PHNG PHP GII BI TP DI TRUYN LIN KT VI GII TNH V TCH HP CC QUY LUT DI TRUYN KHC I/ L thuyt: + NST gii

tnh: * Ngi, V c v: XX, XY * Chim, bm, gia cm: XY, XX * B xt, rp, chu chu: XX, XO * B nhy: XO, XX * Lu : Nu u bi khng nu loi no X nh sau: - Da vo c th mang tnh ln F2:3:1 v XY - Loi dn th tng kiu NST-GT=> kiu no cho KQ ph hp nhn - VD: Loi 1 c th mang 1 cp gen d hp cnh thng lai vi c th khc F1:256 c.thng:85 c.cong () Gii: Cp gen d hp quy nh cnh thng nn c.thng>cnh cong F1: 3 thng:1cong m ln ch con NST-GT l XY, XX + Nhn dng quy lut di truyn: * Da vo KQ lai thun+nghch: - khc nhau m gen-TT Gen NST GT -TT ch XH con DT thng gen NST GT Y - TT ch XH con DT cho Gen NST-GT X * Da vo di truyn cho: - Du hiu: TT t ng ngoi biu hin con gi khng biu hinChu trai biu hin gen NST-GT X * Tnh trng biu hin khng ng u 2 gii: - Cng 1 th h: TT no dod ch XH con cn gii khng c v ngc li gen NST-GT + Cc t l KH v KG tng ng trong trng hp gen lin kt vi NST gii tnh, khng c alen tng ng trn Y. Kiu gen P XAXA x XAY XaXa x XaY XAXA x XaY XaXa x XAY TLKH F1 100% tri 100% ln 100% tri 1 tri:1 ln (KH gii c khc gii ci) XAXa x XAY 3 tri : 1 ln (tt c TT ln thuc 1 gii) XAXa x XaY 1 ci tri: 1 ci ln: 1 c tri: 1 c ln

II/ Phng php gii bi tp 1

1. Bi ton thun: Bit KH P, gen lin kt trn NST-GT X KQ lai Bc 1: T KH P v gen LK trn GT KGP Bc 2: Vit SL X KQ (Dng Bt d) Bi 1: Php lai gia mt chim hong yn mu vng vi mt chim mu xanh sinh ra tt c chim c mu xanh v tt c chim c mu vng. Hy gii thch cc kt qu ny. Gi gii Mu sc lng l tnh trng lin kt vi gii tnh v gii l gii ng giao t. Chng ta thy c s khc bit v kiu hnh gia gii v gii cho thy c s lin kt vi gii tnh. V tt c cc c th ca mi gii ging nhau v kiu hnh nn b m khng th l d hp t. Ta lp php lai theo cch thng thng (A: xanh; a: vng): XAXA (xanh) x XAXa , XAY (tt c xanh) Trong trng hp ny th c chim trng v chim mi u c mu xanh, v chim con l XAXa v chim con l XAY. Kt qu ny khng ph hp vi kt qu thc tin. Do vy c th c sai lm khi chng ta cho rng gii l gii ng giao t. V gii l gii ng giao t nn php lai by gi s l: ZAW ( xanh) ZaW ( vng) ZAZa ( xanh) x ZaZa ( vng) XaY (vng)

2. Bi ton nghch: Bit KH P, gen lin kt trn NST-GT v KQ lai X KG P Bc 1: Tm tri ln v quy c gen Bc 2: Nhn dng quy lut DT chi phi v T TLPL KH F+gen trn NST-GT KG P Bc 3: Vit SL Lu : Bi ton ngc c nhiu dng bi tp nh: LKGT thun, LKGT+PLL, LKGT+Gen gy cht, LKGT+Hon v gen.

A/ BI TP LIN KT VI GII TNH THUN * Phng php gii: Bc 1: Tm tri ln v quy c gen Bc 2: Nhn dng quy lut DT chi phi v T TLPL KH F+gen trn NST-GT KG P 2

Bc 3: Vit SL * Cc bi tp: Bi 1:G: lng vn x lng en F1 100% Lng vn. F1 tp giaoF2: 50 Vn:16 en 1. Bin lun SL P-F2 2. . T l phn tnh F3 i vi mi cng thc lai: Bi gii 1/ + Bc 1: Tm tri ln v quy c gen ta c F2 vn:en=50:16=3 vn:1 en (KQ L phn ly) A-Vn, a-en. + Bc 2: Nhn dng quy lut DT chi phi v T TLPL KH F+gen trn NST-GT KG P Thy F2 ch c g mi lng en TT mu sc lng LK vi GT Ptc: Lng vn XAXA , XaY + Bc 3: Vit SL XAXA (Lng vn) x XaY (lng en)

F1: XAXa , XAY(tt c lng vn) XAXa lng vn x XAY lng vn

F2: KG: 1 XAXA : 1 XAXa : 1 XAY : 1 XaY KH: 2 trng vn: 1 mi vn:1 mi en 2/ Cc cng thc lai: XAXA XAXA XAXa XAXa x x x x XAY XaY XAY XaY

Bi 2: 1 ging g, cc gen X lng trng v lng sc vn nm trn NST X. Tnh trng sc vn l tri so vi tnh trng lng trng. Ti 1 tri g khi lai g mi trng vi g trng sc vn thu c i con b lng sc vn c g mi v g trng. Sau , ngi ta lai nhng c th thu c t php lai trn vi nhau v thu c 594 g trng sc vn 607 g mi trng v sc vn. Xc nh KG b m v con ci th h th 1 v 2. Bi gii Quy c A sc vn a lng trng. g trng c KG XX g mi c KG XY.

G trng sc vn c KG XAXA hoc XAXa G mi lng trng c KG XaY

F1 thu c ton b g c lng sc vn Ptc P: XAXA XA F1: F1 x F1 : GF1: F2: XAXa XAXa XA,Xa XAXA XAXa XaY x XA,Y XAY XAY XAY x XaY Xa,Y

Bi 3: (C 2010) rui gim, tnh trng mu mt do mt gen gm 2 alen quy nh. Cho (P) rui gim c mt trng x rui gim ci mt , thu c F1 100% R.gim mt . Cho F1 giao phi t do vi nhau F2 TLKH: 3 :1 trng, trong mt trng l con c. Cho mt d hp F2 x c F3. Bit khng c t bin, theo l thuyt trong tng s rui F3 rui c mt chim t l bao nhiu. A.50% Gi : F2: 3:1 (mt trng ch biu hin c) gen quy nh mu mt trn NST GT. Mt -D, mt trngd P: () XDXD x XdY (Trng) B.75% C.25% D.100%

F1: () XDXd F2: XDXD F2: XDXd F3: XDXD XDXd x XDXd

XDY (Trng) XDY XdY Trng

XDY (Trng) XDY XdY

F3 rui c mt chim 25% (/A C)

B/ BI TP LIN KT VI GII TNH V GEN GY CHT * L thuyt: Mt tnh trng thng no PLKH 2:1 th y trng hp gen gy cht trng thi tri Nu t l gii tnh 1:1 th gen gy cht nm trn NST thng, tuy nhin nu t l v gii tnh l 2:1 (/=2/1 hoc /=2/1) Chng t gen tri lin kt trn NST GT X * Bi tp Bi 1: Drosophila, mt rui lng ngn c lai vi rui lng di. i con c 42 rui lng di, 40 rui lng ngn v 43 rui lng di. a) Hi kiu di truyn ca tnh trng lng ngn? b) Hi t l phn ly kiu hnh i con nu bn lai hai rui lng di. Gi gii a) Lng ngn l tnh trng lin kt vi gii tnh nhng l mt gen gy cht. Chng ta thy c s khc bit c v kiu hnh c v s lng gia rui v rui i con; iu cho thy gen lin kt vi gii tnh l gen gy cht bn hp t (khng c rui lng ngn). V gii ci c hai kiu hnh cho nn lng ngn phi l tnh trng tri v php lai s l: XSXs (lng ngn) XSXs (lng ngn) XsXs (lng di) XSY (cht) XsY (lng di) x XsY (lng di)

b) i con tt c u c lng di v phn u c hai gii. c rui lng di, rui m phi ng hp t v php lai s l: XsXs (lng di) Bi 2: Mt mo lng khoang en vng c lai vi mt mo lng vng. i con nhn c: : 3 vng, 3 khoang en vng : 3 en, 3 vng Hy gii thch nhng kt qu ny. Gi gii x XsY (lng di)

Mo d hp t v gen quy nh mu lng lin kt vi gii tnh. Chng ta thy c s khc nhau v kiu hnh con v con chng t tnh trng lin kt vi gii tnh. Mo phi d hp t v phi c nhim sc th X bt hot. Quy c Xa = mu en v Xb - mu vng. Php lai s l: XaXb x XbXb (vng) XaXb (en v vng) XaY (en) XbY (vng) XbY

Bi 3: Khi giao phi gia rui gim ci c cnh ch vi rui gim c c cnh bnh thng th thu c: 84 con ci c cnh ch. 79 con ci c cnh bnh thng. 82 con c c cnh bnh thng. Cho bit hnh dng cnh do mt gen chi phi. a. Gii thch kt qu php lai trn. b. C nhn xt g v s tc ng ca cc alen thuc gen quy nh hnh dng cnh. 10 a. Bnh thng t l c ci l 1 : 1 nhng kt qu php lai cho thy t l c ci l 1 : 2 vy mt na s con c b cht, cng vi s biu hin tnh trng cho thy gen quy nh tnh trng hnh dng cnh nm trn NST X v c alen gy cht. Theo bi ra hnh dng cnh do 1 gen chi phi v F1 c s t hp l 4 (k c t hp c b cht), y l kt qu t hp ca hai loi giao t c vi hai loi giao t ci do con ci P phi d hp, cnh ch con ci l tnh trng tri.

A - cnh ch, a-cnh bnh thng. P cnh ch x cnh bnh thng A a X X Xa Y A a G X ;X Xa ; Y F1 XAXa XaXa XAY XaY 1 Ci cnh ch: 1 ci cnh bt: 1 c cnh ch (cht): 1 c cnh bnh thng b. Nhng nhn xt v tc ng ca gen: - Tc ng a hiu va quy nh hnh dng cnh va chi phi sc sng c th. + A quy nh cnh ch v gy cht; + a quy nh cnh bnh thng v sc sng bnh thng. - trng thi d hp t Aa, alen A tc ng tri v quy nh sc sng nhng li ln v chi phi sc sng. KL. Mi alen c th tc ng tri tnh trng ny nhng li ln tnh trng khc. Bi 4: Cho P: g trng chn ngn, lng vng x g mi chn ngn, lng m

Thu c F1: - G trng: 59 con chn ngn, lng m : 30 con chn di, lng m. - G mi: 60 con chn ngn, lng vng : 29 con chn di, lng vng. Bit mt gen quy nh mt tnh trng a) Gii thch kt qu php lai trn? b) Xc nh kiu gen ca P v vit cc loi giao t ca P khi gim phn bnh thng.

Cu 4 (3 im) * Xt tnh trng mu sc: m/ vng = 1/1 l kt qu ca php lai phn tch nhng s phn tnh ca g trng v g mi khc nhau ng thi c s di truyn cho nn cp gen quy nh mu lng nm trn NST X ( vng khng tng ng), mt khc tnh trng lng vng ph bin g mi suy ra lng vng l tnh trng ln, lng m l tnh trng tri . - Quy c gen: Trng : + vng: XaXa + m : XAXMi : + vng : XaY + m: XAY - P : Trng vng XaXa x Mi m XAY F1: 1 trng m XAXa : 1 mi vng XaY * Xt tnh trng kch thc chn biu hin nh nhau trng v mi nn cp gen quy nh tnh trng ny nm trn NST thng. Ta c t l ngn / di = 2/1, theo quy lut phn tnh F1 (3 :1) nh vy c mt t hp gen gy cht. - Nu tnh trng chn ngn tri hon ton th t hp gy cht l ng hp tri. Quy c gen: BB cht ; Bb- ngn; bb- di - P: Trng chn ngn Bb x Mi chn ngn Bb F1: 1BB (cht) : 2 Bb (ngn) : 1 bb (di) - Nu chn ngn l tri khng hon ton th t hp gy cht cng l ng hp tri v kt qu tng t. * Xt chung c hai tnh trng: Hai cp gen nm trn 2 cp NST (NST thng v NST gii tnh) nn chng PLL vi nhau. * Kiu gen ca P: Trng ngn vng: BbXaXa , Mi ngn m: BbXAY * Giao t: - Trng: BXa, bXa - Mi: BXA, bXA , BY, bY Bi 5: Mt gen trong nhn t bin lm mt tuyn m hi gy bnh kh da. Mt ph n b bnh ny c da b khm, trn da c cc vng c tuyn m hi xen k cc vng khng c tuyn m hi. Hy gii thch hin tng trn. 3. - Gen t bin biu hin trn kiu hnh tng phn ca da, chng t khng phi t bin Gii xma, khng phi t bin trn NST thng. - Trng hp ny ch c th gii thch da trn gi thuyt Lyon: Gen t bin gy bnh lin kt trn NST gii tnh X khng c alen tng ng trn Y. - Ngi ph n c kiu gen d hp t (XAXa). Trong mi t bo ch c mt trong hai NST X hot ng, NST X kia b bt hot dng th Barr. - S bt hot xy ra ngu nhin NST X ny hoc NST X kia. Do to nn cc vng khm. Bi 6: Bnh sc t tng phn trn da ngi l mt hin tng him c, trong melanine khng c chuyn ho bi t bo sc t, gy ra nhng dng t bo sc t dng xoy trn da. Mt ngi ph n b bnh ly mt ngi n ng bnh thng. C ta c 3 a con gi bnh thng, 2 a b bnh v 2 con trai bnh thng. Ngoi ra, c ta c 3 ln sy thai m thai u l nam gii b d tt. Hy gii thch nhng kt qu trn. Gi gii Tnh trng l tnh trng tri lin kt nhim sc th X v gy cht nam gii. Chng ta thy s khc nhau v kiu hnh i con gi n s lin kt gii tnh. Chng ta khng thy nhng ngi con trai b bnh nhng li c nhng ngi con trai c kiu hnh bnh thng; iu chng t nhng ngi con trai nhn c gen ln. Vy ngi m phi c kiu gen d hp t v tnh trng ny. Gi XA: gen gy bnh v Xa: gen quy nh kiu hnh bnh thng. Php lai khi s l:

XAXa

XaY

 XAXa (b bnh) XaXa (bnh thng) XaY (bnh thng) XAY (cht)

Bi 7: a) Vai tr ca nhim sc th gii tnh trong di truyn? b) Phn bit nhim sc th thng v nhim sc th gii tnh? 4 a) Vai tr ca NST gii tnh trong di truyn l: - NST gii tnh c vai tr xc nh gii tnh nhng loi hu tnh. - NST gii tnh cn mang gen lin quan n gii tnh v gen khng lin quan n gii tnh (gen quy nh tnh trng thng lin kt vi gii tnh) b) Phn bit NST v NST gii tnh: NST gii tnh NST thng - Thng tn ti 1 cp trong t bo lng - Thng tn ti vi mt s cp ln hn 1 bi. trong t bo lng bi (n 1 cp). - C th tn ti thnh cp tng ng (XX) - Lun tn ti thnh cp tng ng. hoc khng tng ng (XY) hoc ch c 1 chic (XO). - Ch yu mang gen quy nh c im - Ch mang gen quy nh tnh trng gii tnh ca c th. thng.

C/ BI TP LIN KT VI GII TNH V PHN LY C LP * Phng php gii:

Bc 1: Tm tri ln v quy c gen (nn xt tng tnh trng, xem nm trn NST thng hay gii Tnh. Nu tnh trng no u c c v ci nm trn NST thng, TT nm trn NST gii Tnh c c im ca gen trn NST GT) Bc 2: Nhn dng quy lut DT chi phi (Nhn 2 t l ring nu thy KQ trng vi TLPL KH F2 theo u bi Tun theo QL Phn ly c lp, c 1 cp gen nm trn, NST GT v T TLPL KH F+gen trn NST-GT KG P Bc 3: Vit SL * Cc bi tp: Bi 1: Trong 1 th nghim lai rui gim con ci cnh di, mt x c cnh ngn, mt trngF1: 100% cnh di-mt . F1x ngu nhin F2 :306 Di -:101 Ngn- v : 147 Di- :152 Di trng:50 Ngn :51 Ngn Trng. Mi gen quy nh 1 TT. Gii thch KQ thu c v vit SL Bi gii: 1. Gii thch: - Rui gim: XY, XX; F1 100% Di TT Di>Ngn; >Trng - Xt ring tnh trng hnh dng cnh F2: Di:Ngn= (306+147+152):(101+50+51)=3:1 : Di : Ngn=(147+152):(50+51)=3:1; Con ; Di : Ngn=(306):(101)=3:1 => Gen quy nh TT hnh dng cnh nm trn NST-thng v tun theo L phaanly A-Di, a-Ngn - Xt ring tnh trng hnh dng cnh F2: :Trng= (306+101+147+50):(152+51)=3:1 v c s phn b khc nhau 2 gii m ta thy TT mt trng ch c con nn gen Q TT mu mt phi nm trn NST-GT X v trn Y khng c alen tng ng. B-, b-Trng - F1 ng tnh=> P t/c v t lp lun trn KG P di-mt : AAXBXB Ngn-mt trng:aaXbY 2. SL P F2 TLKH: 3 ci Di :1 ci Ngn :3 c Di :3 c di trng:1 c Ngn :1 c ngn trng Bi 2: Mt th nghim lai gia rui gim ci thn xm, mt vi rui gim c thn en, mt trng thu c ton b rui F1 thn xm, mt . Cho F1 giao phi ngu nhin thu c F2 phn li theo t l: Rui ci: 75% thn xm, mt : 25% thn en,mt Rui c: 37,5% thn xm, mt :37,5% thn xm, mt trng: 12,5% thn en, mt :12,5% thn en, mt trng. Bin lun xc nh quy lut di truyn chi phi cc tnh trng trn. Vit kiu gen ca F 1. Bit rng mi gen quy nh mt tnh trng.

GII

- Xt tnh trng mu sc thn: Biu hin c v ci nh nhau gen quy nh tnh trng nm trn NST thng. Mt khc F2: thn xm: thn en = 3/4: 1/4 tun theo quy lut phn li, tri hon ton. Quy c alen A: xm; alen a: en - Xt tnh trng mu mt: F2: mt : mt trng = 3:1, tnh trng mt trng ch c gii c tnh trng mu mt do gen quy nh nm trn NST gii tnh X tun theo quy lut di truyn lin kt vi gii tnh.(tri hon ton) t l phn li F2: 1/2 mt : 1/4 mt :1/4 mt trng. Quy c alen B: mt ; alen b: mt trng. - Kiu gen ca F1 l: AaXBXb; AaXBY - Xt t l phn li ca tnh trng mu sc thn v tnh trng mu mt F2: (3/4 thn xm: 1/4 thn en)(1/2 mt : 1/4 mt : 1/4 c mt trng) ph hp vi kt qu th nghim hai tnh trng ny di truyn tun theo quy lut phn li c lp. Bi 3:Lai g trng mo to, lng vn thun chng vi g mi lng khng vn, mo nh thun chng, c g F1 c lng vn, mo to. a) Cho g mi F1 lai vi g trng lng khng vn, mo nh, c F2 phn ly nh sau: 1 g trng mo to, lng vn: 1 g trng mo nh, lng vn: 1 g mi mo to, lng khng vn: 1 g mi mo nh, lng khng vn. Bit rng mi gen quy nh mt tnh trng. Hy bin lun v lp s lai gii thch cho php lai trn. b) Phi lai g trng F1 vi g mi c kiu gen v kiu hnh nh th no ngay th h sau c t l phn ly kiu hnh theo gii tnh 1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1. c) Mun to ra nhiu bin d nht, phi chn cp lai c kiu gen v kiu hnh nh th no? Gi gii a) Kch thc mo do gen trn NST thng quy nh; dng lng lin kt gii tnh. A: mo to, a: mo nh; B: lng vn, b: lng khng vn. S lai: P: Trng AAXBXB x Mi aaXbY => Fl: AaXBXb, AaXBY. Mi F1 lai vi trng mo nh, lng khng vn: AaXBY x aaXbXb b) T l 1:1:1:1:1:1:1:1 = (1:1:1:1)(1:1) cho thy tnh trng lin kt gii tnh phn ly 1 : 1 : 1 : 1, cn tnh trng do gen trn NST thng quy nh phn ly 1 : 1 => P: AaXBXb x aaXbY c) to ra nhiu bin d nht, b m phi sinh ra nhiu loi giao t nht. Vy P phi c kiu gen: AaXBXb x AaXbY. Bi 4: 1 loi chim, 2 tnh trng chiu cao chn v di lng c chi phi bi hin tng 1 gen quy nh 1 tnh trng. Cho chim tc chn cao, lng ui di lai vi chim tc chn thp lng ui ngn.F1 thu c ng lot chn cao, lng ui di. a. Cho chim mi F1 lai vi chim trng chn thp, lng ui ngn c : 25% trng chn cao, ui di 25% trng chn thp, ui di 25% mi chn cao, ui ngn 25%mi chn thp, ui ngn

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b. Cho chim trng F1 lai vi mi cha bit KG c t l sau: 37,5% chn cao, ui di 37,5% chn cao, ui ngn

12,5% chn thp, ui di 12,5% chn thp, ui ngn Bin lun v vit SL Bi gii a. Ta c tnh trng chiu cao chn c 2 gii do NST thng quy nh.

Tnh trng lng ui phn b khng u 2 gii do gen trn NST gii tnh quy nh. F1 ng lot chn cao ui di Quy c gen: A: chn cao B: ui di Trng: XX P: AAXBXB Gp: F1: AXB AaXBXb AaXBY x a: chn thp b: ui ngn. mi: XY aaXbY aXb, aY

Mi F1 x trng chn thp, ui ngn. AaXBY G: AXB, AY aXB, aY AaXBXb b. AaXbY aaXBXb aaXbY x aaXbXb aXb

Xt ring tng cp tnh trng.

cao 3 = kt qu ca php lai Aa x Aa thap 1

di ngan = 1 1

kt qu ca php lai phn tch Bb x bb

Trng F1 : AaXBXb KG ca mi s l AaXbY

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D/ BI TP LIN KT VI GII TNH V HON V GEN 1. Kin thc c bn. + Tm tt cch gii chung v bi tp hon v gen: C nhiu du hiu cho thy cc tnh trng nghin cu c xc nh bi cc gen lin kt vi nhau nh: - T l phn ly i lai khc vi t l mong i i vi hai bn phn ly c lp cho thy cc gen di truyn lin kt vi nhau. - Cc tnh trng c xc nh bi cc gen lin kt lun c di truyn cng nhau. - Lin kt gen hon ton lm gim s kiu gen v kiu hnh i con lai. Ngc li, trao i cho gia cc gen lm tng s kiu gen v kiu hnh th h sau. - T l ca cc loi giao t mang gen lin kt lun bng nhau, t l ca cc giao t mang gen trao i cho cng bng nhau v nh hn t l ca cc giao t mang gen lin kt. - Trong mt php lai phn tch, vic c hai lp kiu hnh c tn s ln bng nhau v hai lp kiu hnh c tn s nh bng nhau cho bit trong c gen lin kt khng hon ton. + Vi cc gen lin kt khng hon ton nm trn nhim sc th gii tnh X m khng c cc gen tng ng trn Y, tn s hon v gen hoc t l kiu gen, kiu hnh c xc nh nh trong trng hp c trao i cho mt bn + TLPL KH 2 gii c v ci khc nhau: Nu XX cho 2 KH + nu XY cho 4 lp KH vi TL khng bng nhau C HVG c th XX. Tnh f (tn s HVG) da vo KH ln nht c th XY. + Nu u bi cho 100% Con c v 100% con ci khi to giao t X-=Y=1 Nu u bi cho Tng s c v ci l 100% th khi to giao t X-=Y=1/2 + f=2x giao t Hon v, giao t lin kt=0,5-f/2 > 25%, giao t hon v<25% a) Dng bi ton thun:

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Bi 1: Mo, lng en (D) l tri khng hon ton so vi lng hung (d). V vy khi mo c KG Dd-tam th. Tnh trng ui di-A l tri so vi ui ngn-a. Cc cp gen ny nm trn NST GT X vi f=18%. a) Mt mo m sinh c 1 mo tam th- ui di v mt mo c en-ui ngn. Hy xc nh KG ca mo b m v cc con. b) Nu tip tc cho cc con mo con trn tp giao v tp giao vi mi mo b m th KQ phn tnh v 2 tnh trng trn nh th no? Bi gii: a. T Mo c en ui ngn F1 KG XDaY => Nhn XDa T m v Y t b T Mo ci tam th, ui di F1 KG XD-XdA => Nhn XD- T m v XdA => KG mo b XdAY (Hung-ui di) => KG mo m c th l XDaXDa , XDaXda hoc XDaXDA XDaXdA Ngha l mo m c th 4 loi KH: en-ui ngn; Tam th-ui ngn; en-ui di; tam th-ui di. b, Tip tc cho cc con mo F1 tp giao vi nhau, c cc SL sau.

F1-1: XDAXda

XDaY

F1: 1XDAXDa en-di

1XDaXdA Tam th-Di

1XDAY en-di x

1XdAY Hung-di XDaY XDa = Y = 1/2

F1-2: XDaXdA XDa = XdA = 50-18/2=41% XDA =Xda = 48/2=9%, F1: 20,5% XDaXDa en-ngn 20,5% XDaY en-Ngn b) Dng bi ton ngc * Phng php gii: 20,5%XDaXdA Tam th-di 20,5%XdAY Hung-Di

4,5%XDAXDa en-di 4,5% XDAY en-Di

4,5%XdaXDa Tam th-ngn 4,5%XdaY Hung-Ngn

+ Bc 1: Vit KG gii tnh ca li-Tm tri ln v Quy c gen: +Bc 2: Xt s DT ca tng cp tnh trng X QL DT chi phi tnh trng v Vit SL kim chng: + Bc 3: Tm Quy lut DT chi phi ng thi c 2 cp tnh trng (Nu tch 2 tnh trng 1 gii khc TLPLKH F v c t l KH tng-khng l tng th chng t cc cp gen quy nh cc cp tnh trng trn nm trn cng 1 cp NST gii tnh v DT theo QL Lin kt gen khng hon ton)

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C th chng minh bng cch khc nh sau (vi c l XY, nu ci XY chng minh tng t): c F2 cho 4 loi KH khc nhau trong khi F1 c ch c th cho 2 loi giao t ngang nhau v khng c HVG Vy con ci F2 phi cho 4 loi giao t khc nhau v HVG xy ra con ci. + Bc 4: Xc nh nhm lin kt (D hp u, d hp cho) v xc nh tn s hon v gen (f): (Chn KH con c ln nht phn tch, khi giao t Y = 1 khi tnh Tng KH c =ci =100%, Giao t Y=1/2 khi Tng KH c+ci=100%) => giao t X <25% l giao t Hon v, giao t >25% l giao t Lin kt v f=2 x g.t HV f c th bng tng KH nh nht/Tng KH + Bc 5: Vit SL v xc nh TLKG+TLKH.

Bi 1: Rui gim: C 2 gen ln lin kt vi nhau: a-mt mu lu, b-cnh x. Cc tnh trng tri tng phn l mt v cnh bnh thng. KQ ca 1 php lai P cho nhng s liu sau: Rui F1: 7,5% -B.thng:7,5% Lu-x:42,5% -x:42,5% lu-b.thng : 50% -b.thng: 50% -x 1. Cc gen ni trn nm trn NST no 2. Vit SL v gii thch KQ Bi gii: 1. Cc gen ni trn nm trn NST no: + Bc 1: Vit KG gii tnh ca li-Tm tri ln v Quy c gen: Ta c: rui gim : XY, XX. - QUG: A-Mt mu a-Mt mu lu B-Cnh bnh thng b-cnh x +Bc 2: Xt s DT ca tng cp tnh trng X QL DT chi phi tnh trng v Vit SL kim chng: * Tch ring tng tnh trng th h F1: - Tnh trng mu mt: : : lu= (42,5+7,5):( 42,5+7,5)=1:1 : 100% Mt - Tnh trng hnh dng cnh: : Bnh thng: x= (42,5+7,5):( 42,5+7,5)=1:1 : Bnh thng: x= 50:50=1:1

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 Tnh trng mu mt c hin tng phn tnh theo gii, con ci ton mt . Con c phn tnh theo 1:1 gen chi phi cc tnh trng trn phi di truyn theo QL lin kt gii tnh v gen nm trn NST GT X. M theo bi ra cc gen chi phi tnh trng mu mt v HD cnh DT LK vi nhau nn tt c chng u nm trn NST-GT * S lai kim chng cho tng cp TT - Mu mt: F1: 100% : XAXcon XAY nn SL P: XAXa () : 1: 1 lu = 1XAY:1XaY => P con phi c XAXa

XAY ()

F1: XAXA

XAXa 3

XaY

XAY 1 lu

- Hnh dng cnh: F1: v ci u cho: 1Bnh thng: 1 cnh x Con : 1XBX- : XbXb, con : 1XBY:1XbY => P con phi c XBXb con XbY P: XBXb (Bnh thng) x F1: XBXb 1Bnh thng XbXb 1Cnh x XBY 1Bnh thng XbY 1 cnh x XbY (Cnh x) nn SL

+ Bc 3: Tm Quy lut DT chi phi ng thi c 2 cp tnh trng (Nu tch 2 tnh trng 1 gii khc TLPLKH F v c t l KH tng-khng l tng th chng t cc cp gen quy nh cc cp tnh trng trn nm trn cng 1 cp NST gii tnh v DT theo QL Lin kt gen khng hon ton) Xt s Di truyn ng thi ca 2 tnh trng mu mt v hnh dng cnh. - T 2 SL kim chng trn: => P: XAbY mt , cnh x - Xt s DT ng thi 2 tnh trng con : (1:1 lu) (1b.thng:1 x)=1:1:1:1 khc vi TLPLKH F1: 7,5:7,5:42,5:42,5 nn cc cp gen quy nh cc cp tnh trng trn nm trn 1 cp NST GT v DT lin kt khng hon ton. + Bc 4: Xc nh nhm lin kt (D hp u, d hp cho) v xc nh tn s hon v gen (f): (Chn KH con c ln nht phn tch, khi giao t Y = 1 khi tnh Tng KH c =ci =100%, Giao t Y=1/2 khi Tng KH c+ci=100%) => giao t X <25% l giao t Hon v, giao t >25% l giao t Lin kt v f=2 x g.t HV Xc nh nhm lin kt v tn s hon v gen (f): - F1: Mt lu-Cnh x=7,5%=> 7,5%XabY=(7,5%Xab)x(1Y)=> Xab =7,5<25%--> giao t hon v P: XAbXaB => f=2giao t HV=2x7,5=15% 15 XAB =Xab = 7,5%, XAb = XaB = 50%-7,5%=42,5%.

+ Bc 5: Vit SL v xc nh TLKG+TLKH. 2. Vit SL v gii thch kt qu P: XAbXaB (-B.thng) XAb = XaB = 42,5%. XAB =Xab = 7,5%, F1: 42,5% XAbXAB 42,5% XAbY 42,5%XAbXaB 42,5%XaBY 7,5%XABXAb 7,5% XABY 7,5%XAbXab 7,5%XabY x XAbY (-Cnh x) XAb = Y = 1

: 7,5% -bnh thng 7,5% Lu- x 42,5% -x 42,5% Lu-Bnh thng

: 7,5% -bnh thng 42,5% -X

Bi 2:Lai rui gim ci thun chng thn xm, cnh di, mt vi rui c thn en, cnh ct, mt trng, c F1 ng lot thn xm, cnh di, mt . Cho rui ci F1 lai vi rui c khc cha bit kiu gen, c th h lai gm: 40 rui ci thn xm, cnh di, mt : 20 rui c thn xm, cnh di, mt 20 rui c thn xm, cnh di, mt trng : 40 rui ci thn en, cnh ct, mt 20 rui c thn en, cnh ct, mt : 20 rui c thn en, cnh ct, mt trng 10 rui ci thn xm, cnh ct, mt : 5 rui c thn xm, cnh ct, mt 5 rui c thn xm, cnh ct, mt trng : 10 rui ci thn en, cnh di, mt 5 rui c thn en, cnh di, mt : 5 rui c thn en, cnh di, mt trng Bin lun xc nh quy lut di truyn ca cc tnh trng trn, kiu gen ca c th c cha bit v lp s lai. Gi gii Mi tnh trng do 1 gen quy nh. Gen quy nh mu mt lin kt X. Gen quy nh mu thn v hnh dng cnh lin kt khng hon ton trn nhim sc th thng, tn s trao i cho = 20%. Phn tch tng tnh trng cho thy rui c cha bit kiu gen c kiu gen: bv/bvXWY. Php lai l: BV/ bv XWXw x bv/bv XWY Bi 3: Lai rui gim ci cnh bnh thng, mt trng vi rui gim c cnh x, mt , ngi ta thu c ton b rui ci F1 c cnh di bnh thng, mt v rui c c cnh bnh thng, mt trng. Lai phn tch rui ci F1, c i con gm bn nhm kiu hnh, trong rui cnh bnh thng, mt trng v cnh x, mt chim 80% cn rui cnh bnh thng, mt v cnh x, mt trng chim 20%. Bit rng mi gen quy nh mt tnh trng v hai gen quy nh hai tnh trng trn nm trong cng

16

mt nhm lin kt v tnh trng mt tri so vi mt trng. Hy bin lun v lp s lai gii thch cho kt qu thu c php lai trn. Gi gii Cnh bnh thng tri (A: cnh bnh thng, a: cnh x). F1 cho thy tnh trng mu mt lin kt X. Hai gen nm trong cng nhm lin kt => hai gen cng lin kt X. Php lai l:

Tn s trao i cho gia hai gen l 20%. Bi 4: g gen S quy nh tnh trng lng mc sm tri hon ton so vi gen s quy nh tnh trng lng mc mun. Gen B quy nh tnh trng lng m tri hon ton so vi gen b quy nh tnh trng lng en. Cc gen s v b lin kt vi gii tnh, c tn s hon v gen g trng l 30%. a lai g mi en lng mc sm vi g trng thun chng v 2 tnh trng lng m, mc mun c F 1 cho F1 giao phi vi nhau c F2 a) Vit s lai ca P v F1 trong trng hp cu trc NST khng thay i trong gim phn. b) T l phn li kiu hnh F2 trong trng hp cu trc NST thay i trong gim phn? Gi gii a) Nu cu trc NST khng i trong gim phn ngha g khng c trao i cho v t bin cu trc NST. Theo gi thit c s lai : ( , )

b) Cu trc NST thay i trong gim phn ngha l c trao i cho. g trao i cho ch xy ra g trng. Ta c s lai :

17

Bi 5: rui gim gen A quy nh cnh thng, gen a quy nh cnh x, gen B quy nh mt , gen b quy nh mt trng. Cc gen ny nm trn NST gii tnh X. a) Lai rui ci d hp u v 2 gen vi rui c c kiu hnh cnh x, mt trng. Nu phng php xc nh tn s hon v gen. b) Lai rui ci d hp v 2 gen trn vi rui c c kiu hnh cnh bnh thng, mt . Trnh by phng php xc nh tn s hon v gen? So vi trng hp trn phng php ny khc im no? Ti sao c s khc nhau ? Gi gii a) Theo gi thit ta c s lai sau:

b) Kt qu lai gia rui ci F1 vi rui c c kiu gen 18

 y rui ci F1 u c kiu hnh ging nhau, nn vic tnh tn s hon v gen phi da vo s c th c kiu hnh khc b m ca cc c th c F1

Khc vi phng php xc nh tn s hon v gen s lai th nht l s lai th hai, vic xc nh tn s hon v gen ch da vo c th c F1 c s khc nhau , v s lai th nht rui c v rui ci F1 c kiu hnh khc P. S lai th 2 ch c rui c F1 mi c kiu hnh khc P. Bi 6: Lai rui ci cnh thng, mt vi rui c cnh xon, mt trng. F 1 c 100% cnh thng, mt . F1 ngu phi c F2 vi t l nh sau: Rui c Cnh xon, mt 50 Rui ci 0

Cnh thng, mt 150 402 Cnh xon, mt trng 150 0 Cnh thng, mt trng 50 0 Xc nh quy lut di truyn ca 2 tnh trng. Vit s lai t P F2. (2 im) 17 F1 100% canh thng, mat o --> canh thng, mat o la tnh Bi trang troi. gii Quy c gen: A: canh thng > a: canh xoan B: mat o > b: mat trang Xet F2: Canh thng/ canh xoan = 3/1va 100% ruoi c canh xoan --> gen quy nh tnh trang nam tren NST gii tnh X khong co alen tren Y --> F1: XAXa x XAY. Mat o/ mat trang = 3/1 va 100% tuoi c mat trang --> gen quy nh tnh trang nam tren NST gii tnh X khong co alen tren Y --> F1: XBXb x XBY. --> co hien tng 2 gen nam tren cung NST gii tnh X va di A a A truyen lien ket, kieu gen ruoi F1 la X B X b x X B Y --> kieu gen
a A A cua P la X B X B x X b Y Ruoi c F2 nhan giao t Y t bo va nhan giao t X t me --> ruoi cai F1 xay ra hien tng hoan v gen.

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Tan so hoan v gen: (50+52)/405 x 100% = 25% S o lai A A Pt/c: X B X B (canh thng, mat o) x X ba Y (canh xoan, mat trang) A X ba , Y XB GP F1 GF1 F2
A A X B X ba , X B Y (100% ruoi canh thng, mat o) A X B X ba

F1 x F1:

A X BY A X B ,Y

A X B = X ba = 37,5%

a X bA = X B = 12,5% hoc sinh ke khung va viet ty ke kieu gen, kieu hnh

-----------------------HT----------------------Bi 7 : rui gim, gen A qui nh mt , gen a qui nh mt trng ; gen B qui nh cnh x v gen b qui nh cnh thng. Php lai gia rui gim ci mt , cnh x vi rui gim c mt , cnh x thu c F1 rui ci 100% mt , cnh x ; rui c gm c 40% c mt , cnh thng : 40% c mt trng, cnh x : 10% c mt , cnh x : 10% c mt trng, cnh thng. Xc nh kiu gen v tn s hon v gen nu c. Gii : Cch gii Kt qu T kt qu php lai cho thy 2 cp tnh trng mu mt v dng cnh ca rui - Kiu gen P : gim di truyn lin kt khng hon ton trn NST gii tnh X ( khng c alen XAbXaB x XABY trn NST gii tnh Y) (0,2 im) (0,4 im) Ab - F1 c 40% c mt , cnh thng (X Y) : 40% c mt trng, cnh x - Tn s hon v gen (XaBY) sinh ra t giao t lin kt ca rui gim ci kiu gen con ci P l = 20% (0,4 im) XAbXaB (0,4 im) AB - F1 c 10% c mt , cnh x (X Y): 10% c mt trng, cnh thng (XabY) sinh ra t giao t hon v gen ca rui gim ci tn s hon v gen = 10% + 10% = 20% (0,4 im) - Kiu gen ca rui gim c mt , cnh x P l XABY (0,2 im)
D d Bi 8 (H 2011) : Trong qu trnh gim phn mt c th c kiu gen AaBbX e X E xy ra hon v gen gia cc alen D v d vi tn s 20%. Cho bit khng xy ra t bin, tnh theo l thuyt, t l d loi giao t abX e c to ra t c th ny l : A. 2,5% B. 5,0% C.10,0% D. 7,5%

Gii: 1 1 1 * * = 0,025 = 2,5 % 2 2 10 1 1 1 D d l tch ca cc loi giao t pht sinh t c th c KG AaBbX e X E : a, b, X ed (do f = 20 %) 2 2 10 p n A. 2,5% HD: Xt 2 cp gen AaBb cho 1/4ab D d d Xt cp gen X e X E xy ra hon v vi f = 20% cho 0,1 X T l loi giao t

abX ed

D d c to ra t c th c KG AaBbX e X E l:

d T hp 3 cp gen ny cho t l loi giao t abX e = .0,1 = 0,025 = 2.5% p n A Bi 9(H 2011): rui gim, alen A quy nh thn xm tri hon ton so vi alen a quy nh thn en; alen B quy nh cnh di tri hon ton so vi alen b quy nh cnh ct. Cc gen quy nh mu thn v hnh dng cnh u nm trn mt nhim sc th thng. Alen D quy nh mt tri hon ton so vi alen d quy nh mt trng nm trn on khng tng ng ca nhim sc th gii tnh X.

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Cho giao phi rui ci thn xm, cnh di, mt vi rui c thn xm, cnh di, mt (P), trong tng s cc rui thu c F1, rui c kiu hnh thn en, cnh ct, mt trng chim t l 2,5%. Bit rng khng xy t bin, tnh theo l thuyt, t l kiu hnh thn xm, cnh di, mt F1 l: A.7,5% B. 45,0% C.30,0% D. 60,0% Gii: + Cc gen quy nh mu thn v hnh dng cnh u nm trn mt nhim sc th thng nn cc gen ny lin kt vi nhau + Rui c KH thn en, cnh ct, mt trng chim t l 2,5 % = 0,025, suy ra cc gen (A, a) v (B, b) lin kt khng hon ton (Hon v gen) + rui c kiu hnh thn en, cnh ct, mt trng chim t l 2,5% l con s > 6,25 % v < 50 % nn trong php lai i P s phi c mt bn c th c KG d hp t u v mt bn c th phi d hp t cho ab d X Y . Do + i F1 cho rui c KH thn en, cnh ct, mt trng chim t l 2,5 % = 0,025 c KG ab ab d X Y = % ab * % ab * % Xd * % Y i P c mt bn c th c thn xm, cnh vy, % ab AB D X Y ( v rui gim c khng xy ra hon v gen, ch c lin kt di, mt c KG d hp t u ab gen hon ton cho 2 loi giao t) v mt bn c th ci thn xm, cnh di, mt d hp t cho Ab D d X X aB ab d 1 X Y = % ab * % ab * % Xd * % Y= 2,5 % = 0,025 0,025 = * x * + Cn c vo gi tr % ab 2 1 1 * x = 0,2. Vy c th rui gim ci s c tn s hon v gen s l: f = 0,4 = 40 % 2 2 + Xt cho tng cp NST ring r: Vi cp NST thng cha 2 cp gen lin kt, ta c php lai tng ng: AB Ab AB P: (f1 = 0) * (f2 = 0,4) cho c th c KH thn xm, cnh di F 1 ( ) c gi tr c ab aB 2 + f 2 f 1 f 2 2 + 0, 4 = = 0, 6 (a) tnh theo cng thc tng qut l: A B = 4 4 Vi cp NST gii tnh rui gim, ta c P: X D X d * X D Y cho c th c KH mt XD- (bao gm c c th c v c th ci) chim t l 75 % = 0,75 (b) + T kt qu (a) v (b) ta c kt qu chung cui cng trong trng hp khng xy t bin, tnh theo l thuyt, t l kiu hnh thn xm, cnh di, mt F1 l: % A B X D Y = 0,6 * 0,75 = 0,45 = 45 % p n B. 45 % HD kiu hnh thn en, cnh ct, mt trng chim t l 2,5% KL : y l t l ca con c, c hon v gen gia cp gen quy inh mu sc v hnh dng cnh ab Ta c KG ca thn en, cnh ct, mt trng l X dY ab ab d ab ab d X x 25% Y 25 % X Y = 10% ab ab d X l giao t hon v tn s hon v gen f =10x4= 40% Xt giao t = 10% Kiu gen ca rui ci l Ab D d X X aB

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AB X DY ab Vit SDL tnh t l kiu hnh thn xm, cnh di, mt l 45% c p n B Kiu gen ca rui c l Bi 10 rui gim, tnh trng cnh cong l do BG tri (Cy) nm trn NST s 2 gy nn. Rui c d hp t v KG ni trn (Cy Cy+) c chiutia phng x v cho lai vi rui ci bnh thng (Cy+). Sau ngita cho tng con rui c F1 (Cy Cy+) lai vi tng rui ci bnh thng. Kt qu ca mt trong s php lai nh vy c TLKH nh sau: -c cnh cong: 146 con; - c cnh bnh thng: 0 con; - Ci cnh cong: 0 con; - Ci cnh b.thng: 143 con Kt qu trn c gii thch nh th no? Gii Nn i k hiu:A cong, a bnh thng Rgim c 4 cp NST.gt cho gen nm trn NST s 2(thng).Tuy nhin sau khi c chiu x ,phn tch th kt qu lai c DT khc nhau gia 2 gii s lin kt vi gii tnh c Chng t sau khi rui c F1 c chiu x xy ra t bin chuyn on khng tng h on cha gen trn t NST s 2 ln NST gii tnh.Da vo kt qu t rui c F1 vi ci bnh thng aa XX gen tri A rui c P c chuyn sang NST Y( m khng phi X).Gen trn rui ci P vn nm trn NST thng SL P : Aa XY x Aa XX -a XYA x Aa XX F1 : -AXX, -aXX, -AXYA, -aXYA, AaXX, aaXX, AaXYA, aaXYA SDL mt trong s cc cp lai F1 cho kt qu nh bi : F1 x F1: -aXYA x aaXX

F2: -aXX, -aXYA, aaXX, aaXYA (1 c cong/ 1 ci thng) Bi 12. Mt ngi n ng mc mt bnh di truyn ci mt ngi ph n c kiu hnh bnh thng. H sinh c 4 trai v 4 gi; tt c cc con gi ca h u mc bnh ging nh b, nhng khng c con trai no ca h mc bnh ny. Pht biu no di y nhiu kh nng ng hn c ? Bnh ny gy ra bi _______ A. mt alen tri trn NST thng. B. mt alen ln trn NST thng. C. mt alen tri lin kt NST X. D. mt alen ln lin kt NST X. E. mt alen ln lin kt NST Y. Bi 13 : Cho hai rui u thun chng l rui ci thn vng, cnh x v rui c thn nu cnh bnh thng lai nhau c F1 c rui ci ton thn nu, cnh bnh thng; rui c ton thn vng, cnh x. Cho rui ci F1 lai vi rui c thn nu, cnh bnh thng thu c rui F2 c 279 rui thn nu, cnh bnh thng; 74 rui thn vng, cnh x; 15 rui thn nu, cnh x; 15 rui thn vng, cnh bnh thng. a. Tnh khong cch gia 2 gen trn NST quy nh cho 2 tnh trng trn. b. Nu ch cn c vo s lng cc c th thu c F2 trn th sai s v khong cch gia 2 gen l bao nhiu ? Bit rng mi gen quy nh mt tnh trng v mt s rui c mang ton gen ln ca 2 gen trn b cht giai on phi.

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Cch gii a) Khong cch gia 2 gen trn NST - Xt Ptc n F1 => c 2 tnh trng u di truyn lin kt vi gii tnh, u c gen trn NST X, khng c alen tng ng trn NST Y, thn nu, cnh bnh thng > thn vng, cnh x. Quy c : A- thn nu, a- thn vng; B- cnh bnh thng, b- cnh x. => Ptc : (Hs vit s ) - Xt F1 n F2 => do rui c em lai vi rui ci F1 l XABY nn rui ci F2 phi ton thn nu, cnh bnh thng, nh vy 3 KH cn li u l rui c, => rui ci F1 c hon v gen cho 4 loi giao t th tinh vi 2 loi giao t c cho cc t hp rui F2: XABXAB = XABXab = XABY = XabY = a; XABXAb = XABXaB = XAbY = XaBY = 15 => Rui thn nu, cnh bnh thng = 3a + 15 +15 = 279 => a = 83 => Khong cch gia 2 gen trn NST X = f = (15 + 15)/83 + 83 + 15 + 15 = 15,3061cM b) Sai s v khong cch F2 c 74 rui c thn vng, cnh x l do b cht mt s phi, nn tng s rui c thu c l 83 + 74 + 15 + 15 = 187 => Khong cch gia 2 gen = f = (15 + 15)/187 = 16,0428cM => Sai s = 16,0428 - 15,3061 = 0,7367cM

im

1,00

2,00

2,00 Bi 14 : rui gim, gen A qui nh mt , gen a qui nh mt trng ; gen B qui nh cnh x v gen b qui nh cnh thng. Php lai gia rui gim ci mt , cnh x vi rui gim c mt , cnh x thu c F1 rui ci 100% mt , cnh x ; rui c gm c 40% c mt , cnh thng : 40% c mt trng, cnh x : 10% c mt , cnh x : 10% c mt trng, cnh thng. Xc nh kiu gen v tn s hon v gen nu c. Gii : Cch gii Kt qu T kt qu php lai cho thy 2 cp tnh trng mu mt v dng cnh ca rui - Kiu gen P : gim di truyn lin kt khng hon ton trn NST gii tnh X ( khng c alen XAbXaB x XABY trn NST gii tnh Y) (0,2 im) (0,4 im) - F1 c 40% c mt , cnh thng (XAbY) : 40% c mt trng, cnh x - Tn s hon v gen = 20% (XaBY) sinh ra t giao t lin kt ca rui gim ci kiu gen con ci P l (0,4 im) XAbXaB (0,4 im) - F1 c 10% c mt , cnh x (XABY): 10% c mt trng, cnh thng (XabY) sinh ra t giao t hon v gen ca rui gim ci tn s hon v gen = 10% + 10% = 20% (0,4 im) - Kiu gen ca rui gim c mt , cnh x P l XABY (0,2 im) Bi 15: g, cho 2 con u thun chng mang gen tng phn lai nhau c F1 ton lng xm, c sc. Cho g mi F1 lai phn tch thu c th h lai c 25% g mi lng vng, c sc; 25% g mi lng vng, trn; 20% g trng lng xm, c sc; 20% g trng lng vng, trn; 5% g trng lng xm, trn; 5% g trng lng vng, c sc. Bit rng lng c sc l tri hon ton so vi lng trn. Nu cho cc g F1 trn lai nhau, trong trng hp g trng v g mi F 1 u c din bin gim phn nh g mi F1 em lai phn tch trn. Hy xc nh F2: - T l g mang cc cp gen u d hp. - T l g lng vng, trn mang ton gen ln. Cch gii - Ptc mang gen tng phn nn F1 mang ton gen d hp trn NST tng ng. - V mu lng : 23 im

Fa c lng xm : lng vng = 1 : 3 phn b khng ng u gia 2 gii tnh => c tng tc ca 2 cp gen khng alen ng thi c di truyn lin kt vi gii tnh, c 1 trong 2 cp gen trn NST X, khng c alen tng ng trn NST Y. Quy c F1 : AaXBY x aaXbXb (Hs vit s ) - V kiu lng : Quy c : D- lng c sc, d- lng trn. Fa c s phn b u 2 gii tnh v g mi mang gen tri => gen trn NST thng. => F1 : Dd x dd - V c 2 tnh trng : T l KH Fa chng t c s di truyn lin kt v g mi F1 c hon v gen. T g Fa lng xm, c sc => KG g mi F1 l AD/ad XBY, c f = 20%. => g trng F1 l AD/ad XBXb - F1 x F1 : AD/ad XBXb x AD/ad XBY F2 : t l KG AD/ad XBXb + Ad/aD XBXb = 8% + 0,5% = 8,5% = 0,085 T l g lng vng, trn l ad/ad XbY = 4% = 0,04

1,00

1,00

1,00 1,00

1,00 Bi 16: rui gim: gen B: thn xm, gen b: thn en. gen W: mt , gen w: mt trng. Pt/c: thn xm, mt x thn en, mt trng F1. Cho F1 tp giao. Quy lut di truyn no c th chi phi t P F2? Bit rng nu c hon v gen th tn s l 20%. Hai cp gen nm trn hai cp NST thng khc nhau: Pt/c: thn xm, mt x thn en, mt trng BBWW bbww F1: BbWw(xm, ) F2: 9 KG: .......... 4 KH: : 9 xm, : 3 xm, trng : 3 en, : 1en, trng Mt cp gen nm trn NST thng, mt cp gen nm trn NST gii tnh: Pt/c: thn xm, mt x thn en, mt trng BBX W X W bbX wY W w F1: BbX X BbX WY (xm, ) F2: 12 KG: ......... 4 KH: 9 xm, : 3 xm, trng : 3 en, : 1en, trng Hai cp gen cng nm trn mt cp NST thng: Pt/c: thn xm, mt x thn en, mt trng
BW BW bw bw

F2: + Lin kt hon ton: F1 x F1:

BW bw

BW (xm, ) bw

BW bw

F2: 3 KG:.... 2 KH: 3 xm, : 1 en, trng + Hon v gen mt bn vi tn s l 20%: F1 x F1:
BW bw

BW bw

F2: 7 KG: ........ 4 KH: 70% xm, : 5% xm, trng : 5% en, : 20% en, trng. Hai cp gen nm trn cp NST gip tnh X: 24

Pt/c:

thn xm, mt x thn en, mt trng

X X
W

B W b w

F1:

X X
W B W

+ Lin kt hon ton: F1 x F1:

X Y X Y (xm, )
w B W

X X X X
W B

b w

F2: 4 KG: ..... 2 KH: 3 x, : 1 en, trng. + Hon v gen mt bn vi tn s l 20%: F1 x F1:
b w

X Y
W

F2: 8 KG: ...... 4 KH: 70% xm, : 5% xm, trng : 5% en, : 20% en, trng. Bi 17 (H 2009): Rui gim A thn xm, a thn en, B cnh di, b cnh ct cng nm trn mt cp nst. D mt , d mt trng nm trn X, khng c alen tng ng trn Y. Php lai AB//ab XDXd x AB//ab XDY cho F1 thn en, cnh ct, mt chim t l 11,25%. Tnh theo l thuyt, t l rui c thn xm, cnh ct, mt l: A. 3,75% B. 5% C. 15% D. 2,5% Gii: Rui F1 thn en, cnh ct, mt c KG: ab//ab XDX- hoc ab//ab XDY chim t l 11,25% Xt cp tnh trng do gen trn cp nst gii tnh quy nh: XDXd x XDY -> 3 rui mt : 1 rui mt trng. Vy rui mt chim Ta c 11,25%=3/4 mt x 15% en ct. ab//ab = 15% = 30% ab () x 50% ab () (rui gim hon v gen ch xy ra rui ci) f hon v gen = 40% rui c thn xm, cnh ct, mt c KG: Ab//-b XDY XDY chim t l Ab//-b = Ab () x ab () = 20% x 50% = 10% Vy t l rui c thn xm, cnh ct, mt l: x 10% = 2,5% (p n D) Bi 18. chim, Pt/c: lng di, xon x lng ngn, thng, F1 thu c ton lng di, xon. Cho chim trng F1 giao phi vi chim mi cha bit KG, F2 xut hin 20 chim lng ngn, thng: 5 lng di, thng: 5 lng ngn, xon. Tt c chim trng ca F2 u c lng di, xon. Bit 1 gen quy nh 1 tnh trng. Tn s HVG ca chim trng F1 l: A. 5% B. 25% C. 10% D. 20% BL Bn cht: XX-trng, XY-ci.Thng hay b nhm theo hng XX-ci, XY-c) Do b m tng phn, F1 ng tnh di, xon nn di tri so vi ngn, xon tri so vi thng v Pt/c. Quy c: A-Di, a-ngn; B-xon, b-thng Do tnh trng biu hin khng ng u 2 gii nn c 2 gene u nm trn vng khng tng ng ca X. SL: P_{tc}:XABXAB x XabY F1: 1XABXab:1XABY -->chim trng F1 c KG:XABXab Do F2 u c chim lng di, xon-->con mi lai vs F1 phi c alen XAB--> c KG:XABY -->ra c php lai-->tn s HVG=20% -->p n D. Bi 19: (HQG:99-2000 Tr74) Trong 1 php lai th thun chng c mu mt v lng hoang di vi th c c mu mt mu M v lng mu xmF1 100% C mu mt-mu lng hoang di. F1xF1F2: 100% Ci: Mt v lng Hoang di; c: 45% Mt v lng hoang di:45% Mt m-Lng xm:5%Mt 25

X Y
W

hoang di-lng Xm:5%Mt M-Lng hoang di Gii thch KQ trn v Vit SL PF2 Bit 1 gen-1 Tnh trng Gi gii: - Gen/NST GT do HVG quy nh: P: ci: XABXAB c XabY - c M Xm=> f= 10%=> F1: ci: XABXab c XABY - Vit SL Bi 20: H 2005 Lai rui gim thun chng: Ci Mt -cnh bnh thng x c Mt trng-cnh x F1 100% -Bnh thng. F1xF1 F2: Ci: 300 -Bnh thng; c 135: Bnh thng:135 Trng-X :14-X:16 Trng- bnh thng. 1. Bin lun v xc nh cc QLDT chi phi cc php lai trn 2. Vit SL PF2 bit 1 gen-1 tnh trng Gi gii: - Gen/NST GT do HVG quy nh: P: ci: XABXAB c XabY - c M Xm=> f= 10%=> F1: ci: XABXab c XABY - Vit SL Bi 21 (Thi th H N Hu 2011): Cho bit mi cp tnh trng do mt cp gen quy nh v di truyn tri hon ton; tn s hon v gen gia A v B l 20%, gia D v E khng c hon v gen. Xt php lai
A b X d Y, tnh theo l thuyt, cc c th con c mang A, B v c cp nhim sc E ab d d th gii tnh l X E X e i con chim t l A b d X D Xe E aB

A. 7,5%.

B. 12,5%.

C. 18,25%.

D. 22,5%.

E/ BI TP LIN KT VI GII TNH V TNG TC GEN 2.2.1. Kin thc c bn. Cc gen c th tng tc vi nhau quy nh mt tnh trng. Ph bin l hai gen khng alen (v thng nm trn cc nhim sc th tng ng khc nhau) tng tc vi nhau. V vy, t l phn ly F2 thng l t l bin i ca php lai hai tnh (9:3:3:1) ca Mendel. V d t l 9:6:l. C cc kiu tng tc ch yu sau: - Tng tc b tr: Hai gen tri cng c mt trong mt kiu gen tng tc vi nhau lm xut hin tnh trng mi, khc b m. Ngoi c ch tng tc, cc gen cn c th c cc chc nng ring. V vy, kiu tng tc b tr c th cho cc t l phn ly 9:3:3:1, 9:6:1 hoc 9:7. - Tng tc t ch. Kiu tng tc trong mt gen c ch s biu hin ca gen kia. Gen c ch c gi l gen t, cn gen b c ch dc gi l gen khut. Tu thuc vo gen t l gen tri hay gen ln m F2 c th c cc t l phn ly 13:3, 12:3:1 hoc 9:3:4. - Tng tc cng gp: Kiu tng tc trong mi alen tri (hoc ln) ca mi gen ng gp mt phn vo s hnh thnh tnh trng. Kiu tng tc ny c trng cho cc tnh trng s lng. Vi hai gen tng tc cng gp, F2 s c t l phn ly kiu hnh l 1:4:6:4:1. Nu kiu hnh khng ph thuc vo s lng alen tri trong kiu gen, ta c t l phn ly 15:1 F2. Tuy nhin cng c nhng trng hp hai gen tng tc nhng li cng nm trn mt nhim sc th. Khi , ngoi quy lut tng tc, cc gen cn chu s chi phi ca quy lut lin kt v hon v gen. 2.2.2. Bi tp. Bi 1:

26

C nhng con chut rt mn cm vi nh sng mt tri. Di tc ng ca nh sng mt tri, chng c th b t bin dn n ung th da. Ngi ta chn lc c hai dng chut thun chng, mt dng mn cm vi nh sng mt tri v ui di, dng kia mn cm vi nh sng v ui ngn. Khi lai chut ci mn cm vi nh sng, ui ngn vi chut c mn cm vi nh sng ui di, ngi ta thu c cc chut F1 ui ngn v khng mn cm vi nh sng. Lai F1 vi nhau, c F2 phn ly nh sau: Chut ci Mn cm, ui ngn Mn cm, ui di Khng mn cm, ui ngn Khng mn cm, ui di 42 0 54 0 Chut c 21 20 27 28

Hy xc nh quy lut di truyn ca hai tnh trng trn v lp s lai. Gi gii Tnh mn cm nh sng do tng tc b tr hai gen tri cho t l 9:7; di ui lin kt gii tnh. Nu cho hai gen A v B tng tc quy nh tnh mn cm nh sng, D quy nh ui ngn th ta c s lai: AAbbXDXD x aaBBXdY => F1: AaBbXDXd v AaBbXDY. Bi 2: Mt rui c mt trng c lai vi rui ci mt nu. Tt c rui F1 c mt kiu di. Cho F1 ni phi. Kt qu thu c: Rui ci Mt : 450 Mt nu: 145 Rui c Mt : 230 Mt trng: 305 Mt nu: 68 Hy gii thch cc kt qu ny Gi gii C hai gen, mt gen ln trn nhim sc th thng quy nh mt mu nu v mt gen ln lin kt vi gii tnh quy nh mt mu trng. Bt c rui ng hp t/bn hp t v gen quy nh mu trng no cng s cho mt mu trng, d c mt cc gen khc. F1 biu hin kiu di chng t c hai gen v F2 c s khc nhau v t l phn ly gii v gii chng t rng t nht c mt gen lin kt vi gii tnh. Mt na s con F2 c mt mu trng, y l t l phn ly ca mt gen ln lin kt vi gii tnh. Chng ta nhn c t l phn ly 3 : 1 nu, l t l phn ly ca mt gen trn nhim sc th thng. T l phn ly rui F2 l 3 : 1 nu, cho thy tt c rui c t nht mt nhim sc th X bnh thng (X+) Quy c: X+-A- : ; X+-aa : nu; Xw : trng. Php lai s l:

27

X+X+aa

X+YAA

X+XwAa (Tt c t phi) 3 X+-A- : 1 X+-aa : nu

X+YAa

3 X+YA- : 1 X+Yaa : nu 3 XwYA- : trng 1 XwYaa : trng

Chng ta nhn c mt t l phn ly bin i ca t l 3:3:1:1 trong s rui F2 cho thy c mt gen trn nhim sc th thng v mt gen lin kt vi gii tnh. S rui nhn c gn vi t l 4:3:1. Bi 3: Cho hai ni chim thun chng lai vi nhau c F1 u lng vng, di. Cho con ci F1 lai phn tch thu c t l : 1 con ci lng vng, di : 1 con ci lng xanh, di : 2 con c lng xanh, ngn. Cho con c F1 lai phn tch thu c t l : 9 con lng xanh, ngn : 6 con lng xanh, di : 4 con lng vng, di : 1 con lng vng, ngn. a. Nu cc quy lut di truyn tham gia to nn cc kt qu ni trn. b. Xc nh kiu gen v kiu hnh ca P v vit s lai tng trng hp t P n Fa. Bit rng kch thc lng do 1 gen quy nh. Gi gii a. Cc quy lut : Tnh tri, tng tc gen khng alen, di truyn gii tnh, di truyn lin kt vi gii tnh, lin kt gen v hon v gen. b. P : Lng vng, di AAXBDXBD P : Lng xanh, di aaXBDXBD Bi 4: Cho ni lng en thun chng giao phi vi ni lng trng c F1 c 50% con lng xm v 50% con lng en. Cho con lng xm (F1) giao phi vi con lng trng (P) c t l : 3 con lng xm : 4 con lng trng : 1 con lng en. Trong lng en ton l c. 28 Lng xanh, ngn AAXbdY x Lng xanh, ngn aaXbdY

a. Bin lun v vit s lai cho kt qu ni trn. b. Cho con mt en (F1) giao phi vi con lng trng (P) th kt qu php lai s th no ? Gi gii a. P : AAXbXb x aaXBY b. 4 con lng trng : 2 con lng xm : 2 con lng en. Bi 5: Cho c th mt thun chng lai vi c th mt trng c F1 u mt . Cho con ci F1 lai phn tch c ta c t l 3 mt trng : 1 mt , trong mt u l con c. a. Bin lun v vit s lai t P n Fa b. Khi cho cc con F1 tip tc giao phi vi nhau th kt qu F2 nh th no? Gi gii a. P : AAXBXB x aaXbY b. F2 : 9 mt : 7 mt trng Bi 6: Khi lai con ci (XX) mt , trn, cnh di thun chng vi con c (XY) mt trng, dt, cnh ct c F1 gm cc con ci u mt , trn, cnh x v cc con c u mt , trn, cnh di. Cho con ci F1 giao phi vi con c P th c - gii ci c : 48 con mt trn, cnh x ; 51 con mt nu, trn cnh ct, 52 con mt nu, dt cnh x, 49 con mt trng, dt, cnh ct. - gii c c : 49 con mt , trn cnh di : 48 con mt nu, trn, cnh ct ; 51 con mt nu, dt, cnh di ; 52 con mt trng, dt, cnh ct. a. T kt qu php lai trn hy cho bit quy lut tc ng ca gen v quy lut vn ng ca NST nh th no i vi s hnh thnh v t l phn li ca kiu hnh ? b. Vit s lai t P n Fb. Bit rng hnh dng mt v cnh u tun theo quy lut 1 gen chi phi 1 tnh. Gi gii a. - Quy lut tc ng ca cc gen alen : t hon ton v khng hon ton. - Quy lut tc ng ca cc gen khng alen theo kiu b tr. - Quy lut phn li c lp ca cc cp NST chi phi t t l phn li kiu hnh cng vi quy lut tc ng ca gen: b. P : Con mt , trn, cnh di AD/ADXBEXBE x Con mt trng, dt, cnh ct Ad/adXbeY 29

Bi 7: 1. Cho P: con ci (XX) lng di, en thun chng lai vi con c (XY) lng ngn, trng. Tt c F1 u lng di, en. Lai phn tch con c F1 thu c Fa c t l: 1 con ci di, en: 1 con ci ngn, en: 2 c ngn, trng. Hy bin lun xc nh quy lut di truyn chi phi cc tnh trng trn, vit kiu gen ca P. - Xt kch thc lng Fa: di : ngn = 1:3 F1 cho 4 loi giao t F1 d hp 2 cp gen phn li c lp tnh trng mu sc di truyn tun theo quy lut tng tc b sung kiu 9:7. Mt khc t l kiu hnh 2 gii khng u c 1 trong 2 gen nm trn nhim sc th X. Quy c: A-B- : lng di, A-bb, aaB-, aabb: lng ngn. - Xt tnh trng mu lng Fa: 100% en: 100% trng gen quy nh tnh trng mu lng nm trn NST gii tnh X di truyn lin kt vi gii tnh. Gen D: lng en, gen d: lng trng - Xt ng thi ca 2 tnh trng: gen quy nh mu sc lng lin kt vi 1 trong 2 gen quy nh tnh trng kch thc lng nm trn NST X. - Kiu gen ca P: AAXBDXBD x aaXbdY Bi 8: Cho lai rui gim P:mt ti x mt thm c F1:mt thm mt ti. Cho F1 giao phi vi nhau c F2: A. 1 thm : 6 ti : 1 mt nu B. 2 thm : 5 ti : 1 nu C. 3 thm : 4 ti : 1nu D. 4 thm : 3 ti : 1 nu HD: Do i con thu c 8 t hp, suy ra tnh trng do 2 gene khng allele quy nh. Vy xy ra hin tng tng tc gia 2 gene cng quy nh mu mt rui gim. Do tnh trng F1 biu hin khng ng u 2 gii nn c gene quy nh nm trn vng khng tng ng ca NST gii tnh. V t l KH thu c F2 phn ly c tnh c lp nn mt gene nm trn NST thng, mt gene nm trn vng khng tng ng ca NST gii tnh. Do tnh trng biu hin c 2 gii nn gene nm trn vng khng tng ng ca NST X. Quy c tnh trng do 2 gene khng allele: A, a, B, b quy nh. Trong gene B, b nm trn vng khng tng ng ca X. F1 thu c 2 t hp m mt thm lun lun cho t nht 2 giao t nn mt ti phi cho 1 giao t. Do tnh cht lp ca 2 gene, m F2 c 8 t hp = 2x4 suy ra F2 mt gene cho 2 t hp, mt gene cho 4 t hp KG. - Xt gene A, a: Php lai P: + AA x AA => F1: AA =>F2: AA ( loi do F2 ch c 1 t hp) + aa x aa => F1: aa =>F2: aa ( loi do F2 ch c 1 t hp) + AA x aa => F1: Aa => F2: 1AA : 2Aa : 1aa ( nhn do F2 c 4 t hp KG, KH) - Xt gene B, b: Suy ra cn cho 2 t hp KG, KH. Php lai P: + XBXB x XBY => F1: XBXB x XBY => F2: XBXB x XBY (Loi do c cng 1 loi KH) + XBXB x XbY => F1: XBXb x XBY => F2: 1 XBXB : 1 XBXb : 1 XBY : 1 XbY ( Loi do cho 4 t hp) + XbXb x XBY => F1: XBXb x XbY => F2: 1XB-:1Xb- (Nhn, do cho 2 t hp KG, KH) + XbXb x XbY => F1: XbXb x XbY => F2: XbXb : XbY (Loi do c cng 1 loi KH) Vy php lai php lai F1 l: AaXBXb x AaXbY => P: AAXbXb x aaXBY hoc aaXbXb x AAXBY. Ta c t l KH F2: (3A-:1aa)(1XB-:1Xb-) = 3A-XB-:3A-Xb-:1aaXB-:1aaXb-

30

P F1:

Trng hp 1 AAX X x aaXBY (ti) (thm)

b b

hoc

Trng hp 2 aaX Xb x AAXBY (ti) (thm)

b

1AaXBXb 1AaXbY (thm) (ti) B b F2: 3A-X 3A-X - 1aaXB1aaXbTH1: 3 thm 3 ti 1 thm 1 nu => 4 thm : 3 ti : 1 nu => D TH2: 3 thm 3 ti 1 nu 1 ti => 3 thm : 4 ti : 1 nu => C TH1 tng ng vi t l: 12:3:1 khi 2 gene nm trn 2 cp NST thng. TH2 tng ng vi t l: 9:3:4 khi 2 gene nm trn 2 cp NST thng. (Vy ta c c 2 p n C v D) Bi 9: Cho con ci( XX) lng di, en thun chng giao phi vi con c (XY) lng trng ngn c F1 u lng en, di. cho F1 lai phn tch tu c: 93 con ci lng ngn, en 32 con ci lng di, en 29 con c lng di, trng 91 con c lng ngn, trng.

a. Bin lun v vit SL t P Fb b. Cho con ci F1 lai phn tch th kt qu lai s nh th no ? cho bit mu lng do 1 gen quy nh. Bi lm a. Xt ring tng cp tnh trng Ptc F1 ng tnh lng en, di en, di l tri so vi trng, ngn Xt t l: en: trng = 1:1 Quy c: D : en D : trng P : Dd F1 : x 1Dd : 1dd dd

M tnh trng mu sc lng phn b khng u 2 gii nm trn NST X v lin kt vi gii tnh. Di : ngn = (32 + 29) : (91 + 93) = 1:3. Ci F1 phi cho 4 t hp giao t.

31

c hin tng 2 cp gen tng tc b tr 9:7 cng quy nh 1 tnh trng. Quy c : A_B_ lng di A_bb lng ngn aaB_ lng ngn aabb lng ngn

t hp 2 cp tnh trng Fb 3:3:1:1 KG c F1 : AaBbXDY cho 8 loi giao t C th em lai phn tch : aabbXdXd P : AABBXDXD F1 : AaBbXDXd : x AaBbXDY aabbXdXd

Lai phn tch Pb: c AaBbXdY Gb: ABXD, ABY abXD, abY AbXD, AbY aBXD, aBY Fb : t vit sn phm. b. Con ci F1 lai phn tch Pb : AaBbXDXd Gb : ABXD, AbXD, aBXD, abXD ABXd, AbXd, aBXd, abXd Sn phm t vit. x aabbXdY abXd, abY x ci aabbXdXd abXd

F/ BI TP LIN KT VI GII TNH KHC

Bi 1: Mt t bo sinh tinh c kiu gen : AB/ab XMY. a) Trong thc t khi gim phn bnh thng cho my loi tinh trng? Vit thnh phn gen ca cc loi tinh trng ? b) Vo k gia ln phn bo II ca qu trnh gim phn, cc NST sp xp nh th no? Gii a) S loi tinh trng thc t v kiu gen ca chng:

32

- Trng hp lin kt hon ton : 2 loi AB XM v ab Y Hoc: ab XM v AB Y - Trng hp lin kt khng hon ton : 4 loi AB XM, Ab XM, aB Y, ab Y Hoc: aB XM, ab XM, AB Y, Ab Y b) k gia ca gim phn II, cc NST sp xp nh sau: - Trng hp lin kt hon ton: A B XM a b Y v M A B X a b Y M a b X A B Y hoc: v M a b X A B Y - Trng hp lin kt khng hon ton: A B XM aB Y v M A b X ab Y hoc:
aB ab

XM XM

A B A b

Y Y

Bi 2: (C2010) Bit mi gen-1 tnh trng, gen tri tr hon ton, khng c t bin, tnh theo LT php lai no sau ay cho i con c nhiu loi KH nht. A. AaBbDdxAaB bDd C.
Ab AB Ddx dd aB ab

AB DE AB DE x ab dE ab dE Ab D d AB X X x X DY D. aB ab

B,

Gii: p n A: 3 cp gen d hp s Kh 23=8 p n B: Cp NST th nht cho 2 lp KH, cp NST th 2 cho 2 lp KH 4 lp KH p n C: Cp NST th nht cho 3 lp KH, cp NST th 2 cho 2 lp KH 6lp KH p an D: Cp NST th nht cho 3 lp KH, cp NST th 2 cho 3 lp KH 9 lp KH Vy p n ng nht l D Bi 3: (H2011) rui gim, alen A quy nh mt tri hon ton so vi alen a quy nh mt trng. Trong trng hp khng xy ra t bin, php lai no sau y cho i con c kiu hnh phn li theo t l 2 rui ci mt : 1 rui c mt : 1 rui c mt trng? A.XAXa x XAY B. XAXA x XaY C. XAXa x XaY D.XaXax XAY HD : F2 c 4 t hp = 2x2 vy mi bn cho 2 loi giao t. nh vy rui ci c KG X AXa, rui c l 1 trong 2 KG XAY, XaY tuy nhin F1 ch cho rui ci mt nn KG c con c l XAY vy p n l A Bi 4 (H 2011): g, alen A quy nh tnh trng lng vn tri hon ton so vi alen a quy nh tnh trng lng nu. Cho g mi lng vn giao phi vi g trng lng nu (P), thu c F1 c kiu hnh phn li theo t l 1 g lng vn : 1 g lng nu. Tip tc cho F1 giao phi vi nhau, thu c F2 c kiu hnh phn li theo t l 1 g lng vn : 1 g lng nu. Php lai (P) no sau y ph hp vi kt qu trn ? A. Aa aa. B. AA aa. C. XAXa XaY. D.XaXa XAY. Gi gii: A-Vn, a-nu: P ci vn x c nu F1:1vn:1 nuF2: 1vn:1 nu Nu gen/NST thng P Aa x aa F1: 1 Aa:1aa=> cu trc F1 cha CB m F2 c cu trc nh F1 (v l) 33

Vy gen/NST gii tnh Vit 2 nhanh SL C v D thy p n D ng nht P : XaXa F1: XAXa x XAY XaY

F2: 1XAXa : 1XAY : 1XaXa : 1XaY Bi 5: (C 2011) Rui gim: A-mt , a-trng php lai no sau ya cho TLKH i con 3 : 1 trng. A. XaXa x XaY B. XAXa x XAY C. XaXa x XAY D. XAXa x XaY Gi : 3:1 = 2x2 loi giao t ch c 2 p n B hoc C m li cho 3 vy ch c p n B
Bi 6 (thi th H L xoay 2011): tm, gen A quy nh trng sng, gen a qui nh trng sm trn NST X. Bit rng tm c cho nhiu t hn tm ci. Php lai no sau y c th phn bit tm c, tm ci ngay t giai on trng? A. XaXa x XaY B. XAXa x XAY C. XAXA x XaY D. XaXa x XAY Bi 7 (thi th H Nguyn Hu-h ni 2011): : Cho c th mt thun chng lai vi c th mt trng

c F1 u mt . Cho con ci F1 lai phn tch vi c mt trng thu c t l 3 mt trng: 1 mt , trong mt u l con c. Kt lun no sau y l ng? A. Mu mt di truyn theo tri hon ton. P: XAXA x XaY. B. Mu mt di truyn theo tri hon ton. P: XAXA x XaY. C. Mu mt di truyn theo tng tc b sung. P: AAXBXB x aaXbY. D. Mu mt di truyn theo tng tc b sung. P: AAXBXB x aaXbY.
Bi 8: (thi th H Lam Kinh 2011): C 2 t bo sinh tinh ca mt c th c kiu gen

AaBbddXEY tin hnh gim phn bnh thng hnh thnh nn cc tinh trng, bit qu trnh gim phn din ra bnh thng khng xy ra hon v gen v t bin nhim sc th . Tnh theo l thuyt s loi tinh trng ti a c th to ra l bao nhiu: A. 4 B. 6 C. 8. D. 16. Bi 9: (thi th H Lam Kinh 2011): rui gim gen A quy nh thn xm l tri hon ton so vi a thn en, gen B quy nh cnh di l tri hon ton so vi b cnh ct, gen D quy nh mt l tri hon ton so vi d mt trng ? php lai gia rui gim ab XDXd vi rui gim ab XDY cho F1 c kiu hnh thn en,.cnh ct, mt trng chim t l =5%. Tn s hon v gen l: A. 35%. B. 20%. C. 40%. D. 30%.
Bi 10 HSG Thi bnh 2010: rui gim gen B qui nh mt , gen b qui nh mt trng, cc alen nm trn NST X v khng c alen trn Y. Cho rui ci mt ng hp giao phi vi rui c mt trng. Tn s alen B v b trong i F1 v cc i sau l: A. B : b = :
1 3 4 4

A B

A B

B. B : b = :

1 1 2 2

C. B : b = 1 : 0

D. B : b = :

2 1 3 3

BD Bb XaY , nu c hon v gen c 2 gii, mi gen bd bD qui nh mt tnh trng v cc gen tri hon ton th s loi kiu gen v kiu hnh i con l: A. 40 loi kiu gen, 16 loi kiu hnh. B. 20 loi kiu gen, 16 loi kiu hnh. C. 40 loi kiu gen, 8 loi kiu hnh. D. 20 loi kiu gen, 8 loi kiu hnh.

Bi 11 HSG Thi bnh 2010: php lai X A X a

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