra phc v cho cc ngnh thc phm.V du m c vai tr dinh dng v sinh l qun trng l cung cp nng lng, cc axit bo thit yu v vitamin cho c th. S c mt ca du m l khng th thiu c trong qu trnh x l v ch bin thc phm. Du m gip to ra cu trc cn thit, cm gic ngon ming cng nh mi v v c trng ca cc sn phm thc phm. Nhiu thc phm c chun b bng cch chin rn nhit cao trong du m. Trong s cc lipit, c nhiu hp cht bn thn l cc cht mi hay tin t ca cc cht mi. Lipit cng l nhng cht nh ho quan trng, l cc cht mang cc sc t hay cc cht mu tan trong du.

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TI LIU THAM KHO C s ha sinh, Trnh L Hng, NXB gio dc ,2006 Ho hc thc phm, Hong Kim Anh, NXB khoa hc k thut, 2008 Nguyn liu ho hc da trn c s thc vt, Nguyn Th Dim Trang, 1999 Engineering and food for the 21th Century, Jorge welti Chanes v cng s, CRC PRESS, 2003 Principles of food chemistry,Vander Wal v cng s, 2003

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