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Sch dnh tng hc sinh ph thng

16 Phng php v k thut gii nhanh ha hc


Cc cng thc gii nhanh trc nghim ha hc


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MC LC
PHN I: 16 PHNG PHP V K THUT GII NHANH BI TP TRC
NGHIM HA HC 3
Phng php 1: Phng php bo ton khi lng 4
Phng php 2: Phng php Bo ton nguyn t 16
Phng php 3: Phng php tng gim khi lng 24
Phng php 4: Phng php Bo ton in tch 40
Phng php 5: Phng php Bo ton electron 46
Phng php 6: Phng php trung bnh 62
Phng php 7: Phng php quy i 77
Phng php 8: Phng php ng cho 89
Phng php 9: Phng php h s 105
Phng php 10: Phng php s dng phng trnh ion thu gn 114
Phng php 11: Kho st th 125
Phng php 12: Phng php kho st t l s mol CO
2
v H
2
O 133
Phng php 13: Phng php chia hn hp thnh hai phn khng
u nhau 145
Phng php 14: Phng php mi quan h gia cc i lng 150
Phng php 15: Phng php chn i lng thch hp 160
Phng php 16: Phng php chn i lng thch hp 170
Phng php 16+: Phng php s dng cng thc kinh nghim 178
PHN II: CC CNG THC GII NHANH TRC NGHIM HA HC 185
CHNG I: CC CNG THC GII NHANH TRONG HA HC 186
CHNG II: MT S BI TP THAM KHO 218
CHNG III: HNG DN GII BI TP 228


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PHN I: 16 PHNG PHP V K THUT GII NHANH
BI TP TRC NGHIM HA HC




























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4
Phng php 1
Phng php bo ton khi lng Phng php bo ton khi lng Phng php bo ton khi lng Phng php bo ton khi lng
1. Ni dung phng php
- p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng (BTKL): Tng khi lng cc cht tham gia phn
ng bng tng khi lng cc cht sn phm
iu ny gip ta gii bi ton ha hc mt cch n gin, nhanh chng
Xt phn ng: A + B C + D
Ta lun c: m
A
+ m
B
= m
C
+ m
D
(1)
* Lu : iu quan trng nht khi p dng phng php ny l vic phi xc nh ng
lng cht (khi lng) tham gia phn ng v to thnh (c ch n cc cht kt ta, bay hi,
c bit l khi lng dung dch).
2. Cc dng bi ton thng gp
H qu 1: Bit tng khi lng cht ban u khi lng cht sn phm
Phng php gii: m(u) = m(sau) (khng ph thuc hiu sut phn ng)
H qu 2: Trong phn ng c n cht tham gia, nu bit khi lng ca (n 1) cht th ta d
dng tnh khi lng ca cht cn li.
H qu 3: Bi ton: Kim loi + axit mui + kh
m = m + m
- Bit khi lng kim loi, khi lng anion to mui (tnh qua sn phm kh) khi
lng mui
- Bit khi lng mui v khi lng anion to mui khi lng kim loi
- Khi lng anion to mui thng c tnh theo s mol kh thot ra:
Vi axit HCl v H
2
SO
4
long
+ 2HCl H
2
nn 2Cl

H
2

+ H
2
SO
4
H
2
nn SO
4
2
H
2

Vi axit H
2
SO
4
c, nng v HNO
3
: S dng phng php ion electron (xem thm
phng php bo ton electron hoc phng php bo ton nguyn t)
H qu 3: Bi ton kh hn hp oxit kim loi bi cc cht kh (H
2
, CO)
S : Oxit kim loi + (CO, H
2
) rn + hn hp kh (CO
2
, H
2
O, H
2
, CO)
Bn cht l cc phn ng: CO + [O] CO
2

H
2
+ [O] H
2
O
n[O] = n(CO
2
) = n(H
2
O) m = m - m
[O]

mui kim loi
anion to mui
rn oxit


5
5
3. nh gi phng php bo ton khi lng.
Phng php bo ton khi lng cho php gii nhanh c nhiu bi ton khi bit quan
h v khi lng ca cc cht trc v sau phn ng.
c bit, khi cha bit r phn ng xy ra hon ton hay khng hon ton th vic s
dng phng php ny cng gip n gin ha bi ton hn.
Phng php bo ton khi lng thng c s dng trong cc bi ton nhiu cht.
4. Cc bc gii.
- lp s bin i cc cht trc v sau phn ng.
- T gi thit ca bi ton tm
m

=
m

(khng cn bit phn ng l hon ton hay


khng hon ton)
- Vn dng nh lut bo ton khi lng lp phng trnh ton hc, kt hp d kin khc
lp h phng trnh ton.
- Gii h phng trnh.
TH D MINH HA
V d 1: Ho tan hon ton 3,9 gam kali vo 36,2 gam nc thu c dung dch c nng
A. 15,47%. B. 13,97%. C. 14,0% D. 4,04%.
Gii:
2K + 2H
2
O 2KOH + H
2

0,1 0,10 0,05(mol)
m
dung dch
= m
K
+
O H
2
m -
2
H
m = 3,9 + 36,2 - 0,05 2 = 40 gam
C%
KOH
=
40
56 0,1
100 % = 14% p n C
V d 2: in phn dung dch cha hn hp CuSO
4
v KCl vi in cc tr n khi thy kh bt
u thot ra c hai in cc th dng li thy c 448 ml kh (ktc) thot ra anot. Dung dch
sau in phn c th ho tan ti a 0,8 gam MgO. Khi lng dung dch sau in phn gim
bao nhiu gam (coi lng H
2
O bay hi l khng ng k) ?
A. 2,7 B. 1,03 C. 2,95. D. 2,89.
Gii:
CuSO
4
+ 2KCl Cu + Cl
2
+ K
2
SO
4
(1)
0,010,01
Dung dch sau in phn ho tan c MgO L dung dch axit, chng t sau phn
ng (1) CuSO
4
d
2CuSO
4
+ 2H
2
O 2Cu + O
2
+ H
2
SO
4
(2)
trc sau
0,02 0,01 0,02 (mol)


6
6
n +
2
O
n =
22400
480
= 0,02 (mol)
H
2
SO
4
+ MgO MgSO
4
+ H
2
O (3)
0,02 0,02 (mol)
m
dung dch gim
= m
Cu
+
2
Cl
m +
2
O
m

= 0,03 64 + 0,01x71 + 0,01x32 = 2,95 gam
p n C
V d 3: Cho 50 gam dung dch BaCl
2
20,8 % vo 100 gam dung dch Na
2
CO
3
, lc b kt ta
c dung dch X. Tip tc cho 50 gam dung dch H
2
SO
4
9,8% vo dung dch X thy ra 0,448 lt
kh (ktc). Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Nng % ca dung dch Na
2
CO
3
v khi lng
dung dch thu c sau cng l:
A. 8,15% v 198,27 gam. B. 7,42% v 189,27 gam.
C. 6,65% v 212,5 gam. D. 7,42% v 286,72 gam.
Gii:
n

= 0,05 mol; n = 0,05 mol
BaCl
2
+ Na
2
CO
3
BaCO
3
+ 2NaCl
0,05 0,05 0,05 0,1
Dung dch B + H
2
SO
4
kh dung dch B c Na
2
CO
3
d
Na
2
CO
3
+ H
2
SO
4
Na
2
SO
4
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O
0,02 0,02
n ban u = 0,05 + 0,02 = 0,07 mol
C% =
100
106 07 , 0
% 100 = 7,42%
LBTKL: m
dd sau cng
= 50 + 100 + 50 - m - m


= 50 + 100 + 50 - 0,05.197 - 0,02.44 = 189,27 gam

p n B


V d 4: X l mt - aminoaxit, phn t cha mt nhm -NH
2
v mt nhm -COOH. Cho 0,89
gam X phn ng va vi HCl thu c 1,255 gam mui. Cng thc to ra ca X l:
A. CH
2
=C(NH
2
)-COOH. B. H
2
N-CH=CH-COOH.
C. CH
3
-CH(NH
2
)-COOH. D. H
2
N-CH
2
-CH
2
-COOH.
Gii:
HOOC - R - NH
2
+ HCl HOOC -R-NH
3
Cl
m
HCl
= m
mui
- m
aminoaxit
= 0,365 gam m
HCl
= 0,01 (mol)
Cl
2

H
2
SO
4
BaCl
2
Na
2
CO
3

Na
2
CO
3

CO
2



7
7
M
aminoxit
=
01 , 0
89 , 0
= 89
Mt khc X l -aminoaxit p n C
V d 5: Cho 15,6 gam hn hp hai ancol n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc dng
ht vi 9,2 gam Na, thu c 24,5 gam cht rn. Hai ancol l:
A. CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH. B. C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH.
C. C
3
H
5
OH v C
4
H
7
OH. D. C
3
H
7
OH v C
4
H
9
OH.
Gii:
2 OH R + 2Na 2 ONa R + H
2

Theo bi hn hp ru tc dng vi ht Na Hc sinh thng nhm l: Na va , do
thng gii sai theo hai tnh hung sau:
Tnh hung sai 1: n
Na
=
23
2 , 9
= 0,4n
ru
= 0,4
ru
=
4 , 0
6 , 15
= 39
p n A Sai.
Tnh hung sai 2: p dng phng php tng gim khi lng:
n
ru
=
22
6 , 15 5 , 24
= 0,405
ru
=
405 , 0
6 , 15
= 38,52 p n A Sai
p dng phng php bo ton khi lng ta c:
m = m
ru
+ m
Na
- m
rn
= 15,6 + 9,2 - 24,5 = 0,3 gam
n
ru
= 2n = 0,3 (mol)
ru
=
3 , 0
6 , 15
= 52 p n B
V d 6: Trng hp 1,680 lt propilen (ktc) vi hiu sut 70%, khi lng polime thu c l:
A. 3,150 gam. B. 2,205 gam. C. 4,550 gam. D.1,850 gam.
Gii:
LBTKL: m
propilen
= m
polime
=
4 , 22
680 , 1
.42.
% 100
% 70
= 2,205 gam p n B
V d 7: X phng ho hon ton 17,24 gam cht bo cn va 0,06 mol NaOH, c cn dung
dch sau phn ng thu c khi lng x phng l:
A. 17,80 gam. B.18,24 gam. C. 16,68 gam. D.13,38 gam.
(Trch thi tuyn sinh vo cc trng i hc, Cao ng khi B, 2008)
Gii:

(RCOO)
3
C
3
H
5
+ 3NaOH3RCOONa + C
3
H
5
(OH)
3

H
2

H
2

M
M

M
0,06 0,02 (mol)


8
8
Theo nh lut bo ton khi lng:
17,24 + 0,06.40= m
x phng
+ 0,02.92 m
x phng
=17,80 gam
p n: A
V d 8: Cho 3,60 gam axit cacboxylic no, n chc X tc dng hon ton vi 500ml dung dch
gm KOH 0,12M v NaOH 0,12M. C cn dung dch thu c 8,28 gam hn hp cht rn khan.
Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. C
2
H
5
COOH. B. CH
3
COOH. C. HCOOH. D.
C
3
H
7
COOH.
(Trch thi tuyn sinh vo cc trng i hc, Cao ng khi B, 2008)
Gii:
RCOOH + KOH RCOOK + H
2
O
RCOOH + NaOH RCOONa + H
2
O
n
NaOH
= n
KOH
= 0,5.0,12 = 0,06 mol
LBTKL: m
X
+ m
NaOH
+ m
KOH
= m
rn
+

m


m = 1,08 gam n = 0,06 mol
n
RCOOH
= n = 0,06 mol M
X
= R + 45 =
06 , 0
60 , 3
= 60 R = 15
X: CH
3
COOH p n B
V d 9: Nung 14,2 gam hn hp 2 mui cacbonat ca 2 kim loi ho tr 2 c 7,6 gam cht rn
v kh X. Dn ton b lng kh X vo 100ml dung dch KOH 1M th khi lng mui thu c
sau phn ng l:
A. 15 gam B. 10 gam C. 6,9 gam D. 5 gam
Gii:
X l CO
2

LBTKL: 14,2 = 7,6 + m
X
m
X
= 6,6 gamn
X
= 0,15 mol
V:
2
CO
KOH
n
m
=
15 , 0
1 , 0
< 1mui thu c l KHCO
3

CO
2
+ KOH

KHCO
3

0,1 0,1 0,1 m

= 0,1.100 = 10 gam p n B
V d 10: Nhit phn hon ton M gam hn hp X gm CaCO
3
v Na
2
CO
3
thu c 11,6 gam
cht rn v 2,24 lt kh iu kin tiu chun. Hm lng % ca CaCO
3
trong X l:
A. 6,25% B. 8,62% C. 50,2% D. 62,5%

H
2
O
H
2
O H
2
O
H
2
O
KHCO
3


9
9
Gii:
CaCO
3

o
t
CaO + CO
2
n
CaCO
3
= n
CO
2
= 0,1 (mol) m
CaCO
3
= 10 gam
Theo LBTKL: m
X
= m
cht rn
= m
kh
= 11,6 + 0,144=16 gam
%CaCO
3
=
16
10
100% = 62,5% p n: D

V d 11: un 27,6 gam hn hp 3 ancol n chc vi H
2
SO
4
c 140
o
C (H=100%) c 22,2
gam hn hp cc ete c s mol bng nhau. S mol mi ete trong hn hp l:
A. 0,3. B. 0,1 C. 0,2 D.0,05
Gii:
S ete thu c l:
2
) 1 3 ( 3 +
= 6
LBTKL: 27,6= 22,2 +
O H
2
m
O H
2
m = 5,4 gam
O H
2
n = 0,3 mol
O H
2
n
=
ete
n = 6n
ete
n
mi ete
= 0,3: 6 = 0,5 mol p n: D
V d 12: t chy hon ton 0,025 mol cht hu c X cn 1,12 lt O
2
(ktc), dn ton b sn
phm thu c qua bnh 1 ng P
2
O
5
khan v bnh 2 ng Ca(OH)
2
d thy khi lng bnh 1
tng 0,9 gam, bnh 2 tng 2,2 gam. Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. C
2
H
4
O. B. C
3
H
6
O. C. C
3
H
6
O
2.
D. C
2
H
4
O
2.

Gii
m
bnh 2 tng
=
2
CO
m , m
bnh 1 tng
=
O H
2
m
LBTKL: m
x
+
2
O
m

=
2
CO
m +
O H
2
m m
x
+ 32.0,05 = 0,9 + 2,2
m
x
= 1,5 gam
M
x
= 1,5:0,025=60 p n: D
V d 13: Cho 20,2 gam hn hp 2 ancol tc dng va vi K thy thot ra 5,6 lt H
2
(ktc) v
khi lng mui thu c l:
A. 3,92 gam B. 29,4 gam C. 32,9 gam D. 31,6 gam
Gii:
R (OH)
a
+ aKR (OK)
a
+
a
2
H
2
x xa 0,5 ax

2
H
n = 0,5 ax = 0,25

ax = 0,5 mol
LBTKL: 20,2 + 39.0,5 = m
mui
+ 2.0,25 m
mui
= 39,2 gam p n A


10
10
V d 14: X phng ho cht hu c X n chc c 1 mui Y v ancol Z. t chy hon ton
4,8 gam Z cn 5,04 lt O
2
(ktc) thu c lng CO
2
sinh ra nhiu hn lng nc l 1,2 gam.
Nung mui Y vi vi ti xt thu c kh T c t khi hi i vi H
2
l 8. Cng thc cu to ca
X l:
A. C
2
H
5
COOCH
3
B. CH
3
COOCH
3
C. HCOOCH
3.
D. CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
Gii:
X + NaOH mui Y + ancol ZX: este n chc
RCOOR + NaOH
o
t
RCOONa + ROH
RCOONa + NaOH

RH + Na
2
CO
3

M
RH
= 8.2 =16RH: CH
4
RCOONa : CH
3
COONa
C
x
H
y
O(Z) + O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O
LBTKL: 4,8 + 0,225.32 =
2
CO
m
+ O H
2
m
=
12
2
CO
m =
O H
2
m

+ 1,2
2
CO
m = 6,6 gam,
O H
2
m = 5,4 gam
m
C
= 12.
2
CO
n =1,8 gam; m
H
= 2.
2
H O
n = 0,6 gam; m
O
= 2,4 gam
x: y: z =
12
8 , 1
:
1
6 , 0
:
16
4 , 2
= 0,15: 0,6: 0,15 = 1: 4: 1
Z: CH
3
OH X : CH
3
COOCH
3
p n B
V d 15: t chy hon ton 4,3 gam mt axit cacboxylic X n chc thu c 4,48lt CO
2
(ktc) v 2,7 gam H
2
O. S mol ca X l:
A. 0,01mol B. 0,02 mol C. 0,04 mol D. 0,05 mol
Gii:
Theo LBTKL: m
X
+
2
O
m =
2
CO
m +
O
2
H
m

2
O
m = 2,7 + 0,2 44 4,3 = 10,3 gam
2
O
n = 0,225 (mol)
p dng bo ton nguyn t i vi oxi:
n
X
+
2
O
n =
2
CO
n +
2
n
O H
2
n
X
=
2
CO
n +
2
n
O H
2
-
2
O
n = 0,05(mol) p n D
V d 16: t chy hon ton x gam hn hp X gm propan, buten-2, axetilen thu c 47,96
gam CO
2
v 21,42 gam H
2
O. Gi tr X l:
A. 15,46. B. 12,46. C. 11,52. D. 20,15.

CaO/t
0



11
11
Gii:
2
CO
n = 1,09 mol ;
2
H O
n = 1,19 mol
x = m
C
+ m
H
= 12.

2
CO
n
+ o H
2
2.n = 15,46 gam p n A
V d 17: un nng 5,14 gam hn hp kh X gm metan, hiro v mt ankin vi xc tc Ni, thu
c hn hp kh Y. Cho hn hp Y tc dng vi dung dch brom d thu c 6,048 lt hn hp
kh Z (ktc) c t khi i vi hiro bng 8. tng khi lng dung dch brom l:
A. 0,82 gam. B. 1,62 gam C. 4,6 gam D. 2,98 gam.
Gii:
X
o
t Ni,
Y
+
2
Br
Z
Nhn thy: m
kh tc dng vi dung dch brom
= m
khi lng bnh brom tng
m
X
= m
Y
= m
Z
+ m
khi lng bnh brom tng

m
khi lng bnh brom tng
= m
X
- m
Z
= 5,14 -
4 , 22
048 , 6
2 8 = 0,82 gam p n A
V d 18: Ho tan hon ton 8,9 gam hn hp 2 kim loi bng dung dch HCl d c 4,48 lt
(ktc). C cn dung dch thu c sau phn ng th lng mui khan thu c l:
A. 23,1 gam B. 46,2 gam C. 70,4 gam D. 32,1 gam
Gii:
Cch 1: Gi cng thc chung ca hai kim loi M, ha tr n
2M + 2nHCl 2MCl
n
+ nH
2

0,4 0,2 (mol)
Theo LBTKL: m
kim loi
+ m
HCl
= m
mui
+
2
H
m

m
mui
= 8,9 + 0,4 36,5 0,2 2 =23,1 gam p n A
Cch 2: m
Cl
-
mui
= n
H
+
=
2
H
2.n = 0,4 (mol)
m
mui
= m
kim loi
+ m
Cl
-
(mui)
= 8,9 + 0,435,5 = 23,1 gam p n A


V d 19. Ho tan hon ton 15,9 gam hn hp gm 3 kim loi Al, Mg v Cu bng dung dch
HNO
3
thu c 6,72 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch X. C cn cn thn dung
dch X th lng mui khan thu c l bao nhiu?
A. 77,1 gam B. 71,7 gam C. 17,7 gam D. 53,1 gam
Gii:

5 +
N + 3e
2 +
N (NO)
0,9 0,3(mol)


12
12
V sn phm kh duy nht l NO
3
O N
n

(trong mui)
=

n
e nhng (hoc nhn)
= 0,9 mol
(Xem thm phng php bo ton e)
m
mui
= m
cation kim loi
+ m
NO

3
(trong mui)
15,9 + 0,962 = 71,7 gam
p n B

BI TP T LUYN

Cu 1 : Trn 5,4 gam Al vi 6,0 gam Fe
2
O
3
ri nung nng thc hin phn ng nhit nhm.
Sau phn ng ta thu c hn hp rn c khi lng l
A.11,40 gam. B. 9,40 gam. C. 22,40 gam. D. 9,45 gam.
Cu 2 : Trong bnh kn cha 0,5 mol CO v m gam Fe
3
O
4
. un nng bnh cho ti khi phn ng
xy ra hon ton, th kh trong bnh c t khi so vi kh CO ban u l 1,457. Gi tr ca m l.
A. 16,8 B. 21,5 C. 22,8 D. 23,2
Cu 3: in phn 100 ml dung dch CuSO
4
vi n cc, sau mt thi gian my khi lng dung
dch gim 12 gam. Dung dch sau in phn tc dng va vi 100ml dung dch H
2
S 1M. Nng
mi ca dung dch CuSO
4
trc khi in phn l
A. 1M. B. 1,5 M. C. 2M. D. 2,5M.
Cu 4 : Cho mt lung CO i qua ng s ng 0,04 mol hn hp A gm FeO v Fe
2
O
3
t nng
sau khi kt thc th nghim thu c cht rn B gm 4 cht nng 4,784 gam. Kh i ra khi ng
s hp th vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d, th thu c 4,6 gam kt ta. Phn trm khi lng FeO
trong hn hp A l
A. 13,03%. B. 31,03%. C. 68,03%. D. 68,97%.
Cu 5 : Dn kh CO t t qua ng s ng 14 gam CuO, Fe
2
O
3
, FeO nung nng mt thi gian
thu c m gam cht rn X. Ton b kh thu c sau phn ng c dn chm qua dung dch
Ca(OH)
2
d, kt ta thu c cho tc dng vi dung dch HCl d c 2,8 lt kh (ktc). Gi tr
ca m l
A. 6 gam. B. 12 gam. C. 8 gam. D. 10 gam.
Cu 6 : Nung hon ton 10,0 gam hn hp X gm CaCO
3
v NaCl. Kt thc th nghim thu c
7,8 gam cht rn khan. Khi lng CaCO
3
c trong X l
A. 5,0 gam. B. 6,0 gam. C. 7,0 gam. D. 8,0 gam.
Cu 7 : Nung nng 34,8 gam hn hp X gm MCO
3
v NCO
3
c m gam cht rn Y v 4,48 lt
CO
2
(ktc). Nung Y cho n khi lng khng i c hn hp rn Z v kh CO
2
dn ton b
CO
2
thu c qua dung dch KOH d, tip tc cho thm CaCl
2
d th c 10 gam kt ta. Ho


13
13
tan hon ton Z trong V lt dung dch HCl 0,4M va c dung dch T. Gi tr m gam v V lt
ln lt l :
A. 26 v 1,5. B. 21,6 v 1,5. C. 26 v 0,6. D. 21,6 v 0,6.
Cu 8 : Ho tan 9,14 gam hp kim Cu, Mg, Al bng mt lng va dung dch HCl thu c
7,84 lt kh X (ktc), 2,54 gam cht rn Y v dung dch Z. Lc b cht rn Y, c cn cn thn
dung dch Z thu c lng mui khan l
A. 31,45 gam. B. 33,99 gam. C. 19,025 gam. D. 56,3 gam.
Cu 9 : Cho 11,0 gam hn hp X gm Al v Fe vo dung dch HNO
3
long d. thu c dung
dch Y (khng cha mui amoni), hn hp kh Y gm 0,2 mol NO v 0,3 mol NO
2
. C cn dung
dch Y th lng mui khan thu c l:
A. 33,4 gam. B. 66,8 gam. C. 29,6 gam. D. 60,6 gam.
Cu 10 : Ho tan ht 7,8 gam hn hp Mg, Al trong dung dch HCl d. Sau phn ng thy khi
lng dung dch tng 7,0 gam so vi ban u. S mol axit phn ng l
A. 0,08 mol B. 0,04 mol C. 0,4 mol D. 0,8 mol
Cu 11 : Cho x gam Fe ho tan trong dung dch HCl, sau khi c cn dung dch thu c 2,465
gam cht rn. Nu cho x gam Fe v y gam Zn vo lng dung dch HCl nh trn thu c 8,965
gam cht rn v 0,336 lt H
2
(ktc). Gi tr ca x, y ln lt l:
A. 5,6 v 3,25 B. 0,56 v 6,5 C. 1,4 v 6,5. D. 7,06 v 0,84
Cu 12 : Ho tan hon ton 11,4 gam hn hp X gm kim loi M (ho tr I) v kim loi N (ho
tr II) vo dung dch cha ng thi H
2
SO
4
v HNO
3
c nng thu c 4,48 lt (ktc) hn hp Y
gm NO
2
v SO
2
c t khi hi so vi hiro l 28,625 v mui khan c khi lng l:
A. 44,7 gam B. 35,4 gam C. 16,05 gam D. 28,05 gam.
Cu 13: Ly 35,1 gam NaCl ho tan vo 244,9 gam H
2
O. Sau in phn dung dnh vi in
cc tr c mng ngn cho ti khi catot thot ra 1,5 gam kh th dng li. Nng cht tan c
trong dung dch sau in phn l:
A. 9,2% B. 9,6% C. 10% D. 10,2%.
Cu 14: un a gam 1 ancol X vi H
2
SO
4
c 170
0
C c 1 olefin. Cho a gam X qua bnh ng
CuO d, nung nng (H = l00%) thy khi lng cht rn gim 0,4 gam v hn hp hi thu c
c t khi hi i vi H
2
l l5,5. Gi tr a gam l:
A. 23 B. 12,5 C. 1,15 D. 16,5.





14
14
Cu 15 : Dn V lt (ktc) hn hp X gm axetilen v H
2
i qua ng s ng Ni nung nng thu
c khi Y. Dn Y vo lng d dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
c 12 gam kt ta. Kh ra khi dung
dch phn ng va vi dung dch cha 16 gam Br
2
v cn li kh Z. t chy hon ton Z thu
c 0,1 mol CO
2
v 0,25 mol nc.
A. 11,2 B. 13,44 C. 5,6 D. 8,96.
Cu 16 : un nng 7,6 gam hn hp X gm C
2
H
2
, C
2
H
4
v H
2
trong bnh kn vi xc tc Ni thu
c hn hp kh B. t chy hon ton hn hp Y, dn sn phm chy thu c ln lt qua
bnh 1 ng H
2
SO
4
c, bnh 2 ng Ca(OH)
2
d thy khi lng bnh 1 tng 14,4 gam. Khi
lng tng ln bnh 2 l
A. 6,0 gam B. 9,6 gam C. 22,0 gam D. 35,2 gam
Cu 17: t chy ht m gam hn hp X gm etan, etilen, axetilen v butaien-1,3 ri cho sn
phm chy hp th vo dung nh nc vi d, thu c 100 gam kt ta. Khi lng dung dch
nc vi sau phn ng gim 39,8 gam. Tr s ca m l:
A. 58,75 gam B. 13,8 gam C. 37,4 gam D. 60,2 gam.
Cu 18 : t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm C
2
H
2
, CH
4
, C
3
H
6
v C
4
H
10
thu c 4,4 gam
CO
2
v 2,52 gam H
2
O. m c gi tri l:
A. 1,48 gam B. 2,48 gam C. 14,8 gam D. 24,8 gam.
Cu 19: Thc hin phn ng ete ho hon ton 11,8 gam hn hp hai ru no n chc, mch
h, ng ng k tip thu c hn hp gm ba ete v l,98 gam nc. Cng thc hai ru l:
A. CH
3
OH, C
2
H
5
OH B. C
4
H
9
OH, C
5
H
11
OH.
C. C
2
H
5
OH, C
3
H
7
OH D. C
3
H
7
OH, C
4
H
9
OH.
Cu 20 : Cho 10,1 gam hn hp 2 ancol n chc, k tip nhau trong dy ng ng tc dng ht
vi 5,75 gam Na c 15,6 gam cht rn. Hai ancol cn tm l
A. C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH. B. CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH.
C. C
3
H
7
OH v C
4
H
9
OH. D. C
3
H
5
OH v C
4
H
9
OH .
Cu 21: Ho tan 25,2 gam tinh th R(COOH)
n
.2H
2
O vo 17,25ml etanol (D = 0,8g/ml) c
dung dch X. Ly 7,8 gam dung dnh X cho tc ng ht vi Na va thu c cht rn Y v
2,464 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Khi lng ca Y l:
A. 12,64 gam B. 10,11 gam C. 12,86 gam D. 10,22 gam.
Cu 22 : t chy hon ton a gam 1 este n chc ca ru metylic cn 1,68 lt kh O
2
(ktc)
thu c 2,64 gam CO
2
; 1,26 gam H
2
O v 0,224 lt N
2
(ktc). Cng thc cu to thu gn ca este
l:
A. CH
3
COOCH
2
NH
2
B. CH
3
CH(NH
2
)COOCH
3
C. H
2
NCH
2
CH
2
COOCH
3
D. H
2
NCH
2
COOCH
3



15
15
Cu 23 : Cho 14,8 gam hn hp bn axit hu c n chc tc dng vi lng va Na
2
CO
3
to
thnh 2,24 lt kh CO
2
(ktc). Khi lng mui thu c l:
A. 15,9 gam B. 17,0 gam C. 19,3 gam D. 19,2 gam.
Cu 24 : t hon ton 34 gam este X cn 50,4 lt O
2
(ktc) thu c
O H CO
2 2
n : n = 2 . un
nng 1 mol X cn 2 mol NaOH. Cng thc cu to ca X l
A. CH
3
COOC
6
H
5
B. C
6
H
5
COOCH
3
C. C
2
H
5
COOC
6
H
5
D. C
6
H
5
COOC
2
H
5

Cu 25 : X phng ho hon ton m gam lipit X bng 200 gam dung dch NaOH 8%. Sau phn
ng c 9,2 gam glixerol v 94,6 gam cht rn khan. Cng thc cu to ca X l
A. (C
17
H
35
COO)
3
C
3
H
5
B. (C
15
H
31
COO)
3
C
3
H
5

C. (C
17
H
33
COO)
3
C
3
H
5
D. (C
17
H
31
COO)
3
C
3
H
5

Cu 26 : un nng 15 gam cht bo trung tnh vi 150ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Phi dnh 50ml
dung dch H
2
SO
4
1M trung ho NaOH d. Khi lng x phng (cha 70% khi lng mui
nm ca axit bo) thu c t 2 tn cht bo trn l
A. 2062 kg B. 3238 kg. C. 2946 kg. D. 2266 kg.
Cu 27 : x phng ho hon ton 1 kg cht bo (c ln 1 lng nh axit bo t do) c ch s
axit bng 8,4 phi dng 450ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Khi lng x phng thu c l
A. 1001,6 kg. B. 978,7 gam. C. 987,7 kg D. 1006,1 gam.
Cu 28 : Cho 15 gam hn hp 3 amin n chc bc mt tc dng va vi dung dch HCl
1,2M th thu c 18,504 gam mui. Th tch ung dch HCl phi dng l
A. 0,8 lt. B. 0,08 lt. C. 0,4 lt. D. 0,04 lt
Cu 29 : Cho 0,01 mol amino axit X phn ng va vi 100ml dung dch HCl 0,1M thu c
1,695 gam mui. Mt khc 19,95 gam X tc dng vi 350ml dung dch NaOH 1M. C cn dung
dch thu c 28,55 gam cht rn. Cng thc cu to ca X l
A. HOOCCH(NH
2
)CH
2
NH
2
B. NH
2
(CH
2
)
3
COOH.
C. HOOCCH
2
CH(NH
2
)COOH. D. HOOC(CH
2
)
2
CH(NH
2
)COOH.


P N
1A 2D 3D 4A 5B 6A 7A 8A 9B 10D
11C 12D 13B 14C 15A 16C 17B 18A 19C 20B
21A 22D 23D 24A 25D 26C 27D 28B 29C









16
16
Phng php 2
Phng php Bo ton nguyn t
I. PHNG PHP GII
- Nguyn tc chung ca phng php l da vo nh lut bo ton nguyn t (BTNT); Trong
cc phn ng ha hc thng thng, cc nguyn t lun c bo ton
iu ny c ngha l: Tng s mol nguyn t ca mt nguyn t X bt k trc v sau phn ng
l lun bng nhau
- im mu cht ca phng php l phi xc nh c ng cc hp phn c cha nguyn t X
trc v sau phn ng, p dng LBT nguyn t vi X rt ra mi quan h gia cc hp
phn t a ra kt lun chnh.
II. CC DNG BI TP THNG GP
Phng php bo ton nguyn t c th p dng cho hu ht cc dng bi tp, c bit l cc
dng bi hn hp nhiu cht, xy ra nhiu bin i phc tp. Di y l mt s dng bi tp in
hnh.
Dng 1. T nhiu cht ban u to thnh mt sn phm.
T d kin bi s mol ca nguyn t X trong cc cht u tng s mol trong sn phm
to thnh s mol sn phm.
- Hn hp kim loi v oxit kim loi hyroxit kim loi oxit
- Al v Al
2
O
3
+ cc oxit st hn hp rn hyroxit Al
2
O
3
+ Fe
2
O
3


2 3
Al O
n
(cui)
=
Al
n
2
+
2 3
Al O
n
(u)
;
2 3
Fe O
n
(cui)
=
Fe
n
2


Dng 2. T mt cht ban u to thnh hn hp nhiu sn phm
T d kin bi tng s mol ban u, s mol ca cc hp phn cho s mol ca cht
cn xc nh.
- Axit c tnh oxi ha (HNO
3
, H
2
SO
4
c, nng) Mui + kh
n
X (axit)
= n
X (mui)
+ n
X (kh)
(X: N hoc S)
- Kh CO
2
(hoc SO
2
) hp th vo dung dch kim:
CO
2
CO
3
2
+ HCO
3

SO
2
SO
3
2
+ HSO
3



2
CO
n =
2
3
CO
n

+
3
HCO
n


2
SO
n =
2
3
SO
n

+
3
HSO
n




t
0

(u)

Kim loi


17
17
- Tnh lng tnh ca Al(OH)
3

Trng hp 1 Trng hp 2
Al
3+ OH

Al(OH)
3
+ [Al(OH)
4
]

[Al(OH)
4
]


H
+
Al(OH)
3
+ Al
3+


3
Al
n
+

=
3
Al(OH)
n
[ ]

+
3
Al(OH)
n
4
Al(OH)
n
[ ]

=
3
Al
n
+
+
3
Al(OH)
n
- Hn hp cc oxit kim loi + CO (H
2
)
0
t
hn hp cht rn + CO
2
(H
2
O)
Theo nh lut bo ton nguyn t vi O:
* Khi H = 100%: n
O (oxit)
= n
O (rn)
+ n
hn hp kh sau
= n
O (rn)
+ n
hn hp kh trc

* Khi H < 100%:
n
O (oxit)
= n
O (rn)
+


- Bi ton cracking ankan:
Ankan X hn hp Y
Mc d c nhng bin i ha hc xy ra trong qu trnh cracking, v Y thng l hn hp phc
tp (c th c H
2
), do phn ng cracking xy ra theo nhiu hng, vi hiu sut H < 100%.
Nhng ta ch quan tm n s bo ton nguyn t i vi C, H t d dng xc nh c tng
lng ca 2 nguyn t ny.

Thng thng bi cho s mol ankan X
C(Y) C(X)
H(Y) H(X)
n n
n n

=




Dng 3. T nhiu cht ban u to thnh hn hp nhiu sn phm
Trong trng hp ny khng cn thit phi tm chnh xc s mol ca tng cht, m ch quan tm
n h thc:
X(
n

=
X(
n


Tc l ch quan tm n tng s mol ca nguyn t trc v sau phn ng. Nu bit
X(
n

X(
n

v ngc li.
Vi dng ny, bi thng yu cu thit lp mt h thc di dng tng qut v s mol cc cht.
Dng 4. Bi ton it chy trong ha hu c
Xt bi t chy tng qut: C
x
H
y
O
z
N
t
+ O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O + N
2

n
C
=
2
CO
n
Theo LBT nguyn t: n
H
= 2.
2
H O
n
x y z t
O(C H O N )
n = 2.
2
CO
n +
2
H O
n - 2.
2
O
n
n
N
= 2.
2
N
n
m
hn hp kh sau
- m
hn hp

kh
trc

16
cracking
u) cui)
u)
cui)
t
0



18
18
Phng php bo ton khi lng nguyn t vi O c s dng rt ph bin trong cc bi ton
ha hu c.

* Ch : i vi trng hp t chy hp cht hu c cha Nit bng khng kh, lng nit thu
c sau phn ng l:
2
N
n
(sau phn ng)
=
2
N
n
(t phn ng t chy)
+
2
N
n
(t khng kh)

p dng tt phng php BTNT, cn ch mt s im sau:
* Hn ch vit phng trnh phn ng m thay vo nn vit s phn ng (s hp
thc, c ch h s) biu din cc bin i c bn ca cc nguyn t quan tm.
* bi thng cho (hoc qua d kin bi ton s tnh c) s mol ca nguyn t quan tm,
t xc nh c lng (mol, khi lng) ca cc cht.
III. CC V D
V d 1: Ho tan hn hp X gm 0,2 mol Fe v 0,1 mol Fe
2
O
3
vo dung dch HCl d c dung
dch D. Cho dung dch D tc dng vi NaOH d thu c kt ta. Lc kt ta, ra sch em nung
trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn Y. Gi tri ca m l
A. 16,0. B. 30,4. C. 32,0. D. 48,0.
Gii:
S :

} {
3 2
t
3
2 NaOH
3
2 HCl
3 2
O Fe Y
Fe(OH)
Fe(OH)
FeCl
FeCl
O Fe
Fe
X
0

)
`


)
`


)
`


Theo BTNT vi Fe: nFe
2
O
3(Y)
= mol 0,2 0,1
2
0,2
n
2
n
(X) O Fe
Fe
3 2
= + = +
m = 0,2.160 = 32,0 p n C
V d 2: un nng hn hp bt X gm 0,06 mol Al, 0,01 mol Fe
3
O
4
, 0,015 mol Fe
2
O
3
v 0,02
mol FeO mt thi gian. Hn hp Y thu c sau phn ng c ho tan hon ton vo dung dch
HCl d, thu c dung dch Z. Thm NH
3
vo Z cho n d, lc kt ta T, em nung ngoi
khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c m gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m l
A. 6,16. B. 6,40. C. 7,78. D. 9.46
Gii:

Theo BTNT vi Al:
3 2
O Al
n =
2
n
Al
=
0,03 mol


19
19
Theo BTNT vi Fe:

3 2
O Fe
n = mol 0,04 n
2
3n
2
n
(X) O Fe
(X) O Fe
Fe
3 2
4 3
= + +
m = = + = + 9,46 0,04.160 0,06.102 n n
3 2 3 2
O Fe O Al
p n D
V d 3: t chy 9,8 gam bt Fe trong khng kh thu c hn hp rn X gm FeO, Fe
3
O
4
v
Fe
2
O
3
. ho tan X cn dng va ht 500ml dung dch HNO
3
1,6M, thu c V lt kh NO (sn
phm kh duy nht, do ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 6,16. B. 10,08. C. 11,76. D. 14,0.
Gii:
S phn ng : Fe +
+ +
NO ) Fe(NO X
3 3
HNO t O
3
0
2,

Theo BNTN vi Fe:
3 3
) Fe(NO
n = n
Fe
= 0,175mol
Theo BNTN vi N: n
NO
=
3
HNO
n 3
3 3
) Fe(NO
n = 0,5.1,6 3.0,175 = 0,275 mol
V = 0,275. 22,4 = 6,16 p n A
V d 4: Ly a mol NaOH hp th hon ton 2,64 gam kh CO
2
, thu c ng 200ml dung dch
X. Trong dung dch X khng cn NaOH v nng ca ion
2
3
CO l 0,2M. a c gi tr l :
A. 0,06. B. 0,08. C. 0,10. D. 0,12.
Gii:
S phn ng :
CO
2
+ NaOH Na
2
CO
3
+ NaHCO
3

Theo BNTN vi C : 0,02mol 0,2.0,2
44
2,64
n n n
3 2 2 3
CO Na CO NaHCO
= = =

Theo BNTN vi Na: a = 2
3 2
CO Na
n +
3
NaHCO
n = 2. 0,04 + 0,02 = 0,1

p n C
V d 5: Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm x mol FeS
2
v y mol Cu
2
S vo axit HNO
3
(va ), thu
c dung dch X (ch cha hai mui sunfat) v kh duy nht NO. T s x/y l
A. 6/5. B. 2/1. C. 1/2. D. 5/6.
Gii:
X ch cha 2 mui sunfat, kh NO l duy nht S chuyn ht thnh
2
4
SO

S bin i:


2y y 0,5x x
2CuSO S Cu ; ) (SO Fe 2FeS
4 2 3 4 2 2

Theo BTNT vi S: 2x + y = 3.0,5x + 2y 0,5x = y x/y = 2/1 p n B



20
20
V d 6: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm C
3
H
8
, C
4
H
6
, C
5
H
10
v C
6
H
6
thu c 7,92
gam CO
2
v 2,7 gam H
2
O, m c gi tr l
A. 2,82. B. 2,67. C. 2,46. D. 2,31.
Gii:
S phn ng: X {C
3
H
8
, C
4
H
6
, C
5
H
10
, C
6
H
6
}
+
0
2
,t O

O H
CO
2
2

Theo BTNT vi C v H: m = m
c
+ m
H
= = + 2,46
9
2,7
x12
44
7,92
p n C
V d 7: Tin hnh cracking nhit cao 5,8 gam butan. Sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp
kh X gm CH
4
, C
2
H
6
, C
2
H
4
, C
3
H
6
v C
4
H
10
. t chy hon ton X trong kh oxi d, ri dn ton
b sn phm sinh ra qua bnh ng H
2
SO
4
c. tng khi lng ca bnh H
2
SO
4
c l
A. 9,0 gam. B. 4,5 gam. C. 18,0 gam. D. 13,5 gam.
Gii:
S phn ng : C
4
H
10
0
2,
O t cracking
X
+

H
2
O
Khi lng bnh H
2
SO
4
c tng ln l khi lng ca H
2
O

b hp th
Theo BTNT vi H: mol 0,5
58
5,8
5.
2
10n
2
n
n
10 4
2
H C
H
O H
= = = =

O H
2
n = 0,5.18 = 9,0 gam p n A
V d 8: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol anehit n chc X cn dng va 12,32 lt kh O
2
(ktc),
thu c 17,6 gam CO
2
, X l anehit no di y?
A. CH=C-CH
2
-CHO. B. CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CHO.
C. CH
2
=CH-CH
2
-CHO. D. CH
2
=C=CH-CHO.
Gii:
2
O
n = 0,55 mol;
2
CO
n = 0,4 mol
Nhn xt: X l anehit n chc n
O(X)
= n
X
= 0,1 mol
Theo LBT nguyn t vi O :
O H
2
n =
O) O(H
2
n = n
X
+ 2
2
O
n - 2
2
CO
n = 0,1+2.0,55-2.0,4 = 0,4 mol
Nhn thy:

=
= =
X CO
CO O H
4n n
0,4mol n n
2
2 2


X l CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CHO p n B




21
21
V d 9: X l mt ancol no, mch h. t chy hon ton 0,05 mol X cn 5,6 gam oxi, thu c
hi nc v 6,6 gam CO
2
. Cng thc ca X l
A. C
2
H
4
(OH)
2
B. C
3
H
7
OH. C. C
3
H
6
(OH)
2
D. C
3
H
5
(OH)
3

Gii:
2
O
n = 0,175mol;
2
CO
n = 0,15mol
S chy: X + O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O
V X l ancol no, mnh h
2 2
CO X O H
n n n + = = 0,05+0,15 = 0,2 mol
Theo LBT nguyn t vi O :
n
O(X)
=
2 2 2
O O H CO
n 2 n n 2 + = 2.0,15 + 0,2 2.0,175 = 0,15mol
Nhn thy

=
=
X O(X)
X CO
3n n
3n n
2
X l C
3
H
5
(OH)
3


p n D
V d 10: t chy hon ton m gam mt amin n chc X bng lng khng kh va thu
c 1,76 gam CO
2
; 1,26 gam H
2
O v V lt N
2
(ktc). Gi thit khng kh ch gm N
2
V O
2

trong oxi chim 20% v th tch. Cng thc phn t ca X v th tch V ln lt l
A. X l C
2
H
5
NH
2
; V = 6,72 1t. B. X l C
3
H
7
NH
2
; V = 6,944 1t.
C. X l C
3
H
7
NH
2
; V = 6,72 1t. D. X l C
2
H
5
NH
2
; V = 6,944 1t.
Gii:
2
CO
n = 0,04 mol;
O H
2
n = 0,07 mol
Nhn thy: = =
2
7
0,04
0,07.2
n
n
C
H
X l C
2
H
5
NH
2
S chy: 2C
2
H
5
NH
2
+ O
2


4CO
2
+ 7H
2
O + N
2

Theo LBT nguyn t vi N:
2
N
n
(t phn ng t chy)
= 0,01mol
2
0,02
2
n
X
= =
Theo LBT nguyn t vi O:
CO
2
n + 0,075mol
2
0,07
0,04
2
n
O H
2
= + =

2
N
n
(t khng kh)
=
2
O
4n = 4. 0,075 = 0,3 mol

2
N
n
(thu c)
=
2
N
n
(t phn ng t chy)
+
2
N
n
(t khng kh)
= 0,01 + 0,3 = 0,31 mol


V= 22,4.0,31 = 6,944 lt p n D





22
22
IV. BI TP T LUYN

Cu 1 : Hn hp cht rn X gm 0,1 mol Fe
2
O
3
v 0,1 mol Fe
3
O
4
. Ho tan hon ton X bng
dung dch HCl d, thu c dung dch Y. Cho NaOH d vo Y, thu c kt ta Z. Lc ly kt
ta, ra sch ri em nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i th thu c cht rn c
khi lng l
A. 32,0 gam. B. 16,0 gam. C. 39,2 gam. D. 40,0 gam.
Cu 2 : Cho 4,48 lt kh CO ( ktc) t t i qua ng s nung nng ng 8 gam mt oxit st n
khi phn ng xy ra hon ton. Kh thu c sau phn ng c t khi so vi hiro bng 20. Cng
thc ca oxit st v phn trm th tch ca kh CO
2
trong hn hp kh sau phn ng ln lt l:
A. FeO; 75%. B. Fe
2
O
3
; 75%. C. Fe
2
O
3
; 65%. D. Fe
3
O
4
; 75%.
Cu 3 : Hn hp A gm etan, etilen, axetilen v butaien-1,3. t chy ht m gam hn hp A.
Cho sn phm chy hp th vo dung dch nc vi d, thu c 100 gam kt ta v khi lng
dung dch nc vi sau phn ng gim 39,8 gam. Tr s ca m l
A. 13,8 gam. B. 37,4 gam. C. 58,75 gam. D. 60,2 gam.
Cu 4 : Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,12 mol FeS
2
v a mol Cu
2
S vo axit HNO
3
(va ),
thu c dung dch X (ch cha hai mui sunfat) v kh duy nht NO. Gi tr ca m l
A. 0,06. B. 0,04. C. 0,12. D. 0,075.
Cu 5 : t chy hon ton mt th tch kh thin nhin gm metan, etan, propan bng oxi khng
kh (trong khng kh, oxi chim 20% th tch), thu c 7,84 lt kh CO
2
( ktc) v 9,9 gam
nc. Th tch khng kh ( ktc) nh nht cn dng t chy hon ton lng kh thin nhin
trn l
A. 70,0 lt B. 78,4 lt. C. 84,0 lt. D. 56,0 lt.
Cu 6 : Dn V lt ( ktc) hn hp X gm axetilen v hiro i qua ng s ng bt niken nung
nng, thu c kh Y. Dn Y vo lng d AgNO
3
(hoc Ag
2
O) trong dung dch NH
3
thu c
12 gam kt ta. Kh i ra khi dung dch phn ng va vi 16 gam brom v cn li kh Z. t
chy hon ton kh Z thu c 2,24 lt kh CO
2
( ktc) v 4,5 gam nc. Gi tr ca V bng
A. 5,6. B. 13,44. C. 11,2. D. 8,96.
Cu 7: Ho tan hon ton 0,3 mol hn hp gm Al v Al
4
C
3
vo dung dch KOH (d), thu c
x mol hn hp kh v dung dch X. Sc kh CO
2
(d) vo dung dch X, lng kt ta thu c l
46,8 gam. Gi tr ca x l
A. 0,55. B. 0,60. C. 0,40. D. 0,45.


23
23
Cu 8 : Ho tan hon ton m gam oxit Fe
x
O
y
bng dung dch H
2
SO
4
c nng va , c cha
0,075 mol H
2
SO
4
, thu c z gam mui v thot ra 168ml kh SO
2
(sn phm kh duy nht, o
ktc). Oxit Fe
x
O
y
l
A. FeO. B. Fe
2
O
3
C. Fe
3
O
4
D. FeO hoc Fe
3
O
4

Cu 9: Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,27 gam bt nhm v 2,04 gam bt Al
2
O
3
trong dung
dch NaOH d thu c dung dch X. Cho CO
2
d tc dng vi dung dch X thu c kt ta Y,
nung Y nhit cao n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn Z. Bit hiu sut cc phn ng
u t 100%. Khi lng ca Z l
A. 2,04 gam B. 2,31 gam. C. 3,06 gam. D. 2,55 gam.
Cu 10 : un nng 7,6 gam hn hp A gm C
2
H
2
, C
2
H
4
v H
2
trong bnh kn vi xc tc Ni thu
c hn hp kh B. t chy hon ton hn hp B, dn sn phm chy thu c ln lt qua
bnh 1 ng H
2
SO
4
c, bnh 2 ng Ca(OH)
2
d thy khi lng bnh 1 tng 14,4 gam. Khi
lng tng ln bnh 2 l
A. 6,0 gam B. 9,6 gam. C. 35,2 gam. D. 22,0 gam.
Cu 11 : t chy hon ton m gam hn hp hai ancol n chc cng dy ng ng dng va
V lt kh O
2
(ktc), thu c 10,08 lt CO
2
(ktc) v 12,6 gam H
2
O. Gi tr ca V l
A. 17,92 lt. B. 4,48 lt. C. 15,12 lt. D. 25,76 lt.
Cu 12 : t chy mt hn hp hidrocacbon X thu c 2,24 lt CO
2
(ktc) v 2,7 gam H
2
O.
Th tch O
2
tham gia phn ng chy (ktc) l
A. 2,80 lt B. 3,92 lt. C. 4,48 lt. D. 5,60 lt.
Cu 13 : Dung dch X gm Na
2
CO
3
, K
2
CO
3
, NaHCO
3
. Chia X thnh hai phn bng nhau :
- Phn 1: tc dng vi nc vi trong d c 20 gam kt ta.
- Phn 2: tc dng vi dung dch HCl d c V lt kh CO
2
(ktc). Gi tr ca V l:
A. 2,24. B. 4,48. C. 6,72. D. 3,36.
Cu 14 : Chia hn hp gm : C
3
H
6
, C
2
H
4
, C
2
H
2
thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
- t chy phn 1 thu c 2,24 lt kh CO
2
(ktc).
- Hiro ho phn 2 ri t chy ht sn phm th th tch CO
2
(ktc) thu c l:
A. 2,24 lt. B. 1,12 lt. C. 3,36 lt. D. 4,48 lt.


P N
1D 2B 3A 4A 5A 6C 7B
8C 9D 10D 11C 12B 13B 14A



24
24
Phng php 3
Phng php tng gim khi lng
I. PHNG PHP GII
1. Ni dung phng php
- Mi s bin i ha hc (c m t bng phng trnh phn ng) u c lin quan n s
tng hoc gim khi lng ca cc cht.
+ Da vo s tng hoc gim khi lng khi chuyn 1 mol cht X thnh 1 hoc nhiu mol
cht Y (c th qua cc giai on trung gian) ta d dng tnh c s mol ca cc cht v ngc
li, t s mol hoc quan h v s mol ca 1 cc cht m ta s bit c s tng hay gim khi
lng ca cc cht X, Y.
+ Mu cht ca phng php l: * Xc nh ng mi lin h t l mi gia cc cht bit
(cht X) vi cht cn xc nh (cht Y) (c th khng cn thit phi vit phng trnh phn ng,
m ch cn lp s chuyn ha gia 2 cht ny, nhng phi da vo LBT nguyn t xc
nh t l mi gia chng).
* Xem xt khi chuyn t cht X thnh Y (hoc ngc li)
th khi lng tng ln hay gim i theo t l phn ng v theo cho.
* Sau cng, da vo quy tc tam sut, lp phng trnh
ton hc gii.
2. Cc dng bi ton thng gp
Bi ton 1: Bi ton kim loi + axit (hoc hp cht c nhm OH linh ng) mui + H
2

2M + 2nHX 2MX
n
+ nH
2
(l)
2M + nH
2
SO
4
M
2
(SO
4
)
n
+ nH
2
(2)
2R(OH)
n
+ 2nNa 2R(ONa)
n
+ nH
2
(3)
T (l), (2) ta thy: khi lng kim loi gim v tan vo dung dch di dng ion, nhng nu
c cn dung dch sau phn ng th khi lng cht rn thu c s tng ln so vi khi lng
kim loi ban u, nguyn nhn l do c anion gc axit thm vo.
T (3) ta thy: khi chuyn 1 mt Na vo trong mui s gii phng 0,5 mol H
2
tng ng vi s
tng khi lng l m

= M
RO
. Do , khi bit s mol H
2
v m

=> R.
Th d: Cho m gam ancol n chc X vo bnh ng Na d, sau phn ng c 0,1 mol H
2
v
khi lng bnh tng 6,2gam. Xc nh CTPT ca X.


25
25
RO = 31 R = 15 (CH
3
) X l CH
3
OH
Hng dn gii
Theo (3), vi n = 1 : 1 mol Na 1 mol R- ONa
0,5 mol H
2
: m

= M
RO

0,1 mol H
2
: m

= 6,2gam
Bi ton 2: Bi ton nhit luyn
Oxit (X) + CO (hoc H
2
) rn (Y) + CO
2
(hoc H
2
O)
Ta thy: d khng xc nh c Y gm nhng cht g nhng ta lun c v oxi b tch ra khi
oxit v thm vo CO (hoc H
2
) to CO
2
hoc H
2
O
m

= m
X
- m
Y
= m
O
n
O
=
16
m

= n
CO
= n
2
CO
(hoc =
2
H
n = n
2
H )
Bi ton 3: Bi ton kim loi + dung dch mui: nA + mB
n+
nA
m+
+ mB
Ta thy: tng (gim) khi lng ca kim loi chnh l gim (tng) khi lng ca
mui (v m
anion
= const) .
* Ch : Coi nh ton b kim loi thot ra l bm ht ln thanh kim loi nhng vo dung dch
mui.
Bi ton 4: Bi ton chuyn ha mui ny thnh mui khc.
Khi lng mui thu c c th tng hoc gim, do s thay th anion gc axit ny bng
anion gc axit khc, s thay th ny lun tun theo quy tc ha tr (nu ha tr ca nguyn t kim
loi khng thay i).
* T 1 mol CaCO
3
CaCl
2
: m

= 71 - 60 = 11
( c 1 mol CO
3
2
ha tr 2 phi c thay th bng 2 mol Cl

ha tr 1)
* T 1 mol CaBr
2
2 mol AgBr: m

= 2. 108 - 40 = 176
( c 1 mol Ca
2+
ha tr 2 phi c thay th bng 2 mol Ag
+
ha tr 1)

Bi ton 5: Bi ton chuyn oxit thnh mui:
M
x
O
y
M
x
Cl
2y
(c 1 mol O
-2
c thay th bng 2 mol Cl

)
M
x
O
y
M
x
(SO
4
)
y
(c 1 mol O
-2
c thay th bng 1 mol SO
4
2
)
* Ch : Cc iu ny ch ng khi kim loi khng thay i ha tr.
Bi ton 6: Bi ton phn ng este ha:
RCOOH + HO R

RCOOR

+ H
2
O


26
26
- m
este
< m : m tng = m - m
este

- m
este
> m : m gim = m
este
m
Bi ton 7: Bi ton phn ng trung ha: - OH
axit, phenol
+ kim
- OH
(axit, phenol)
+ NaOH - ONa + H
2
O
(c 1 mol axit (phenol) mui: m

= 23 1 = 22)
3. nh gi phng php tng gim khi lng
- Phng php tng gim khi lng cho php gii nhanh c nhiu bi ton khi bit quan
h v khi lng v t l mi ca cc cht trc v sau phn ng.
- c bit, khi cha bit r phn ng xy ra l hon ton hay khng hon ton th vic s
dng phng php ny cng gip n gin ha bi ton hn.
- Cc bi ton gii bng phng php tng gim khi lng u c th gii c theo
phng php bo ton khi lng, v vy c th ni phng php tng gim khi lng v bo
ton khi lng l 2 anh em sinh i. Tuy nhin, ty tng bi tp m phng php ny hay
phng php kia s l u vit hn.
- Phng php tng gim khi lng thng c s dng trong cc bi ton hn hp nhiu
cht.
4. Cc bc gii.
- Xc nh ng mt quan h t l mi gia cht cn tm v cht bit (nh vn dng
LBTNL).
- Lp s chuyn ho ca 2 cht ny.
- Xem xt s tng hoc gim ca M v m theo phng trnh phn ng v theo d kin bi
ton
- Lp phng trnh ton hc gii.
II. TH D MINH HA
V d 1: Khi oxi ho hon ton 2,2 gam mt anehit n chc thu c 3 gam axit tng ng.
Cng thc anehit l
A. HCHO. B. C
2
H
3
CHO. C. C
2
H
5
CHO. D. CH
3
CHO.
Gii:
RCHO
[O]
RCOOH
x mol x mol
m
tng
= 16x = 3 2,2 x = 0,05
mui
mui
mui mui


27
27
M
anehit
= (R+29) = = = CHO CH 15 R 44
0,05
2,2
3
p n D
V d 2 : Oxi ho m gam X gm CH
3
CHO, C
2
H
3
CHO, C
2
H
5
CHO bng oxi c xc tc, sn phm
thu c sau phn ng gm 3 axit c khi lng (m + 3,2) gam. Cho m gam X tc dng vi
lng d dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
th thu c x gam kt ta. Gi tr ca x l
A. 10,8 gam B. 21,6 gam C. 32,4 gam D. 43,2 gam
Gii
2 +
0
t xt,
2
O CHO R 2 COOOH R
Khi lng tng 3,2 gam l khi lng ca oxi tham gia phn ng
n
x
= 2
2
O
n = 2 x 0,2(mol)
32
3,2
=
V cc anehit l n chc (khng c HCHO) n
Ag
= 2n
x
= 2.0,2 = 0,4 (mol)
m
Ag
= x = 0,4.108 = 43,2 gam p n D
V d 3 : Cho 3,74 gam hn hp 4 axit, n chc tc dng vi dung dch Na
2
CO
3
thu c V lt kh
CO
2
(ktc) v dung dch mui. C cn dung dch th thu c 5,06 gam mui. Gi tr ca V lt l:
A. 0,224 B. 0,448. C. 1,344. D. 0,672
Gii:
O H CO COONa R 2 NaCO COOH R
2 2 3
+ + +
a mol a mol 0,5a mol


m tng = (23 - 1)a = 5,06 3,74 a = 0,06 mol

2
CO
V = 0,06. 0,5. 22,4 = 0,672 lt p n D
V d 4: Cho 2,02 gam hn hp hai ancol n chc, ng ng k tip tc dng va vi Na
c 3,12 gam mui khan. Cng thc phn t ca hai ancol l :
A. CH
3
OH, C
2
H
5
OH. B. C
2
H
5
OH, C
3
H
7
OH.
C. C
3
H
7
OH, C
4
H
9
OH. D. C
4
H
9
OH, C
5
H
11
OH.
Gii:
2
1
ROH Na RONa H
2
+ +
a mol a mol
m
tng
= 22a = 3,12 2,02 a = 0,05 mol
M
2 ru
= M
R
+17 = < = 15 4 , 40
05 . 0
02 , 2
M
R
= 23,4

< 29

2 ru l: CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH p n A


28
28
V d 5: Trung ho 5,48 gam hn hp X gm axit axetic, phenol v axit benzoic cn dng 600ml
dung dch NaOH 0,10M. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c hn hp cht rn khan c khi
lng l:
A. 8,64 gam. B. 6,84 gam. C. 4,90 gam. D. 6,80 gam.
Gii:
n
NaOH
= 0,06mol
Hn hp X + NaOH Mui + H
2
, trong nguyn t H trong nhm OH hoc COOH c
thay th bi nguyn t Na
tng khi lng = 22. 0,06 = 1,32 gam
Khi lng mui = 5,48 + 1,32 = 6,80gam p n D
V d 6 : t chy hon ton m gam hn hp cc este no, n nhc, mch h. Dn ton b sn
phm chy vo bnh ng dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d thy khi lng bnh tng 1,55 gam. Khi
lng kt ta thu c l:
A. 2,5 gam. B. 4,925 gam. C. 6,94 gam. D. 3.52 gam.
Gii:
O H n CO n O O H C
2 2
t
2 2 n 2 n
0
+ +
a mol n a n a
O H BaCO Ba(OH) CO
2 3 2 2
+ +
n a n a
= bnh m
2
CO
m
+ O H
2
m
=
0,025 a n 1,55 a n 18 a n 44 = = +
m
kt ta
= 0,025.197 = 4,925 gam p n B
V d 7: Cho m gam hn hp bt Zn v Fe vo lng d dung dch CuSO
4
. Sau khi kt thc phn
ng lc b phn dung dch thu c m gam bt rn. Thnh phn % theo khi lng ca Zn trong
hn hp ban u l:
A. 90,28% B. 85,30% C. 82,20% D. 12,67%
Gii:
Zn + CuSO
4
ZnSO
4
+Cu (1)
x

x
m
gim
= (65 - 64)x = x
Fe + CuSO
4
FeSO
4
+ Cu (2)
y

y


m
tng
= (64 - 56)y = 8y


29
29
V khi lng hn hp rn trc v sau phn ng i m
gim
= m
tng
x = 8y
%Zn = =
+
90,28% 100% x
56y 65x
65x
p n A
V d 8: Cho 4,48 lt CO (ktc) tc dng vi FeO nhit cao mt thi gian, sau phn ng thu
c cht rn X c khi lng b hn 1,6gam so vi khi lng FeO ban u. Khi lng Fe thu
c v % th tch CO
2
trong hn hp kh sau phn ng ln lt l:
A. 5,6gam; 40% B. 2,8gam; 25%
C. 5,6gam; 50% C. 11,2gam; 60%
Gii:
FeO + CO
2
t
CO Fe
0
+
m
gim
= m
O(oxit phn ng )
= 0,1(mol)
16
1,6
=


Fe
n =
2
CO
n = 0,1 (mol) m
Fe
= 0,1.56 = 5,6gam (*)
Theo bo ton nguyn t: n
hn hp kh sau phn ng
= nCO
(ban u)
= 0,2 (mol)
% th tch kh CO
2
= 50%(**) x100%
0,2
0,1
=
T (*) v (**) p n C
V d 9 : Tin hnh 2 th nghim :
- TN 1 : Cho m gam bt Fe d vo V
1
(lt) dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2
1M.
- TN2 : Cho m gam bt Fe d vo V
2
(lt) dung dch AgNO
3
0,1M.
Sau khi cc phim ng xy ra hon ton, khi lng cht rn thu c 2 th nghim u bng
nhau. Gi tr ca V
l
so vi V
2
l
A. V
1
= V
2
B. V
l
= l0V
2
C. V
l
= 5V
2
D. V
l
= 2V
2
Gii:
Fe + Cu
2+


Fe
2+
+ Cu
V
1
mol V
1
mol
m tng = 64V
1
56V
1
= 8V
1
gam
Fe + 2Ag
+
Fe
2+
+ 2Ag
0,05V
2
mol 0,1V
2
mol
m
tng
= 108.0,1V
2
56.0,05V
2
= 8V
2
gam
Theo m
rn

(TN1)
= m
rn(TN2)

8V
1
= 8V
2
V
1
= V
2
p n A



30
30
V d 10 : Nung 1 hn hp rn gm a mol FeCO
3
v b mol FeS
2
trong bnh kn cha khng kh
d. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, a bnh v nhit ban u thu c cht rn duy
nht l Fe
2
O
3
v hn hp kh. Bit p sut kh trong bnh trc v sau phn ng bng nhau v sau
cc phn ng lu hunh mc oxi ho +4, th tch cc cht rn l khng ng k. Mi lin h
gia a v b l
A. a = 0,5b. B. a = b. C. a = 4b.
D. a = 2b.
Gii:
2FeCO
3
+
3 2
t
2
O Fe O
2
1
0
+2CO
2

a
4
a
a
Phn ng lm tng 1 lng kh l (a -
4
a
)= mol
4
3a

2FeS
2
+
2 3 2
t
2
4SO O Fe O
2
11
0
+
b
4
11b
2b
Phn ng lm gim mt lng kh l: mol
4
3b
2b
4
11b
= |

\
|

V p
trc
= p
sau
= = b a
4
3b
4
3a
p n B
V d 11: Cho 5,90 gam amin n chc X tc dng va vi dung dch HCl sau khi phn ng
xy ra hon ton thu c dung dch Y. Lm bay hi dung dch Y c 9,55 gam mui khan. S
cng thc cu to ng vi cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. 5. B. 4. C. 2. D. 3.
Gii:
RNH
2
+ HCl RNH
3
Cl
x mol x mol x mol
m tng = 36,5x = 9,55 5,9 x = 0,1
M
amin
= M
R
+16 =
1 , 0
9 , 5
=59
M
R
= 43 X: C
3
H
7
NH
2

CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
NH
2
; (CH
3
)
2
CHNH
2
; CH
3
NHCH
3
CH
2
; (CH
3
)
3
N p n B


31
31
V d 12: Trong phn t amino axit X c 1 nhm amino v 1 nhm cacboxyl. Cho 15,0 gam X
tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH. C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu c 19,4 gam mui
khan. Cng thc ca X l
A. H
2
NC
3
H
6
COOH. B. H
2
NCH
2
COOH.
C. H
2
NC
2
H
4
COOH. D. H
2
NC
4
H
8
COOH.
Gii:
H
2
NRCOOH + NaOH H
2
NRCOONa + H
2
O
x mol x mol
m
tng
= 22x = 19,4 15,0 x = 0,2 mol
M
x
= M
R
+61 = 75 M
R
= 14 X: H
2
NCH
2
COOH p n B
V d 13: t chy hon ton 4,40 gam cht hu c X n chc thu c sn phm chy gm
4,48 lt CO
2
(ktc) v 3,60 gam H
2
O. Nu cho 4,40 gam X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH va
n khi phn ng hon ton c 4,80 gam mui ca axit hu c Y v cht hu c Z. Tn ca X l
A. etyl propionat. B. metyl propionat
C. isopropyl axetat. D. etyl axetat.
Gii :
2
CO
n =
O H
2
n = 0,2mol X l este no n
C
n
H
2n
O
2
+ ( )
2
1 3n
O
2
0
t
nCO
2
+ nH
2
O
mol
n
0,2
0,2 mol
m
X
= (14n + 32)

n
0,2
= 4,4

n = 4

X: C
4
H
8
O
2
v n
X
=
4
0,2
= 0,05 mol
RCOOR + NaOH

RCOONa + ROH
0,05 mol 0,05 mol

m
X
< m
mui
m
tng
= (23-R) 0,05 = 4,8 4,4 = 0,4 R= 15
Cng thc cu to ca X l: C
2
H
5
OHCOOCH
3
p n B
V d 14: Hn hp X gm HCOOH v CH
3
COOH (t l mol 1:1). Ly 5,30 gam hn hp X tc
dng vi 5,75 gam C
2
H
5
OH (xc tc H
2
SO
4
c) thu c m gam este (hiu sut ca cc phn
ng este ho u bng 80%). Gi tr ca m l:
A. 10,12 gam. B. 6,48 gam.
C. 16,20 gam. D. 8,10 gam.



32
32
Gii:

x mol x mol x mol
53
2x
60x 46x
M
X
=
+
=
n
X
= 5,3 : 53 = 0,1 mol <
OH H C
5 2
n = 0,125 mol khi lng este tnh theo s mol ca axit

m
tng
= (29-1)x = m - 5,3

m = 8,1 gam
Khi lng este thc t thu c l
6,48gam
100%
8,1.80%
=

p n B

V d 15: Dn t t hn hp kh CO v H
2
qua ng s ng 55,4 gam hn hp bt CuO, MgO,
ZnO, Fe
3
O
4
un nng. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c 10,08 lt (ktc) hn hp kh
v hi ch cha CO
2
v H
2
O, trong ng s cn li mt lng cht rn c khi lng l
A. 48,2 gam. B. 36,5 gam. C. 27,9 gam D. 40,2 gam
Gii:
Bn cht ca cc phn ng CO, H
2
+ [O] CO
2
, H
2
O
n
O
=
2
CO
n +
O H
2
n = n
CO
+
2
H
n = 0,45mol
m
rn
= m
oxit
m
O
= 55,4 0,45.16 = 48,2 gam p n A
V d 16: Nung 47,40 gam kali pemanganat mt thi gian thy cn li 44,04 gam cht rn. %
khi lng kali pemanganat b nhit phn l
A. 50%. B. 70%. C. 80%. D. 65%.
Gii:
2KMnO
4
0
t

K
2
MnO
4
+ MnO
2
+ O
2

gim khi lng ca cht rn =
2
O
m = 47,4 44,04 = 3,36gam

2
O
n = 3,36: 32 = 0,105 mol
4
KMnO
m tham gia = 0,105.2 = 0,21 mol
%
4
KMnO
m phn ng =
4 , 47
158 . 21 , 0
.100%= 70%

p n B
V d 17 : Nhit phn a gam Zn(NO
3
)
2
sau 1 thi gian dng li lm ngui v em cn thy khi
lng gim i 2,700 gam (hiu sut phn ng l 60%). Gi tr a l
A. 4,725 gam. B. 2,835 gam. C. 7,785 gam. D. 7.875 gam.



33
33
Gii:
Zn(NO)
2
0
t
ZnO + 2NO
2
+
2
1
O
2

xmol 2xmol 0,5xmol
m
rn gim
=
2
NO
m +
2
O
m = 92x + 16x = 2,7 x = 0,025mol
H = 7,875gam a 60% .100%
a
189x
= =

p n C
V d 18 : Cho 3,06 gam hn hp K
2
CO
3
v MgCO
3
tc dng vi dung dch HCl thu c V lt
kh (ktc) v dung dch X. C cn dung dch X c 3,39 gam mui khan. Gi tr V (lt) l:
A. 0,224 B. 0,448 C. 0,336 D. 0,672.
Gii:
m
tng
= 11
2
CO
n = 3,39 3,06
2
CO
n = 0,03 mol
2
CO
V = 0,672 lt
p n D
V d 19 : Ho tan hon ton 2,81 gam hn hp gm Fe
2
O
3
, MgO, ZnO trong 500ml dung dch
H
2
SO
4
0,1M va . Sau phn ng hn hp mui sunfat khan thu c khi c cn dung dch c
khi lng l
A. 7,71 gam. B. 6,91 gam. C. 7,61 gam. D. 6,81 gam.
Gii:
O
2-
(trong oxit)

- 2
4
SO
Khi lng tng: 0,05 (96 -16) = 4,0 gam
m
mui
= m
oxit
+

m
mui
= 2,81 + 4 = 6,81 gam


p n D
III. BI TP T LUYN

Cu 1: Dn 130 cm
3
hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon mch h qua dung dch Br
2
d kh thot ra
khi bnh c th tch l 100cm
3
, bit d
x/He
= 5,5 v phn ng xy ra hon ton. Hai hirocacbon
cn tm l
A. metan, propen. B. metan, axetilen.
C. etan, propen. D. metan, xiclopropan.
Cu 2 : un nng 1,77 gam X vi 1 lng va 1,68 gam KOH c 2,49 gam mui ca axit
hu c Y v 1 ancol Z vi s mol Z gp 2 ln s mol Y (bit phn ng xy ra hon ton). X l
A. CH
2
(COOCH
3
)
2
B. (COOCH
3
)
2

C. HCOOC
2
H
5
D. C
2
H
4
(COOCH
3
)
2



34
34
Cu 3: Trung ho 5,48 gam hn hp axit axetic, phenol v axit benzoic cn dng 600ml dung
dch NaOH 0,1M. C cn dung dch sau phn ng c hn hp cht rn khan c khi lng l
A. 8,64 gam. B. 6,84 gam. C. 4,90 gam. D. 6,80 gam.
Cu 4: Cho 5,76 gam axit hu c X n chc mch h tc dng ht vi CaCO
3
c 7,28 gam
mui ca axit hu c. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l:
A. CH
2
=CH-COOH B. CH
3
COOH
C. CHC-COOH D. CH
3
-CH
2
-COOH
Cu 5: Ho tan hon ton 2,1 gam mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tr II trong dung dch H
2
SO
4

long c 3 gam cht rn khan. Cng thc mui cacbonat ca kim loi ho tri II l:
A. CaCO
3
B. Na
2
CO
3
C. FeCO
3
D. MgCO
3

Cu 6: Cho ancol X tc dng vi Na d thy s mol khi bay ra bng s mol X phn ng. Mt
khc, X tc dng vi lng d CuO nung nng n phn ng hon ton thy lng rn gim 1,2
gam v c 2,7 gam cht hu c a chc Y. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca Y l:
A. OHC-CH
2
-CH
2
-CHO B. OHC-CH
2
-CHO
C. CH
3
-CO-CO-CH
3
D. OHC-CO-CH
3

Cu 7: Cho 26,80 gam hn hp KHCO
3
v NaHCO
3
tc dng ht vi dung dch HCl d c
6,72 lt kh (ktc). Sau phn ng c cn c a gam mui khan. Gi tr ca a gam l:
A. 34,45. B. 20,15. C. 19,15. D. 19,45.
Cu 8: Dn V lt (ktc) hn hp gm CO v H
2
qua ng s nung nng cha hn hp FeO, Al
2
O
3

(cc phn ng xy ra hon ton) c hn hp kh v hi nng hn hn hp kh ban u 2 gam.
Gi tr ca V lt l
A. 2,80. B. 5,60. C. 0,28. D. 0,56
Cu 9: Nung hn hp rn gm FeCO
3
v FeS
2
(t l mol 1 : 1) trong 1 bnh kn cha khng kh
d vi p sut l p
1
atm. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton a bnh v nhit ban u thu
c cht rn duy nht l Fe
2
O
3
v p sut kh trong bnh lc ny l p
2
atm (th tch cc cht rn
khng ng k v sau cc phn ng lu hunh mc oxi ho + 4). Mi lin h gia p
l
v p
2
l:
A. p
l
= p
2
B. p
l
= 2p
2
C. 2p
l
= p
2
D. p
l
= 3p
2

Cu 10: Dn kh CO i qua ng s nung nng cha 0,02 mol hn hp X gm FeO v Fe
2
O
3

phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c 1,96 gam cht rn Y, kh i ra khi ng s hp th hon ton
vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d th thy khi lng bnh tng 2,20 gam. Hn hp X c:
A. 50%FeO v 50% Fe
2
O
3
B. 13,04%FeO v 86,96% Fe
2
O
3
C. 20%FeO v 80% Fe
2
O
3
D. 82%FeO v 18%Fe
2
O
3




35
35
Cu 11: Ho tan ht 1,625 gam kim loi M vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
thy khi lng dung dch
sau phn ng tng 1,575 gam. M l
A. Al. B. Be. C. Zn. D. Cr.
Cu 12: Dn V lt kh CO
2
(ktc) hp th hon ton vo 750ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,1M, sau
phn ng khi lng dung dch gim 5,45 gam v c hn hp 2 mui. Gi tr V lt l
A. l,68. B. 2,24. C. 1,12. D. 3,36.
Cu 13: Cho 1,825 gam amin X tc dng va vi dung dch HCl, sau khi phn ng xy ra
hon ton thu c dung dch Y. Lm bay hi dung dch Y c 2,7375 gam mui RNH
3
Cl. X c
tng s ng phn cu to amin bc 1 l:
A. 4. B. 6. C. 7. D. 8.
Cu 14: Cho a gam hn hp gm metanol v propan-2-ol qua bnh ng CuO d, nung nng.
Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton a hn hp kh v hi c khi lng l (a + 0,56) gam. Khi
lng CuO tham gia phn ng l
A. 0,56 gam. B. 2,80 gam C. 0,28 gam. D. 5,60 gam.
Cu 15: Cho a gam hn hp cc ankanol qua bnh ng CuO d, nung nng. Sau khi phn ng
xy ra hon ton c hn hp kh v hi c khi lng l (a + 1,20) gam v c t khi hi i
vi H
2
l 15. Gi tr ca a gam l
A. 1,05 gam. B. 3,30 gam. C. 1,35 gam. D. 2,70 gam.
Cu 16: Cho amino axit X tc dng va vi Na thy s mol kh to ra bng s mol X phn
ng. Ly a gam X tc dng vi dung dch HCl d c (a + 0,9125) gam Y. un ton b lng
Y thu c vi 200ml dung dch NaOH thu c dung dch Z. Bit X lm qu tm ho . Nng
mol ca dung dch NaOH phn ng l
A. 0,2500M. B. 0,1250M. C. 0,3750M. D. 0,4750M.
Cu 17: Cho amino axit X tc dng va vi Na thy s mol kh to ra bng s mol X phn
ng. Ly a gam X tc dng vi dung dch HCl d c (a + 0,9125) gam Y. em ton b lng
Y tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH un nng c dung dch Z. C cn Z c 5,8875 gam
mui khan. Bit X lm qu tm ho . Gi tr a gam l
A. 3,325. B. 6,325. C. 3,875. D. 5,875.
Cu 18: Cho amino axit X tc dng va vi Na thy s mol kh to ra bng s mol X phn
ng. Ly a gam X tc dng vi dung dch HCl d c (a + 0,9125) gam Y. em ton b lng
Y tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH un nng c dung dch Z. C cn Z c 5,8875 gam
mui khan. Bit X lm qu tm ho . Cng thc cu to ca X l
A.HOOC-CH(NH
2
)-COOH
B. HOOC-CH
2
CH(NH
2
)CH
2
-COOH


36
36
C. HOOC-CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
NH
2

D. HOOC-CH
2
CH(NH
2
)-COOH
Cu 19: Cho amino axit x tc dng va vi Na thy s mol kh to ra bng s mol X phn
ng. Ly a gam X tc dng vi dung dch HCl d c (a + 0,9125) gam Y. em ton b lng
Y tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH un nng c dung dch Z. C cn Z c 1 lng
mui khan. Bit X lm qu tm ho . Khi lng mui khan thu c so vi khi lng ca Y
s
A. tng 1,65 gam. B. gim 1,65 gam.
C. tng 1,10 gam. D. gim 1,10 gam.
Cu 20: t chy hon ton 3,72 gam hp cht hu c X (bit
2
X/H
d < 70), dn ton b sn phm
chy thu c qua bnh ng dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d thy to ra 41,37 gam kt ta ng thi khi
lng dung dch gim 29,97 gam. Bit s mol NaOH cn dng phn ng ht vi X bng s
mol kh hiro sinh ra khi cho X tc dng vi Na d. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l:
A. CH
3
-C
6
H
4
(OH)
2
B. C
6
H
7
COOH.
C. C
5
H
6
(COOH)
2
D. HO-C
6
H
4
-CH
2
OH.
Cu 21: Th tch oxi phn ng l bao nhiu nu chuyn 1 th tch oxi thnh ozon thy th tch
gim i 7,0 cm
3
(th tch cc kh o cng iu kin)
A. 21,0 dm
3
B. 7,0 cm
3
C. 21,0 cm
3
D. 4,7 cm
3

Cu 22: Trong 1 bnh kn dung tch khng i cha 0,2 mo1 CO v 1 lng hn hp X gm
Fe
3
O
4
v FeCO
3
(t l mol 1 : l). Nung bnh nhit cao cc phn ng xy ra hon ton v
a bnh v nhit ban u (th tch cc cht rn khng ng k) thy p sut trong bnh tng 2
ln so vi ban u. Tng s mol ca Fe
3
O
4
v FeCO
3
l:
A 0,4 B. 0,3. C. 0,2. D. 0,1.
Cu 23: t chy hon ton 16,8 gam mui sunfua ca kim loi ho tri II khng i thu c
cht rn X v kh B. Ho tan ht X bng 1 lng va dung dch H
2
SO
4
35% c dung dch
mui c nng 44,44%. Ly dung dch mui ny lm lnh xung nhit thp thy tch ra 25
gam tinh th ngm nc Y v dung dch bo ho c nng 31,58%. Y c cng thc l
A. CuSO
4
.3H
2
O. B. MgSO
4
.2H
2
O.
C. CuSO
4
.5H
2
O. D. CuSO
4
.2H
2
O.
Cu 24: Thu phn hon ton 1,76 gam X n chc bng 1 lng va dung dch NaOH un
nng c 1,64 gam mui Y v m gam ancol Z. Ly m gam Z tc dng vi lng d CuO nung
nng n phn ng hon ton thy lng cht rn gim 0,32 gam. Tn gi ca X l
A. etyl fomat. B. etyl propionat.
C. etyl axetat. D. metyl axetat.


37
37
Cu 25: Cho hn hp X gm 2 axit ng ng k tip nhau tc dng vi Na d thy s mol H
2

bay ra bng
2
1
mol X. un 20,75 gam X vi 1 lng d C
2
H
5
OH (xc tc H
2
SO
4
c) c
18,75 gam hn hp este (hiu sut ca cc phn ng este ho u bng 60%). % theo khi lng
cc cht c trong hn hp X l:
A. 27,71% HCOOH v 72,29% CH
3
COOH.
B. 27,71 % CH
3
COOH v 72,29% C
2
H
5
COOH.
C. 40% C
2
H
5
COOH v 60% C
3
H
7
COOH.
D. 50% HCOOH v 50% CH
3
COOH.
Cu 26: Ho tan 5,4 gam Al vo 0.5 lt dung dch X gm AgNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
c 42 gam rn
Y khng tc dng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
long v dung dch Z. Ly ton b dung dch Z cho tc
dng vi dung dch NaOH d th c 14,7 gam kt ta (cho phn ng xy ra hon ton). Nng
mi ca AgNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
trong dung dch X ln lt l:
A. 0,6M v 0,3M. B. 0,6M v 0,6M.
C. 0,3M v 0,6M. D. 0,3M v 0,3M.
Cu 27: Nhng m gam kim loi M ho tr II vo dung dch CuSO
4
sau 1 thi gian ly thanh kim
loi thy khi lng gim 0,075%. Mt khc, khi nhng m gam thanh kim loi trn vo dung dch
Pb(NO
3
)
2
sau 1 thi gian ly thanh kim loi thy khi lng thanh kim loi tng 10,65% (bit s
mol ca CuSO
4
v Pb(NO
3
)
2
tham gia 2 trng hp l nh nhau). M l
A. Mg. B. Zn. C. Mn. D. Ag.
Cu 28: Nhng 1 thanh Al v 1 thanh Fe vo dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2
sau 1 thi gian ly 2 thanh kim
loi ra thy dung dch cn li cha Al(NO
3
)
3
v Fe(NO
3
)
2
vi t l mol 3 : 2 v khi lng dung
dch gim 2,23 gam (cc phn ng xy ra hon ton). Khi lng Cu bm vo thanh Al v Fe
l:
A. 4,16 gam. B. 2,88 gam. C. 1,28 gam. D. 2,56 gam.
Cu 29 : Cho 32,50 gam Zn vo 1 dung dch cha 5,64 gam Cu(NO
3
)
2
v 3,40 gam AgNO
3
(cc
phn ng xy ra hon ton v tt c kim loi thot ra u bm vo thanh kim loi). Khi lng
sau cng ca thanh kim loi l
A. 1,48 gam. B. 33,98 gam. C. 32,47 gam. D. 34,01 gam.

Cu 30: in phn l00ml dung dch M(NO
3
)
n
. Vi in cc tr cho n khi b mt catot xut
hin bt kh th ngng in phn. Phi dng 25ml dung dch KOH 2M trung ho dung dch sau
khi in phn. Mt khc, nu ngm 20 gam Mg vo 100ml dung dch M(NO
3
)
n
. Sau mt thi gian


38
38
ly thanh Mg ra, sy kh v cn li thy khi lng tng thm 24% so vi lng ban u. Bit
cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Cng thc ho hc ca M(NO
3
)
n
l
A. Cu(NO
3
)
2
B. Ni(NO
3
)
2
C. Pb(NO
3
)
2
D. AgNO
3

Cu 31: Nung 46,7 gam hn hp Na
2
CO
3
v NaNO
3
n khi lng khng i thu c 41,9
gam cht rn. Khi lng Na
2
CO
3
trong hn hp u l
A. 21,2 gam. B. 25,5 gam. C. 21,5 gam. D. 19,2 gam.
Cu 32: Nung 104,1 gam hn hp K
2
CO
3
v NaHCO
3
cho n khi khi lng khng i thu
c 88,6 gam cht rn % khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp u l
A. 20% v 80%. B. 45,5% v 54,5%.
C. 40,35% v 59,65%. D. 35% v 65%.
Cu 33: Dn kh CO qua ng s cha 7,6 gam hn hp gm FeO v CuO nung nng, sau 1 thi
gian c hn hp kh X v 6,8 gam rn Y. Cho hn hp kh X hp th hon ton vo dung dch
Ca(OH)
2
d thy c kt ta. Khi lng kt ta
A. 5 gam. B. 10 gam. C. 15 gam. D. 20 gam.
Cu 34: t chy hon ton m gam hai kim loi Mg, Fe trong khng kh, thu c (m + 0,8) gam
hai oxit. hon tan ht lng oxit trn th khi lng dung dch H
2
SO
4
20% ti thiu phi dng
l
A. 32,6 gam. B. 32 gam. C. 28,5 gam. D. 24,5 gam.
Cu 35: Ly 2,98 gam hn hp X gm Zn v Fe cho vo 200ml dung dch HCl 1M, sau khi phn
ng hon ton ta c cn (trong iu kin khng c oxi) th c 6,53 gam cht rn. Th tch kh
H
2
bay ra (ktc) l
A. 0,56 lt. B. 1,12 lt. C. 2,24 lt. D. 4,48 lt.
Cu 36: em nung nng m gam Cu(NO
3
)
2
mt thi gian ri dng li, lm ngui v em cn thy
khi lng gim 0,54 gam so vi ban u. Khi lng mui Cu(NO
3
)
2
b nhit phn l
A. 1,88 gam. B. 0,47 gam. C. 9,40 gam. D. 0,94 gam.
Cu 37: trung ho 7,4 gam hn hp 2 axit hu c n chc cn 200ml dung dch NaOH
0,5M. Khi lng mui thu c khi c cn dung dch l
A. 9,6 gam. B. 6,9 gam. C. 11,4 gam. D. 5,2 gam.
Cu 38: Cho 5,615 gam hn hp gm ZnO, Fe
2
O
3
, MgO tc dng va vi 100ml dung dch
H
2
SO
4
1M th khi lng mui sunfat thu c l
A. 13,815 gam. B. 13,615 gam. C. 15,215 gam. D. 12,615 gam.



39
39
Cu 39: t chy hon ton 33,4 gam hn hp X gm Al, Fe, Cu ngoi khng kh thu c 41,4
gam hn hp Y gm ba oxit. Th tch ti thiu dung dch H
2
SO
4
20% (D =1,14 g/ml) cn dng
ho tan ht hn hp Y l:
A. 215ml. B. 8,6ml. C. 245ml. D. 430ml.
Cu 40: X l mt -aminoaxit ch cha 1 nhm -NH
2
v 1 nhm -COOH. Cho 0,445 gam X
phn ng va vi NaOH to ra 0,555 gam mui. Cng thc cu to ca X c th l
A. H
2
N-CH
2
-COOH. B. CH
3
-CH(NH
2
)-COOH.
C. H
2
N-CH
2
-CH
2
-COOH. D. H
2
N-CH=CH-COOH.
Cu 41: Cho hn hp X gm NaCl v NaBr tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
d th lng kt ta
thu c sau phn ng bng khi lng AgNO
3
tham gia phn ng. Thnh phn % khi lng
NaCl trong X l
A. 27,88%. B. 13,44%. C. 15,20%. D. 24,50%.
Cu 42: Cho 1,52 gam hn hp hai ancol n chc l ng ng k tip nhau tc dg vi Na va
, sau phn ng thu c 2,18 gam cht rn. Cng thc phn t ca hai ancol v th tch kh thu
c sau phn ng ktc ln lt l:
A. CH
3
OH; C
2
H
5
OH v 0,336 lt. B. C
2
H
5
OH; C
3
H
7
OH v 0,336 lt
C. C
3
H
5
OH; C
4
H
7
OH v 0,168 lt. D. C
2
H
5
OH; C
3
H
7
OH v 0,672 lt.
Cu 43: Hn hp X c khi lng 25,1 gam gm ba cht l axit axetic, axit acrylic v phenol.
Lng hn hp X trn c trung ho va bng 100ml dung dch NaOH 3,5M. Tnh khi
lng ba mui thu c sau phn ng trung ho l
A. 32,80 gam. B. 33,15 gam. C. 34,47 gam. D. 31,52 gam.
Cu 44: Ngm mt inh st sch trong 200ml dung dch CuSO
4
n khi dung dch ht mu xanh,
ly inh st ra khi dung dch, ra sch, sy kh, cn thy inh st tng 0,8 gam. Nng mi
ca dung dch CuSO
4
l
A. 0,5M. B. 5M. C. 0,05M. D. 0,1M
Cu 45: Nung l00 gam hn hp gm Na
2
CO
3
v NaHCO
3
cho n khi khi lng hn hp khng
i c 69 gam cht rn. Xc nh phn trm khi lng ca mi cht trong hn hp ln lt l:
A. 16% v 84%. B. 84% v 16%.
C. 26% v 74%. D. 74% v 26%.
Cu 46: Ly 2,98 gam hn hp X gm Zn v Fe cho vo 200ml dung dch HCl 1M, sau khi phn
ng hon ton ta c cn (trong iu kin khng c oxi) th c 6,53 gam cht rn. Th tch kh
H
2
bay ra (ktc) l
A. 0,56 lt. B. 1,12 lt. C. 2,24 lt. D. 4,48 lt.


40
40
Cu 47: Cho mt anken X tc dng ht vi H
2
O (H
+
, t
0
) c cht hu c Y, ng thi khi
lng bnh ng nc ban u tng 4,2 gam. Cng cho mt lng X nh trn tc dng vi HBr
va , thu c cht Z, thy khi lng Y, Z thu c khc nhau 9,45 gam (gi s cc phn ng
xy ra hon ton). Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. C
2
H
4
B. C
3
H
6
C. C
4
H
8
D. C
5
H
10



P N
1A 2B 3D 4A 5D 6B 7C 8A 9A 10B
11C 12B 13A 14B 15B 16C 17A 18D 19A 20D
21C 22A 23C 24C 25A 26B 27B 28A 29B 30D
31A 32C 33A 34D 35B 36D 37A 38B 39A 40B
41A 42B 43A 44A 45A 46B 47A



Phng php 4
Phng php Bo ton in tch
I. C S CA PHNG PHP
1. C s: Nguyn t, phn t, dung dch lun lun trung ha v in
- Trong nguyn t: s proton = s electron
- Trong dung dch:

s mol in tch ion dng =

s mol in tch ion m


2. p dng v mt s ch
a, Khi lng dung dch mui (trong dung dch) =

khi lng cc ion to mui


b, Qu trnh p dng nh lut bo ton in tch thng kt hp:
- Cc phng php bo ton khc: Bo ton khi lng, bo ton nguyn t
- Vit phng trnh ha hc dng ion thu gn




41
41
II. CC DNG BI TON THNG GP
Dng 1: p dng n thun nh lut bo ton in tch
V d 1 : Mt dung dch c cha 4 ion vi thnh phn : 0,01 mol Na
+
, 0,02 mol Mg
2+
, 0,015 mol
2
4
SO , x mol

Cl . Gi tr ca x l
A. 0,015. B. 0,035. C. 0,02. D. 0,01.
Gii:
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch ta c:
0,01.1 + 0,02.2 = 0.015.2 + x.1x = 0,02 p n C
Dng 2: Kt hp vi nh lut bo ton khi lng
V d 2 : Dung dch A cha hai cation l Fe
2+
: 0,1 mol v Al
3+
: 0,2 mol v hai anion l

Cl : x
mol v
2
4
SO : y mol. em c cn dung dch A thu c 46,9 gam hn hp mui khan. Gi tr ca
x v y ln lt l:
A. 0,6 v 0,1 B. 0,3 v 0,2 C. 0,5 v 0,15 D. 0,2 v 0,3
Gii:
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch ta c:
0,01.2 + 0,2.3 = x.1 +y.2 x + 2y = 0,8 (*)
Khi c cn dung dch khi lng mui = khi lng cc ion to mui
0,1.56 + 0,2.27 + x.35,5 + y.96 = 46,9

35,5x + 96y = 35,9 (**)
T (*) v (**) x = 0,2; y = 0,3 p n D.
V d 3 : Chia hn hp X gm hai kim loi c ho tr khng i thnh 2 phn bng nhau.
Phn 1: Ho tan hon ton bng dung dch HCl d thu c 1,792 lt H
2
(ktc).
Phn 2 : Nung trong khng kh d thu c 2,84 gam hn hp rn ch gm cc oxit. Khi lng
hn hp X l
A. 1,56 gam. B. 1,8 gam. C. 2,4 gam. D. 3,12 gam.
Gii:
Nhn xt: Tng s mol in tch ion dng (ca hai kim loi) trong hai phn l bng nhau
Tng s mol in tch ion m trong hai phn cng bng nhau
O
2-
2Cl

Mt khc:
-
Cl
n =
+
H
n = 2
2
H
n = 0,08mol
22,4
1,792
=
n
O(trong oxit)
= 0,04(mol)
Trong mt phn: m
kim loi
= m
oxit
m
oxi
= 2,84 0,08.16 = 1,56 gam


42
42


khi lng hn hp X = 2.1,56 = 3,12gam p n D
Dng 3: Kt hp vi bo ton nguyn t
V d 4 : Cho hn hp X gm x mol FeS
2
v 0,045 mol Cu
2
S tc dng va vi HNO
3
long,
un nng thu c dung dch ch cha mui sunfat ca cc kim loi v gii phng kh NO duy
cht. Gi tr ca x l:
A. 0,045 B. 0,09. C. 0,135. D. 0,18.
Gii:
- p dng bo ton nguyn t
Fe
3+
: x mol; Cu
2+
: 0,09 mol;
2
4
SO : (x + 0,045) mol
- p dng nh lut bo ton in tch (trong dung dch ch cha cc mui sunfat) ta c:
3x + 2.0,09 = 2(x + 0,045)

x = 0,09p n B
V d 5 : Dung dch X c cha 5 ion: Mg
2+
, Ba
2+
, Ca
2+
, 0,1 mol

Cl v 0,2 mol

3
NO . Thm dn
V lt dung dch K
2
CO
3
1M vo X n khi c lng kt ta ln nht th gi tr V ti thiu cn
dng l
A. 150ml B. 300ml C. 200ml D. 250ml
Gii:
C th quy i cc ion Mg
2+
, Ba
2+
, Ca
2+
thnh M
2+
(xem thm phng php quy i)
M
2+
+
2
3
CO
3
MCO
Khi phn ng kt thc, phn dung dch cha K
+
,

Cl v

3
NO

p dng nh lut bo ton in tch ta c:
+
K
n =

Cl
n +
-
3
NO
n

= 0,15 (lt) = 150ml p n A
Dng 4: Kt hp vi vic vit phng trnh dng ion thu gn
V d 6 : Cho tan hon ton 15,6 gam hn hp gm Al v Al
2
O
3
trong 500ml dung dch NaOH
1M thu c 6,72 lt H
2
(ktc) v dung dch X. Th tch HCl 2M ti thiu cn cho vo X thu
c lng kt ta ln nht l
A. 0,175 lt. B. 0,25 lt. C. 0,125 lt. D. 0,52 lt.
Gii:
Dung dch X cha cc ion Na
+
;

2
AlO ;

OH d (c th).
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch:

2
AlO
n +

OH
n =
+
Na
n = 0,5
Khi cho HCl vo dung dch X:
H
+
+

OH H
2
O (1)


43
43
H
+
+

2
AlO

+ H
2
O Al(OH)
3
(2)
3H
+
+ Al(OH)
3
Al
3+
+ 3H
2
O (3)
kt ta l ln nht khng xy ra (3) v n
H+
=

2
AlO
n + n
OH
-

= 0,5
V
HCl
= 25 , 0
2
5 , 0
= (lt)

p n B
Dng 5: Bi ton tng hp
V d 7: Hon ton 10 gam hn hp X gm Mg v Fe bng dung dch HCl 2M. Kt thc th
nghim thu c dung dch Y v 5,6 lt H
2
(ktc). kt ta hon ton cc cation c trong Y cn
va 300ml dung dch NaOH 2M. Th tch dung dch HCl dng l
A. 0,2 lt. B. 0,24 lt. C. 0,3 lt. D. 0,4 lt
Gii:

= =
+
OH Na
n n n
NaOH
= 0,6 (mol)
Khi cho NaOH vo dung dch Y (cha cc ion: Mg
2+
; Fe
2+
; H
+
d;

Cl ) cc ion dng s tc dng


vi

OH to thnh kt ta. Nh vy dung dch thu c sau phn ng ch cha Na


+
v

Cl


+
=
Na Cl
n n = 0,6
+
H
n = 0,6 V
HCl
= = 0,3lt
2
0,6
p n C
V d 8 : ho tan hon ton 20 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
cn va 700ml
dung dch HCl 1M thu c dung dch X v 3,36 lt H
2
(ktc). Cho NaOH d vo dung dch X
ri ly ton b kt ta thu c em nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i th lng
cht rn thu c l
A. 8 gam B. 16 gam C. 24 gam D. 32 gam

Gii:
Vi cch gii thng thng, ta vit 7 phng trnh ho hc, sau t n s, thit lp h phng
trnh v gii
Nu p dng nh lut bo ton in tch ta c:
Fe + 2HCl FeCl
2
+ H
2

S mol HCl ho tan l Fe l: n
HCl
=
2
H
2n = 0,3(mol)
S mol HCl ho tan cc oxit = 0,7 0,3 = 0,4 mol
Theo nh lut bo ton in tch ta c:
n
O
2-
(oxit)
= 0,3(mol)
56
0,2.16 20
56
m m
n 0,2(mol) n
2
1
oxi oxit
Fe(trongX)
Cl
=

= =




44
44
C th coi: 2Fe (trong X) Fe
2
O
3

3 2
O Fe
n = 0,15mol
3 2
O Fe
m = 24 gam p n C


BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1: Dung dch X c cha a mol Na
+
; b mol Mg
2+
; c mol

Cl v d mol
2
4
SO . Biu thc lin
h gia a, b, c, d l
A. a + 2b = c + 2d B. a+ 2b = c + d.
C. a + b = c + d D. 2a + b = 2c + d
Cu 2: C hai dung dch, mi dung dch u cha hai cation v hai anion khng trng nhau trong
cc ion sau : K
+
: 0,15 mol, Mg
2+
: 0,1 mol, NH
4
+
: 0,25 mol, H
+
: 0,2 mol.

Cl : 0,1 mol,
2
4
SO :
0,075 mol,

3
NO : 0,25 mol v
2
3
CO : 0,15 mol. Mt trong hai dung dch trn cha:
A. K
+
, Mg
2+
,
2
4
SO v

Cl B. K
+
, NH
4
+
,
2
3
CO v

Cl
C. NH
4
+
, H
+
,

3
NO v
2
4
SO D. Mg
2+
, H
+
,
2
4
SO v

Cl
Cu 3 : Dung dch Y cha Ca
2+
0,1 mol, Mg
2+
0,3 mol,

Cl 0,4 mol,

3
HCO y mol. Khi c cn
dung dch Y th lng mui khan thu c l
A. 37,4 gam B. 49,8 gam. C. 25,4 gam. D. 30,5 gam.
Cu 4 : Mt dung dch cha 0,02 mol Cu
2+
, 0,03 mol K
+
, x mol

Cl v y mol
2
4
SO . Tng khi
lng cc mui tan c trong dung dch l 5,435 gam. Gi tr ca x v y ln lt l :
A. 0,03 v 0,02. B. 0,05 v 0,01 C. 0,01 v 0,03 D. 0,02 v 0,05
Cu 5 : Ho tan hon ton hn hp gm 0,12 mol FeS
2
v x mol Cu
2
S vo dung dch HNO
3
va
, thu c dung dch X ch cha 2 mui sunfat ca cc kim loi v gii phng kh NO duy
nht. Gi tr X l
A. 0,03 B. 0,045 C. 0,06. D. 0,09.
Cu 6 : Cho m gam hn hp Cu, Zn, Mg tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HNO
3
long, d. C
cn cn thn dung dch thu c sau phn ng thu c (m + 62) gam mui khan. Nung hn hp
mui khan trn n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn c khi lng l
A. (m + 4) gam. B. (m + 8) gam. C. (m + 16) gam. D. (m + 32) gam.



45
45
Cu 7 : Cho 24,4 gam hn hp Na
2
CO
3
, K
2
CO
3
tc dng va vi dung dch BaCl
2
sau phn
ng thu c 39,4 gam kt ta. Lc tch kt ta, c cn dung dch th thu dc bao nhiu gam
mui clorua khan
A. 2,66 gam B. 22,6 gam C. 26,6 gam D. 6,26 gam
Cu 8 : Trn dung dch cha Ba
2+
;

OH 0,06 mol v Na
+
0,02 mol vi dung dch cha

3
HCO
0,04 mol;
2
3
CO 0,03 mol v Na
+
. Khi lng kt ta thu c sau khi trn l
A. 3,94 gam. B. 5,91 gam. C. 7,88 gam. D. 1,71 gam
Cu 9 : Ho tan hon ton 5,94 gam hn hp hai mui clorua ca 2 kim loi nhm IIA vo nc
c 100ml dung dch X. lm kt ta ht ion

Cl c trong dung dch X trn ta cho ton b


lng dung dch X trn tc dng va vi dung dch AgNO
3
. Kt thc th nghim, thu c
dung dch Y v 17,22 gam kt ta. Khi lng mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch Y l
A. 4,86 gam. B. 5,4 gam. C. 7,53 gam. D. 9,12 gam.
Cu 10 : Dung dch X cha 0,025 mol
2
3
CO ; 0,1 mol Na
+
; 0,25 mol NH
4
+
v 0,3 mol

Cl
.
Cho
270ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,2M vo v un nng nh (gi s H
2
O bay hi khng ng k). Tng
khi lng dung dch X v dung dch Ba(OH)
2
sau qu trnh phn ng gim i l.
A. 4,215 gam. B. 5,296 gam. C. 6,761 gam. D. 7,015 gam.
Cu 11 : Trn 100ml dung dch AlCl
3
1M vi 200ml dung dch NaOH l,8M n phn ng hon
ton th lng kt ta thu c l
A. 3,12 gam. B. 6,24 gam. C. 1,06 gam. D. 2,08 gam.
Cu 12 : Dung dch B cha ba ion K
+
; Na
+
;
3
4
PO . 1 lt dung dch B tc dng vi CaCl
2
d thu
c 31 gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu c cn mt lt dung dch B thu c 37,6 gam cht rn
khan. Nng ca hai ba ion K
+
; Na
+
;

3
4
PO ln lt l .
A. 0,3M ; 0,3M v 0,6M B. 0,1M ; 0,1M v 0,2M
C. 0,3M ; 0,3M v 0,2M D. 0,3M ; 0,2M v 0,2M
Cu 13 : Cho dung dnh Ba(OH)
2
n d vo 100ml dung dch X gm cc ion : NH
4
+
,
2
4
SO

,

3
NO ri tin hnh un nng th thu c 23,3 gam kt ta v 6,72 lt (ktc) mt cht kh duy
nht. Nng kt ta (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
v NH
4
NO
3
trong dung dch X ln lt l:
A. 1M v 1M. B. 2M v 2M. C. 1M v 2M. D. 2M v 1M.
Cu 14 : Dung dch X cha cc ion : Fe
3+
, SO
4
2
, NH
4
+
,

Cl . Chia dung dch X thnh hai phn


bng nhau :


46
46
- Phn mt tc dng vi lng d dung dch NaOH, un nng thu c 0,672 lt kh ( ktc)
v 1,07 gam kt ta.
- Phn hai tc dng vi lng d dung dch BaCl
2
thu c 4,66 gam kt ta.
- Tng khi lng cc mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch X l (qu trnh c cn ch c
nc bay hi)
A. 3,73 gam. B. 7,04 gam. C. 7,46 gam. D. 3,52 gam.


P N
1A 2B 3A 4A 5C 6B 7C
8A 9D 10C 11A 12C 13A 14C


Phng php 5
Phng php Bo ton electron
I. C S CA PHNG PHP
1. C s ca phng php
Trong phn ng oxi ha kh:

s electron nhng =

s electron nhn

s mol electron nhng =

s mol electron nhn


2. Mt s ch .
- Ch yu p dng cho bi ton oxi ha kh cc cht v c
- C th p dng bo ton electron cho mt phng trnh, nhiu phng trnh hoc ton b qu trnh.
- Xc nh chnh xc cht nhng v nhn electron. Nu xt cho mt qu trnh, ch cn xc nh
trng thi u v trng thi cui s oxi ha ca nguyn t, thng khng quan tm n trng
thi trung gian s oxi ha ca nguyn t.
- Khi p dng phng php bo ton electron thng s dng km cc phng php bo ton
khc (bo ton khi lng, bo ton nguyn t)
- Khi cho kim loi tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
v dung dch sau phn ng khng cha mui amoni:

3
NO
n

=

s mol electron nhng (hoc nhn)






47
47
II. CC DNG BI TON THNG GP
V d 1 : Ho tan hon ton 19,2 gam Cu bng dung dch HNO
3
ton b lng kh NO (sn phm
kh duy nht) thu c em oxit ho thnh NO
2
ri chuyn ht thnh HNO
3
Th tch kh oxi
(ktc) tham gia vo qu trnh trn l
A. 2,24 lt. B. 4,48 lt. C. 3,36 lt. D. 6,72 lt.
Gii :
Cch 1:
Gii thng thng: n
Cu
=
0,3mol
64
19,2
=
3Cu + 8HNO
3
3Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O (1)
0,3 0,2 mol
2NO + O
2
2NO
2
(2)
0,2 0,1 0,2
4NO
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O 4HNO
3
(3)
0,2

0,05
2
O
n = 0,1 + 0,05 = 0,15 (mol) V = 0,15.22,4 = 3,36 lt p n C
Cch 2:
p dng phng php bo ton e.
Nhn xt:
Xt ton b qu trnh
+ Nit coi nh khng c s thay i s oxi ha (HNO
3 ban u
HNO
3
)
+ Nh vy ch c 2 nguyn t c s thay i s oxi ha l Cu v O
2

Cu - 2e Cu
2+
0,3

2.0,3
O
2
+ 4e

2O
2-

0,15

0,6

V= 0,15.22,4 = 5,6 lt

p n C

V d 2 : Oxi ho hon ton 0,728 gam bt Fe ta thu c 1,016 gam hn hp X gm hai oxit st.
Ho tan hon ton X bng dung dch axit HNO
3
long d. Th tch kh NO (sn phm kh duy
nht ktc) thu c sau phn ng l
A. 2,24ml. B. 22,4ml. C. 33,6ml. D. 44,8ml.




48
48
Gii :
Cc phn ng c th c
2Fe +O
2
2FeO
0
t
1)
2Fe + 1,5O
2
0
t
Fe
2
O
3
(2)
3Fe +2O
2
0
t
Fe
3
O
4
(3)
Cc phn ng ho tan c th c:
3FeO + 10HNO
3
3Fe(NO
3
)
3
+NO+5H
2
O (4)
Fe
2
O
3
+6HNO
3
O 3H ) 2Fe(NO
2 3 3
+ (5)
3Fe
3
O
4
+28HNO
3
O 14H NO ) 9Fe(NO
2 3 3
+ + (6)
Xt c qu trnh ta thy c 3 qu trnh thay i s oxi ho l:
+Fe t Fe
0
b oxi ho thnh Fe
+3
, cn N
+5
b kh thnh N
+2
,

0
2
O b kh thnh 2O
-2
.
p dng bo ton khi lng:
2
O
m = m
x
m
Fe(ban u)
= 1,016 0,728
2
O
n = 0,009
Thc cht cc qu trnh oxi ho - kh trn l:
Fe - 3e Fe
3+
O
2
+ 4e 2O
2-
0,013 0,039 0,009 0,036
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
(NO)
3n
NO

n
NO


p dng bo ton eletron, ta c: 3n
NO
+ 0,036 = 0,039
n
NO
= 0,001 mol V
NO
= 0,001.22,4 = 0,0224 lt = 22,4ml p n B.
V d 3 : Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3 gam hn hp nht rn X. Ho tan ht hn
hp X bng dung dch HNO
3
d thu c 0,56 lt NO (sn phm kh duy nht ktc). Gi tr ca
m l
A. 2,52 gam. B. 2,22 gam. C. 2,62 gam. D. 2,32 gam.
Gii :
m gam


+
+
+ +
+
3 3
3
2
HNO O
0
) (NO Fe
NO
X Fe
5
3
0
2

p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng ta c :


49
49
2
O
m = m
x
m
Fe(ban u)
= 3- m
2
O
n =
32
m 3

Thc cht cc qu trnh oxi ho - kh trn l :
Fe - 3e Fe
3+
O
2
+ 4e 2O
2-
56
m

56
3m

32
m - 3


32
4(3-m)

N
+5
+ 3e N
+2

0,075

0,025 (mol)
2,52gam m 0,075
32
m) 4(3
56
3m
= +

= p n A
V d 4 : Cho m gam bt Fe vo dng dch HNO
3
ly d, ta c hn hp gm hai kh NO
2
v
NO c V
X
= 8,96 lt (ktc) v t khi i vi O
2
bng 1,3125. Thnh phn % NO v % NO
2
theo
th tch trong hn hp X v khi lng m ca Fe dng ln lt l
A. 25% v 75% ; 1,12 gam. B. 25% v 75% ; 11,2 gam.
C. 35% v 65% ; 11,2 gam. D. 45% v 55% ; 1,12 gam.
Gii :
Ta c : n
X
= 0,4 mol; M
x
= 42
S ng cho :
NO
2
:46 42 30 =12
42
NO:30 46 30 =12

= + mol 0,4 n n
3 = 4 : 12 = n : n
NO NO
NO NO
2
2

=
=

= 75% %V
25% %V
mol 0,3 n
0,1mol = n
2 2
NO
NO
NO
NO

Fe 3e Fe
3+
N
+5
+3e N
+2

x 3x 0,3 0,1
N
+5
+1e N
+4

0,3 0,3
Theo nh lut bo ton electron: 3x = 0,3 + 0,3 x = 0,2 mol
m
Fe
= 0,2.56 =11,2 g p n B



50
50
V d 5: m gam bt st ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian s chuyn thnh hn hp X c
khi lng l 75,2 gam gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
. Cho hn hp X phn ng ht vi dung
dch H
2
SO
4
m c, nng thu c 6,72 lit kh SO
2
(ktc). Gi tr ca m l:
A. 56 B. 11,2 C. 22,4 D. 25,3
Gii:
n
Fe(ban u)
=
56
m
mol
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng

2
O
n
(phn ng)
=
75,2 - m
(mol)
32

Fe Fe
3+
+ 3e O
2
+ 4e 2O
-2
56
m

56
3m

32
m - 75,2

32
m - 75,2
. 4

e
n
nhng
=
56
3m
mol S
+6
+ 2e S
+4
(SO
2
)
0,6 0,3

n
e nhn
=
32
m - 75,2
. 4
+ 0,6


32
m - 75,2
. 4
+ 0,6 =
56
3m

m = 56 gam.

p n A.
V d 6 : Ho tan hon ton 12 gam hn hp Fe, Cu (t l mol 1:1 bng axit HNO
3
thu c V lt
( ktc) hn hp kh X (gm NO v NO
2
v dung dch Y (ch cha hai mui v axit d). T khi
ca X i vi H
2
bng 19. Gi tr ca V l
A. 2,24 lt. B. 4,48 lt C. 5,6 lt. D. 3,36 lt.
Gii :
t n
Fe
= n
Cu
= a mol 56a + 64a = 12 a = 0,1mol
Fe 3e Fe
3+
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
(NO)
0,10,3mol 3x x
Cu 2e Cu
2+
N
+5
+1e N
+4
(NO
2
)
0,10,2 mol y y
Theo phng php bo ton e: n
e(nhng)
= n
e(nhn)

3x + y = 0,5 (*)


51
51
Mt khc: 19,2
y x
46y 30x
=
+
+
(**)
T (*) v (**) x = y = 0,125 mol
V
hn hp kh (ktc)
= (0,125 +0,125). 22,4 = 5,6 lt p n C
V d 7 : Ho tan 15 gam hn hp X gm hai kim loi Mg v Al vo dung dch Y gm HNO
3
v
H
2
SO
4
c thu c 0,1 mol mi kh SO
2,
NO, NO
2
, N
2
O. Thnh phn % khi lng ca Al v
Mg trong X ln lt l
A. 63% v 37%. B. 36% v 64%.
C. 50% v 50%. D. 46% v 54%.
Gii :
t n
Mg
= x mol, n
Al
= y mol. Ta c : 24x +27y = 15 (1)
Mg 2e Mg
2+
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
(NO)
x 2x 0,3 0,1
Al 3e Al
3+
N
+5
+ e N
+4
(NO)
n
e nhng
= 2x+3y 0,1 0,1
N
+5
+ 4e N
+1
(N
2
O)
0,80,1.2
S
+6
+ 2e S
+4
(SO
2
)
0,2 0,1
n
e nhn
= 1,4
Theo nh lut bo ton eletron: 2x +3y = 1,4 (2)
Gii h (1), (2) ta c: x = 0,4 mol ; y = 0,2 mol
% Al = % 36 % 100 .
15
2 , 0 . 27
=
%Mg = 100% - 36% = 64%

p n B.
V d 8 : Hn hp X gm 2 kim loi R
1
, R
2
c ho tr x,y khng i (R
1
, R
2
khng tc dng vi
nc v ng trc Cu trong dy hot ng ho hc ca kim loi). Cho hn hp X tan ht trong
dung dch Cu(NO
3
)
2
sau ly cht rn thu c phn ng hon ton vi dung dch HNO
3
d thu
c 1,12 lt kh NO duy nht ktc. Nu cng lng hn hp X trn phn ng hon ton vi
dung dch HNO
3
long d th thu c bao nhiu lt N
2
(sn phm kh duy nht ktc) ?
A. 0,224 lt. B. 0,336 lt. C. 0,448 lt. D. 0,672 lt.




52
52
Gii:
Trong bi ton ny c hai th nghim:
TN1: R
1
v R
2
nhng e cho Cu
2+
chuyn thnh Cu sau Cu li nhng e cho
5
N
+
thnh
(NO) N
2 +
. S mol e do R
1
v R
2
nhng ra l:

5
N
+
+ 3e
5
N
+

0,15 05 , 0
4 , 22
12 , 1
=
TN2. R
1
; R
2
trc tip nhng e cho
5
N
+
to ra N
2
. Gi x l s mol N
2
, th s mol e thu c vo
l:
2
5
N
+
+10e
0
2
N
10x x mol
Ta c: 10x = 0,15

2
N
V = 22,4.0,015 = 0,336 lt p n B
V d 9 : Hn hp X gm hai kim loi ng trc H trong dy in ho v c ho tr khng i
trong cc hp cht. Chia m gam X thnh hai phn bng nhau
- Phn 1 : Ho tan hon ton trong dung dch cha axit HCl v H
2
SO
4
long to ra 3,36 lt kh H
2

- Phn 2 : Tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HNO
3
thu c V lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy
nht).
Bit cc th tch kh o iu kin tiu chun. Gi tr ca V l
A. 2,24 lt. B. 3,36 lt. C. 4,48 lt. D. 6,72 lt.
Gii:
Nhn xt:
V tng s mol e nhng trong 2 phn l nh nhau, nn s e nhn trong 2 phn cng nh nhau
- Phn 1: 2H
+
+ 2e H
2

0,03 0,015
- Phn 2: N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
(NO)
0,03 0,01

V
NO
= 0,1.22,4 = 2,24 lt

p n A.


53
53
V d 10: Cho 1,35 gam hn hp gm Cu, Mg, Al tc dng ht vi dung dch HNO
3
thu c
hn hp kh gm 0,01 mol NO v 0,04 mol NO
2
. Bit phn ng khng to mui NH
4
NO
3
. Khi
lng mui to ra trong dung dch l:
A. 10,08 gam B. 6,59 gam C. 5,69 gam D. 5,96 gam

Gii:

N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
(NO)
0,03 0,01
N
+5
+ 1e N
+4
(NO
2
)
0,04 0,04


-
3
NO
n
(mui)
=
n
electron nhng (hoc nhn)
= 0,03 + 0,04 = 0,07 (mol)

m
mui
= m
kim loi
+
-
3
NO
m
(mui)
= 1,35 + 0,07.63 = 5,69 gam

p n C.
V d 11: Cho 3 kim loi Al, Fe, Cu vo 2 lt dung dch HNO
3
phn ng va thu c 1,792
lt kh X (ktc) gm N
2
v NO
2
c t khi hi so vi He bng 9,25. Nng mol ca HNO
3
trong
dung dch u l:
A. 0,28 M B. 1,4 M C. 1,7 M D. 1,2 M
Gii:
Ta c
2 2
N NO
X
(M M )
M 9,25. 4 37
2
+
= = = l trung bnh cng khi lng phn t ca 2 kh N
2

v NO
2
nn:
2
N
n
=
2
n
n
X
NO
2
=
= 0,04 mol
2N
+5
+ 10e N
2

0,4 0,04
N
+5
+ 1e N
+4
(NO
2
)
0,04 0,04
-
3
NO
n
(mui)
=
n
electron nhng (hoc nhn)
= 0,4 + 0,04 = 0,44 mol
p dng bo ton nguyn t ta c:
3
HNO
n
(b kh)
=
-
3
NO
n
(mui)
+ n
N(trong kh)
= 0,44 + 0,04.2 + 0,04 = 0,56 mol

[HNO
3
] =
0,28M
2
0,56
=

p n A



54
54
V d 12 : Chia m gam hn hp X gm Al, Fe thnh hai phn bng nhau :
- Phn 1 : Ho tan hon ton trong dung dch HCl d thu c 7,28 lt H
2
- Phn 2 : Ho tan hon ton trong dung dch HNO
3
long d thu c 5,6 lt NO (sn phm kh
duy nht).
- Bit th tch cc kh o ktc Khi lng Fe, Al c trong X ln lt l:
A. 5,6 gam v 4,05 gam. B. 16,8 gam v 8,1 gam.
C. 5,6 gam v 5,4 gam. D. 11,2 gam v 4,05 gam.
Gii:
Tc dng vi HCl
Al - 3e Al
3+
2H
+
+ 2e H
2

Fe - 2e Fe
2+
0,65 0,325
Tc dng vi HNO
3

M - 3e M
3+
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
0,25 0,75

0,75 0,25
Nhn xt:
S mol e hn hp Al; Fe nhng khi tc dng HCl : 0,65 mol
S mol e hn hp Al; Fe nhng khi tc dng HNO
3
: 0,75 mol
S mol e m Al nhng l nh nhau vi HCl v HNO
3
; 1 mol Fe nhng cho HNO
3

nhiu hn cho HCl l 1 mol e;

n
Fe
=0,75 - 0,65 = 0,1 mol

m
Fe
= 5,6 gam

n
Al
=0,25 - 0,1 = 0,15 mol

m
Al
= 4,05 gam

p n A.
V d 13 : Ho tan hon ton 11,2 gam hn hp Cu - Ag bng 19,6 gam dung dch H
2
SO
4
c
un nng sau phn ung thu c kh X v dung dch Y. Ton b kh X c dn chm qua dung
dch nc clo d, dung dch thu c cho tc dng vi BaCl
2
d thu c 18,64 gam kt ta.
Khi lng Cu, Ag v nng ca dung dch H
2
SO
4
ban u ln lt l :

A. 2,56 ; 8,64 v 96%. B. 4,72 ; 6,48 v 80%.
C. 2,56 ; 8,64 v 80%. D. 2,56 ; 8,64 v 90%.

Gii:
t : n
Cu
= x; n
Ag
= y 64x + 108y = 11,2 (*)




55
55
Cu 2e Cu
2+
S
+6
+2e S
+4
(SO
2
)
x 2x 0,16 0,08
Ag e Ag
+

y y
Ta c s chuyn ho
SO
4
BaCl 2
4
O H Cl
2
2
4
BaSO SO SO
2 2 2

+ + +

0,08
mol 0,08
233
18,64
=

p dng bo ton eletron: 2x + y = 0,16 (**)
T (*) (**) x = 0,04, y = 0,08
m
Cu
= 0,04. 64 = 2,56gam
;
m
Ag
= 8,64gam
p dng bo ton nguyn t ca lu hunh
2
4
SO
n
(axit)
=
2
4
SO
n
(mui)
+
2
SO
n
=
16 , 0 08 , 0 )
2
08 , 0
04 , 0 ( = + +
C%(H
2
SO
4
) = % 80 % 100 .
6 , 19
98 . 16 , 0
= p n C
V d 14 : Cho hn hp X gm 0,1 mol Al v 0,1 mol Fe vo 100ml dung dch Y gm Cu(NO
3
)
2

v AgNO
3
sau khi phn ng kt thc thu c cht rn Z gm 3 kim loi. Ho tan hon ton Z
bng dung dch HCl d thu c 0,05 mol H
2
v cn li 28 gam cht rn khng tan. Nng mi
ca Cu(NO
3
)
2
v ca AgNO
3
trong Y ln lt l :
A. 2M v 1M. B. 1M v 2M.
C. 0,2M v 0,1M. D. 0,5M v 0,5M.
Gii:
Tm tt s :
8,3gam hn hp X +

Fe
Al
100ml dung dch Y

mol y : ) Cu(NO
mol x : AgNO
2 3
3

1,12 lt H
2

Cht rn A
+ HCl

(3 kim loi) 2,8 gam cht rn khng tan B
t
3
AgNO
n = x mol v
2 3
) Cu(NO
n = y mol
Cht rn Z gm 3 kim loi 3 kim loi phi l: Ag, Cu, Fe


Al, Cu(NO
3
)
2
v AgNO
3
tham gia phn ng ht, Fe cha phn ng hoc d
(n
Al
= n
Fe
)
d


56
56
Xt cho ton b qu trnh, ta c:
Ag
+
+1e Ag
0
Al 3e Al
3+

x x x 0,1 0,3
Cu
2+
+2e Cu
0
Fe 2e Fe
2+

y 2y y 0,1 0,2
2H
+
+2e H
2
0,10,05
Theo nh lut bo ton eletron, ta c phng trnh:
x + 2y + 0,1 = 0,3 + 0,2

x + 2y = 0,4 (1)
Mt khc, cht rn khng tan l: Ag: x mol; Cu: y mol
108x + 64y = 28 (2)
Gii h (1), (2) ta c: x = 0,2 mol; y = 0,1 mol
[AgNO
3
] =
3 2
0,2 0,1
2M; [Cu(NO ) ] 1M
0,1 0,1
= = =

p n B
V d 15 : Trn 0,54 gam bt Al vi hn hp bt Fe
2
O
3
v CuO ri tin hnh phn ng nhit
nhm trong iu kin khng c khng kh mt thi gian. thu c hn hp cht rn X. Ho tan
hon ton X trong dung dch HNO
3
c, nng, d th th tch NO
2
(sn phm kh duy nht
ktc) thu c l
A. 0,672 lt. B. 0,896 lt. C. 1,12 lt. D. 1,344 lt.
Gii:
Phn tch:
Nu gii theo cch thng thng s gp rt nhiu kh khn:
+ Phn ng nhit nhm l khng hon ton (tin hnh phn ng mt thi gian ), do c
nhiu sn phm v vy phi vit rt nhiu phng trnh
+ S n s cn t ln, trong khi bi ton ch cho mt d kin
Xt cho ton b qu trnh, ch c Al v N (trong HNO
3
) c s thay i s oxi ho trng thi
u v cui, do ch cn vit hai qu trnh:
Al - 3e Al
3+

N
+5
+1e N
+4
(NO
2
)
0,02 0,06 0,06 0,06

2
NO
V = 0,06. 22,4 = 1,344 lt

p n D



57
57
V d 16 : Trn 60 gam bt Fe vi 30 gam bt lu hunh ri un nng (khng c khng kh) thu
c cht rn X. Ho tan X bng dung dch axit HCl d c dung dch Y v kh Z. t chy
hon ton Z cn ti thiu V lt O
2
(ktc). Bit cc phn ng xy ra hon ton. Gi tr ca V l
A. 11,2. B. 21. C. 33. D. 49.
Gii:
V n
Fe
> n
S
=
30
32
nn Fe d v S ht
Kh C l hn hp H
2
S v H
2
. t Z thu c SO
2
v H
2
O. Kt qu cui cng ca qu trnh phn
ng l Fe v S nhng e, cn O
2
thu e
Fe - 2e Fe
2+
O
2
+ 4e 2O
-2

mol
56
60
2.
56
60

x 4x
S 4e S
+4

mol
32
30
4.
32
30

2.
60 30
4. 4x x 1,4732 mol
56 32
+ = =

2
O
V = 22,4. 1,4732 = 33 lt

p n C
V d 17 : Ho tan hon ton 1,08 gam Al bng dung dch HNO
3
d, sn phm ng thu c
0,336 lt kh X (sn phm kh duy nht ktc). Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. NO
2
B. N
2
O C. N
2
D. NO
Gii:
n
Al
= 0,04 ; n
X
= 0,015
Al 3e Al
3+
N
+5
+ ne X
5-n

0,04 0,12 mol 0,12 mol
n
0,12


8 n 0,015
n
0,12
= = ng vi 2N
+5
+ 8e 2N
+1

(N
2
O)

p n B

V d 18 : Khi cho 9,6 gam Mg tc dng ht vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
m c, thy c 49 gam
H
2
SO
4
tham gia phn ng to mui MgSO
4
, H
2
O v sn phm kh X l :
A. SO
2
B. S. C. H
2
S. D. H
2



58
58
Gii:
Dung dch H
2
SO
4
m c va l cht oxi ho va l mi trng
Gi a l s oxi ho ca S trong X
Mg Mg
2+
+ 2e S
+6
+ (6-a)e S
a

0,4 mol 0,8mol 0,1 mol 0,1(6-a)mol
Tng s mol H
2
SO
4
dng l: 0,5(mol)
98
49
=
S mol H
2
SO
4
dng to mui bng s mol Mg = 9,6: 24 = 0,4mol
S mol H
2
SO
4
dng oxi ho Mg = 0,5 0,4 = 0,1mol
Ta c: 0,1.(6 - a) = 0,8 x = - 2. Vy Z l H
2
S p n C
V d 19 : Cho 13,92 gam Fe
3
O
4
tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HNO
3
sau phn ng thu c
dung dch X v 0,448 lt kh N
x
O
y
(Sn phm kh duy nht (ktc). Khi lng HNO
3
nguyn
cht tham ra phn ng l
A. 35,28 gam. B. 33,48 gam. C. 12,6 gam. D. 17,64 gam.
Gii:
Cch 1: Vit v cn bng phng trnh ho hc:
(5x 2y )Fe
3
O
4
+ (46x-18y) HNO
3
(15x -6y)Fe(NO
3
)
3
+N
x
O
y
+(23x-9y)H
2
O
0,06 0,02(mol)
Cch 2:
3Fe
+
8
3
e 3Fe
+3
xN
+5
+ (5x-2y)e xN
+2y/x

0,06 0,06 0,02 (5x- 2y) 0,02x
iu kin : x 2; y 5 (x,y N)
0,02(5x-2y) = 0,06 x =1; y = 1 (hp l)
3
HNO
n
(phn ng)
=

3
NO
n
(mui)
+ N
n
(trong kh)
= 3. 0,06. 3 + 0,02 = 0,56 mol

3
HNO
m
(phn ng)
= 0,56. 63 = 35,28 gam

p n A
V d 20 : Cho 18,56 gam st oxit tc dng hon ton vi dung dch HNO
3
sau phn ng thu
c dung dch X v 0,224 lt kh mt oxit ca nit (sn phm kh duy nht ktc). Cng thc
ca hai oxit ln lt l
A. FeO v NO. B. Fe
3
O
4
v NO
2

C. FeO v N
2
O. D. Fe
3
O
4
v N
2
O.
Gii:
t cng thc tng qut ca 2 oxit l: Fe
2
O
n
; N
2
O
m
(n<3; m<5 (n, mR
+
)


59
59
2Fe
+n
- 2(3 - n)e 2Fe
+3

2.18,65 2.(3-n).18,65
112 + 16n 112 + 16n

2N
+5
+ 2(5 - m)e 2N
+m
(2)
0,02.(5-m) 2. 0,01
2. m) 0,02(5 n) (3
16n 112
18.56
=
+

Vi iu kin trn phng trnh c nghim hp l: m = 1; n = 8/3
2 oxit ln lt l: Fe
3
O
4
v N
2
O

p n D.

* Nhn xt: Trong bi ton trn vic vit v tnh ton theo phng trnh khng cn thun tin
cho vic gii quyt bi ton na.

III. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1: Ho tan hon ton m gam Al vo dung dch HNO
3
rt long th thu c hn hp gm
0,015 mol kh N
2
O v 0,01mol kh NO (phn ng khng to NH
4
NO
3
). Gi tr ca m l
A. 13,5 gam B. 1,35 gam. C. 0,81 gam. D. 8,1 gam.
Cu 2: Cho m gam Cu phn ng ht vi dung dch HNO
3
thu c 8,96 lt (ktc) hn hp kh
NO v NO
2
c khi lng l 15,2 gam. Gi tr ca m l
A. 25,6 B. 16. C. 2,56. D. 8.
Cu 3: Mt hn hp gm 4 kim loi : Mg, Ni, Zn v Al c chia thnh hai phn bng nhau :
- Phn 1 : cho tc dng vi HCl d thu c 3,36 lt H
2
- Phn 2 : ho tan ht trong HNO
3
long d thu c V lt mt kh khng mu, ho nu trong
khng kh (cc th tch kh u do ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 2,24 lt. B. 3,36 lt. C. 4,48 lt. D. 5,6 lt.
Cu 4: Cho 3,35 gam hn hp gm Mg, Al, Cu tc dng hon ton vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
c
nng, d c 2,8 lt kh SO
2
(ktc). Khi t 3,35 gam hn hp trn trong kh Clo d th khi
lng mui clorua thu c l
A. 10,225 gam. B. 12,225 gam C. 8,125 gam. D. 9,255 gam
Cu 5: Ho tan hon ton 12,9 gam hn hp Cu, Zn vo dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, nng c 0,14
mol SO
2
; 0,64 gam S v dung dch mui sunfat. % khi lng Cu trong hn hp ban u l
A. 50,39% B. 54,46% C. 50,15% D. 49,61%


60
60
Cu 6: Cho 1,35 gam hn hp Cu, Mg, Al tc dng vi HNO
3
d c 896ml hn hp gm NO
v NO
2
c = M 42 . Tnh tng khi lng mui nitrat sinh ra (kh ktc).
A. 9,41 gam. B. 10,08 gam. C. 5,07 gam. D. 8,15 gam.
Cu 7: Ho tan ht 4,43 gam hn hp Al v Mg trong HNO
3
long thu c dung dch X (khng
cha mui amoni) v 1,568 lt (ktc) hn hp hai kh (u khng mu) c khi lng 2,59 gam
trong c mt kh b ho thnh mu nu trong khng kh. S mol HNO
3
phn ng l
A. 0,51. B. 0,45. C. 0,55. D. 0,49.
Cu 8: Ho tan hon ton m gam Mg hp gm ba kim loi (c ha tr khng i) bng dung dch
HNO
3
thu c 1,12 lt hn hp kh X (ktc) gm NO
2
v NO. T khi hi ca X so vi hiro
bng 18,2. Th tch ti thiu dung dch HNO
3
37,8% (d =1,242g/ml) cn dng l
A. 20,18ml. B. 11,12ml. C. 21,47ml. D. 36,7ml.
Cu 9: Ho tan 6,25 gam hn hp Zn v Al vo 275ml dung dch HNO
3
thu c dung dch X
(khng cha mui amoni), cht rn Y gm cc kim loi cha tan ht cn nng 2,516 gam v 1,12
lt hn hp kh Z ( ktc) gm NO v NO
2
. T khi ca hn hp Z so vi H
2
l 16,75. Tnh nng
mol/l ca HNO
3
v tnh khi lng mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch sau phn ng.
A. 0,65M v 11,794 gam. B. 0,65M v 12,35 gam.
C. 0,75M v 1l,794 gam. D. 0,55M v 12,35 gam.
Cu 10: Ho tan hon ton hn hp 9,75 gam Zn v 2,7 gam Al vo 200ml dung dch cha ng
thi HNO
3
2,5M v H
2
SO
4
0,75M th thu c kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch X
ch gm cc mui. C cn dung dch X thu c khi lng mui khan l
A. 57,85 gam. B. 52,65 gam. C. 45,45 gam. D. 41,25 gam.
Cu 11: Cho a gam nhm tc dng vi b gam Fe
2
O
3
thu c hn hp X. Ho tan X trong HNO
3

d, thu c 2,24 lt (ktc) mt kh khng mu ho nu trong khng kh. Khi lng nhm
dng l :
A. 2,7 gam B. 5,4 gam C. 4,0 gam D. 1,35 gam
Cu 12: t chy 5,6 gam bt Fe trong bnh ng O
2
thu c 7,36 gam hn hp X gm FeO,
Fe
2
O
3
Fe
3
O
4
v Fe. Ho tan hon ton lng hn hp X bng dung dch HNO
3
thu c V lt hn
hp kh Y gm NO v NO
2
T khi ca Y so vi H
2
bng 19. Th tch V ktc l
A. 672ml. B. 336ml. C. 448ml. D. 896ml.
Cu 13: Cho dng khi CO i qua ng s cha 0,12 mol hn hp gm FeO v Fe
2
O
3
nung nng,
phn ng to ra 0,138 mol CO
2
. Hn hp cht rn cn li trong ng nng 14,352 gam gm bn
cht. Ho tan ht hn hp bn cht ny vo dung dch HNO
3
d c V lt NO (sn phm kh
duy nht). Gi tr ca V (ktc) l
A. 0,224. B. 0,672. C. 2,248. D. 6,854.


61
61
Cu 14: Cho m gam hn hp X gm oxit FeO, CuO,Fe
2
O
3
c s mol bng nhau tc dng hon
ton vi lng va l 250ml dung dch HNO
3
khi un nng nh thu c dung dch Y v
3,136 lt (ktc) hn hp kh Z gm NO
2
v NO c t khi so vi hiro l 20,143. Gi tr ca m l.
A. 74,88 B. 52,35. C. 61,79. D. 72,35
Cu 15: Cho 11,36 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
phn ng ht vi dung dch
HNO
3
long d thu c 1,344lt (ktc) NO (l sn phm kh duy nht) l dung dch X. C cn
dung dch X thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr m l
A. 49,09 B. 34,36. C. 35,50. D. 38,72.
Cu 16: Cho 1 lung khi CO i qua ng ng Fe
2
O
3
nung nng. Sau mt thi gian thu c
44,46 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
Fe
3
O
4
. Cho X tc dng va vi dung dch HNO
3

0,1M th thu c dung dch Y v 3,136 lt kh NO duy nht (ktc). Th tch dung dch HNO
3

dng l
A. 1,94 lt. B. 19,4 lt. C. 15 lt. D. 1,34 lt.
Cu 17: Dung dch X gm AgNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
c cng nng . Ly mt lng hn hp gm
0,03 mol Al; 0,05 mol Fe cho vo 100ml dung dch X cho ti khi phn ng kt thc thu c cht
rn Y cha 3 kim loi. Cho Y vo HCl d gii phng 0,07 gam kh. Nng ca hai mui l
A. 0,3M. B. 0,4M. C. 0,42M. D. 0,45M.
Cu 18 : C 2 bnh in phn mc ni tip. Bnh (1) cha CuCl
2
. Bnh (2) cha AgNO
3
. Khi anot
ca bnh (1) thot ra 22,4 lt mt kh duy nht th anot ca bnh 2 thot ra bao nhiu l kh ?
A. 11,2 lt B. 22,4 lt C. 33,6lt D. 44,8 lt
Cu 19: Ho tan 1,52 gam hn hp Fe v Cu vo 200ml dung dch HNO
3
sau khi phn ng xy
ra hon ton thu c dung dch X, 224ml kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht ktc v cn 0,64
gam cht rn khng b ho tan. Nng mol ca dung dch HNO
3
l
A. 0,1M. B. 0,2M. C. 0,25M. D. 0,5M.
Cu 20: Hn hp X gm Fe v Cu vi t l phn trm khi lng l 4: 6. Ho tan m gam X bng
dung dch HNO
3
thu c 0,448 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht ktc) dung ch Y v c
0,65m (gam) kim loi khng tan. Khi lng mui khan trong dung dch X l
A. 5,4 gam. B. 6,4 gam. C. 11,2 gam. D. 8,6 gam.


P N
1B 2A 3A 4B 5D 6C 7D 8C 9A 10C
11A 12D 13C 14A 15D 16B 17B 18A 19B 20A


62
62
Phng php 6
Phng php trung bnh
I. C S CA PHNG PHP
- Nguyn tc : i vi mt hn hp cht bt k ta lun c th biu din chnh qua mt i lng
tng ng, thay th cho c hn hp, l i lng trung bnh (nh khi lng mol trung bnh,
s nguyn t trung bnh, s nhm chc trung bnh, s lin kt trung bnh, . . .), c biu din
qua biu thc :
n
i i
i l
n
i
i l
X .n
x
n
=
=
=

(1); vi
i
i
X :
n :


D nhin theo tnh cht ton hc ta lun c :
min (X
i
) < X< max(X
i
) (2); vi
i
i
min(X ) :
m (X ) : ax


Do , c th da vo cc tr s trung bnh nh gi bi ton, qua thu gn khong nghim
lm cho bi ton tr nn n gin hn, thm ch c th trc tip kt lun nghim ca bi ton.
- im mu cht ca phng php l phi xc nh ng tr s trung bnh lin quan trc tip
n vic gii bi ton. T da vo d kin bi tr trung bnh kt lun cn thit.
- Nhng tr s trung bnh thng s dng trong qu trnh gii ton: khi lng mol trung bnh,
nguyn t (C, H.) trung bnh, s nhm chc trung bnh, st lin kt trung bnh, . . .



i lng ang xt ca cht th i trong hn hp
s mol ca cht th i trong hn hp
i lng nh nht trong tt c X
i

i lng ln nht trong tt c X
i



63
63
II. CC DNG BI TON THNG GP
Dng 1: Xc nh tr s trung bnh
Khi bit cc tr s X
i
v n
i
, thay vo (l) d dng tm c X.
Dng 2: Bi ton hn hp nhiu cht c tnh cht ho hc tng t nhau
Thay v vit nhiu phn ng ho hc vi nhiu cht, ta gi mt cng thc chung i din cho
hn hp Gim s phng trnh phn ng, qua lm n gin ho bi ton.
Dng 3: Xc nh thnh phn % s moi cc cht trong hn hp 2 cht
Gi a l % s mol ca cht X % s mol ca Y l (100 - a). Bit cc gi tr M
x
, M
Y
v M d
dng tnh c a theo biu thc:

X Y
M .a M .(100 a)
M
100
+
= (3)
Dng 4: Xc nh 2 nguyn t X, Y trong cng chu k hay cng phn nhm chnh ca bng
h thng tun hon
Nu 2 nguyn t l k tip nhau: xc nh c M
x
< M< M
Y
X, Y.
Nu cha bit 2 nguyn t l k tip hay khng: trc ht ta tm M hai nguyn t c khi
lng mol ln hn v nh hn M. Sau da vo iu kin ca bi kt lun cp nghim
tho mn. Thng thng ta d dng xc nh c nguyn t th nht, do ch c duy nht 1
nguyn t c khi lng mol tho mn Mx < M hoc M < M
Y
; trn c s s mol ta tm c
cht th hai qua mi quan h vi M.
Dng 4: Xc nh cng thc phn t ca hn hp 2 cht hu c
Nu 2 cht l k tip nhau trong cng dy ng ng :
* Da vo phn t khi trung bnh : c M
Y
= M
x
+ 14, t d kin bi xc nh c M
x
<
M < M
x
+14 Mx X, Y.


64
64
* Da vo s nguyn t C trung bnh: c C
x
< C < C
Y
= C
x
+ 1 C
x

* Da vo s nguyn t H trung bnh: c H
x
< H < H
Y
= H
x
+ 2 H
X

Nu cha bit 2 cht l k tip hay khng:
Da vo bi i lng trung bnh X hai cht c X ln hn v nh hn X. Sau
da vo iu kin ca bi kt lun cp nghim tho mn. Thng thng ta d dng xc nh
c cht th nht, do ch c duy nht 1 cht c i lng X tho mn X
X
< X hoc X < X
Y
;
trn c s v s mol ta tm c cht th hai qua mi quan h vi X.
Nu cha bit hai cht c cng thuc mt dy ng ng hay khng. Thng thng ch cn s
dng mt i lng trung bnh; trong trng hp phc tp hn phi kt hp s dng nhiu i
lng.
Mt s ch quan trng
* Theo tnh cht ton hc lun c: min(X
i
) < X < max(X
i
) .
* Nu cc cht trong hn hp c s mol bng nhau tr trung bnh ng bng trung bnh
cng, v ngc li.
* Nu bit t l mol cc cht th nn chn s mol ca cht c s mt t nht l 1 s mol cc
cht cn li X .
* Nn kt hp s dng phng php ng cho.
III. MT S V D MINH HA
V d 1: Ho tan 16,8 gam hn hp gm 2 mui cacbonat v sunfit ca cng mt kim loi kim
vo dung dch HCl d thu c 3,36 lt hn hp kh (ktc). Kim loi kim l
A. Li. B. Na. C. K. D. Rb.




65
65
Gii:
C kim loi kim cn tm l M
Cc phn ng :
M
2
CO
3
+2HCl 2MCl +H
2
O+CO
2
(1)
M
2
SO
3
+2HCl 2MCl +H
2
O +SO
2
(2)
T (1),(2) n
mui
= n
kh
= 0,15mol M
mui
= n
kh
= 0,15mol M
mui
= 112
15 , 0
8 , 16
=
2M + 60 < M
mui
< 2M + 80 16 < M < 26 M = 23 (Na)

p n B
V d 2: Dung dch X cha 8,36 gam hn hp hiroxit gn 2 kim loi kim. trung ho X cn
dng ti thiu 500ml dung dch HNO
3
0,55M. Bit hiroxit ca kim loi c nguyn t khi ln
hn chim 20% s mol hn hp. K hiu ho hc ca 2 kim loi kim ln lt l
A Li v Na. B. Na v K. C. Li v K. D. Na v Cs.
Gii:
Gi cng thc chung ca hai hiroxit kim loi kim l OH M
Phng trnh phn ng : O H NO M HNO OH M
2 3 3
+ +

2
KLK 13,4 M 7(Li) 30,4
0,5.0,55
8,36
OH M < = < = =
Kim loi th nht l Li. Gi kim loi kim cn li l M c s mol l x

=
=

= + +
= +
39(K) M
0,055 x
8,36 17).x (M 24.4x
0,275 x 4x


p n C
V d 3. Trong t nhin kali c 2 ng v
39
19
K v
41
19
K . Thnh phn % khi lng ca
39
19
K trong
KClO
4
l (cho O = 16,00 ; Cl = 35,50 ; K = 39,13)
A. 26,39%. B. 26,30%. C. 28,23%. D. 28,16%.




66
66
Gii:
Gi a l % s ng v ca 93,5 a 39,13
100
a) 41.(100 39a
A K
K
39
19
= =
+
=
Thnh phn % khi lng ca K
39
19
trong KClO
4
l:
%
K
39
19
m =
39
19
4
K
KClO
m
39.0,935
.100% .100% 26,30%
m 39,13 35,50 4.16,00
= =
+ +
p n B

V d 4: Ho tan hon ton 4,431 gam hn hp Al, Mg bng dung dch HNO
3
long thu c
dung dch X (khng cha mui amoni) v 1,568 lt (ktc) hn hp hai kh khng mu c khi
lng 2,59 gam, trong c mt kh bi ho nu trong khng kh. C cn cn thn dung dch X th
lng mui khan thu c l
A. 19,621 gam. B. 8,771 gam. C. 28,301 gam. D. 32,641 gam.
Gii:
n
X
= 0,07(mol)
22,4
1,568
= . Kh khng mu ho nu trong khng kh l NO:
Kim loi + HNO
3
kh khng mu l 2 trong 3 kh

=
=
=
28) (M N
44) (M O N
30) (M NO
2
2

M
NO
< < = = 37
0,07
2,59
M
x
M
kh cn li
kh cn li l N
2
O
t n
NO
= x;
O N
2
n = y mol 0,035 y x
2,59 y 44 x 30
0,07 y x
= =

= +
= +

(NO) N 3e N
2 5 + +
+
0,105 0,035 mol
O) (N N 4e N
2
1 5 + +
+

mol 0,035.2 0,28


67
67
Tng s mol e nhn: 0,105 + 0,28 = 0,385 mol
m
mui
= 4,431 + 62.0,385 = 28,301gam p n C
V d 5: Dn 1,68 lt hn hp kh X gm hai hidrocacbon vo bnh ng dung dch brm (d).
Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton, c 4 gam brom phn ng v cn li 1,12 lt kh. Nu t
chy hon ton l,68 lt X th sinh ra 2,8 lt kh CO
2
. Cng thc phn t ca hai hirocacbon l
(cc th tch kh u do ktc)
A. CH
4
v C
2
H
4
B. CH
4
v C
3
H
4
C. CH
4
v C
3
H
6
D. C
2
H
6
v C
3
H
6
.
Gii:
Theo bi ra:

= = = =
=

= =
1,67
3
5
1,68
2,8
V
V
C
1
1,62)/22,4 (1,68
4/160
n
n
k
hh
CO
no khng n hidrocacbo
Br
no khng n hidrocacbo
2
2

p n A hoc C c 1 hirocacbon l CH
4

C
hirocacbon khng no
= =

3
56 , 0
1 . 12 , 1 8 , 2
Hirocacbon cn li l C
3
H
6
p n C
V d 6: em ho hi 6,7 gam hn hp X gm CH
3
COOH, CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
,

CH
3
COOCH
3
v
HCOOC
2
H
5
thu c 2,24 lt hi (ktc). t chy hon ton 6,7 gam X thu c khi lng
nc l
A. 4,5 gam. B. 3,5 gam. C. 5,0 gam. D. 4,0 gam.
Gii:
Gi cng thc chung ca X l: 2,5 n 67
0,1
6,7
32 n 14 x M O H C
2
n 2 n
= = = + =
S chy: O H n CO n O H C
2 2 2
n 2 n
+

O H
2
n = 2,5. 0,2 = 0,25 mol
O H
2
m = 0,25. 18 = 4,5gam p n A
Loi B
Loi D


68
68
V d 7: t chy hon ton 1 lt hn hp kh gm C
2
H
2
v hirocacbon X sinh ra 2 lt kh CO
2

v 2 lt hi H
2
O (cc th tch kh v hi cng iu kin nhit p sut). Cng thc phn t
ca X l
A. C
2
H
6
B. C
2
H
4
C. CH
4
D. C
3
H
8

Gii:
t chy hn hp kh cho: <
O H CO
2 2
V V X l ankan
= = = 2
1
2
V
V
C
hh
CO
2
Phn t X c 2 nguyn t C X l C
2
H
6


p n A
V d 8: Hn hp X gm 2 ancol no. t chy hon ton 8,3 gam X bng 10,64 l O
2
thu c
7,84 lt CO
2
cc th tch kh u o ktc. Cng th hai ancol trong X ln lt l :
A. CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
OH v CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH.
B. CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
OH v HOCH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH.
C. HOCH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH v CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH.
D. HOCH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH v HOCH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH.
Gii:
Gi cng thc chung X l:
m m 2 n 2 n
(OH) H C
+

S chy:
m m 2 n 2 n
(OH) H C
+

+ O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O
Theo LBT khi lng:
O H
2
m = m
x
+
2
O
m -
2
CO
m = 8,3 + gam 8,1 .44
22,4
7,84
.32
22,4
10,64
=
C:
2
2 2
2
H O
X
X H O CO
CO
n 0,45mol
n n n 0,45 0,35 0,1 M 83 (1)
n 0,35mol
=

= = = =


p dng LBT nguyn t vi oxi: n
O(x)
=
2 2 2
O(CO ) O(H O) O(O )
n n - n +
n
o(x)
= 2. 0,35 + 0,45 - 2. 0,475 = 0,2 mol


69
69


O(X)
X
n
0,2
m 2 (2)
n 0,1
= = =
T (1),(2) X gm HOCH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH v HOCH
2
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH
p n D
V d 9: Cho 4,48 lt hn hp X ( ktc) gm 2 hirocacbon mch h li t t qua bnh cha 1,4
lt dung dch Br
2
0,5M. Sau khi phn ng hon ton s mol Br
2
gim i mt na v khi lng
bnh tng thm 6,7 gam. Cng thc phn t ca 2 hirocacbon l :
A. C
2
H
2
v C
4
H
6
B. C
2
H
2
v C
4
H
8
C. C
3
H
4
v C
4
H
8
D. C
2
H
2
v C
3
H
8
Gii:
Gi cng thc chung ca hn hp X l:
k 2 2 n 2 n
H C
+

n
x
= 0,2 mol;
2
Br
n
(phn ng)
= 0,35mol = = 1,75
0,2
0,35
k Loi A
Nu ch c 1 hirocacbon (Y) b hp th Y phi c dng C
n
H
2n-2

n
Y
=
( )
2
Br
Y
n
6,7
0,175mol M 38,3
2 0,175
= = =

(loi)
Vy ton b X b hp th ht Loi D
C :

> = = ) H C ( 26 33,5
0,2
6,7
M
2 2
X p n B

V d 10: Thu phn hon ton 444 gam mt lipit thu c 46 gam glixerol v hai loi axit bo.
Hai loi axit bo l :
A. C
15
H
31
COOH v C
17
H
35
COOH. B. C
17
H
33
COOH v C
15
H
31
COOH.
C. C
17
H
31
COOH v C
17
H
33
COOH. D C
17
H
33
COOH v C
17
H
35
COOH.
Gii:
Gi cng thc lipit l
5 3 3
H C COO) R (
p


70
70
n
lipit
= n
glixerol
= 0,5mol
3
237 239.2
3
715
R 888
0,5
444
M
lipit
+
= = = =
Hai gc axit bo trong lipit l C
17
H
35
(239) v C
17
H
33
(237) p n D
V d 11: Hn hp X gm axit HCOOH v axit CH
3
COOH (t l mi 1 : 1). Hn hp Y gm
ancol CH
3
OH v ancol C
2
H
5
OH (t l mi 3 : 2). Ly 11,13 gam hn hp X tc dng vi 7,52
gam hn hp Y (c xc tc H
2
SO
4
c) thu c m gam hn hp este (hiu sut ca cc phn ng
este ho u bng 80%) Gi tr ca m l
A 11,616 B. 12,197. C. 14,52. D. 15,246.
Gii:


mol 0,20 n 37,6;
55
46.2 32.2
M
mol 0,21 n ; 53
5
60 46
M
Y Y
X X

= =
+
=
= =
+
=

Phn ng este ha: O H R' COO R OH R' COOH R
2
+ +
Theo LBT khi lng: m = ( X Y (M M 18). 0,20. 80% +

m = (53 + 37,6 - 18). 0,20. 80% = 11,616 gam.

p n A.

V d 12: Nitro ho benzen thu c 2 cht hu c X v Y, trong Y nhiu hn X mt nhm -
NO
2
. t chy hon ton 12,75 gam hn hp X,Y thu c CO
2
, H
2
O v 1,232 lt kh N
2
(ktc).
Cng thc phn t v s mol ca X trong hn hp l
A. C
6
H
5
NO
2
v 0,9 mol. B. C
6
H
5
NO
2
v 0,09 mol
C. C
6
H
4
(NO
2
)
2
v 0,1 mol. D. C
6
H
4
(NO)
2
v 0,01 mol.
Gii:
Gi cng thc phn t chung ca hn hp X, Y l
m
2
m 6
6
) (NO H C


S t chy:
Ancol ht tnh theo ancol
H=80%


71
71
1 , 1 m 055 , 0
2
m
.
m 45 78
12,75
0,055
m 45. 78
12,75
N
2
m
) (NO H C
2
m
2
m 6
6
= =
+


X l C
6
H
5
NO
2
; Y l C
6
H
4
(NO
2
)
2

Gi a l % s mol ca X trong hn hp ta c:
=
+
= = = = + = mol 0,09 .0,9
45.1,1 78
12,75
n n 0,9 a 1,1 a) 2.(1 1.a m
2 5 6
NO H C X
p n B
V d 13: Hn hp X gm ba amin n chc l ng ng k tip nhau. t chy hon ton 11,8
gam X thu c 16,2 gam H
2
O, 13,44 lt CO
2
v V lt kh N
2
(ktc). Ba amin trn ln lt l
A. CH
3
-NH
2
CH
3
-CH
2
-NH
2
CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
-NH
2

B CH C-NH
3
CHC-CH
2
-NH
2
CHC-CH
2
-CH
2
-NH
2

C. CH
2
=CH-NH
2
CH
3
-CH=CH-NH
2
CH
3
-CH=CH-CH
2
-NH
2
D. CH
3
-CH
2
-NH
2
CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
-NH
2
CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
2
-NH
2

Gii:
2 2
H O CO
n 0,9mol; n 0,6 mol = =
Nhn thy: = =

3
0,6
2.0,9
n
n
C
H
X phi c CH
3
NH
2
hoc C
2
H
5
NH
2
X l hn hp amin no, mch h A hoc D ng
Gi cng thc phn t chung ca X l N H C
3 n 2 n +

3 n 3
n
3 n 2
n
n
C
H
= =
+
=


X c cha CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
NH
2
p n D



72
72
V d 14: T khi hi ca hn hp X (gm 2 hirocacbon mch h) so vi H
2
l 11,25. Dn 1,792
lt X (ktc) i tht chm qua bnh ng dung dch Brom d, sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton
thy khi lng bnh tng 0,84 gam. X phi cha hirocacbon no di y ?
A. Propin. B. Propan. C. Propen. D. Propaien.
Gii:
Theo bi ra ta c:
X
M 22,5 X = cha CH
4

Vi:
4
CH
m =
1,792
.22,5 0,84 0,96 gam
22,4
=
4
CH
n = mol 0,06
16
0,96
=
Gi hirocacbon cn li l Y n
Y
=
1,792
0,06 0,02 mol
22,4
=
M
Y
=
0, 84
42
0, 02
3 6
(C H ) = p n C
V d 15: Hn hp X gm hai este u n chc. X phng ho hon ton 0,3 mol X cn dng
va ht 200ml dung dch NaOH 2M, thu c mt anehit Y v dung dch Z. C cn dung dch Z
thu c 32,0 gam hai cht rn. Bit phn trm khi lng ca oxi trong anehit Y l 27,59%.
Cng thc cu to ca hai este l :
A. HCOOC
6
H
5
v HCOOCH=CH-CH
3

B. HCOOCH=CH-CH
3
v HCOOC
6
H
4
-CH
3

C. HCOOC
6
H
4
-CH
3
v CH
3
-COOCH=CH-CH
3

D. C
3
H
5
COOCH=CH-CH
3
v C
4
H
7
COOCH=CH-CH
3
Gii:
Este l n chc Y l n chc vi M
Y
=
16
58 Y
0,2759
=
Trong X c 1 este dng RCOOH = CH CH
3

V NaOH va ht Hai cht rn thu c khi c cn Z l hai mui hai este c chung gc axit
l C
2
H
5
CHO


73
73
Mt khc X l cc este n chc m: n
x
= 0,3 < n
NaOH
= 0,4 Trong X c cha este
phenol, dng RCOOC
6
H
4
-R vi
R' H RCOOC
4 6
n

= 0,4 0,3 = 0,1 mol
0,3mol X gm:

0,2mol : CH - CH CH RCOO
mol 0,1 : R' H RCOOC
3
4 6

CHO H C
5 2
n = 0,2 mol

Phn ng

+ +
+ + +
=

0,2
(2) CHO H C RCOONa NaOH
0,1 0,1
(1) O H R' H C NaO RCOONa 2NaOH
0,2
CH CH CH RCOO
0,1
R' H RCOOC
5 2
2 4 6
3
4 6

Theo LBT khi lng:
m
x
= m
z
40.0,4 0,1.18 0,2.58 32 m m m
NaOH O H OH H C
2 5 2
+ + = + + =29,4 gam
(H) 1 R M 98
0,3
29,4
M M
R' H RCOOC
X
CH CH CH RCOO
4 6 3
= < = = <
=

m
x
= 0,1. (121 + R) + 0,2. 86 = 29,4 R=1(H)
Cng thc cu to ca hai este l:

=
3
5 6
CH CH CH HCOO
H HCOOC

p n A.


74
74
IV. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1 : Cho 1,9 gam hn hp mui cacbonat v hidrocacbonat ca kim loi kim M tc
dng ht vi dung dch HCl (d), sinh ra 0,448 lt kh ( ktc). Kim loi M l
A. Li B. Na. C. K. D. Rb.
Cu 2 : Ho tan hon ton 12,0 gam hn hp Fe, Cu (t l mi 1 : l) bng axit HNO
3
thu
c V lt ( ktc) hn hp kh X gm NO v NO
2
) v dung dch Y (ch cha hai mui
v axit d). T khi ca X i vi H
2
bng 19. Gi tr ca V l
A. 6,72. B. 4,48. C. 5,60. D. 3,36.
Cu 3 : Cho 1,7 gam hn hp gm Zn v kim loi X thuc nhm IIA tc dng vi dung
dch HCl d, sinh ra 0,672 lt kh H
2
( ktc). Mt khc, khi cho 1,9 gam X tc dng vi
dung dch H
2
SO
3
long, th th tch kh H
2
sinh ra cha n 1,12 lt ( ktc). Kim loi
X l
A. Ba. B. Ca C. Mg. D. Fe.
Cu 4 : Cho m gam hn hp gm Na
2
CO
3
v Na
2
SO
3
tc dng ht vi dung dch H
2
SO
4

long d thu c 2,24 lt hn hp kh (ktc). Hn hp kh ny c t khi so vi hiro l
27. Khi lng ca Na
2
CO
3
trong hn hp ban u l
A. 5,3 gam. B. 5,8 gam. C. 6,3 gam. D. 11,6 gam.
Cu 5 : Cho m gam hn hp bt Zn v Fe vo lng d dung dch CuSO
4
.

Sau khi kt
thc cc phn ng, loi b phn dung dch thu c m gam bt rn. Thnh phn phn
trm theo khi lng ca Zn trong hn hp bt ban u l.
A. 90,27%. B. 85,30%. C. 82,20%. D. 12,67%.
Cu 6 : Trong t nhin ng c 2 ng v l
63
Cu v
65
Cu. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca
ng l 63,54. Thnh phn % khi lng ca
63
Cu trong CuCl
2
l (cho Cl = 35,5)
A. 12,64%. B. 26,77%. C. 27,00%. D. 34,19%.
Cu 7 : t chy hon ton 8,96 lt hn hp X gm CH
4
, C
2
H
4
v hirocacbon Y thu
c 30,8 gam CO
2
v 10,8 gam nc. Cng thc phn t ca Y l :
A. C
2
H
2
B. C
3
H
2
C. C
3
H
4
D. C
4
H
2





75
75
Cu 8 : Hn hp X c t khi so vi H
2
l 21,2 gm propan, propen v propin. Khi t
chy hon ton 0,1 mol X, tng khi lng ca CO
2
v H
2
O thu c l
A. 18,60 gam. B. 18,96 gam. C. 19,32 gam. D. 20,40 gam.
Cu 9 : Cho hn hp hai anken ng ng k tip nhau tc dng vi nc (c H
2
SO
4
lm
xc tc) thu c hn hp Z gm hai ancol X v Y. t chy hon ton 1,06 gam hn
hp Z sau hp th ton b sn phm chy vo 2 lt dung dch NaOH 0,1M thu c
dung dch T trong nng ca NaOH bng 0,05M. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X
v Y l : (Cho : H = 1 ; C = 12 ; O = 16 ; th tch dung dch thay i khng ng k)
A. C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH. B. C
3
H
7
OH v C
4
H
9
OH.
C. C
2
H
5
OH v C
4
H
9
OH. D. C
4
H
9
OH v C
5
H
11
OH.
Cu 10 : t chy hon ton V lt hn hp kh (ktc) gm hai hirocacbon thuc cng
dy ng ng c khi lng phn t hn km nhau 28 vC, thu c
13
10
n
n
O H
CO
2
2
= . Cng
thc phn t ca cc hirocacbon ln lt l :
A. CH
4
v C
3
H
8
. B. C
2
H
6
v C
4
H
10
.
C. C
3
H
8
v C
5
H
12
. D. C
4
H
10
v C
6
H
14
.
Cu 11 : Hn hp X gm 2 ancol c s nguyn t cacbon bng nhau. t chy hon ton
0,25 mol X thu c 11,2 lt CO
2
(ktc). Mt khc, 0,25 mol X em tc dng vi Na d
thy thot ra 3,92 lt H
2
(ktc). Cc ancol trong X l:
A. C
2
H
5
OH v C
2
H
4
(OH)
2
B. C
3
H
7
OH v C
3
H
6
(OH)
2

C. C
3
H
7
OH v C
3
H
5
(OH)
3
D. C
4
H
9
OH v C
4
H
8
(OH)
2
Cu 12 : Hn hp 3 ancol n chc, bc mt X, Y, Z c tng s mol l 0,08 mol v tng
khi lng l 3,387 gam. Bit Y, Z c cng s nguyn t cacbon, M
Y
< M
Z
, v 3n
X
=
5(n
Y
+ n
Z
) . Cng thc cu to ca ancol Y l
A. CHC-CH
2
OH hoc CH
2
=CH-CH
2
OH.
B. CHC-CH
2
OH hoc CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
OH.
C. CH
2
=CH-CH
2
OH hoc CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
OH.
D. CHC-CH
2
OH hoc CH
2
=CH-CH
2
OH hoc CH
3
-CH
2
-CH
2
OH.
Cu 13 : Hn hp gm hirocacbon X v oxi c t l s mt tng ng l 1 : 10. t
chy hon ton hn hp trn thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho Y qua dung dch H
2
SO
4
c


76
76
thu c hn hp kh Z c t khi i vi Hiro bng 19. Cng thc phn t ca X l
(Cho H = l, C = 12, O = 16)
A. C
3
H
8
B. C
3
H
6
C. C
4
H
8
D. C
3
H
4

Cu 14 : Cho m gam hn hp gm hai cht X v Y u thuc dy ng ng ca axit
metacrylic tc dng vi 300ml dung dch Na
2
CO
3
0,5M. phn hu lng mui
cacbonat d cn dng va ht 100ml dung dch HCl l,0 M. Mt khc, t chy hon ton
m gam hn hp trn ri dn sn phm chy qua bnh I cha dung dch H
2
SO
4
c sau
qua bnh II cha dung dch NaOH c th thy tng khi lng ca II nhiu hn I l
20,5 gam. Gi tr ca m l
A. 12,15. B. 15,1. C. 15,5. D. 12,05.
Cu 15: t chy hon ton 11,85 gam hn hp hai este n chc X, k tip nhau trong
dy ng ng cn dng ti thiu 63,0 lt khng kh (O
2
chim 20% th tch, o ktc).
Sn phm chy c dn qua bnh I ng dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, sau qua bnh II ng
dung dch Ca(OH)
2
c, d th thy khi lng bnh I tng m gam v bnh II tng 23,1
gam. Cng thc cu to ca cc este trong X ln lt l :
A. HCOOCH
2
CH
3
v HCOOCH
2
CH
2
CH
3

B. HCOOCH=CH
2
v HCOOCH=CH-CH
3

C. CH
3
COOCH
3
v CH
3
COOCH
2
CH
3

D. HCOOCCH v HCOOCC-CH
3


P N
1B 2C 3B 4A 5A 6D 7A
8B 9A 10B 11A 12A 13C 14B 15B











77
77
Phng php 7
Phng php quy i
I. C S CA PHNG PHP
1. Nguyn tc chung
Quy i l mt phng php bin i ton hc nhm a bi ton ban u l mt hn hp
phc tp v dng n gin hn, qua lm cho cc php tnh tr nn dng, thun tin.
Khi p dng phng php quy i phi tun th 2 nguyn tc sau :
+ Bo ton nguyn t.
+ Bo ton s oxi ho.
2. Cc hng quy i v ch
(l) Mt bi ton c th c nhiu hng quy i khc nhau, trong c 3 hng chnh :
Quy i hn hp nhiu cht v hn hp hai hoc ch mt cht.
Trong trng hp ny thay v gi nguyn hn hp cc cht nh ban u, ta chuyn thnh hn
hp vi s cht t hn (cng ca cc nguyn t ), thng l hn hp 2 cht, thm ch l 1 cht
duy nht.
V d, vi hn hp cc cht gm Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
ta c th chuyn thnh cc t hp sau
: (Fe v FeO), (Fe v Fe
3
O
4
), (Fe v Fe
2
O
3
), (FeO v Fe
3
O
4
), (FeO v Fe
2
O
3
), (Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
)
hoc Fe
x
O
y
.
Quy i hn hp nhiu cht v cc nguyn t tng ng.
Thng thng ta gp bi ton hn hp nhiu cht nhng v bn cht ch gm 2 (hoc 3)
nguyn t. Do , c th quy i thng hn hp u v hn hp ch gm 2 (hoc 3) cht l cc
nguyn t tng ng.
V d ; (Fe, FeS, FeS
2
, Cu, CuS, Cu
2
S) (Cu, Fe, S).
Khi thc hin php quy i phi m bo :
* S electron nhng, nhn l khng i (LBT electron).
* Do s thay i tc nhn oxi ho c s thay i sn phm cho ph hp.
Thng thng ta hay gp dng bi sau :
Kim loi Hn hp sn phm trung gian Sn phm cui
V d : Qu trnh OXH hon ton Fe thnh Fe
3+

quy i
OXH
2

OXH
1


78
78
Fe Fe
3+

Fe
x
O
y

y, v trng thi u (Fe) v trng thi cui (Fe
3+
) hai qu trnh l nh nhau, ta c th quy
i hai tc nhn OXH O
2
v HNO
3
thnh mt tc nhn duy nht l O
2

(2) Do vic quy i nn trong mt s trng hp s mol mt cht c th c gi tr m tng
s mol mi nguyn t l khng i (bo ton).
(3) Trong qu trnh lm bi ta thng kt hp s dng cc phng php bo ton khi lng,
bo ton nguyn t v bo ton electron, kt hp vi vic s ho bi ton trnh vit phng
trnh phn ng, qua rt ngn thi gian lm bi.
(4) Phng n quy i tt nht, c tnh khi qut cao nht l quy i thng v cc nguyn t
tng ng. y l phng n cho li gii nhanh, gn v d hiu biu th ng bn cht ho hc.
II. CC DNG BI TON THNG GP
V d 1: Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3,0 gam hn hp cht rn X. Ho tan ht hn
hp X trong dung dch HNO
3
d thot ra 0,56 lt ktc NO (l sn phm kh duy nht). Gi tr
ca m l:
A. 2,52 B. 2,22 C. 2,62 D. 2,32
Gii:
S ho bi ton:
Fe
[O]
2 3
3 4
Fe
FeO
X
Fe O
Fe O
+


`


)

m gam 3,0 gam
C: n
NO
= 0,025mol
Trong trng hp ny ta c th quy i hn hp ban u v cc hn hp khc n gin gm hai
cht (Fe v Fe
2
O
3
; FeO v Fe
2
O
3
; Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
; Fe v FeO; Fe v Fe
3
O
4
; FeO v Fe
3
O
4

hoc thm ch ch mt cht Fe
x
O
y
y tc gi ch trnh by hai phng n ti u nht
Phng n 1: Quy i hn hp X thnh

mol y : O Fe
mol x : Fe
3 2

Theo bo ton khi lng: 56x +160y = 3,0 (1)
Cc qu trnh nhng nhn electron:

Kh NO


Dung dch Fe
3+

(0,56 lt, ktc)


+ O
2

+ HNO3
+ O2
(1) (2)
+ dung dch HNO3


79
79
Fe Fe
3+
+ 3e N
+5
+ 3e N
+2

x 3x 0,075 0,025
Theo bo ton electron: 3x = 0,075 x = 0,025 (2)
T (1) v (2)

=
=
0,01 y
0,025 x
; Vy X gm

0,01mol : O Fe
0,025mol : Fe
3 2

Theo bo ton nguyn t i vi Fe:
n
Fe
= n
Fe
+ 2
3 2
O Fe
n = 0,045 mol m =56.0,045= 2,52 p n A
Phng n 2: Quy i hn hp X thnh

mol y : FeO
mol x : Fe

Theo bo ton khi lng: 56x+72y = 3,0 (3)
Cc qu trnh nhng nhn ca eletron:
Fe
0
Fe
3+
+ 3e ; Fe
+2
Fe
3+
+ 1e ; N
+5
+ 3e N
+2

x 3x y y 0,075 0,025
Theo bo ton eletron: 3x + y = 0,075 (4)
T (3) (4)

=
=
0,03 y
0,015 x
; Vy X gm:

mol 0,03 : eO
mol 0,015 : Fe
F

Theo bo ton nguyn t i vi Fe:
n
Fe
= n
Fe
+ n
FeO
= 0,045 mol m = 56.0,045 = 2,52 p n A.
V d 2: Ho tan hon ton 30,4 gam rn X gm c CuS Cu
2
S v S bng HNO
3
d, thot ra 20,16
lt kh NO duy nht (ktc) v dung dch Y. Thm Ba(OH)
2
d vo Y thu c m gam kt ta. Gi
tr ca m l
A. 81,55. B. 104,20. C. 110,95. D. 115.85.
Gii:
Qui i hn hp X thnh

mol y : CuS
mol x : Cu

Theo bo ton khi lng: 64x+96y= 30,4(5)
S ho bi ton:
X

0
0
CuS
u C





+ HNO
3
d
+5
Kh NO

(20,16 lt , ktc)

m gam

+2
Cu
2+

SO
4
2-

+ Ba(OH)
2
d

Cu(OH)
2

BaSO
4


Dung dch Y



+2

30,4 gam

+6



80
80
Cc qu trnh nhng nhn electron
Cu
0
Cu
2+
+ 2e ; CuS Cu
2+
+ S
+6
+ 8e ; N
+5

+ 3e N
+2

x 2x y 8y 2,7 0,9
Theo bo ton eletron: 2x +8y = 2,7 (6)
T (5),(6)

=
=
0,35 y
0,05 x

X gm


mol 0,35 : CuS
mol 0,05 : Cu

Theo bo ton nguyn t:

= =
= =

mol 0,35 n n
0,3mol n n
S BaSO
Cu Cu(OH)
4
2

m = 98.0,3 + 233.0,35

m=110,95 p n C
V d 3: Hn hp X c t khi so vi H
2
l 21,2 gm propan, propen v propin. Khi t chy
hon ton 0,1 mol X, tng khi lng ca CO
2
v H
2
O thu c l
A. 18,60 gam. B. 18,96 gam. C. 19,32 gam. D. 20,40 gam.
Gii:
S t chy:

+
O H
CO
H C
H C
2
2 t , O
4 3
8 3
0
2

Tng khi lng CO
2
v H
2
O thu c l:
M = 44.0,3 +18.(0,06. 4 + 0,042) = 18,96 gam p n B
Tng t c th quy i hn hp X thnh (C
3
H
8
v C
3
H
6
) hoc (C
3
H
6
v C
3
H
4
) cng thu c
kt qu trn
V d 4: Nung m gam bt Cu trong Oxi thu c 24,8 gam hn hp cht rn X gm Cu, CuO v
Cu
2
O. Ho tan hon ton X trong H
2
SO
4
c nng thot ra 4,48 lt kh SO
2
duy nht (ktc). Gi
tr ca m l
A. 9,6. B. 14,72. C. 21,12.
D. 22,4.
Gii:
S ho bi ton
Cu


+ SO H
2
[O]
4 2
O Cu
CuO
Cu
X
Quy i hn hp X thnh

mol y : CuO
mol x : Cu

Theo bo ton khi lng: 64x +80y = 24,8 (9)
Kh SO
2

(0,2 mol)
Dung dch Cu
2+



81
81
Cc qu trnh nhng nhn eletron:
Cu Cu
2+
+ 2e ; S
+6
+ 2e S
+4
LBT e
x 2x 0,4 0,2
T (9) v (10)

=
=
0,15 y
0,2 x
; Vy X gm:

mol 0,15 : CuO


mol 0,2 : Cu

Theo bo ton nguyn t i vi Cu :
Cu CuO
n n 0,2 0,15 0,35mol m 64. 0,35 22,4 = = + = = =



p n D
Tng t c th quy i hn hp X thnh (Cu v Cu
2
O) hoc (CuO v Cu
2
O)
2. Quy i nhiu hp cht v cc nguyn t hoc n cht tng ng
V d 5: (Lm li v d 1) Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3,0 gam hn hp cht rn X.
Ho tan ht hn hp X trong dung dch HNO
3
(d), thot ra 0,56 lt ( ktc) NO (l sn phm kh
duy nht). Gi tr ca m l
A. 2,52. B. 2,22. C. 2,62. D. 2,32.
Gii:
Quy i hn hp X thnh:

mol y : O
mol x : Fe

S ho bi ton:
Fe
)
`


+
+ O N H dd
0
0
[O]
3
5
O
Fe
X

Theo bo ton khi lng: 56x + 16y = 3,0 (11)
Cc qu trnh nhng nhn electron:
Fe Fe
+3
+ 3e ; O
0
+ 2e O
-2
; N
+5
+ 3e N
+2

X 3x y 2y 0,075 0,025
T (11) v (12) ;
0,03 y
0,045 x

=
=
Vy X gm

mol 0,03 : Cu
mol 0,045 : Fe


m = 56.0,045 = 2,52 p n A.



V d 6: Trn 5,6 gam bt mt vi 2,4 gam bt lu hunh ri un nng (trong iu kin khng c
khng kh) thu c hn hp rn M. Cho M tc dng vi lng d dung dch HCl thy gii
x = 0,2 (10)
NO: 0,025 mol
Fe
3+
: x mol
O
2-
: y mol


82
82
phng hn hp kh X v cn li mt phn khng tan Y. t chy hon ton X v Y cn va
V lt kh oxi (ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 2,8. B. 3,36. C. 4,48. D. 3,08.
Gii:
Nhn thy: Hn hp kh X gm H
2
S v H
2
, phn khng tan Y l S
Hn hp H
2
v H
2
S c th quy i thnh H
2
v S, nh vy t X v Y coi nh t H
2
v S, v vy
s mol H
2
bng s mol Fe
2H
2
+ O
2
2H
2
O
S + O
2
SO
2


2,8lt ).22,4 n n
2
1
( V
S Fe O
2
= + =

p n A.

V d 7: (Lm li v d 2) Ho tan hon ton 30,4 gam rn X gm Cu, CuS, Cu
2
S v S bng
HNO
3
d, thot ra 20,16 lt kh NO duy nht (ktc) v dung dch Y. Thm Ba(OH)
2
d vo Y thu
c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 81,55. B. 104,20. C. 110,95. D. 115,85.
Gii:
Quy i hn hp X thnh

mol y : S
mol x : Cu

Theo bo ton khi lng: 64x + 32y =30,4 (13)
S ha bi ton:

+
+ O N H
0
0
3
5
S
u C
X



Cc qu trnh nhng, nhn electron:
Cu
0
Cu
+2
+ 2e ; S S
+6
+ 6e ; N
+5
+ 3e N
+2

x 2x y 6y 2,7 0,9
Theo bo ton electron:
2x + 6y = 2,7 (14)
+6
\
d
Kh NO


Dung dch Y

Cu
2+

SO
4
2-
+Ba(OH)
2
d
Cu(OH)
2
BaSO
4

+2
m gam

(20,16 lt, ktc)
+2


83
83
T (13), (14)

=
=
0,35 y
0,3 x
X gm

mol 0,35 : S
mol 0,3 : Cu

Theo bo ton nguyn t:

= =
= =
0,35mol n n
0,3mol n n
S BaSO
Cu Cu(OH)
4
2

m = 98.0,3 + 233.0,35

m = 110,95

p n C.

V d 8: (Lm li v d 3) Hn hp X c t khi so vi H
2
l 21,2 gm propan, propen v propin.
Khi t chy hon ton 0,1 mol X. tng khi lng ca CO
2
v H
2
O thu c l
A. l8,60 gam. B. 18,96 gam. C. 19,32 gam. D. 20,40 gam.
Quy i hn hp X thnh

mol y : H
mol 0,3 : C

n
H
= 4,24 - 0,3. 12 = 0,64 mol
S chy:

+
O H
CO
H
C
2
2 t , O
o
2

Tng khi lng CO
2
v H
2
O thu c l: m = 44. 0,3 + 18. 0,32 = 18,96 gam

p n B.

V d 9: (Lm li v d 4) Nung m gam bt Cu trong oxi thu c 24,8 gam hn hp cht rn X
gm Cu, CuO v Cu
2
O. Ho tan hon ton X trong H
2
SO
4
c nng thot ra 4,48 lt kh SO
2
duy
nht (ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A.9,6 B.14,72. C.21,12. D. 22,4.
Gii:
Quy i hn hp X thnh

mol y : O
mol x : Cu

Theo bo ton khi lng: 64x + 16y =24,8 (15)
S ha bi ton :

)
`


+ SO H [O]
4 2
O
Cu
X Cu
m gam 24,8 gam
Cc qu trnh nhng, nhn electron:

SO
2

(0,2 mol)

Cu
2+

O
2-



84
84
Cu Cu
+2
+ 2e ; O
0
+ 2e O
-2
; S
+6
+ 2e S
+4
x 2x y 2y 0,4 0,2
Theo bo ton electron: x y =0,2 (16)
T (15),(16)

=
=
0,15 y
0,35 x

Vy X gm

mol 0,15 : O
mol 0,35 : Cu

m= 64.0,35 =22,4

p n D.
3. Quy i mt cht thnh nhiu cht.

V d 10: Khi t chy hon ton mt polime X (to thnh t phn ng ng trng hp gia
buta-1,3-ien v acrilo nitrin) vi lng oxi va thy to thnh mt hn hp kh nng p
sut xc nh cha 59,1 % CO
2
v th tnh. T l s mol hai loi monome l
A.
5
3
B.
3
3
C.
3
1
D.
2
3

Gii:
Quy i polime thnh 2 monome ban u
C
4
H
6
4CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
x 4x 3x
C
3
H
3
N 3CO
2
+ 1,5 H
2
O + 0,5 N
2

y 3y 1,5y 0,5y
Ta c:
= =
+
+
3
1
y
x
0,591
5y 7x
3y 4x
p n C
4. Quy i tc nhn oxi ha
V d 11: (Lm li v d 1) Nung m gam bt st trong oxi, thu c 3,0 gam hn hp cht rn X.
Ha tan ht hn hp X trong dung dch HNO
3
(d), thot ra 0,56 lt (ktc) NO (l sn phm kh
duy nht). Gi tr ca m l:
A. 2,52 B. 2,22 C. 2,62 D. 2,32






85
85
Gii:
S ha bi ton:


+
4 3
3 2
[O]
O Fe
O Fe
FeO
Fe
X Fe

m gam 3,0 gam
Thay vai tr oxi ha ca HNO
3
bng [O], ta c:
3 2
[O]
4 3
3 2
[O]
O Fe
O Fe
O Fe
FeO
Fe
X Fe


+ +

m gam 3 gam

y ta thay vai tr nhn electron ca N
+5
bng O:
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2
O
0
+ 2e O
-2

0,075 0,025
Theo nguyn tc quy i, s electron do N
+5
nhn v O
0
nhn phi nh nhau:

2n
O(**)
= 0,075

n
O(**)
= 0,0375
Theo bo ton khi lng:
gam 3,6 16.0,0375 3,0 m m m
O(**) X O Fe
3 2
= + = + =

Theo bo ton nguyn t i vi Fe: n
Fe
= 2
0,045mol
160
2.3,6
n
3 2
O Fe
= =

m = 56.0,045 = 2,52 gam

p n A.

V d 12: (Lm li v d 4) Nung m gam bt Cu trong oxi thu c 24,8 gam hn hp cht rn X
gm Cu, CuO v Cu
2
O. Ho tan hon ton X trong H
2
SO
4
c nng thot ra 4,48 lt kh SO
2
duy
nht (ktc). Gi tr ca m l

A. 9,6 B. 14,72. C. 21,12. D. 22,4.
Gii:
S ha bi ton:
dd HNO
3

NO
(0,025 mol)
dd Fe
3+
(*) (**)


86
86


+ SO H
2
[O]
4 2
O Cu
CuO
Cu
X Cu
m gam 24,8 gam
Thay vai tr oxi ha ca H
2
SO
4

bng [O]:
CuO
O Cu
CuO
Cu
X Cu
[O]
2
[O]


+ +

m gam 24,8 gam
y ta thay vai tr nhn electron ca S
+6
bng O:
S
+6
+ 2e S
+4
O
0
+ 2e O
-2

0,4 0,2
Theo nguyn tc quy i: n
O(**)
=0,2 mol.
Theo bo ton khi lng: m
CuO
=m
X
+ m
O(**)
= 24,8 + 16.0,2 =28 gam
22,4 .64
80
28
m = =

p n D.
III. BI TP T LUYN

Cu 1 : ho tan hon ton 2,32 gam hn hp gm FeO, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
(trong s mol FeO
bng s mol Fe
2
O
3
) cn dng va V lt dung dch HCl 1M. Gi tr ca V l
A. 0,08. B. 0,16. C. 0,18. D. 0,23.
Cu 2 : Cho 11,36 gam hn hp gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
Phn ng ht vi dung dch HNO
3

long (d), thu c 1,344 lt khi NO (sn phm kh duy nht ktc) v dung dch X. C cn
dung dch X thu c m gam mui khan Gi tr ca m l
A. 49,09. B. 38,72. C. 35,50. D. 34,36.
Cu 3 : Oxi ho chm m gam Fe ngoi khng kh thu c 12 gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe
3
O
4

Fe
2
O
3
v Fe d. Ho tan hon ton X trong HNO
3
thu c 2,24 lt NO (cht kh duy nht, o
ktc). Gi tr m l
A. 7,57. B. 7,75. C. 10,08. D. 10,80.
Kh SO
2

(0,2 mol)
Dung dch Cu
2+

(*) (**)


87
87
Cu 4 : t chy 6,72 gam bt Fe trong khng kh d c m gam hn hp X gm FeO, Fe
3
O
4

Fe
2
O
3
v Fe d. ho tan X cn dng va ht 255ml dung dch cha HNO
3
2M thu c V lt
kh NO
2
(Sn phm kh duy nht, o ktc). Gi tr ca m, V ln lt l
A. 8,4 v 3,360. B. 8,4 v 5,712.
C. 10,08 v 3,360. D. 10,08 v 5,712.
Cu 5 : Hn hp X gm Mg, MgS v S. Ho tan hon ton m gam X trong HNO
3
c, nng thu
c 2,912 lt kh N
2
duy nht (ktc) v dung dch Y. Thm Ba(OH)
2
d vo Y c 46,55 gam
kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 4,8. B. 7,2. C. 9,6. D. 12,0.
Cu 6 : Cho 18,5 gam hn hp gm Fe v Fe
3
O
4
vo 200ml HNO
3
un nng. Sau phn ng thu
c 2,24 lt kh NO duy nht (ktc), dung dch X v cn li 1,46 gam kim loi cha tan. Nng
mol ca dung dch HNO
3
dng l
A. 2,7M. B. 3,2M. C. 3,5M. D. 2,9M.
Cu 7 : Ho tan hon ton m gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeCl
2
, FeCl
3
trong H
2
SO
4
c nng, thot
ra 4,48 lt kh SO
2
duy nht (ktc) v dung dch Y . Thm NH
3
d vo Y thu c 32,1 gam kt
ta. Gi tr m l
A. 16,8. B. 17,75. C. 25,675. D. 34,55.
Cu 8 : Ho tan hon ton 34,8 gam mt oxit st dng Fe
x
O
y
trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
c nng.
Sau phn ng thu c 1,68 lt kh SO
2
(sn phm kh duy nht o ktc). Oxit Fe
x
O
y
l
A. FeO. B. Fe
3
O
4
C. FeO hoc Fe
3
O
4
D. Fe
2
O
3

Cu 9 : Ho tan hon ton 25,6 gam cht rn X gm Fe , FeS, FeS
2
v S bng dung dch HNO
3

d, ktc ra V lt kh NO duy nht (ktc) v dung dch Y . Thm Ba(OH)
2
d vo Y thu c
126,25 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca V l
A. 17,92. B. 19,04. C. 24,64. D. 27,58.
Cu 10 : Cho hn hp X gm FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
vi s mol bng nhau. Ly a gam X cho phn
ng vi CO nung nng sau phn ng trong bnh cn li 16,8 lt hn hp rn Y. Ho tan hon ton
Y trong H
2
SO
4
c, nng thu c 3,36 lt kh SO
2
duy nht (ktc). Gi tr ca a v s mol H
2
SO
4

phn ng ln lt l
A. 19,20 v 0,87. B. 19,20 v 0,51.
C. 18,56 v 0,87. D. 18,56 v 0,51.




88
88
Cu 11 : Hn hp X c t khi so vi H
2
l 27,8 gm butan, metylxiclopropan, but-2-en,
etylaxetilen v ivinyl. Khi t chy hon ton 0,15 mol X, tng khi lng ca CO
2
v H
2
O thu
c l
A. 34,50 gam. B. 36,66 gam. C. 37,20 gam. D. 39,90 gam.
Cu 12 : Ho tan hon ton 14,52 gam hn hp X gm NaHCO
3
, KHCO
3
v MgCO
3
trong dung
dch HCl d, thu c 3,36 lt kh CO
2
(ktc). Khi lng mui KCl to thnh trong dung dch
sau phn ng l
A. 8,94 gam. B. 16, 7 gam. C. 7,92 gam. D. 12,0 gam.
Cu 13 : Cho 13,92 gam hn hp X gm Cu v mt oxit st vo dung dch HNO
3
long d thu
c 2,688 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, o ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng thu
c 42,72 gam mui khan. Cng thc ca oxit st l
A. FeO. B. Fe
3
O
4
C. Fe
2
O
3
D. Fe
3
O
4
hoc FeO.
Cu 14 : Cho 9,12 gam hn hp gm FeO, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
tc dng vi dung dch HCl (d). Sau
khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, c dung dch Y ; c cn Y thu c 7,62 gam FeCl
2
v m
gam FeCl
3
. Gi tr ca m l
A. 4,875 . B. 9,60. C. 9,75. D. 4,80.


P N
1A 2B 3C 4A 5C 6B 7D
8B 9C 10D 11B 12A 13A 14C















89
89
Phng php 8
Phng php ng cho
I. C S CA PHNG PHP
1. Nguyn tc
- Bi ton lin quan n hn hp cc cht l mt trong nhng bi ton ph bin nht trong
chng trnh Ho hc ph thng, hu ht cc bi ton thng gp u t nhiu c cc d kin lin
quan n mt hn hp cht no , c th l hn hp kim loi, hn hp kh, hn hp cc cht
ng ng, hn hp dung dch, . . . . a nhng bi ton nh vy u c th vn dng c
phng php ng cho v gii ton.
- Phng php ny thng c p dng cho cc bi ton hn hp cha 2 thnh phn m yu
cu ca bi ton l xc nh t l gia 2 thnh phn .
- Phng php ng cho t n khng phi l gii php quyt nh ca bi ton (hon ton c
th gii bng phng php t n - gii h) nhng p dng ng cho hp l, ng cch, trong
nhiu trng hp s gip tc lm bi tng ln ng k, iu ny c bit quan trng khi lm
bi thi trc nghim nh hin nay.
2. Phn loi cc dng ton v mt s ch khi gii ton
Phng php ng cho l mt trong nhng cng c ph bin v hu hiu nh trong gii ton
ho hc chng trnh ph thng. C th p dng linh hot phng php ny cho rt nhiu dng
bi khc nhau. Mt s dng bi tiu biu c tng kt v lit k ra di y :
Dng 1 : Tnh ton hm lng cc ng v
- ng v (cng v tr) l cc nguyn t c cng s proton nhng khc nhau v s khi (do khc
nhau s ntron) nn cng thuc mt nguyn t ho hc v c cng v tr trong tun hon cc
nguyn t ho hc.
- Khc vi s khi ca ng v, khi lng nguyn t trung bnh l gi tr trung bnh cc s
khi ca cc ng v to nn nguyn t . Trong trng hp nguyn t c to nn bi 2 ng
vi ch yu, ta c th d dng tnh c hm lng cht mi ng v bng phng php ng
cho.
Dng 2 : Tnh t l thnh phn ca hn hp kh qua t khi
- Hn hp kh, nht l hn hp 2 kh l mt d kin d dng bt gp trong nhiu l ton ho
hc m thng thng ta s phi tnh s mol hoc t l s mol hoc th tch hoc t l th tch
tm ra c gi tr cui cng ca bi ton.


90
90
Dng 3 : Tnh ton trong pha ch cc dung dch c cng cht tan
- Trong trng hp bi ton c s thay i v nng ca dung dch do b pha long hoc do
b trn ln vi mt dung dch c nng khc, ta c th p dng ng cho tm ra t l gia
cc dung dch ny. Cc cng thc thng s dng trong dng ton ny l :
- Khi pha long V
A
lt dung dch A nng
A
M
C vi V
B
lt dung dch B nng
B
M
C c cng
cht tan, ta thu c dung dch mi c nng M C (
A
M
C < M C <
B
M
C ) trong t l th tch
ca 2 dung dch ban u l :

A
M
C
B
M
C - M C
M C

B
M
C M C -
A
M
C

B
A
M M
A
B M M
C C
V
V C C


Ch : l cng thc trn chi ng trong trng hp th tch ca dung dch mi bng tng th tch
ca 2 dung dch ban u (ni cch khc, s hao ht v th tch khi pha ch 2 dung dch ny l
khng ng k).
- Khi pha m
A
gam dung dch A nng A% vi m
B
gam dung dch B nng B% cng cht
tan, ta thu c dung dch mi c nng C% ( A% < C% < B%) trong t l khi lng ca 2
dung dch ban u l:
A% B% - C%
C%
B% C% - A%

A
B
m B% C%
m C% A%


Ch : V m = d.V vi d l khi lng ring hay t khi ca cht lng nn nu t khi ca 2 dung
dch ban u bng nhau v bng vi t khi ca dung dch mi sinh. (t khi dung dch thay i
khng ng k) th t l v khi lng cng chnh li l th tch ca 2 dung dch :

A A A
B B B
m d V V
m d V V

= =




91
91
- Trong trng hp t khi ca 2 dung dch b thay i sau khi pha trn : Khi pha V
A
lt dung
dch A c t khi d
1
vi V
B
lt dung dch B c t khi d
2
c cng cht tan, ta thu c dung dch
mi c t khi d (d
1
< d < d
2
) trong t l th tch ca 2 dung dch ban u l:

1
d
2
d - d
d

2
d d -
1
d

A 2
B 1
V d d
V d d


Ngoi ra, khi lm cc bi dng ny, ta cn phi ch mt s nguyn tc mang tnh gi nh di
y :
+ Cht rn khan coi nh dung dch c nng C% = 100%
+ Cht rn ngm nc coi nh mt dung dch c C% bng % khi lng cht tan trong .
+ Oxit hay qung thng c coi nh dung dch ca kim loi c C% bng % khi lng
ca kim loi trong oxit hay qung (hoc coi nh dung dch ca oxi c C% bng % khi lng
ca oxi trong oxit hoc qung )
+ H
2
O (dung mi) coi nh dung dch c nng 0% hay 0M
+ Oxit tan trong nc (tc dng vi nc) coi nh dung dch axit hoc baz tng ng c
nng C% > 100%
+ Khi lng ring hay t khi ca H
2
O l D = 1g/ml
Dng 4 : Tnh thnh phn hn hp mui trong phn ng gia n baz vi a axit
- T l : phng trnh - s mol
Dng 5 : Tnh t l cc cht trong hn hp 2 cht hu c
- Bi ton hn hp 2 cht hu c, c bit, 2 cht ng ng k tip l mt d kin rt hay gp
trong bi ton ha hu c ph thng. Trong nhng bi ton ny, nu c yu cu tnh t l % ca 2
cht trong hn hp ban u (v khi lng hoc th tch hoc s mol) ta nn p dng phng
php ng cho
- Ch l d kin ng ng lin tip ch phc v vic bin lun gi tr ri rc, khng lin quan
n vic s dng ng cho tnh t l, do , trong trng hp bit gi tr ca i lng c
trng ca 2 cht (X
A
v X
B
trong bi ton tng qut) th ta vn hon ton c th tnh c t l ny, d
hai cht khng phi l ng ng lin tip, thm ch khng phi l ng ng.


92
92
- i lng trung bnh dng lm cn c tnh ton trn ng cho trong trng hp ny
thng l: S nguyn t C trung bnh, khi lng phn t trung bnh, s nguyn t H trung bnh,
s lin kt pi trung bnh, s nhm chc trung bnh v t l thu c l t l s mol 2 cht.
Dng 6 : Tnh t l cc cht trong hn hp 2 cht v c
- Bi ton 2 cht v c cng kh thng gp trong s cc bi ton ha hc. Thng thng
l hn hp 2 kim loi, 2 mui, m kh nng phn ng v ha tr ca chng trong cc phn ng
ha hc l tng ng nhau, trong trng hp ny, ta thng dng gi tr khi lng phn t
trung bnh l c s tnh ton trn ng cho.
- Trong mt s trng hp khc, ha tr v kh nng phn ng ca cc cht trong hn hp
khng tng ng nhau th ta dung ha tr trung bnh lm c s p dng phng php ng
cho.
Dng 7: p dng phng php ng cho cho hn hp nhiu hn 2 cht.
- V nguyn tc, phng php ng cho ch p dng cho hn hp 2 thnh phn, iu ny khng
th thay i. Tuy nhin khi nim 2 thnh phn khng c ngha l 2 cht, c th l hai hn
hp, hoc hn hp vi 1 cht, min sao ta c th ch ra mt i lng c trng c th gip
chia tt c cc cht ban u thnh 2 nhm, 2 thnh phn l c th p dng ng cho.
- Ngoi ra, c th nhng hn hp c nhiu hn 2 thnh phn, nhng ta bit t l ca mt vi
thnh phn so vi cc thnh phn cn li trong hn hp th vn hon ton c th gii bng
phng php ng cho.
Dng 8 :p dng phng php ng cho nh gi kh nng phn ng ca cc cht
II. CC DNG BI TON THNG GP
Dng 1: Tnh ton hm lng cc ng v.
V d 1 : Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca Brom l 79,91. Brom c hai ng v bn Br
79
35
v Br
81
35
.
Thnh phn % s nguyn t ca Br
81
35
l :
A. 54,5% B. 55,4% C. 45,5% D. 44,6%
Gii:
p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:
79) Br(M
79
=
1,09 0,545 54,5%

81) Br(M
81
=
0,91 0,455 45,5%

p n C
79,91


93
93
V d 2 : Khi lng nguyn t trung bnh ca Bo l 10,812. Hi mi khi c 94 nguyn t B
10
5

th c bao nhiu nguyn t B
11
5
?
A. l88 B. 406 C. 812 D. 94
Gii:
p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:

) 0 1 B(M
10
=
0,184 94

11) B(M
11
=
0,812 406

p n B
V d 3 : Trong t nhin ng c 2 ng v l
63
Cu v
65
Cu. Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca ng
l 63,54. Thnh phn % khi lng ca
63
Cu trong CuSO
4
l (cho S = 32, O = 16)
A. 39,83% B. 11% C. 73% D. 28,83%
Gii:
p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:
) 63 Cu(M
63
=
1,46 73%

65) Cu(M
65
=
0,54 27%
Xt trong 1 mol CuSO
4
, ta d dng c:
% 83 , 28 % 100 .
96 54 , 63
63 . 73 , 0
%m
Cu
63
=
+
=

p n D

Dng 2: Tnh t l thnh phn ca hn hp kh qua t khi.

V d 4 : Mt hn hp gm O
2
, O
3
iu kin tiu chun c t khi hi vi hiro l 18. Thnh
phn % v th tch ca O
3
trong hn hp l
A. 15%. B. 25%. C. 35% . D. 45%.
Gii:
p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:
10,812
63,54


94
94
) 2 3 (M O
2
=
12 3 75%


) 8 4 (M O
3
=
4 1 25%

p n B

Dng 3: Tnh ton trong pha ch dung dch.
V d 5 : Th tch dung dch HCl 10M v th tch H
2
O cn dng pha thnh 400ml dung dch
2M ln lt l :
A. 20ml v 380ml B. 40ml v 360ml
C. 80ml v 320ml D. 100ml v 300ml
Gii:
p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:
0M) 1 ( HCl
2 1 80

(0M) O H
2 8 4 320

p n C

V d 6 : Trn
1
m gam dung dch NaOH 10% vi m
2
gam dung dch NaOH 40% thu c 60
gam dung dch 20% . Gi tr ca m
1,
m
2
tng ng l :
A. 10 gam v 50 gam B. 45 gam v 15 gam
C. 40 gam v 20 gam D. 35 gam v 25 gam
Gii:
p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:
0%) 1 ( NaCl
20 2 40

0%) 4 ( NaCl
10 1 20

p n C

18.2=36
2M
20%


95
95
V d 7 : Cn ly bao nhiu gam tinh th CuSO
4
.5H
2
O v bao nhiu gam dung dch CuSO
4
8%
pha thnh 280 gam dung dch CuSO
4
16% ?
A. 180 gam v 100 gam B. 330 gam v 250 gam
C. 60 gam v 220 gam D. 40 gam v 240 gam
Gii:

CuSO
4
.5H
2
O Coi CuSO
4
.5H
2
O l dung dch CuSO
4
c:

160
250
% 64 % 100 .
250
160
C% = =
p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:
(64%) O .5H CuSO
2 4 8 1 40


% 8 CuSO
4 48 6 240

p n D
V d 8 : Ho tan 200 gam SO
3
vo m gam dung dch H
2
SO
4
49% ta c dung dch H
2
SO
4

78,4%. Gi tr ca m l
A. 133,3 gam. B. 300 gam. C. 150 gam. D. 272,2 gam.
Gii:
Do c phn ng ha hc:
SO
3
H
2
SO
4

Coi SO
3

l Dung dch H
2
SO
4
c % 5 , 122 % 100 .
80
98
C% = =

p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:

%) 5 , 122 ( SO
3 29,4 2 200


% 49 SO H
4 2 44,1 3 300

p n B

16%
78,4%


96
96
V d 9 : Ho tan hon ton m gam Na
2
O nguyn cht vo 40 gam dung dch NaOH 12% thu
c dung dch NaOH 51%. Gi tr ca m l m l:
A. 10 gam B. 20 gam C. 30 gam D. 40 gam
Gii:
Do c phn ng ha hc
Na
2
O 2NaOH
Coi Na
2
O

l Dung dch NaOH c % 129 % 100 .
62
80
C% = =

p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:
%) 129 ( O Na
2 39 1 20


12% NaOH
78 2 40

p n B
V d 10 : Cn bao nhiu lt axit H
2
SO
4
(d = 1,84) v bao nhiu lt nc ct (d = 1) pha thnh
9 lt dung dch H
2
SO
4
c d = 1,28 ?
A. 2 lt v 7 lt B. 3 lt v 6 lt
C. 4 lt v 5 lt D. 6 lt v 3 lt
Gii:
p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:

1) (d O H
2
=
0,56 2 6


1,84) (d SO H
4 2
=
0,28 1 3

p n B
V d 11 : Mt loi ru c t khi d = 0,95 th ru ca n l bao nhiu ? Bit t khi ca
H
2
O v ru nguyn cht ln lt l 1 v 0,8
A. 25,5 B. 12,5 C. 50 D. 25
Gii:
ru l s ml ru nguyn cht trong 100ml dung dch ru.
p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:


51%
d=1,28


97
97

1) (d O H
2
=
0,15 3 75


0,8) OH(d H C
5 2
=
0,05 1 25

p n D
Dng 4: Tnh thnh phn hn hp mui trong phn ng gia n baz vi a axit.
V d 12: Thm 250ml dung dch NaOH 2M vo 200ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
1,5M. Mui to thnh
v khi lng tng ng l:
A. 14,2 gam Na
2
HPO
4
; 32,8 gam Na
3
PO
4

B. 28,4 gam Na
2
HPO
4
; 16,4 gam Na
3
PO
4

C. 12 gam NaH
2
PO
4
; 28,4 gam Na
2
HPO
4

D. 24 gam NaH
2
PO
4
; 14,2 gam Na
2
HPO
4

Gii:
Xt t l

n =

Ta c:
2
3
5
3 , 0
5 , 0
5 , 1 . 2 , 0
2 . 25 , 0
n
n
n 1
4 3
PO H
NaOH
< = = = = <

To ra hn hp 2 mui NaH
2
PO
4
v Na
2
HPO
4

p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:

1) (n PO NaH
4 2
=
1/3 1 0,1 mol

Na
2
HPO
4
(n=2) 2/3 2 0,2 mol


gam 28,4 0,2.142 m v gam 12 0,1.120 m
4 2 4 2
HPO Na PO NaH
= = = =

p n C
Dng 5: Tnh t l cc cht trong hn hp 2 cht hu c.
V d 13: t chy hon ton hn hp 2 hirocacbon ng ng lin tip, thu c 0,9 mol CO
2

v 1,4 mol H
2
O. Thnh phn % v th tch ca mi cht trong hn hp ban u ln lt l:
A. 25% v 75% B. 20% v 80%
C. 40% v 60% D. 15% v 85%

d=0,95
S mol baz
S mol axit
n=5/3


98
98
Gii: V
2
CO
n
< O H
2
n
suy ra: hai hirocacbon cho l 2 ankan.
Gi cng thc phn t trung bnh ca 2 ankan ny l:
2 n 2 n
H C
+
th t gi thit ta c:
= =
+
= 1,8 n
0,9
1,4
n
1 n
n
n
2
2
CO
O H
Hai ankan l CH
4
v C
2
H
6

p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:

1) (C CH
4
=
0,2 20%


2) (C H C
6 2
=
0,8 80%

p n B
V d 14 : Cho Na d tc dng hon ton vi 0,1 mol hn hp ru X. thu c 2,688 lt kh
iu kin tiu chun. Bit c 2 ru trong X u c kh nng ho tan Cu(OH)
2
to thnh dung
dch mu xanh lam v khi t chy mi ru u thu c th tch CO
2
nh hn 4 ln th tch
ru b t chy. S mol ca mi lt trong X l
A. 0,025 mol v 0,075 mol. B. 0,02 mol v 0,08 mol.
C. 0,04 mol v 0,06 mol. D. 0.015 mol v 0,085 mol.
Gii:
Gi cng thc phn t trung bnh ca X l: R(OH)
n
V c 2 ru u c kh nng ha tan Cu(OH)
2

n 2
V c 2 ru u c t hn 4C
3 n

T gi thit, ta c phn ng: 2
Na
2
H
2
n
R(OH)
+

2,4
0,1
.2
22,4
2,688
n = =

C mt ru l C
3
H
5
(OH)
3
v ru cn li l 2 chc.
p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:

1) (n =
0,6 0,06


3) (n (OH) H C
3 5 3
=
0,4 0,04

p n C
n =1,8
n =2,4


99
99
Dng 6: Tnh t l cc cht trong hn hp 2 cht v c.
V d 15 : Ho tan 3,164 gam hn hp 2 mui CaCO
3
v BaCO
3
bng dung dch HCl d thu
c 448ml kh CO
2
(ktc). Thnh phn % s mol ca BaCO
3
trong hn hp l
A. 50%. B. 55% C. 60%. D. 65%.
Gii:
Ta c:
n
mui cacbonat
=
2
CO
n

0,02mol
22,4
0,448
= =

M
mui cacbonat

2 , 158
02 , 0
164 , 3
= =

p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:
BaCO
3
(M=197) 58,2 3 60%

CaCO
3
(M=100) 38,8 2 40%

p n C
V d 16 : Cho 8,96 lt hn hp CO
2
v NO
2
(ktc) hp th vo mt lng dung dch NaOH va
to thnh cc mui trung ho sau em c cn dung dnh thu c 36,6 gam mui khan.
Thnh phn % th tch mi kh trong hn hp ban u l
A. 25% CO
2
v 75% NO
2
. B. 50% CO
2
v 50% NO
2

C. 75% CO
2
v 25% NO
2
D. 30% CO
2
v 70% NO
2

Gii:
S cc phn ng ha hc:
2NaOH + 2NO
2
NaNO
3
+ NaNO
2

2NaOH + CO
2
Na
2
CO
3

T phn ng, ta thy:
- C 1 mol NO
2
to ra 1 mol hn hp 2 mui, c 77
2
85 69
M =
+
=
-
C 1 mol CO
2
to ra 1 mol mui Na
2
CO
3
c M= 106.

- M
hn hp
=
5 , 91
0,4
36,6
= =
p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:
Na
2
CO
3
(M=106) 13 50%

( M=77) 13 50%

p n B
M =158,2
M
hn hp
=91,5


100
100
Dng 7: p dng phng php ng cho cho hn hp nhiu hn 2 cht.
V d 17 : Cho hn hp gm H
2
, N
2
v NH
3
c ti khi hi so vi H
2
bng 8 i qua dung dch
H
2
SO
4
c, d th th tch kh cn lt mt na. Thnh phn % th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp
ln lt l
A. 25%, 25%, 50% B. 20%, 30%, 50%.
C. 50%, 25%, 25% D. 15%, 35%, 50%.
Gii:
Khi b gi li do phn ng vi dung dch H
2
SO
4
chnh l NH
3
v c th tch bng th tch hn
hp kh ban u.
Gi khi lng phn t trung bnh ca H
2
v N
2
trong hn hp l M, ta d dng thy:
15 M 16
2
17 M
= =
+

p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:
H
2
(M=2) 13 25%

N
2
(M=28) 13 25%

p n A
V d 18 : t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hn hp X gm CH
4
, C
2
H
4
v C
2
H
6
, sn phm thu c
dn qua bnh I ng dung dch H
2
SO
4
c v bnh II ng dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d. Sau th
nghim, thy trong bnh II c 15 gam kt ta v khi lng bnh II tng nhiu hn bnh I l 2,55
gam. Thnh phn % v th tch ca mi kh trong hn hp u l :
A. 50%, 30%, 20% B. 30%, 40%, 30%
C. 50%, 25%, 25% D. 50%, 15%, 35%
Gii:
T gi thit, ta c:
2
CO
n

15
0,15 mol
100
= =

O H
2
n
0,15.44 2,55
0, 255 mol
18

= =

Gi
y x
H C
l cng thc phn t trung bnh ca hn hp ban u, ta c:
O H
2
y
CO x H C
2 2
y x
+

M = 15


101
101
Bo ton nguyn t 2 v, ta d dng c:
5 , 4 y v 5 , 1 x = =

p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:

CH
4
(C=1) 0,5 50%

C
2
H
4
,C
2
H
6
(C=2) 0,5 50%
C
2
H
6
(H = 6) 0,5 25%

CH
4
,C
2
H
4
(H =4) 1,5 75%

p n C

BI TP T LUYN

Cu 1 : Nguyn t khi trung bnh ca rubii l 85,559. Trong t nhin rubii c hai ng v
85
37
Rb v
87
37
Rb. Thnh phn % s nguyn t ca ng v
85
37
Rb l
A. 72,05%. B. 44,10%. C. 5590%. D. 27,95%
Cu 2 : Trong t nhin ch c 2 ng v
35
17
Cl v
37
17
Cl . Thnh phn % khi lng ca
37
17
Cl trong
KClO
4
l (cho O =16; Cl = 35,5; K = 39)
A. 6,25%. B. 6,32%. C. 6,41%. D. 6,68%.
Cu 3 : Mt hn hp gm CO v CO
2
iu kin tiu chun c t khi hi vi hiro l 18,2.
Thnh phn % v th tch ca CO
2
trong hn hp l
A. 45,0%. B. 47,5%. C. 52,5%. D. 55,0%.
Cu 4 : Ho tan m gam Al bng dung dch HNO
3
long thu c hn hp kh NO v N
2
O c t
khi so vi H
2
bng 16,75. T l th tch kh NO : N
2
O trong hn hp l :
A. 2: 3. B. l: 2. C. l: 3. D. 3: l.
Cu 5 : Cho hn hp FeS v FeCO
3
tc dng ht dung dch HCl thu hn hp kh X c t khi hi
so H
2
l 20,75. % khi lng ca FeS trong hn hp u l
A. 20,18% B. 79,81% C. 75% D. 25%
Cu 6: thu c dung dch HCl 30% cn ly a gam dung dch HCl 55% pha vi b gam dung
dch HCl 15%. T l a/b l:
A. 2/5 B. 3/5 C. 5/3 D. 5/2
C = 1,5
H = 4,5


102
102
Cu 7 : pha c 100ml dung dch nc mui c nng mol 0,5M ly Vml dung dch
NaCl 2,5M. Gi tr ca V l
A. 80,0. B. 75,0. C. 25,0. D. 20,0.
Cu 8 : Ho tan hon ton m gam Na
2
O nguyn cht vo 75,0 gam dung dch NaOH 12,0% thu
c dung dch NaOH 58,8%. Gi tr ca m l
A. 66,0. B. 50,0. C. 112,5. D. 85,2.
Cu 9 : thu c 42 gam dung dch CuSO
4
16% cn ho tan x gam tinh th CuSO
4
.5H
2
O vo
y gam dung dch CuSO
4
8%. Gi tr ca y l
A. 35. B. 6. C. 36. D. 7.
Cu 10 : Th tch nc nguyn cht cn thm vo 1 lt dung dch H
2
SO
4
98% (d= 1,84 g/ml)
c dung dch mi c nng 10% l
A. 14,192 lt. B. 15,1921t. C. 16,192lt. D. 17,l92 lt.
Cu 11 : t chy hon ton m gam photpho ri ly sn phm ho tan vo 500 gam nc c
dung dch X c nng 9,15%. Gi tr ca m l
A. 1,55 B. 15,5. C. 155. D. 31
Cu 12 : Lng SO
3
cn thm vo dung dch H
2
SO
4
10% c 100 gam dung dch H
2
SO
4

20% l
A. 2,5 gam. B. 8,88 gam C. 6,66 gam. D. 24,5 gam.
Cu 13 : Bit
OH H C
5 2
D
(nguyn cht)
= 0,8 g/ml,
O H
2
D =lg/ml. Dung dch ru etylic 13,8
0
c khi
lng ring l:
A. 0,805 g/ml. B. 0,855 g/ml C. 0,972 g/ml D. 0,915 g/ml
Cu 14 : Thm 150ml dung dch KOH 2M vo 120ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
1M. Khi lng cc
mui thu c trong dung dch l :
A. 9,57 gam K
2
HPO
4
; 8,84 gam KH
2
PO
4

B. 10,44 gam K
2
HPO
4
; 12,72 gam K
3
PO
4
C. 10,24 gam K
2
HPO
4
; 13,50 gam KH
2
PO
4

D. 13,05 gam K
2
HPO
4
; 10,60 gam K
3
PO
4
Cu 15 : t chy hon ton 1,55 gam photpho ri ly sn phm cho tc dng vi 400ml dung
dch NaOH 0,3 M, sau em c cn th thu dc m gam cht rn khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 6,48 gam. B. 7,54 gam. C. 8,12 gam. D. 9,96 gam.
Cu 16 : Nung hn hp X gm CaCO
3
v CaSO
3
ti phn ng hon ton c cht rn Y c khi
lng bng 50,4% khi lng ca X. Thnh phn % khi lng ca CaCO
3
trong X l
A. 60%. B. 54,5% C. 45,5%. D. 40%.


103
103
Cu 17 : Ho tan hon ton 34,85 gam hn hp 2 mui BaCO
3
v Na
2
CO
3
bng dung dch HCl
thu c 4,48 lt kh CO
2
(ktc). S mol BaCO
3
trong hn hp l
A. 0,20. B. 0,15. C. 0,10 . D. 0,05.
Cu 18 : Nhit phn hon ton 108 gam hn hp X gm Na
2
CO
3
v NaHCO
3
c cht rn Y c
khi lng bng 75,4% khi lng ca X. Khi lng NaHCO
3
c trong X l
A. 54,0 gam. B. 27,0 gam. C. 72,0 gam. D. 36,0 gam.
Cu 19 : t chy hon ton 21,0 gam dy st trong khng kh thu c 29,4 gam hn hp cc
oxit Fe
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
. Khi lng Fe
2
O
3
to thnh l
A. 12,0 gam B. 13,5 gam. C. 16,5 gam. D. 18,0 gam.
Cu 20: Ho tan 55g hn hp Na
2
CO
3
v Na
2
SO
3
vi lng va 500ml axit H
2
SO
4
1M thu
c mt mui trung ho duy nht v hn hp kh X. Thnh phn phn trm th tch ca hn hp
kh X l :
A. 80% CO
2
; 20% SO
2
B. 70% CO
2
; 30% SO
2
C. 60% CO
2
; 40% SO
2
D. 50% CO
2
; 50% SO
2

Cu 21 : X l khong vt cuprit cha 45% Cu
2
O. Y l khong vt tenorit cha 70% CuO cn trn
X v Y theo t l khi lng t =
Y
X
m
m
c qung C, m t 1 tn qung C c th iu ch c
ti a 0,5 tn ng nguyn cht. Gi tr ca t l
A.
3
5
B.
4
5
C.
5
4
D.
5
3

Cu 22: X l qung hematit cha 60% Fe
2
O
3
Y l qung manhetit cha 69,6% Fe
3
O
4
. Trn a tn
qung X vi b tn qung Y thu c qung Z, m t 1 tn qung Z c th iu ch c 0,5 tn
gang cha 4% cacbon. T l a/b l
A
2
5
B.
3
4
C.
4
3
D.
5
2

Cu 23: Cho 6,72 lt (ktc) hn hp kh gm C
2
H
4
,

C
3
H
4
li t t qua bnh ng dung dch Br
2

thy khi lng bnh tng 10,8 gam. Thnh phn % th tch mi khi trong hn hp ban u l :
A. 33,3% C
2
H
4
v 66,7% C
3
H
4
B. 20,8% C
2
H
4
v 79,2% C
3
H
4

C. 25,0% C
2
H
4
v 75,0% C
3
H
4
D. 30,0% C
2
H
4
v 70,0% C
3
H
4

Cu 24 : t chy hon ton 12,0 lt hn hp hai hp cht hu c k tip nhau trong dy ng
ng thu c 41,4 lt CO
2
. Thnh phn % th tch ca hp cht c khi lng phn t nh hn l
(cc th tch kh o cng iu kin)
A. 55,0%. B. 51,7%. C. 48,3%. D. 45,0%.


104
104
Cu 25: t chy hon ton 15,68 lt hn hp kh (ktc) gm hai hirocacbon thuc cng dy
ng ng, c khi lng phn t hn km nhau 28 vC thu c
31
24
n
n
O H
CO
2
2
=
.
Cng thc phn
t v % khi lng tng ng vi cc hirocacbon ln lt l:
A. C
2
H
6
(28,57%) v C
4
H
10
(71,43%). B. C
3
H
8
(78,57%) v C
5
H
12
(21,43%).
C. C
2
H
6
(17,14%) v C
4
H
10
(82,86%). D. A v B
Cu 26 : Hn hp kh X gm H
2
, CO, C
4
H
10
. t chy hon ton 17,92 lt X cn 76,16 lt O
2
.
Thnh phn % th tch C
4
H
10
trong X l
A. 62,5%. B. 54,4%. C. 48,7%. D. 45,2%.
Cu 27 : Hn hp kh X gm H
2
, C
2
H
4
, C
3
H
6
trong s mol C
2
H
4
bng s mol C
3
H
6
.

T khi
ca X so vi H
2
bng 7,6. Thnh phn % th tch cc kh trong X l :
A. 40% H
2
, 30% C
2
H
4
, 30% C
3
H
6
B. 60% H
2
, 20% C
2
H
4
, 20% C
3
H
6
C. 50% H
2
, 25% C
2
H
4
, 25% C
3
H
6
D. 20% H
2
, 40% C
2
H
4
, 40% C
3
H
6


P N

1A 2D 3C 4D 5A 6B 7D 8B 9C 10C
11B 12B 13C 14B 15B 16D 17B 18C 19A 20A
21D 22D 23A 24A 25D 26A 27B















105
105
Phng php 9
Phng php h s
I. C S CA PHNG PHP
1. Nguyn tc
- H s cn bng ca phn ng l mt b s thu c sau khi ta tin hnh cn' bng 2 v ca phn
ng ho hc. T trc ti nay, h s cn bng ca phn ng thng ch c ch cc phng
php cn bng phn ng m cha c ng dng nhiu vo gii ton. Vi c im mi ca k
thi trc nghim, i hi nhng k thut gii ton sng to, nhanh v hiu qu th Phn tch h s
thc s l mt phng php ng c quan tm.
- H s cn bng ca phn ng l mt b s th hin y mi tng quan gia cc thnh phn
c mt trong phn ng. C th xem n l kt qu ca mt lot nhng nh lut ho hc quan trng
nh nh lut bo ton khi lng, bo ton nguyn t, bo ton in tch, bo ton electron, . . . ,
ng thi cng phn nh s tng gim v khi lng, th tch, s moi kh, . . . trc v sau mi
phn ng. Do , ng dng h s cn bng vo gii ton c th cho nhng kt qu c bit th v
m cc phng php khc khng th so snh c.
2. Phn loi v cc ch khi gii ton
Dng 1: H s phn ng phn nh nh lut bo ton nguyn t
- Bo ton nguyn t l mt trong nhng nh lut quan trng bc nht, ng thi cng l mt
cng c mnh trong gii ton ho hc. Trong mt phn ng ho hc c th, nh lut bo ton
nguyn t c biu hin qua chnh h s cn bng ca cc cht trong phn ng .
- y l mt phng php gii rt hiu qu cho cc bi ton xc nh cng thc phn t c cht
hu c v v c. Ngoi ra, n cng h tr cho vic tnh ton nhiu i lng quan trng khc.
- Ch l khi vit s phn ng km theo h s, ta ch cn a vo s nhng cht bit h
s v nhng cht cn quan tm. iu ny s mang li hiu qu cao hn nhiu so vi vic vit
phng trnh phn ng y v cn bng.
- Xem thm chng . . . "Phng php bo ton nguyn t"

Dng 2: H s phn ng phn nh s tng gim th tch kh trong phn ng
- y l mt dng ton quan trng p dng cho cc bi tp m phn ng ho hc trong c s
tham gia v to thnh cht kh, nh : cracking ankan, tng hp amoniac, ozon ho O
2
, oxi ho
SO
2
thnh SO
3
..


106
106
- a s cc bi ton loi ny c th gii bng phng php a thm s liu (t chn lng cht)
kt hp vi t n - gii h phng trnh. Tuy nhin, nu bit cch phn tch h s ch ra t l
tng - gim th tch kh ca cc cht trc v sau phn ng th vic gii ton s tr nn n gin
v nhanh chng hn nhiu.
- Mt ch trong cc bi ton ny l : trong phn ng c hiu sut nh hn 100%, nu t l cc
cht tham gia phn ng bng ng h s cn bng trong phng trnh phn ng, th sau phn
ng, phn cht d cng c t l ng vi h s cn bng ca phn ng.
Dng 3: H s phn ng phn nh kh nng phn ng ca cc cht.
- Trong mt hn hp cc cht, kh nng phn ng ca tng cht vi tc nhn khng phi lc no
cng nh nhau, iu ny c phn nh qua cc h s phn ng khc nhau gia chng.
- im c bit ca dng ton ny l c th kt hp rt hiu qu vi phng php ng cho
tm ra s mol hoc t l s mol ca mi cht hoc nhm cht trong hn hp. iu quan trng l
phi ch ra v nhm cc cht trong hn hp ban u li vi nhau to thnh 2 nhm cht c kh
nng phn ng khc nhau. Vi cch lm nh vy, ta c th p dng c phng php ng
cho k c trong trng hp nhiu hn 2 cht trong hn hp ban u.
- Dng bi ny c th p dng cho cc bi ton hn hp nhiu phn ng khc nhau, nh: kim
loi + axit, mui + axit, cc n cht + oxi, baz + axit, kim loi + phi kim, ....
Dng 4: H s phn ng trong cc phn ng t chy cht hu c
- Ta bit mt cht hu c bt k cha 3 nguyn t C, H, O c cng thc phn t l
C
n
H
2n+2-2k
O
x
vi k l bt bo ho (bng tng s vng v s lin kt trong cng thc cu to)
Xt phn ng chy ca hp cht ny, ta c :
C
n
H
2n+2-2k
O
x
nCO
2
+ (n + 1 k)H
2
O
Phn tch h s phn ng ny, ta c mt kt qu rt quan trng l.
k - 1
n n
n
2 2
CO O H
X

=

Vi n
x
l s mt cht hu c b t chy.
Hai trng hp ring hay gp trong cc bi tp ph thng l k = 0 (hp cht no, mch h
C
n
H
2n+2
O
x
) c
2 2
CO O H X
n n n = (ankan, ru no mch h, ete no mch h, ...) v k = 2 c
O H CO X
2 2
n n n = (ankin, ankaien, axit khng no 1 ni i, anehit khng no 1 ni i, xeton
khng no 1 ni i, ...)
- Kt qu ny c th m rng cho c cc phn ng chy ca hp cht hu c cha nhm nit


107
107
II. CC DNG BI TP THNG GP

Dng 1: H s phn ng phn nh nh lut bo ton nguyn t
V d 1. t chy hon ton 100 ml hi cht A, cn ng 250 ml oxi, ch to ra 200 ml CO
2
v
200 ml hi nc (cc th tch kh o cng iu kin). Xc nh cng thc phn t ca A.
A. C
2
H
4
B. C
2
H
6
O C. C
2
H
4
O D. C
3
H
6
O
Gii:
C th gii rt nhanh bi ton cho nh sau:
C
x
H
y
O
z
+ 2,5O
2
2 CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
Cn c vo h s phn ng v p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t, d dng c A l C
2
H
4
O

p n C

-V th tch kh t l thun vi s mol, do , ta c th in ngay h s vo phn ng v chia 2 v
cho 100 cho n gin !
V d 2. Ho tan hon ton a gam mt oxit st bng dung dch H
2
SO
4
m c va , c cha
0,075 mol H
2
SO
4
thu c b gam mt mui v c 168ml kh SO
2
(ktc) duy nht thot ra. Gi tr
ca b l
A. 8 gam. B. 9 gam. C. 16 gam. D. 12 gam.
Gii:
Gi cng thc ca oxit cho l Fe
x
O
y

mol 0,0075
22,4
0,168
n
2
SO
= =

Ta vit li phn ng dng s c km theo h s:
Fe
x
O
y
+ 0,075H
2
SO
4
Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+ 0,0075SO
2

- y, ta khng cn quan tm n s c mt ca H
2
O trong phng trnh!
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t S, ta c:
B n p
gam 9 0,0225.400 b mol 0,0225
3
0,0075 - 0,075
n
3 4 2
) (SO Fe

= = = =

- Cch lm ny nhanh v n gin hn rt nhiu so vi vic vit v cn bng phng trnh phn
ng vi h s ch ri gii h phng trnh !
V d 3. t chy hon ton 2a mol ru no X cn ti thiu 35a mol khng kh. Cng thc phn
t ca X l
A. C
2
H
5
OH. B. C
2
H
4
(OH)
2
C. C
3
H
6
(OH)
2
D. C
3
H
5
(OH)
3


108
108
Gii:
Gi cng thc phn t ca X l C
n
H
2n+2
O
k

Khng lm mt tnh tng qut, ta chn a = 1 lm n gin bi ton.
Trong 35 lt khng kh c 7 mol O
2
. T gi thit, ta c th vit s phn ng vi h s:
2C
n
H
2n+2
O
k
+ 7O
2
2nCO
2
+ 2(n+1)H
2
O
Cn c vo h s phn ng v p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t i vi O, ta c:
2k + 14 = 4n + 2n + 2
3
6 k
n
+
=

T , d dng c n = k = 3

p n D

Dng 2: H s phn ng phn nh s tng gim th tch kh trong phn ng
V d 4. a mt hn hp kh N
2
v H
2
c t l 1 : 3 vo thp tng hp, sau phn ng thy th
tch kh i ra gim
10
1
so vi ban u. Tnh thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca hn hp kh sau
phn ng.
A. 20%, 60%, 20%. B. 22,22%, 66,67%, 11,11%.
C. 30%, 60%, 10%. D. 33,33%, 50%, 16,67%.
Gii:
N
2
+ 3H
2
2NH
3

gii nhanh bi ton ny, ta da vo 2 kt qu quan trng:
- Trong phn ng c hiu sut nh hn 100%, nu t l cc cht tham gia phn ng bng ng h
s cn bng trong phng trnh phn ng, th sau phn ng, phn cht d cng c t l ng vi
h s cn bng ca phn ng. C th trng hp ny l 1: 3. Do A v B c kh nng l p n
ng, C v D b loi.
- Trong phn ng tng hp amoniac, th tch kh gim sau khi phn ng (2 mol) ng bng th
tch kh NH
3
sinh ra (2 mol)
Trong trng hp ny %NH
3
=
10
1
hn hp u hay l
% 11 , 11
9
1
=
hn hp sau.

p n B.

V d 5. Cracking 560 lt C
4
H
10
thu c 1010 lt hn hp kh X khc nhau. Bit cc th tnh kh
u o ktc. Th tnh (lt) C
4
H
10
cha b cracking l
A. 60. B. 110 C. 100. D. 450.



109
109
Gii:
Cc phn ng xy ra c th s ha thnh:
Ankan
Cracking
Ankan + Anken
Da vo h s cn bng ca phn ng crackinh, ta thy: Th tch (hay s mol) kh tng sau phn
ng ng bng th tch (hay s mol) ankan tham gia cracking.
y l: V= 1010 - 560 =450 lt.
Do , phn C
4
H
10
cha b crackinh l 110 lt

p n B.

V d 6. Cracking C
4
H
10
thu c hn hp ch gm 5 hirocacbon c t khi hi so vi H
2
l
16,325. Hiu sut ca phn ng cracking l
A. 77,64%. B. 38,82%. C. 17,76%. D.
16,325%.
Gii:
Khi lng hn hp trc v sau phn ng c bo ton: m
t
= m
s

Do , ta c t l:
65 , 32
58
2 . 325 , 16
58
n
n
n
m
n
m
M
M
d
d
t
s
s
s
t
t
s
t
H s
H t
2
2
= = = = =

V s mol hn hp sau nhiu hn s mol ban u chnh s mol ankan cracking nn:
77,64% .100% 1
32,65
58
H% = |

\
|
=

p n A

Dng 3: H s phn ng phn nh kh nng phn ng ca cc cht.
V d 7. T khi ca hn hp gm H
2
, CH
4
, CO so vi hiro bng 7,8. t chy hon ton
mt th tch hn hp ny cn 1,4 th tch oxi. Thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca mi kh trong
hn hp u l:
A. 20%, 50%, 30% B. 33,33%, 50%, 16,67%
C. 20%, 60%, 20% D. 10%, 80%, 10%
Gii:
Cch 1: Phng php phn tch h s kt hp vi phng php ng cho:
Phn tch h s cn bng ca cc phn ng t chy, ta thy:


110
110
H
2
+ O
2
1
2

CO + O
2
1
2
CH
4
+ 2 O
2

tc l c 2 nhm cht tc dng vi O
2
theo t l 1:
2
1
v 1: 2.

Do , p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:


2
1
) H (CO,
2 0,6 2 40%


2 ) (CH
4 0,9 3 60%
Vy
60% %V
4
CH
=
=

p n C.
C th tip tc gii bi ton cho hon thin nh sau:
Gi M l khi lng phn t trung bnh ca CO v H
2
trong hn hp kh ban u. T kt qu
ng cho trn, ta c:
15 M 15,6 7,8.2 16.0,6 .0,4 M = = = +

p dng phng php ng cho cho hn hp kh CO v H
2
, ta c:

28) (M CO =
13 20%


2) (M H
2
=
13 20%
Cch 2: Phng php phn tch h s kt hp vi phng php a thm s liu (t chn lng cht)
Gi s c 1 mol hn hp kh ban u s mol kh O
2
cn dng l 1,4 mol.
Nu t l phn ng vi O
2
ca c 3 cht u l 1: 0,5 th s mol O
2
cn ch l 0,5 mol.
Chnh lch 0,9 mol kh O
2
ny l do CH
4
phn ng vi O
2
theo t l 1 : 2 v bng 1,5 s mol CH
4

s mol CH
4
l
= mol 0,6 .0,9
3
2
p n C.

V d 8. Trn ln 250ml dung dch NaOH 2M vo 200ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
1,5M, ri c cn dung
dch sau phn ng. % khi lng ca Na
2
HPO
4
trong hn hp cht rn thu c l
A. 29,7%. B. 70,3%. C. 28,4%. D. 56,8%.

1,4
15 M =


111
111
Gii:
Xt t l ,

n =
ta c:
2
3
5
3 , 0
5 , 0
5 , 1 . 2 , 0
2 . 25 , 0
n
n
n 1
4 3
PO H
NaOH
< = = = = <

To ra hn hp 2 mui: NaH
2
PO
4
v Na
2
HPO
4

p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:


1) (n PO NaH
4 2
=

3
1
1 0,1 mol


2) (n HPO Na
4 2
=

3
2
2 0,2 mol
28,4gam 0,2.142 m v gam 12 0,1.120 m
4 2 4 2
HPO Na PO NaH
= = = =

70,3% m % % 7 , 29 % 100 .
28,4 12
12
%m
4 2 4 2
HPO Na PO NaH
= =
+
=

p n B
V d 9. Dn 2,24lt ( ktc) mt hn hp gm etilen, propen, cc buten v axetilen qua dung
dch ng brom d th thy lng brom trong bnh gim 19,2 gam. Tnh lng CaC
2
cn dng
iu ch c lng axetilen c trong hn hp trn.
A. 6,4 gam B. 1,28 gam C. 2,56 gam D. 3,2 gam
Gii:
mol 1 , 0
4 , 22
24 , 2
n mol 0,12
160
19,2
n
hh Br
2
= = = =

Cch 1: Phng php phn tch h s
Phn tch h s cn bng ca phn ng, ta c:
Anken + 1Br
2

C
2
H
2
+ 2Br
2

mol 0,02 0,1 0,12 n n n n
Anken Br H C CaC
2 2 2 2
= = = =
gam 1,28 0,02.64 m
2
CaC
= =

p n B.
Cch 2: Phng php phn tch h s kt hp vi phng php ng cho

s mol baz
s mol axit

3
5
n =


112
112
Bng cch phn tch h s nh trn, ta thy c th sp xp hn hp cc cht trong hn hp ban
u thnh 2 nhm phn ng vi Br
2
theo t l 1 : 1 v 1 : 2
Do , p dng phng php ng cho, ta c:
(Anken) 1 0,8 0,08 mol

(C
2
H
2
) 2 0,2 0,02 mol

Suy ra, gam 1,28 64.0,02 m
2
CaC
= =

p n B.
Dng 4: H s phn ng trong cc phn ng t chy cht hu c
V d 10. Hn hp X gm ru metylic, ru etylic, ru propylic v nc. Cho a gam X tc
dng vi natri d c 0,7 mol H
2
. t chy hon ton a gam X thu c b mol CO
2
v 2,6 mol
H
2
O. Gi tr ca a v b ln lt l
A. 42 gam v 1,2 mol. B. 19,6 gam v 1,9 mol.
C. 19,6 gam v 1,2 mol. D. 28 gam v 1,9 mol.
Gii:
Cc phn ng vi Na c th vit chung l:
ROH + Na RONa + 2
H
2
1

Do ,
mol 1,4 2n n
2
H X
= =

Cc cht trong hn hp X c dng C
n
H
2n+2
O nn:

mol 1,2 b n n n
2 2
CO O H X
= =

p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t O, ta c:

mol 1,8
2
1,4 1,2.2 2,6
n
2
O
=
+
=

p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng, ta c:
gam 42 m m m a
2 2 2
O O H CO
= + =

p n A.

V d 11. Mt hn hp gm anehit acrylic v mt anehit n chc X. t chy hon ton 1,72
gam hn hp trn cn va ht 2,296 lt kh oxi (ktc). Cho ton b sn phm chy hp th ht vo
dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d thu c 8,5 gam kt ta. Cng thc cu to ca X l
A. HCHO. B. C
2
H
5
CHO. C. CH
3
CHO. D. C
3
H
5
CHO.
2 , 1


113
113
Gii:
2
O
n = 0,1025 mol
2
CO
n

=

3
CaCO
n = 0,085 mol
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng, ta c:
m
Andehit
+
2
O
m
= O H
2
m
+
2
CO
m

O H
2
m
= 1,26 gam O H
2
n
= 0,07 mol
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t O, ta c:
n
Andehit
= 2.0,085 + 0,07 2. 0,1025 = 0,035 mol
Do , khi lng phn t trung bnh ca 2 anehit l:
14 , 49
035 , 0
72 , 1
M = =

Anehit acrylic c M = 56

anehit cn li c M < 4 9,14 , tc l p n A hoc C.


Anehit acrylic (C
3
H
4
O) l anehit khng no 1 ni i, anehit cn li l no n chc nn:

mol 0,015 n n n
O H CO O H C
2 2 4 3
= =

V anehit cn li c s mol l 0,02 mol.
Gi M l khi lng phn t ca Anehit cn li th:
m
Anehit
= 56. 0,015 + M. 0,02 = 1,72 gam
M = 44
X l CH
3
CHO
p n C.
IV. BI TP T LUYN

Cu 1 : Hn hp X gm Fe, Mg v Zn. Bit X tc dng vi HCl th thu c 12,32 lt kh, cn
khi cho X tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
c, nng th thu c 29,12 lt kh NO
2
. Bit cc th
tch kh u o ktc. Khi lng ca Fe trong hn hp X l
A. 11,2 gam. B. 8,4 gam. C. 5,6 gam. D. 14 gam.
Cu 2 : Hn hp X gm 0,6 mol kim loi cha Fe, Mg v Al. Bit X tc dng vi HCl thu c
17,92 lt kh. Nu cho X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH th th tch kh thu c l bao nhiu ?
Bit cc th tch kh u o ktc.
A. 13,44 lt. B. 6,72 lt C. 4,48 lt. D. 17,92 lt.


114
114
Cu 3 : Cracking mt ankan thu c hn hp kh c t khi hi so vi H
2
bng 19,565. Bit hiu
sut ca phn ng Cracking l 84%. Ankan cho l
A. butan B. isobutan. C. pentan. D. propan.
Cu 4 : Sau khi ozon ho, th tch ca O
2
gim i 5ml. Th tch kh O
3
c to thnh l
A. 7,5ml. B. 10ml C. 5ml. D. 15ml.
Cu 5 : Mt hn hp X gm H
2
v N
2
. Tin hnh phn ng tng hp NH
3
t hn hp X th thu
c hn hp Y. Bit khi lng trung bnh ca X v Y ln lt l 7,2 v 7,826. Hiu sut tng
hp NH
3
l
A. 60,6%. B. 17,39%. C. 8,69 %. D. 20%.
Cu 6 : Hn hp kh X gm H
2
, CO, C
4
H
10
. t chy hon ton 17,92 lt X cn 76,16 lt O
2
.
Thnh phn % th tch C
4
H
10
trong X l
A. 62,5%. B. 54,4%. C. 48,7%. D. 45,2%.
Cu 7 : Trn 400ml hi ca mt hp cht hu c X (cha C, H, O) vi 2 lt O
2
ri t chy. Hn
hp kh sinh ra nu dn qua CaCl
2
khan th th tch gim 1,6 lt. Nu dn tip qua KOH d th th
tch gim thm 1,2 lt na v thot ra sau cng l 400ml O
2
cn d. Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C
3
H
8
O
2
B. C
3
H
8
O C. C
3
H
8
O
3
D. C
4
H
6
O
2

Cu 8 : Chia hn hp X gm 2 cht hu c k tip nhau trong cng dy ng ng. Phn t ca
chng ch c mt nhm chc lm hai phn bng nhau.
- Phn 1 : em t chy hon ton ri cho ton b sn phm chy (ch c CO
2
v H
2
O) ln
lt qua bnh (1) ng dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, bnh (2) ng dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d, thy khi
lng bnh (l) tng 2,16 gam v bnh (2) c 7 gam kt ta.
- Phn 2: cho tc dng ht vi Na d th th tch kh H
2
thu c ktc l
A. 0,224 lt. B. 0,56 lt. C. 2,24 lt. D. 1,12 lt


P N

1A 2A 3C 4B 5D 6A 7A 8B








115
115

Phng php 10
Phng php s dng phng trnh ion thu gn
I. C S CA PHNG PHP
Phng trnh ha hc thng c vit di hai dng l phng trnh ha hc dng phn t v
dng ion thu gn. Ngoi vic th hin c ng bn cht ca phn ng ha hc, phng trnh
ion thu gn cn gip gii nhanh rt nhiu dng bi tp kh hoc khng th gii theo cc phng
trnh ha hc dng phn t.
II. CC DNG BI TP THNG GP
Dng 1: Phn ng axit, baz v pH ca dung dch
V d 1 : Cho mt mu hp kim Na - Ba tc dng vi nc (d), thu c dung dch X v 3,36
lt H
2
( ktc). Th tch dung dch axit H
2
SO
4
2M cn dng trung ho dung dch X l
A. 150ml. B. 75ml. C. 60ml. D. 30ml.
Gii:
Na + H
2
O NaOH +
2
H
2
1
(1)
Ba + 2H
2
O Ba(OH)
2
+ H
2
(2)
Theo (1) v (2):
mol. 0,3 2n n
2
H
X) (dd OH
= =


Phng trnh ion rt gn ca dung dch axit vi dung dch baz l
H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O
mol 15 , 0 n mol 0,3 n n
4 2
SO H
OH H
= = =
+

ml 75 lt 0,075
2
0,15
V
4 2
SO H
= = =
p n B
V d 2: Trn 100ml dung dch (gm Ba(OH)
2
0,1M v NaOH 0,1M) vi 400ml dung dch (gm
H
2
SO
4
0,0375M v HCl 0,0125M), thu c dung dch X. Gi tr pH ca dung dch X l
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
Gii:

)
`

=
=
0,01mol n
0,01mol n
NaOH
Ba(OH)
2

Tng mol 0,03 n
OH
=




116
116

)
`

=
=
0,005mol n
0,015mol n
HCl
SO H
4 2


Khi trn hn hp dung dch baz vi hn hp dung dch axit ta c phng trnh ion rt gn:
H
+
+ OH
-
H
2
O\
Ban u 0,035 0,03 mol
Phn ng 0,03 0,03
Sau phn ng:
+
H
n
= 0,035 0,03 = 0,005 mol.
V
dd(sau trn)
= 100 + 400 = 500 ml =0,5 lt
= =
+ 2
10 0,01
0,5
0,005
] [H
pH=2

p n B
V d 3: Cho m gam hn hp Mg, Al vo 250ml dung dch X cha hn hp axit HCl 1M v axit
H
2
SO
4
0,5M, thu c 5,32 lt H
2
( ktc) v dung dch Y (coi th tch dung dch khng i).
Dung dch Y c pH l
A. 1 B. 2 C. 6 D. 7
Gii:
1 pH M 10 0,1
0,25
0,025
] [H
mol 0,025 0,475 - 0,5 n
mol 0,475 2n n
0,5mol; n 0,125 n ; 0,25mol n
(2) 3H 2Al 6H 2Al
(1) H Mg 2H Mg
1
H
H
H
H
SO H HCl
2
3
2
2
2
4 2
= = = =
= =
= =
= = =
+ +
+ +
+
+ +
+ +
+
+
+

p n A

Dng 2: CO
2
, SO
2
tc dng vi dung dch baz


V d 4 : Sc t t 7,84 lt kh CO
2
(ktc) vo 1 lt dung dch X cha NaOH 0,2M v Ca(OH)
2

0,1M th lng kt ta thu c l
A. 0 gam. B. 5 gam. C. 10 gam. D. 15 gam.
Gii:
2
CO
n
= 0,35 mol; n
NaOH
= 0,2 mol;
mol 1 , 0 n
2
Ca(OH)
=

Tng: n
OH
-
= 0,2 + 0,1. 2 = 0,4 mol v n
Ca
2+
= 0,1 mol.
Tng mol 0,035 n
H
=
+

(d)
(phn ng) (to thnh)
(d)


117
117
Phng trnh ion rt gn:
CO
2
+ 2OH
-
CO
3
2-
+ H
2
O
0,35 0,4
0,2 0,4 0,2 mol


2
CO
n
(d) = 0,35 0,2 = 0,15 mol
Tip tc xy ra phn ng:
CO
3
2-
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O 2HCO
3
-

Ban u : 0,2 0,15 mol
Phn ng: 0,15 0,15 mol
CO
3
2-
+ Ca
2+
CaCO
3


2
3
CO
n
(d) = 0,05 mol <
+ 2
Ca
n

2
3 3 CO
CaCO
n n
(d)
= 0,05 mol


gam 5 100 0,05. m
3
CaCO
= =

p n B

Dng 3: Bi ton lin quan n oxit v hiroxit lng tnh


V d 5 : Ho tan ht hn hp gm mt kim loi kim v mt kim loi kim th trong nc c
dung dch A v c 1,12 lt H
2
bay ra ( ktc). Cho dung dch cha 0,03 mol AlCl
3
vo dung dch
A. Khi lng kt ta thu c l
A. 0,78 gam. B. 0,81 gam. C. 1,56 gam. D. 2,34 gam.
Gii:
Gi cng thc chung ca 2 kim loi l M
M + nH
2
O M(OH)
n
+
2
H
2
n


mol 0,1 2n n
2
-
H
OH
= =

Dung dch A tc dng vi 0,03 mol dung dch AlCl
3
:
Al
3+

+ 3OH
-
Al(OH)
3

Ban u : 0,03 0,1 mol
Phn ng: 0,03 0,09 0,03 mol

OH
n
(d)
= 0,01 mol


118
118
Kt ta b ha tan (mt phn hoc hon ton). Theo phng trnh :
Al(OH)
3
+ OH
-
AlO
2
-
+ 2H
2
O
0,01 0,01 mol
= = = = gam 56 , 1 02 , 0 . 78 m 0,02 0,01 0,03 n
3 3
Al(OH) Al(OH) p n C

Dng 4: Cht kh tc dng vi dung dch cha H
+
v NO
3
-

V d 6 : Dung dch A cha 0,01 mol Fe(NO
3
)
3
v 0,15 mol HCl c kh nng ho tan ti a bao
nhiu gam Cu kim loi ? (Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht)
A. 2,88 gam. B. 3,2 gam. C. 3,92 gam. D. 5,12 gam.
Gii:
Phng trnh ion:
3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
-
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
Ban u: 0,15 0,03 mol
Phn ng: 0,045 0,12 0,03 mol
Cu + 2Fe
3+
2Fe
2+
+ Cu
2+

0,005 0,01 mol

m
Cu (ti a)
= (0,045 + 0,005). 64 = 3,2 gam

p n B.

V d 7 : Ho tan 0,1 mol Cu kim loi trong 120ml dung dch X gm HNO
3
1M v H
2
SO
4
0,5M.
Sau khi phn ng kt thc thu c V lt kh NO duy nht (ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 1,344 lt. B. 1,49 lt C. 0,672 lt. D. 1,12 lt.
Gii:
mol 0,06 n ; mol 0,12 n
4 2 3
SO H HNO
= =

Tng: n
H
+
= 0,24 mol v
mol 0,12 n
3
NO
=


Phng trnh ion:
3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
-
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO
+ 4H
2
O
Ban u: 0,1 0,24 0,12 mol
Phn ng: 0,09 0,24 0,06 0,06
mol
Sau phn ng: 0,01(d) (ht) 0,06(d)


119
119

V
NO
= 0,06. 22,4 =1,344 lt

p n A.
V d 8 : Thc hin hai th nghim :
- Th nghim 1 : Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80ml dung dch HNO
3
1M thot ra V
l
lt NO
- Th nghim 2 : Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80ml dung dch cha HNO
3
1M v H
2
SO
4
0,5M
thot ra V
2
lt NO
- Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht cc th tch kh o cng iu kin. Quan h gia V
l
v V
2
l
A. V
2
= V
1
B. V
2
= 2V
l
. C. V
2
= 2,5V
l
D. V
2
= l,5V
l
.
Gii:
Th nghim 1:

=
=

=
= =

+
mol 0,08 n
mol 0,08 n
0,08mol n
0,06mol
64
3,84
n
3
3
NO
H
HNO
Cu

3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
-
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
(1)
Ban u: 0,06 0,08 0,08 mol
Phn ng: 0,03 0,08 0,02 0,02 mol

V
1
tng ng vi 0,02 mol NO.
Th nghim 2: n
Cu
=0,06 mol;
mol 0,04 n ; mol 0,08 n
4 2 3
SO H HNO
= =

n
H
+
= 0,16 mol ;
mol 0,08 n
3
NO
=


3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
-
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
(2)
Ban u: 0,06 0,16 0,08 mol
Phn ng: 0,06 0,16 0,04 0,04 mol
T (1) v (2) suy ra: V
2
= 2V
1

p n B.

Dng 5: Cc phn ng dng ion thu gn khc (to cht kt ta, cht d bay hi, cht in
li yu)
V d 9 : Dung dch X c cha 5 ion : Mg
2+
, Ba
2+
, Ca
2+
, 0,1 mol Cl
-
v 0,2 mol NO
3
-
. Thm dn
V lt dung dch K
2
CO
3
1M vo X n khi c lng kt ta ln nht th gi tr V ti thiu cn
dng l
A. 150ml. B. 300ml. C. 200ml. D. 250ml.


120
120
Gii:
p dng nh lut bo ton in tch: (xem thm phng php bo ton in tch)

n
cation
. 2 = 0,1.1 +0,2.1 = 0,3 mol

n
cation
=0,15 mol
Mg
2+
+ CO
3
2-
MgCO
3

Ba
2+
+ CO
3
2-
BaCO
3

Ca
2+
+ CO
3
2-
CaCO
3

Hoc c th quy i 3 cation thnh M
2+
(xem thm phng php quy i)

M
2+
+ CO
3
2-
MCO
3

mol 15 , 0 n n n
cation
CO
CO K
2
3
3 2
= = =


ml 150 lt 15 , 0 V
3 2
CO K
= =

p n A.

V d 10 : Cho hn hp gm NaCl v NaBr tc ng vi dung dch AgNO
3
d thu c kt ta
c khi lng ng bng khi lng AgNO
3
phn ng . Tnh phn trm khi lng NaCl
trong hn hp u.
A. 23,3% B. 27,84%. C. 43,23%. D. 31,3%.
Gii:
Phng trnh ion:
Ag
+
+ Cl
-
AgCl
Ag
+
+ Br
-
AgBr
t: n
NaCl
= x mol ; n
NaBr
= y mol
m
AgCl
+ m
AgBr
=
3
AgNO
m
(p.)

m
Cl
-
+ m
Br
-
=

3 NO
m

35,5x + 80y = 62.(x+y)

x : y = 36 : 53
Chn x = 36, y = 53
=
+
= 27,84%
103.53 58,5.36
0 58,5.36.10
%m
NaCl p n B.
C th gii bi ton bng vic kt hp vi phng php tng gim khi lng hoc phng php
ng cho.


121
121
V d 11 : Cho 270 ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,2M vo dung dch X cha 0,025 mol CO
3
2-
; 0,1 mol
Na
+
; 0,25 mol NH
4
+
v 0,3 mol Cl
-
v un nng nh (gi s H
2
O bay hi khng ng k). Tng
khi lng dung dch X v dung dch Ba(OH)
2
sau phn ng gim i bao nhiu gam ?
A. 4,215 gam. B. 5,296 gam. C. 6,761 gam. D. 7,015 gam.
Gii:
mol 0,108 n ; mol 0,054 n mol 0,054 n
OH Ba
Ba(OH)
2
2
= = =
+

Ba
2+
+ CO
3
2-
BaCO
3
(1)
n
Ba
2+
> gam. 4,925 m mol 0,025 n n n
3
2
3
3
2
3
BaCO
CO
BaCO
CO
= = =


NH
4
+
+ OH
-
NH
3
+ H
2
O (2)
n
OH
-
<
gam 836 , 1 m mol 0,108 n n n
3 3
4
NH
OH
NH
NH
= = =
+

Khi lng 2 dung dch gim = 4,925 + 1,836 = 6,716 gam

p n C.
V d 12 : Trn 100ml dung dch A (gm KHCO
3
1M v K
2
CO
3
1M ) vo 100ml dung dch B
(gm NaHCO
3
1M v Na
2
CO
3
1M ) thu c dung dch C. Nh t t 100ml dung dch D (gm
H
2
SO
4
1M v HCl 1M ) vo dung dch C thu c V lt CO
2
(ktc) v dung dch E. Cho dung
dch Ba(OH)
2
ti d vo dung dch E th thu c m gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m v V ln lt l
A. 82,4 gam v 2,24 lt. B. 4,3 gam v 1,12 lt.
C. 43 gam v 2,24 lt. D. 3,4 gam v 5,6 lt.
Gii:
Dung dch C cha: HCO
3
-
:0,2 mol; CO
3
2-
: 0,2 mol
Dung dch D c tng : n
H
+
= 0,3 mol.
Nh t t dung dch C v dung dch D:
CO
3
2-
+ H
+
HCO
3
-

0,2 0,2 0,2 mol
HCO
3
-
+ H
+
H
2
O + CO
2

Ban u: 0,4 0,1 mol
Phn ng: 0,1 0,1 0,1 mol

D: 0,3 mol
Tip tc cho dung dch Ba(OH)
2
d vo dung dch E:
Ba
2+
+ HCO
3
-
+ OH
-
BaCO
3
+ H
2
O
0,3 0,3 mol


122
122
Ba
2+
+ SO
4
2-
BaSO
4

0,1 0,1 mol


lit 2,24 22,4 0,1. V
2
CO
= =

Tng khi lng kt ta:
m= 0,3. 197 + 0,1. 233 = 82,4 gam

p n A.


III. BI TP T LUYN

Cu 1 : Th tch dung dch HCl 0,3M cn trung ho 100ml dung dch hn hp: NaOH 0,1M
v Ba(OH)
2
0,1M l
A. 100ml. B. 150ml. C. 200ml. D. 250ml.
Cu 2 : trung ho 150ml dung dch X gm NaOH 1M v Ba(OH)
2
0,5M cn bao nhiu ml
dung dch cha HCl 0,3M v H
2
SO
4
0,1M ?
A.180. B. 600. C. 450. D. 90.
Cu 3 : Dung dch X cha hn hp KOH v Ba(OH)
2
c nng tng ng l 0,2M v 0,1M.
Dung dch Y cha hn hp H
2
SO
4
v HCl c nng ln lt l 0,25M v 0,75M. Th tnh dung
dch X cn trung ho va 40ml dung dch Y l
A. 0,063 lt. B. 0,125 lt. C. 0,15 lt. D. 0,25 lt
Cu 4 : Trn 250ml dung dch hn hp HCl 0,08M v H
2
SO
4
0,01 M vi 250ml dung dch
NaOH x M c 500ml dung dch c pH = 12. Gi tr ca x l
A. 0,1. B. 0,12. C. 0,13. D. 0,14.
Cu 5 : Trn 3 dung dch HCl 0,3M ; H
2
SO
4
0,2M v H
3
PO
4
0,1M vi nhng th tch bng nhau
thu c dung dch X. Dung dch Y gm NaOH 0,1M v Ba(OH)
2
0,2M. trung ho 300ml
dung dch X cn va V ml dung dch Y. Gi tr ca V l
A. 200. B. 333,3. C. 600. D. 1000.
Cu 6 : Hp thu hon ton 4,48 lt kh CO
2
( ktc) vo 500ml dung dch hn hp gm NaOH
0,1M v Ba(OH)
2
0,2M, sinh ra m gm kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 19,7 B. 17,73. C. 9,85. D. 11,82.
Cu 7 : Ho tan mu hp kim Na - Ba (t l 1 : l) vo nc c dung dch X v 0,672 lt kh
(ktc). Sc 1,008 lt CO
2
(ktc) vo dung dch X c m (gam) kt ta. Gi tr ca m l
A. 3,94. B. 2,955. C. 1,97. D. 2,364.


123
123
Cu 8 : Cho V lt dung dch NaOH 2M vo dung dch cha 0,1 mol Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
;

0,05 mol HCl v
0,025 mol H
2
SO
4
n khi phn ng hon ton, thu c 7,8 gam kt ta. Gi tr ln nht ca V
thu c lng kt ta trn l
A. 0,4 B. 0,35. C. 0,25. D. 0,2.
Cu 9 : Thm m gam Kali vo 300ml dung dch cha Ba(OH)
2
0,1M v NaOH 0,1 M thu c
dung dch X. Cho t t dung dch X vo 200ml dung dch Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
0,1 M thu c kt ta Y.
lng kt ta Y ln nht thi gi tr ca m l
A. 1,17. B. 1,71. C. 1,95. D. 1,59.
Cu 10 : Dung dch X gm cc cht NaAlO
2
0,16 mol; Na
2
SO
4
0,56 mol; NaOH 0,66 mol. Th
tch ca dung dch HCl 2M cn cho vo dung dch X thu c 0,1 mol kt ta l
A. 0,50 lt hoc 0,41 lt. B. 0,41 lt hoc 0,38 lt.
C. 0,38 lt hoc 0,50 lt. D. 0,25 lt hoc 0,50 lt.
Cu 11 : Cho 3,2 gam bt Cu tc dng vi 100ml dung dch hn hp gm HNO
3
0,8M v H
2
SO
4

0,2 M. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton, sinh ra V lt kh NO (sn phn kh duy nht
ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 0,746. B. 0,448. C. 1,792. D. 0,672.
Cu 12 : Ho tan 9,6 gam bt Cu bng 200ml dung dch hn hp HNO
3
0,5M v H
2
SO
4
1,0M.
Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c kh NO v dung dch X. C cn cn thn dung dch
X c khi lng mui khan l
A. 28,2 gam B. 35,0 gam. C. 24,0 gam. D. 15,8 gam.
Cu 13 : Cho 5,8 gam FeCO
3
tc dng va vi dung dch HNO
3
c hn hp kh CO
2
, NO
v dung dch X. Khi thm dung dch H
2
SO
4
long d vo X th dung dch thu c ho tan ti a
m gam Cu (bit rng c kh NO bay ra). Gi tr ca m l
A. 16 B. 14,4 C. 1,6 D. 17,6
Cu 14 : Ho tan 9,6 gam bt Cu bng 200ml dung dch hn hp HNO
3
0,5M v H
2
SO
4
1,0M.
Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c kh NO v dung dch X . C cn cn thn dung dch
X c khi lng mui khan l
A. 28,2 gam. B. 25,4 gam. C. 24 gam. D. 32 gam.
Cu 15 : Dung dch X cha cc ion : Fe
3+
, SO
4
2-
, NH
4
+
, Cl
-
. Chia dung dch X thnh hai phn
bng nhau:
- Phn 1: tc dng vi lng d dung dch NaOH, un nng thu c 0,672 lt kh ( ktc)
v 1,07 gam kt ta;
- Phn 2: tc dng vi lng d dung dch BaCl
2
thu c 4,66 gam kt ta.


124
124
Tng khi lng cc mui khan thu c khi c cn dung dch X l (qu trnh c cn ch c nc
bay hi)
A. 3,73 gam. B. 7,04 gam. C. 7,46 gam. D. 3,52 gam.
Cu 16 : Dung dch X cha 0,025 mol CO
3
2-
; 0,1 mol Na
+
; 0,25 mol NH
4
+
v 0,3 mol Cl
-
. Cho
270ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
0,2M vo v un nng nh (gi s H
2
O bay hi khng ng k). Tng
khi lng dung dch X v dung dch Ba(OH)
2
sau qu trnh phn ng gim i l :
A. 4,215 gam. B. 5,296 gam. C. 6,761 gam. D. 7,015 gam.
Cu 17 : Cho hn hp X gm 0,05 mol CaCl
2
; 0,03 mol KHCO
3
; 0,05 mol NaHCO
3
; 0,04 mol
Na
2
O; 0,03 mol Ba(NO
3
)
2
vo 437,85 gam H
2
O. Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c a
gam kt ta v dung dch Y c khi lng l
A. 420 gam. B. 400 gam. C. 440gam. D. 450 gam
Cu 18 : Cho hn hp gm 0,15 mol CuFeS
2
v 0,09 mol Cu
2
FeS
2
tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3

d thu c dung dch X v hn hp kh Y gam NO v NO
2
. Thm BaCl
2
d vo dung dch X
thu c m gam kt ta. Mt khc, nu thm Ba(OH)
2
d vo dung dch X, ly kt ta nung trong
khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c x gam cht rn. Gi tr ca m v x ln lt l :
A. 111,84 v 157,44. B. 111,84 v 167,44.
C. 112,84 v 157,44. D. 112,84 v 167,44.


P N
1A 2B 3B 4B 5A 6C 7B 8A 9A 10C
11D 12C 13D 14C 15C 16C 17D 18A














125
125
Phng php 11
Kho st th Kho st th Kho st th Kho st th
Dng 1: Dng CO
2
(SO
2
) tc dng vi dung dch Ca(OH)
2
hoc Ba(OH)
2
:
-Nu hin tng v gii thch khi sc t t kh CO
2
vo dung dch c cha a mol Ca(OH)
2
cho
n d.
-Xy dng th biu th mi lin h gia s mol kt ta v s mol CO
2
.
Ta c phng trnh phn ng:
CO
2
+ Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+ H
2
O
a a a
CaCO
3
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O Ca(HCO
3
)
2

a a a
Hin tng:
Xut hin kt ta tng dn n cc i, sau tan dn cho n ht.
th (Hnh 1):







Nhn xt:
+ Nu

n > a th bi ton v nghim do y =

n khng ct th.
+ Nu

n = a th bi ton c 1 nghim duy nht


2
CO
n = a
+ Nu 0 <

n < a th bi ton c 2 nghim l x


1
v x
2
.
D thy:
x
1
=

n v x
2
= a + (x
2
- a) m x
2
- a =a-x
1
nn x
2
= 2a x
1
= 2a -

n


V d 1 : Sc t t V lt kh CO
2
(ktc) vn 200ml dung dch Ca(OH)
2
1M thu c 15 gam kt
ta. Gi tr ca V l :
A. 3,36 hoc 4,48. B. 4,48 hoc 5,60.
C. 5,60 hoc 8,96. D. 3,36 hoc 5,60.
3
CaCO
n


a
0 x
1
x
2
a 2a

y
2
CO
n




126
126

Gii:
Ta c: a=0,2.1 =0,2 mol, 0< n
1
=0,15 mol < 0,2 nn ta c 2 gi tr l:
x
1
= 0,15 v x
2
= 2.0,2 0,15 = 0,25
nn V
1
= 0,15.22,4 = 3,36 lt
v V
2
=0,25.22,4 = 5,6 lt

p n D.
V d 2 : Hp th hon ton 2,688 lt CO
2
( ktc) vo 2,5 lt dung dch Ba(OH)
2
nng b mol/l
thu c 15,76 gam kt ta. Gi tr ca b l
A. 0,032. B. 0,04. C. 0,048. D. 0,06.
Gii:
Ta c:
2
CO
n
= 2,688/22,4 = 0,12 mol ;
mol 0,08 15,76/197 n = =

Do
> n n
2
CO ngha l x
1
>
n
nn x
2
= 2a -
n

( ) 0,04M 0,1/2,5 b mol 0,1 0,08) 0,12 (
2
1
n x .
2
1
a
2
= = = + = + =

p n B.

Dng 2: Mui Al
3+
tc dng vi dung dch OH
-


+ Nu hin tng v gii thch khi cho t t dung dch OH
-
vo dung dch c cha a mol AlCl
3

cho n d.
+ Xy dng th biu th mi lin h gia s mol kt ta v s mol OH
-

Ta c phng trnh phn ng:
Al
3+
+ 3OH
-
Al(OH)
3

a 3a a mol

Al(OH)
3
+ OH
-
[Al(OH)
4
]
-

a a a
Hin tng:
Xut hin kt ta tng dn n cc i, sau tan dn cho n ht.
th (Hnh 2):



127
127






-
OH
n


Nhn xt:
+
n
> a th bi ton v nghim do y =
n
khng ct th.
+
n
= a th bi ton c 1 nghim duy nht n
OH
-
= 3a.
+ 0 <
n
< a th bi ton c 2 nghim l x
1
v x
2

D thy:
a
n
3a
x
1
=
do 2 tam gic OX
1
B v OHA l ng dng nn x
1
=3
n
v
x
2
=3a + (x
2
-3a) m
) x 3(3a
1
3a x
1
2

=
do X
1
H = 3X
2
H nn

= =

+ = n 4a
3
x
4a
) x 3(3a
1
3a x
1
1
2
V d 3 : Cho t t dung dch NaOH 1M vo dung dch c cha 26,7 gam AlCl
3
cho n khi thu
c 11,7 gam kt ta th dng li. Th tch dung dch NaOH dng l :
A. 0,45 lt hoc 0,6 lt. B. 0,6 lt hoc 0,65 lt.
C. 0,65 lt hoc 0,75 lt. D. 0,45 lt hoc 0,65 lt.
Gii:
Ta c:

n
= 11,7 : 78 = 0,15 mol
a = 26,7 : 133,5 = 0,2 mol
nn c 2 gi tr:
x
1
= 3

n = 3.0,15 =0,45 mol


x
1
= 4.0,2-0,15=0,65 mol

p n D.
V d 4 : Cho 200ml dung dch AlCl
3
l,5M tc dng vi V lt dung dch NaOH 0,5M lng kt
ta thu c l 15,6 gam. Gi tr ln nht ca V l
A. 1,8. B. 2,4. C. 2. D.1,2
a
0 x
1
x
2
3a 4a

B C y
3
Al(OH)
n


H
A


128
128
Gii:
Ta c:
a= 0,2.15 =0,3 mol;

n =15,6 : 78 =0,2 mol


nn c 2 gi tr ca n
NaOH
v gi tr ln nht l: 4a -

n = 4.0,3 0,2 = 1,0 mol.


Do , V = 1,0 : 0,5 = 2 lt
p n C.
V d 5 : X l dung dch AlCl
3
, Y l dung dch NaOH 2M. Thm 150ml dung dch Y vo cc
cha 100ml dung dch X, khuy u th trong cc to ra 7,8 gam kt ta. Li thm tip vo cc
100ml dung dch Y, khuy u th lng kt ta c trong cc l 10,92 gam. Cc phn ng u
xy ra hon ton. Nng mi ca dung dch X l
A. 1,6 M. B. 5/3 M. C. 1 M. D. 1,4 M.
Gii:







Nhn xt:
+ ln thm th nht: n
NaOH
= 0,15.2 = 0,3 mol; mol 0,1 78 : 7,8 n
3
Al(OH)
= =

V cha t n cc i do c kt ta nh hn ln thm th 2.
+ ln thm th hai: n
NaOH
= 0,25.2 = 0,5 mol;
mol 0,14 78 : 10,92 n
3
Al(OH)
= =

Gi s ti gi tr V
NaOH
ny m vt n cc i th
3
5 , 0
3
n
n
3
3
Al(OH)
Al(OH)
= = mol (khc vi 0,14
mol) nn ti v tr th hai vt qua cc i.
Trong tam gic cn AHD ta c: CX
2
= X
2
D
Nn 4a x
2
= CX
2
= 0,14 4a =0,14 + x
2
= 0,14 + 0,5 = 0,64
a = 0,16 mol
Nng AlCl
3
l: 0,16 : 0,1 = 1,6 M
p n A.


a
0 x
1
x
2
3a 4a

B C

-
OH
n


H
A
3
Al(OH)
n


D
C


129
129

Dng 3: Mui AlO
2
-
tc dng vi dung dch axit H
+
:
+ Nu hin tng v gii thch khi cho t t dung dch axit H
+
vo dung dch c cha a mol
AlO
2
-
cho n d.
+ Xy dng th biu th mi lin h gia s mol kt ta v s mol H
+
.
Ta c phng trnh phn ng:

AlO
2
-
+ H
+
+ H
2
O Al(OH)
3

a a a
Al(OH)
3
+ 3H
+
Al
3+
+ 3H
2
O
a 3a a
Hin tng: xut hin kt ta tng dn n cc i, sau tan dn cho n ht.
Nhn xt:
+
n
> a th bi ton v nghim do y =
n
khng ct th.
+
n
= a th bi ton c 1 nghim duy nht n
H
+
= a.
+ 0 <
n
< a th bi ton c 2 nghim l x
1
v x
2

D thy:
a
n
a
x
1
=
do 2 tam gic OX
1
B v OHA l ng dng nn x
1
=
n
v
x
2
=a + (x
2
-a) m
) x 3(a a x
1 2
=
do X
1
H =
3
1
X
2
H nn

= = + = 3n 4a x 4a ) x 3(a a x
1 1 2
V d 6 : Cho t t V lt dung dch HCl 0,5M vo 200ml dung ch NaAlO
2
1M thu c 11,7
gam kt ta. Gi tr ca V l
A. 0,3 hoc 0,4. B. 0,4 hoc 0,7.
C. 0,3 hoc 0,7. D. 0,7.
Gii:
Ta c:

n = 11,7 : 78 = 0,15 mol; mol 0,2 0,2.1 n


2
AlO
= =


Nn theo trn ta c 2 kt qu l:
x
1
=
n

= 0,15 mol
x
2
= 4.0,2 3.0,15 =0,35 mol
Do V c 2 gi tr l: 0,3 v 0,7


130
130
p n C.
V d 7 : Cho 100ml dung dch AlCl
3
2M tc dng vi dung dch KOH 1M.
a) Th tch dung dch KOH ti thiu phi dng khng c kt ta l
A. 0,2 lt. B. 0,6 lt. C. 0,8 lt. D. 1,0 lt.
b) Cho dung dch sau phn ng trn tc dng vi dung dch HCl 2M ta thu c 3,9 gam kt ta
keo. Th tch dung dch HCl dng l
A. 0,025 lt. B. 0,325 lt.
C. 0,1 lt D. 0,025 lt hoc 0,325 lt.
Gii:
a) Theo hnh 2. khng thu c kt ta th n
OH
-
4a =4.0,1.2 = 0,8 mol
Vy th tch ti thiu l: 0,8 : 1 = 0,8 lt.
p n C.
b) Ta c mol; 0,2 n n
Al
Al(OH)
3
= =
+

n = 3,9 : 78 = 0,05 mol. Nn c 2 gi tr.


Theo hnh 3 ta c:
x
1
=

n = 0,05 mol.
x
2
= 4a - 3

n = 4.0,2 3.0,05 = 0,65 mol


Vy c 2 gi tr: V
HCl
l 0,025 hoc 0,325.
p n D.
III. BI TP T LUYN

Cu 1 : Cho 200ml dung dch Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
tc dng vi dung dch NaOH 1M nhn thy khi dng
180ml hay dng 340ml dung dch NaOH u thu c mt lng kt ta bng nhau. Nng
dung dch Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
trong th nghim trn l
A. 0,125M. B. 0,25M C. 0,375M. D. 0,5M.
Cu 2 : Rt 200ml dung dch NaOH nng a mol/l vo cc ng 200ml dung dch AlCl
3
2M.
Kt ta thu c em nung trong khng kh n khi lng khng i thu c 5,1 gam cht rn.
Gi tr ca a l:
A. l,5M. B. 7,5m. C 1,5M hoc 7,5M. D. 1,5M hoc 3M.
Cu 3 : Dung dch X gm cc cht NaAlO
2
0,16 mol ; Na
2
SO
4
0,56 mol ; NaOH 0,66 mol. Th
tch ca dung dch HCl 2M cn cho vo dung dch X c 0,1 mol kt ta l
A. 0,41 lt hoc 0,38 lt. B. 0,38 lt hoc 0,8 lt.
C. 0 50 lt hoc 0,41 lt. D. 0,25 lt hoc 0,50 lt


131
131
Cu 4 : Mt dung dch cha x mol NaAlO
2
tc dng vi dung dch cha y mol HCl. iu kin
thu c kt ta sau phn ng l
A.x = y. B. x = 2y. C. y > 4x. D. y < 4x.
Cu 5 : Mt dung dch cha X mol NaOH tc dng vi mt dung dch cha y mol mui Al
3+
.
iu kin thu kt ta sau phn ng l
A. x < 4y. B. x > 4y. C. x = 2y. D. 2y < x < 4y.
Cu 6 : Cho dung dch c cha a mol AlCl
3
vo dung dch c cha b mol NaOH, iu kin c
kt ta ln nht v b nht ln lt l
A.b = 3a v b = 4a. B. b = 4a v b = 3a.
C.b = 3a v b > 4 D.b > a v b > 4a
Cu 7 : Cho dung dch c cha x mol Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
vo dung dch cha y mol NaOH, iu kin
thu dc kt ta ln nht v b nht ln lt l
A. y = 3x v y 4x. B.y = 4x v y 5x.
C y = 6x v y > 7x. D. Y = 6x v y 8x.
Cu 8 : Hp th hon ton 2,24 lt CO
2
(ktc) vo dung dch nc vi trong c cha 0,075 mol
Ca(OH)
2
sn phm thu c sau phn ng
A. ch c CaCO
3
B. ch c Ca (HCO
3
)
2

C. C CaCO
3
v Ca(HCO
3
)
2
D. khng CaCO
3
v Ca(HCO
3
)
2
Cu 9 : Cho 10 hn hp kh X (ktc) gm N
2
v CO
2
i chm qua 2 lt dung dch Ca(OH)
2

0,02M thu c 1 gam kt ta. % theo th tch ca CO
2
c trong X l
A. 8,96% hoc 2,24%. B. 15,68% hoc 8,96%
C. 2,24% hoc 15,68%. D. 8,96%.
Cu 10 : Dn t t 112cm
3
kh CO
2
(ktc) qua 200ml dung dch nc vi nng a M th thy
khng c kh thot ra v thu c 0,1 gam kt ta trng. Gi tr ca a l
A. 0,01. B. 0,015. C. 0,02. D. 0,025.
Cu 11 : Hn hp X gm Al v Al
2
O
3
c t l khi lng tng ng l 0,18: 1,02. Cho X tan va
trong dung dch NaOH c dung dch Y v 0,672 lt kh. Cho Y tc dng vi 200ml dung
dch HCl c kt ta Z. Nung Z n khi lng khng i c 3,57 gam rn. Nng ca
dung dch HCl l
A. 0,35M hoc 0,55 M. B.0,35M hoc 0,75M.
C. 0,55M hoc 0,75 M. D.0,3M hoc 0,7M.


132
132
Cu 12 : Cho V lt dung dch NaOH 2M vo dung dch cha 0,1 mol Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
v 0,1 mol H
2
SO
4

n khi phn ng hon ton thu c 7,8 gam kt ta. Gi tr ln nht ca V thu c lng
kt ta trn l
A. 0,45. B, 0.35. C. 0,25. D. 0,05.
Cu 13 : Thm m gam K vo 300ml dung dch cha Ba(OH)
2
0,1M v NaOH 0,1M thu c
dung dch X. Cho t t dung dch X vo 200ml dung dch Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
0,1 M thu c kt ta Y.
thu c lng kt ta Y ln nht th gi tri ca m l
A. 1,59. B. 1,17. C. 1,71. D. 1,95.
Cu 14 : 100ml ung dch X cha NaOH 0,1 M v NaAlO
2
0,3 M. Thm t t dung dch HCl
0,1M vo dung dch X cho n khi kt ta tan tr li 1 phn. em nung kt ta n khi lng
khng i thu c cht rn nng 1,02 gam. Th tch dung dch HCl 0,1 M dng l
A. 0,5 lt. B. 0,6 lt. C. 0,7 lt. D. 0,8 lt.
Cu 15: Ho tan 10,8 gam Al trong mt lng H
2
SO
4
va du c dung dch X. Th tch
dung dch NaOH 0,5M phi thm vo dung dch X c kt ta sau khi nung n khi lng
khng i cho ta mt cht rn c khi lng 10,2 gam l :
A. 1,2 lt hoc 2,8 lt. B. 1,2 lt.
C. 0,6 lt hoc 1,6 lt. D. 1,2 lt hoc 1,4 lt.


P N
1B 2C 3B 4D 5A 6C 7D 8C 9C 10B
11A 12A 13C 14C 15A














133
133
Phng php 12
Phng php kho st t l s mol CO
2
v H
2
O
I. C S CA PHNG PHP
Cc hp cht hu c khi t chy thng cho sn phm CO
2
v H
2
O. Da vo t l c
bit ca
2
2
CO
H O
n
n
hoc
2
2
CO
H O
V
V
trong cc bi ton t chy xc nh dy ng ng, cng thc
phn t hoc tnh ton lng cht.
1. Vi hydrocacbon
Gi cng thc tng qut ca hidrocacbon l C
n
H
2n+2-2k
(k: Tng s lin kt v vng)
C
n
H
2n+2-2k
+
3n 1 k
2
+
O
2
nCO
2
+ (n + 1 k) H
2
O
Ta c:
2
2
H O
CO
n
n 1 k 1 k
1
n n n
+
= = +
2
2
H O
CO
n
1
n
> (
2 2
H O CO
n n > ) k = 0 hyrocacbon l ankan (paraffin)
Cng thc tng qut l C
n
H
2n+2

2
2
H O
CO
n
1
n
= (
2 2
H O CO
n n = ) k = 1
hyrocacbon l anken (olefin) hoc xicliankan Cng thc tng qut l C
n
H
2n

2
2
H O
CO
n
1
n
< k < 1 hyrocacbon c tng s lin kt v vng 2
* Mt s ch :
a, Vi ankan (paraffin):
ankan
n =
2
H O
n -
2
CO
n
b, Vi ankin hoc ankaien):
ankin
n =
2
CO
n -
2
H O
n
1. Vi cc hp cht c cha nhm chc
a, Ancol, ete
Gi cng thc ca ancol l : C
n
H
2n + 2 2k m
(OH)
m
hay C
m
H
2n + 2 2k
O
m

C
n
H
2n+2-2k
O
m
+
3n 1 k m
2
+
O
2
nCO
2
+ (n + 1 k) H
2
O


134
134
2
2
H O
CO
n
n 1 k 1 k
1 1
n n n
+
= = + > khi v ch khi k = 0
Ancol no, mch h, c cng thc tng qut C
n
H
2n+2
O
m
v
ancol
n =
2
H O
n -
2
CO
n
b, Anhit, xeton
Gi cng thc ca anehit l : C
n
H
2n + 2 2k m
(CHO)
m

Ta c phng trnh t chy
C
n
H
2n + 2 2k m
(CHO)
m
+
3n 1 k m
2
+ | |
|
\
O
2
(n + m)CO
2
+ (n + 1 k)H
2
O

2
2
H O
CO
n
n 1 k n 1 k
n n m n m n m
+ +
= =
+ + +


2
2
H O
CO
n
1
n
= (
2 2
H O CO
n n = ) khi v ch khi k = 0 v m = 1 anehit no, n chc, mch
h, cng thc tng qut l: C
n
H
2n + 1
CHO hay C
x
H
2x
O (x 1)
Tng t ta c:
2
2
H O
CO
n
1
n
= (
2 2
H O CO
n n = ) xeton no, n chc, mch h
c, Axit, este
Gi cng thc ca axit l: C
n
H
2n + 2 2k m
(COOH)
m

Ta c phng trnh t chy
C
n
H
2n + 2 2k m
(COOH)
m
+
3n 1 k
2
+ | |
|
\
O
2
(n + m)CO
2
+ (n + 1 k)H
2
O

2
2
H O
CO
n
n 1 k n 1 k
n n m n m n m
+ +
= =
+ + +


2
2
H O
CO
n
1
n
= (
2 2
H O CO
n n = ) khi v ch khi k = 0 v m = 1 axit no, n chc, mch h,
cng thc tng qut l: C
n
H
2n + 1
COOH hay C
x
H
2x
O
2
(x 1)
Nhn thy: Cng thc tng qut ca axit v este trng nhau, nn:
2
2
H O
CO
n
1
n
=
(
2 2
H O CO
n n = ) este no, n chc, mch h, c cng thc tng qut l: C
n
H
2n + 1
COOH hay
C
x
H
2x
O
2
(x 2)



135
135
II. CC DNG BI TP THNG GP
Dng 1: Kho st t l s mol H
2
O v CO
2
cho tng loi hirocacbon:
V d 1. t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon X thu c 0,11 mol CO
2
v 0,132 mol H
2
O. Khi
X tc dng vi kh Clo (theo t l s mol 1 : l) thu c mt sn phm hu c duy nht. Tn gi
ca X l
A. 2-metylbutan B. 2-metylpropan
C. 2,2-imetylpropan D. etan
Gii:
O H
2
n
>
2
CO
n
X l ankan, c cng thc tng qut C
n
H
2n+2
.
n
ankan
=
O H
2
n
-
2
CO
n
= 0,022 mol

S nguyn t cacbon =
12 5
H C 5
0,022
0,11
=

Mt khc, do tc dng vi kh Clo (theo t l s mol 1 : 1) thu c mt sn phm hu c duy
nht nn cng thc cu to ca X l :


CH
3
CH
3
C CH
3

CH
3

p n C.
V d 2. t chy hon ton hirocacbon mch h X bng O
2
va . Dn ton b sn phm
chy qua bnh ng H
2
SO
4
c d, th th tch sn phm gim i mt na. X thuc dy ng ng
A. anken. B. ankan.
C. ankin. D. xicloankan.
Gii:
Sn phm chy l CO
2
v H
2
O, khi i bnh ng H
2
SO
4
c d, th th tch sn phm gim i mt
na,
=
2
CO
V
O H
2
V

X l anken hoc xicloankan.


Do X c mch h
X l anken
p n A


136
136
V d 3: Chia hn hp 2 ankin thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
- Phn 1: em t chy hon ton thu c 1,76 gam CO
2
v 0,54 gam H
2
O.
- Phn 2: Dn qua dung dch Br
2
d. Khi lng Br
2
phn ng l:
A. 2,8 gam B. 3,2 gam C. 6,4 gam D. 1,4 gam
Gii:
S mol ankin =
2
CO
n
- O H
2
n
=1,76 : 44 0,54 : 18 = 0,01 mol.
S mol Br
2
phn ng = 2n
ankin
= 0,02 mol.
Khi lng Br
2
phn ng = 0,02.160 = 3,2 gam
p n B.

Dng 2: Kho st t l s mol H
2
O v CO
2
cho hn hp hirocacbon:

V d 4. t chy hon ton 2,24 lt (ktc) hn hp kh X gm: CH
4
, C
2
H
4
, C
2
H
6
, C
3
H
8
v C
4
H
10

thu c 6,16 gam CO
2
v 4,14 gam H
2
O. S mol C
2
H
4
trong hn hp X l
A. 0,09. B. 0,01. C. 0,08. D. 0,02.
Gii:
Hn hp kh X gm anken (C
2
H
4
) v cc ankan, khi t chy ring tng loi hidrocacbon, ta c:
Ankan:
O H
2
n
-
2
CO
n
= n
ankan

Anken: O H
2
n
-
2
CO
n
= 0
S mol Ankan (X) =
O H
2
n
-
2
CO
n
= 4,14 : 18 - 6,16 : 44 = 0,09 mol
S mol C
2
H
4
= n
X
n
ankan
= 2,24 : 22,4 0,09 = 0,01
p n B.
Dng 3: Kho st t l s mol H
2
O v CO
2
cho tng loi dn xut hirocacbon:

V d 5. t chy hon ton m gam mt ru X thu c 1,344 lt CO
2
(ktc) v 1,44 gam H
2
O.
X tc dng vi Na d cho kh H
2
c s mol bng s mol ca X. Cng thc phn t ca X v gi
tr m ln lt l
A. C
3
H
8
O
2
v 1,52. B. C
4
H
10
O
2
v 7,28.
C. C
3
H
8
O
2
v 7,28. D. C
3
H
8
O
3
v 1,52.
Gii:
Ta c:
2
CO
n = 1,344 : 22,4 = 0,06 mol;
O H
2
n = 1,44 : 18 = 0,08 mol.

2
CO
n
< O H
2
n



137
137
X l ru no, c cng thc tng qut C
n
H
2n+2
O
m

n
X
=
O H
2
n
-
2
CO
n
= 0,02
S nguyn t cacbon = 3
02 , 0
06 , 0
n
n
X
CO
2
= =

V s mol kh H
2
thu c bng ca X


X cha 2 nhm -OH
Cng thc phn t: C
3
H
8
O
2
v m = 0,02. 76 = 1,52 gam
p n A.
V d 6. Hn hp X gm 2 cht hu c thuc cng dy ng ng. Phn t ca chng ch c mt
loi nhm chc. Chia X lm 2 phn bng nhau.
- Phn 1: em t chy hon ton ri cho ton b sn phm chy (ch c CO
2
v hi H
2
O) ln
lt qua bnh (l) ng dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, bnh (2) ng dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d, thy khi
lng bnh (l) tng 2,16 gam, bnh (2) c 7 gam kt ta.
- Phn 2: Cho tc dng ht vi Na d th th tch kh H
2
(ktc) thu c l bao nhiu?
A. 2,24 lt. B. 0,224 lt. C. 0,56 lt. D. 1,12 lt
Gii:
V X tc dng vi Na gii phng H
2
X l ru hoc axit.
O H
2
n
= 0,12 > O H
2
n
= 0,07
X gm 2 ru no. t cng thc tng qut 2 ru l C
n
H
2n+2
O
m

n
X
=
O H
2
n
-
2
CO
n
= 0,05 mol
S nguyn t cacbon = 1,4
0,05
0,07
n
n
X
CO
2
= =

Ru th nht l: CH
3
OH
X l 2 ru no n chc
mol 0,025 n
2
1
n
X H
2
= =

V = 0,56 lt
p n C.
V d 7. t chy hon ton 1,46 gam hn hp 2 anehit mch h ng ng k tip thu c
l,568 lt CO
2
(ktc) v 1,26 gam H
2
O. Cng thc phn t ca hai anehit ln lt l
A. HCHO v CH
3
CHO B. CH
3
CHO v C
2
H
5
CHO
C. C
2
H
5
CHO v C
3
H
7
CHO D. C
2
H
4
CHO v C
3
H
6
CHO



138
138
Gii:
Ta thy:
2
CO
n
= 1,568 : 22,4 = 0,07 mol.
O H
2
n
= 1,26 : 18 = 0,07 mol.
V
2
CO
n
: O H
2
n
= 1 : 1 nn 2 andehit l no n chc mch h.
Gi cng thc chung ca 2 andehit l
CHO H C
1 n 2 n +


O 1)H n ( 1)CO n ( O
2
1 n 3
CHO H C
2 2 2
1 n 2 n
+ + +
+
+
+

a (n+1)a (n+1)a
Do :
4/3 n
0,07 1) n a(
1,46 30) n a(14
=

= +
= +

p n B.
V d 8. t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hn hp X gm hai cht hu c ng ng lin tip, thu
c 3,36 lt CO
2
(ktc) v 2.7 gam H
2
O. S mol ca mi axit ln lt l:
A. 0,04 v 0,06. B. 0,08 v 0,02.
C. 0,05 v 0,05. D. 0,045 v 0,055.
Gii:
= = = = (mol) 0,15
22,4
3,36
n
18
2,7
n
2 2
CO O H X l hn hp hai axit no, n chc, mch h, c
cng thc tng qut C
n
H
2n
O
2

S nguyn t cacbon trung bnh 5 , 1
1 , 0
15 , 0
n
n
X
CO
2
= = =
hai axit ln lt l HCOOH (a mol)
v CH
3
COOH (b mol)
= =

= +
= +
0,05mol b a
0,15 2b a
0,1 b a
p n C


V d 9. t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm cc este no, n chc, mch h. Sn phm
chy c dn vo bnh ng dung dch nc vi trong thy khi lng bnh tng 6,2 gam. S
mol CO
2
v H
2
O sinh ra ln lt l
A. 0,1 v 0,1. B. 0,01 v 0,1.
C. 0,1 v 0,01. D. 0,01 v 0,01.


139
139
Gii:
Khi lng bnh ng dung dch nc vi trung tng =
O H
2
m
+
2
CO
m
Mt khc X l hn hp este no, n chc, mch h
2
CO
n
= O H
2
n
= x
x(44+18) = 6,2 x = 0,1 p n A.
Dng 4: Kho st t l s mol H
2
O v CO
2
cho hn hp dn xut hirocacbon
V d 10. Hn hp X gm cc axit hu c no, n chc, mch h v este no, n chc, mch h.
t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X bng mt lng oxi va . Ton b sn phm chy c
dn chm qua dung dch H
2
SO
4
c d thy khi lng bnh ng axit tng m gam v c 13,44 lt
kh (ktc) thot ra. Gi tr ca m l
A. 5,4 gam B. 7,2 gam. C. 10.8 gam. D. 14,4 gam.
Gii:
- Sn phm chy gm CO
2
v H
2
O khi lng bnh ng dung dch H
2
SO
4
c tng chnh l
khi lng ca H
2
O b gi li
- V X gm cc axit hu c no, n chc, mch h v este no, n chc, mch h.
X c cng thc tng qut chung l C
n
H
2n
O
2
v
2
CO
n
= O H
2
n
= 13,44 : 22,4 = 0,6 mol
m= 0,6. 18 - 10,8 gam p n C.
V d 11: Chia m gam X gm : CH
3
CHO, CH
3
COOH v CH
3
COOCH
3
thnh hai phn bng nhau :
- t chy hon ton phn 1 cn ti thiu 5,04 lt O
2
(ktc), thu c 5,4 gam H
2
O.
- Cho phn 2 tc dng ht vi H
2
d (Ni, t
o
) c hn hp Y. t chy hon ton hn hp Y, thu
c V lt CO
2
(ktc).
Gi tr ca m v V ln lt l
A. 22,8 v 1,12. B. 22,8 v 6,72.
C. 11,4 v 16,8. D. 11,4 v 6,72.
Gii:
- 3 cht trong X u l no, n chc, mch h, cng thc tng qut : C
n
H
2n
O
m

Khi t chy:
2
CO
n
= O H
2
n
= 5,4 : 18 = 0,3 mol
lt 6,72 22,4 . 0,3 V
2
CO
= =

X + O
2
CO
2
+ H
2
O
p dng nh lut bo ton khi lng:
m
X
(mt phn) = 0,3(44 + 18) 5,04 : 22,4. 32 = 11,4 gam
m
X
= 22,8 gam p n B.


140
140
Dng 5: Kt hp kho st t l v mi lin h gia cc hp cht
V d 12. Cho hn hp X gm hai anehit l ng ng k tip tc dng ht vi H
2
d (Ni, t
o
) thu
c hn hp hai ancol n chc. t chy hon ton hn hp hai ancol ny thu c 11 gam
CO
2
v 6,3 gam H
2
O. Cng thc ca hai anehit l
A. C
2
H
3
CHO, C
3
H
5
CHO B. C
2
H
5
CHO, C
3
H
7
CHO
C. C
3
H
5
CHO, C
4
H
7
CHO D. CH
3
CHO, C
2
H
5
CHO
Gii:
Khi t chy ancol cho > = = 0,35
18
6,3
n
2
CO
25 , 0
44
11
n
O H
2
= =

2 ru l no, mch h
n
X
=
O H
2
n -
2
CO
n = 0,1 S nguyn t cacbon = 5 , 2
1 , 0
25 , 0
n
n
X
CO
2
= =


hai ru l C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH hai anehit tng ng l CH
3
CHO v C
2
H
5
CHO p
n D.
V d 13. Hn hp X gm CH
3
COOH v C
3
H
7
OH vi t l mi 1: l. Chia X thnh hai phn:
- t chy hon ton phn 1 thu c 2,24 lt kh CO
2
(ktc).
- em este ho hon ton phn 2 thu c este Y (gi s hiu sut phn ng t 100%). t chy
hon ton Y th khi lng nc thu c l
A. 1,8 gam. B. 2,7 gam. C. 3,6 gam. D. 0,9 gam.
Gii:
CH
3
COOH + C
2
H
5
OH CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
+ H
2
O
- Tng s mol cacbon trong hn hp X bng tng s mol cacbon c trong Y (Xem thm phng
php bo ton nguyn t)
Mt khc Y l este no, n chc, mch h, nn:
khi t chy
O H
2
n =
2
CO
n = 2,24 : 22,4 = 0,1 mol
O H
2
m = 1,8 gam
p n A.









141
141
III. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1 : t chy hai hirocacbon l ng ng lin tip c nhau ta thu c 7,02 gam H
2
O v
10,56 gam CO
2
. Cng thc phn t ca hai hirocacbon l
A. C
2
H
4
v C
3
H
6
B. CH
4
v C
2
H
6
.
C. C
2
H
6
v C
3
H
8
D. C
2
H
2
v C
3
H
4

Cu 2 : t chy hon ton mt hirocacbon X bng mt lng va oxi. Dn hn hp sn
phm chy qua H
2
SO
4
c th th tch kh gim hn mt na. X thuc dy ng ng
A. ankan. B. anken. C. ankin. D. ankaien.
Cu 3 : t chy hon ton hn hp hai hirocacbon c khi lng phn t hn km nhau 28
vC thu c 4,48 l CO
2
(ktc) v 5,4 gam H
2
O. Cng thc phn t ca hai hirocacbon ln
lt l
A. C
2
H
4
v C
4
H
8
B. C
2
H
2
v C
4
H
6

C. C
3
H
4
v C
5
H
8
. D. CH
4
v C
3
H
8
.
Cu 4 : t chy hon ton hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon mch h thu c 16,8 lt kh CO
2

(ktc) v 8,1 gam H
2
O. Hai hirocacbon trong hn hp X thuc dy ng ng no di y ?
A. ankaien. B. ankin. C. aren. D. ankan.
Cu 5 : t chy hon ton m gam hn hp gm mt ankan v mt anken. Cho sn phm chy
ln lt i qua bnh (l) ng P
2
O
5
d v bnh (2) ng KOH rn, d, sau th nghim thy khi
lng bnh (1) tng 4,14 gam, bnh (2) tng 6,16 gam. S mol ankan c trong hn hp l
A. 0,06 mol. B. 0,09 mol. C. 0,03 mol. D. 0,045 mol.
Cu 6 : Chia hn hp X gm hai ru n chc, thuc cng dy ng ng thnh hai phn bng
nhau:
- Phn 1 : em t chy hon ton thu c 2,24 lt CO
2
(ktc)
- Phn 2 : Thc hin phn ng tch nc hon ton vi H
2
SO
4
c, 180
o
C thu c hn
hp Y gm hai anken. t chy hon ton hn hp Y ri cho ton b sn phm chy i chm qua
bnh ng dung dch nc vi trng d, kt thc th nghim thy khi lng bnh tng ln m
gam. Gi tr ca m l
A. 4,4. B. 1,8. C. 6,2. D. 10.
Cu 7 : t chy hon ton hn hp hai ru n chc k tip trong dy ng ng thu c
CO
2
v hi nc c t l th tch
2
CO
V :
O H
2
V = 7 : 10. Cng thc phn t ca hai ru ln rt l
A. CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH. B. C
3
H
7
OH v C
4
H
9
OH
C. C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH D. C
3
H
5
OH v C
4
H
7
OH.


142
142
Cu 8 : Khi thc hin phn ng tnh nc i vi ancol X, ch thu c mt anken duy nht. Oxi
ho hon ton mt lng cht X thu c 5,6 lt CO
2
(ktc) v 5,4 gam H
2
O. S cng thc cu
to ph hp vi X l
A. 2. B. 3. C. 4. D. 5.
Cu 9 : t chy hon ton m gam hn hp hai ancol n chc, thuc cng dy ng ng thu
c 70,4 gam CO
2
v 39,6 gam H
2
O. Gi tr ca m l
A. 3,32 gam B. 33,2 gam. C. 16,6 gam. D. 24,9 gam.
Cu 10 : t chy hon ton mt ru X thu c CO
2
v H
2
O c t l s mol tng ng l 3 : 4.
Th tch O
2
cn dng t chy X bng 1,5 ln th tch kh CO
2
thu c ( cng iu kin).
Cng thc phn t ca X l
A. C
3
H
8
O. B. C
3
H
8
O
3
C. C
3
H
4
O. D. C
3
H
8
O
2

Cu 11 : Hn hp M gm 2 cht hu c X, Y k tip nhau trong cng dy ng ng phn t ca
chng ch c mt loi nhm chc. t chy hon ton 1,29 gam hn hp M, cho ton b sn
phm chy (ch c CO
2
v H
2
O) vo bnh nc vi trong d thy khi lng bnh tng 4,17 gam
v to ra 6,0 gam cht kt ta. Cng thc cu to ca X, Y ln lt l
A. C
2
H
5
OH v C
3
H
7
OH. B. CH
3
COOH v C
2
H
5
COOH.
C. CH
3
CHO v C
2
H
5
CHO. D. C
2
H
4
(OH)
2
v C
3
H
6
(OH)
2

Cu 12 : Tch nc hon ton t hn hp X gm 2 ancol thu c c hn hp Y gm cc
olefin. Nu t chy hon ton X th thu c 1,76 gam CO
2
. Khi t chy hon ton Y th tng
khi lng nc v CO
2
sinh ra l
A. 1,76 gam. B. 2,76 gam. C. 2,48 gam. D. 2,94 gam.
Cu 13 : t chy hon ton hn hp M gm hai ru (ancol) X v Y l ng ng k tip ca
nhau, thu c 0,3 mol CO
2
v 0,425 mol H
2
O. Mt khc, cho 0,25 mol hn hp M tc dng vi
Na (d) thu c cha n 0,15 mol H
2
. Cng thc phn t ca X, Y ln lt l
A. C
3
H
6
O, C
4
H
8
O B. C
2
H
6
O, C
3
H
8
O
C. C
2
H
6
O
2
, C
3
H
8
O
2
D. C
2
H
6
O, CH
4
O
Cu 14 : Khi t chy hon ton anehit no, n chc, mch h bng oxi th t l sn phm chy
thu c l
A. 1
n
n
2
2
CO
O H
= B. 1
n
n
2
2
CO
O H
C. 1
n
n
2
2
CO
O H
> D.
2
1
n
n
2
2
CO
O H
=


Cu 15 : t chy hn hp X gm cc ng ng ca anehit, thu c s mol CO
2
bng s mol
H
2
O. X l dy ng ng ca
A. anehit no, n chc, mch h.
B. anehit no, n chc, mch vng.


143
143
C. anehit hai chc no, mch h.
D. anehit cha no (c mt lin kt i), n chc.
Cu 16 : t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm hai anehit no, n chc, mch h thu c
0,4 mol CO
2
. Mt khc hiro ho hon ton m gam X cn va 0,2 mol H
2
(Ni, t
o
), sau phn
ng thu c hn hp hai ancol. t chy hon ton hn hn hai ancol ny th s mol H
2
O thu
c l bao nhiu
A. 0,3 mol B. 0,4 mol C. 0,6 mol D. 0,8 mol
Cu 17 : t chy hon ton 0,44 gam mt axit hu c, sn phm chy c hp thu hon ton
vo bnh 1 ng P
2
O
5
v bnh 2 ng dung dch KOH. Sau th nghim thy khi lng bnh 1
tng 0,36 gam v bnh 2 tng 0,88 gam. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca axit.
A. C
2
H
4
O
2
B. C
3
H
6
O
2
C. C
5
H
10
O
2
D. C
4
H
8
O
2
Cu 18 : t chy hon ton hn hp 2 axit cacboxylic thu c 3,36 lt CO
2
(ktc) v 2,7 gam
H
2
O. Hai axit trn thuc loi no trong nhng loi sau ?
A. No, n chc, mch h B. Khng no, n chc
C. No, a chc D. Thm, n chc.
Cu 19 : t chy hon ton 1,76 gam mt axit hu c X mch thng c 1,792 lt kh CO
2

(ktc) v 1,44 gam H
2
O. Cng thc cu to ca X l
A. CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
COOH. B. C
2
H
5
COOH.
C. CH
3
CH=CHCOOH. D. HOOCCH
2
COOH.
Cu 20 : t chy hon ton mt lng hn hp 2 este, cho sn phm phn ng nhy qua bnh
ng P
2
O
5
d, khi lng bnh tng thm 6,21 gam, sau cho qua tip dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d,
thu c 34,5 gam kt ta. Cc este trn thuc loi g ? (n chc hay a chc, no hay khng no).
A. Este thuc loi no
B. Este thuc loi no, n chc, mch h
C. Este thuc loi khng no
D. Este thuc loi khng no a chc
Cu 21 : Khi t chy hon ton mt este X cho
2
CO
n =
O H
2
n . Thu phn hon ton 6,0 gam este
X cn va dung dch cha 0,1 mol NaOH. Cng thc phn t ca este l
A. C
2
H
4
O
2
B. C
3
H
6
O
2
C. C
4
H
8
O
2
D. C
5
H
8
O
4
Cu 22 : t chy hon ton 3,7 gam cht hu c X cn dng va 3,92 lt O
2
(ktc), thu c
CO
2
v H
2
O c l s mol l 1: 1. X tc dng vi KOH to ra hai cht hu c. S ng phn cu
to ca X tho mn iu kin trn l
A. 1. B. 2. C. 3 . D. 4.


144
144
Cu 23 : t chy hon ton a gam hn hp hai este no, n chc mch h. Sn phm chy c
dn vo bnh ng dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d thy khi lng bnh tng 12,4 gam v to ra c m
gam kt ta. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 12,4. B. 10. C. 20. D. 28,18.
Cu 24 : Khi t chy 4,4 gam hu c X n chc thu c sn phm chy ch gm 4,48 lt CO
2

(ktc) v 3,6 gam H
2
O. Nu cho 4,4 gam X tc dng vi NaOH va c 4,8 gam mui ca
axit hu c Y v cht hu c Z. Tn ca X l
A. etyl axetat. B. etyl propionat.
C. isopropyl axetat. D. metyl propionat.
Cu 25 : X phng ho hon ton 1,48 gam hn hp hai este A, B l ng phn ca nhau cn
dng ht 20ml dung dch NaOH 1M. Mt khc khi t chy hon ton hn hp hai este th thu
c kh CO
2
v H
2
O vi th tch bng nhau ( cng iu kin). Cng thc cu to hai este l
A. CH
3
COOCH
3
v HCOOC
2
H
5

B. CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
v C
2
H
5
COOCH
3

C. HCOOCH
2
H
2
CH
3
v HCOOCH(CH
3
)
2

D. CH
3
COOCH=CH
2
v CH
2
=CHCOOCH
3

Cu 26 : t chy hn hp hai este no, n chc ta thu c 1,8 gam H
2
O. Thu phn hon ton
hn hp 2 este trn ta thu c hn hp X gm ru v axit. Nu t chy hon ton mt na
hn hp X th th tch CO
2
thu c l bao nhiu ?
A. 1,12 lt B. 2,24 lt C. 3.36 lt D. 4,48 lt
Cu 27 : C cc loi hp cht sau: anken; xicloankan; anehit no, n chc, mch h; este no,
n chc mch h; ru no, n chc, mch h; axit no, hai chc, mch h. C bao nhiu loi
hp cht trn khi t chy hon ton cho s mol H
2
O bng mol CO
2
.
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5


P N

1B 2A 3D 4B 5B 6C 7C 8C 9B 10A
11A 12C 13B 14A 15A 16C 17D 18A 19A 20B
21A 22B 23C 24D 25A 26A 27C





145
145
Phng php 13
Phng php chia hn hp thnh hai phn khng u nhau
I. C S CA PHNG PHP
1. Cch nhn dng bi ton
- S liu cho cc phn theo cc n v khc nhau (thng l s gam v s mol).
- Hn hp c chia thnh nhiu phn nhng khng cho bit t l.
- Hn hp c chia thnh nhiu phn theo khi lng c th, v c t nht mt phn khng bit
khi lng c th (cho dng khi qut).
2. Phng php gii thng thng
V t l s mol gia cc cht trong hn hp l khng i. Nu coi phn ny c khi lng
gp k ln phn kia th s mol cc cht tng ng cng gp k ln, t tm mi lin h gia cc
phn gii hoc t thm n s ph l k, sau thit lp h phng trnh v gii.
II. CC DNG BI TP THNG GP
V d 1 : X l hn hp 2 anehit n chc mch h. 0,04 mol X c khi lng 1,98 gam tham
gia phn ng ht vi dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
d thu c 10,8 gam Ag. m gam X kt hp va
vi 0,35 gam H
2
. Gi tr ca m l .
A. 4,95 gam B. 5,94 gam C. 6,93 gam. D. 9,9 gam
Gii:
V n
Ag
= 10,8 : 108 = 0,1 mol > 2n
X
=0,08 mol C 1 anehit l HCHO
Gi anehit cn li l RCHO
HCHO 4Ag
a 4a (mol)
RCHO 2Ag
b 2b (mol)

=
= =

= + +
= +
= +

27 R
0,03 b 0,01, a
1,98 29)b (R 30a
0,1 2b 4a
0,04 b a

Vy anehit cn li l: CH
2
=CH-CHO v
3 : 1 0,03 : 0,01 n : n
CHO H C CHCHO
3 2
= =

V t l s mol gia cc cht trong hn hp X l khoogn i
trong m gam X, nu n
CHCHO
= x
3x n
CHO H C
3 2
=



146
146
HCHO + H
2


o
t Ni,
CH
3
CHO
x x (mol)
CH
2
=CH-CHO + 2H
2


o
t Ni,
CH
3
-CH
2
-CHO
3x 6x (mol)
7x = 0,025 x
2
0,35
=

S mol HCHO trong m gam X gp 0,025 : 0,01 = 2,5 ln khi lng ban u (1,98 gam)
m = 2,5. 1,98 = 4,95 gam
p n A.
V d 2 : Hn hp X c C
2
H
5
OH, C
2
H
5
COOH, CH
3
CHO trong C
2
H
5
OH chim 50% theo s
mol. t chy m gam hn hp X thu c 3,06 gam H
2
O v 3,136 lt CO
2
(ktc). Mt khc 13,2
gam hn hp X thc hin phn ng trng bc thy c p gam Ag kt ta. Gi tr ca p l
A. 6,48 gam. B. 8,64 gam. C. 9,72 gam. D. 10,8 gam.
Gii:
Nhn thy: C
2
H
5
CHOOH v CH
3
CHO (axit v anehit no n chc, mch h) khi t chy cho
s mol CO
2
bng s mol H
2
O.
=
OH H C
5 2
n
O H
2
n

-
2
CO
n = 3,06 : 18 3,136 : 22,4 = 0,03 (mol)
C
2
H
5
OH 2CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
0,03 0,06
C
2
H
5
COOH 3CO
2
+ 3H
2
O
x 3x
CH
3
CHO 2CO
2
+ 2H
2
O
y 2y

=
=

= +
= + +

0,01 y
0,02 x
0,03 y x
0,14 0,06 2y 3x

m = 74. 0,02 + 44. 0,01 +46. 0,03 = 3,3 gam
Trong 13,2 gam X, s mol CH
3
CHO bng 13,2: 3,3. 0,01 = 0,04 (mol)
n
Ag
= 2 gam 8,64 m mol 0,08 n
Ag CHO CH
3
= =

p n B.



147
147
V d 3 : C mt hn hp X gm C
2
H
2
, C
2
H
6
v C
3
H
6
. t chy hon ton 24,8 gam hn hp
trn thu c 1,6 mol nc. Mt khc 0,5 mol X tc dng va vi dung dch cha 0,625 mol
Br
2
. Thnh phn % th tch mi kh trong hn hp ln lt l :
A. 50%, 20%, 30%. B. 50%, 25%, 25%.
C. 60%, 20%, 20%. D. 80%, 10%, 10%.
Gii:
Gi s mol cc kh trong 24,8 gam hn hp X ln lt l x, y, z v s mol cc kh trong 0,5 mol
hn hp X ln lt l kx, ky, kz

C
2
H
2

+
2
O
H
2
O C
2
H
2
+ 2Br
2
C
2
H
2
Br
4

x x kx 2kx
C
2
H
6

+
2
O
3H
2
O C
3
H
6
+ Br
2
C
3
H
6
Br
2
y 3y kz kz
C
3
H
6

+
2
O
3H
2
O
z 3z

= =
=

= =
=
=

= +
= + +
= + +
= + +
25% %V %V
50% %V
mol 0,2 z y
mol 0,4 x
1,6 k
0,625 kz 2kx
0,5 kz ky kx
1,6 3z 3y x
24,8 42z 30y 26x
6 3 6 2
2 2
H C H C
H C

p n B.
V d 4 : Tin hnh phn ng nhit nhm m gam X gm bt Al v st oxit Fe
x
O
y
trong iu kin
khng c khng kh, c hn hp Y. Nghin nh, trn u hn hp B ri chia thnh 2 phn :
- Phn 1 c khi lng 14,49 gam c ho tan ht trong dung dch HNO
3
un nng thu c
danh dch C v 0,165 mol NO (sn phm kh duy nht)
- Phn 2 tc dng vi lng d dung dch NaOH un nng thy gii phng 0,015 mol kh H
2
v
cn li 2,52 gam cht rn. Cng thc ca oxit v gi tr ca m ln lt l:
A. FeO v 19,32 gam. B. Fe
2
O
3
v 28,98 gam.
C. Fe
3
O
4
v 19,32 gam. D. Fe
3
O
4
v 28,98 gam.
Gii:
2yAl + 3Fe
x
O
y
yAl
2
O
3
+ 3xFe (1)
Y gm: Fe, Al
2
O
3
v Al d (do Y + dung dch NaOH H
2
)
Cc phng trnh phn ng xy ra 2 phn l:
- Phn 2 tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d:


148
148
Al + NaOH + H
2
O NaAlO
2
+
2
H
2
3

Al
2
O
3
+ 2NaOH
2NaAlO
2
+ H
2
O
0,045(mol)
56
2,52
n
Fe
= =

v (mol) 0,01
3
2
n
Al
= =

t s mol Al
2
O
3
trong phn 2 l a v phn 1 c khi lng gp k ln phn 2.
Trong phn 1: Fe : 0,045k (mol); Al
2
O
3
: ka (mol); Al : 0,01k (mol)
- Khi cho phn 1 tc dng vi dung dch HNO
3
un nng:
Al
2
O
3
+ 6HNO
3
2Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3H
2
O
Al + 4HNO
3
Al(NO
3
)
3
+ NO

+ 2H
2
O
0,01k 0,01k
Fe + 4HNO
3
Fe(NO
3
)
3
+ NO + 2H
2
O
0,045k 0,045k

0,01k + 0,045k = 0,165

k = 3

56. 0,045k + 102. ka + 27. 0,01k = 14,49

a = 0,02
Theo (1)
(mol) 0,01 n
3
2
n
2 3 2
H O Al
= =

T s:
4
3
y
x
0,02
0,045
y
3x
n
n
3 2
O Al
Fe
= = =


Oxit cho l Fe
3
O
4

Theo bo ton khi lng, ta c: m
X
= m
Y
= 14,49 : 3 + 14,49 =19,32 gam.
p n C.
III. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1: Cho 100ml dung dch amino axit X 0,2M tc dng va vi 80ml dung dch NaOH 0,25M.
Sau phn ng c 2,5 gam mui khan. Mt khc ly 100 gam dung dch amino axit ni trn c nng
20,6% phn ng va vi 400ml dung dch HCl 0,5M. Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. H
2
NC
3
H
6
COOH B. (H
2
N)
2
C
2
H
2
COOH
C. H
2
NCH(CH
3
)COOH D. H
2
N[CH
2
]
2
COOH
Cu 2: t chy hon ton 11 gam hn hp X cha axetilen, propilen v metan thu c 12,6 gam
nc. Mt khc, 5,6 lt hn hp trn phn ng va vi dung dch cha 50 gam brom. Bit cc th
tch kh c o ktc. Thnh phn phn trm v th tch ca cc kh trong hn hp ban u l:
A. 50%, 20%, 30% B. 50%, 25%, 25%
C. 60%, 20%, 20% D. 80%, 10%, 10%


149
149
Cu 3: Ha tan hon ton 20 gam mt hn hp X gm MgO, CuO v Fe
2
O
3
phi dng va ht
350ml dung dch HCl 2M. Mt khc nu ly 0,4 mol hn hp X t nng trong ng s (khng
c khng kh) ri thi mt lung H
2
d i qua phn ng xy ra hon ton th thu c m gam
cht rn v 7,2 gam nc. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 25,6 gam B. 32 gam C. 24,8 gam D. 28,4 gam
Cu 4: Hp cht X to bi kim loi M c ha tr khng i v phi kim X (nm chu k 3, nhm
VIA). Ly 13 gam X chia lm hai phn:
- Phn 1: tc dng vi oxi to ra kh Y.
- Phn 2: tc dng vi dung dch HCl d to ra kh Z.
Trn Y v Z thu c 7,68 gam kt ta vng v cn li mt cht kh m khi gp nc clo to
dung dch T. Cho dung dch T tc dng vi AgNO
3
c 22,96 gam kt ta. Cng thc phn t
ca X l:
A. FeS B. Fe
2
S
3
C. Al
2
S
3
D. ZnS
Cu 5: Hn hp X khi lng 14,46 gam gm Al v Fe
2
O
3
. Thc hin phn ng nhit nhm
hon ton thu c hn hp Y. Chia Y thnh 2 phn:
- Phn 1: Ha tan trong dung dch NaOH d thu c 0,672 lt kh H
2

- Phn 2: Ha tan trong dung dch axit H
2
SO
4
long d thu c 3,136 lt kh H
2
.
Khi lng ca Al trong X l:
A. 2,97 gam B. 7,02 gam C. 5,94 gam D. 3,51 gam
Cu 6: Nung nng m gam hn hp X gm Al v Fe
2
O
3
ti phn ng hon ton, thu c cht rn
Y. Chia Y lm 2 phn:
- Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi dung dch NaOH n d thu c 0,672 lt H
2
(ktc) v cht rn
Z. Ha
tan cht rn Z trong dung dch HCl d thu c 2,688 lt kh H
2
(ktc)
- Phn 2: Cho tc dng vi dung dch HCl d thu c 10,08 lt kh H
2
(ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 29,04 gam B. 43,56 gam C. 53,52 gam D. 13,38 gam
Cu 7: Cho 8 gam CaC
2
ln 20% tp cht tr tc dng vi nc thu c mt lng C
2
H
2
. Chia
lng C
2
H
2
ny thnh 2 phn:
- Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi AgNO
3
/NH
3
d thu c 9,6 gam kt ta.


150
150
- Phn 2: Trn vi 0,24 gam H
2
c hn hp X. Nung nng hn hp X vi bt Ni thu
c hn hp Y. Chia Y thnh 2 phn bng nhau:
+ Phn (1): Cho qua bnh ng Br
2
d cn li 748ml kh thot ra ktc.
+ Phn (2): Cho qua AgNO
3
/NH
3
d thu c m gam kt ta, bit % s mol C
2
H
2

chuyn ha thnh C
2
H
6
bng 1,5 ln C
2
H
2
thnh C
2
H
4
.
Gi tr ca m l:
A. 1,2 gam B. 2,4 gam C. 3,6 gam D. 4,8 gam
Cu 8: Hn hp X gm Al, Fe v Mg. Cho 15,5 gam hn hp X vo 1 lt dung dch HNO
3
2M.
Sau phn ng thu c dung dch Y v 8,96 lt NO duy nht (ktc). Mt khc cho 0,05 mol X vo
500ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
0,5M thu c dung dch Z. Cho dung dch Z tc dng vi dung dch
NaOH d ri ly ton b kt ta thu c em nung nng trong khng kh n khi lng khng
i thu c 2 gam cht rn. Thnh phn % khi lng mi kim loi trong X ln lt l:
A. 36,13%; 11,61% v 52,26% B. 17,42%; 46,45% v 36,13%
C. 52,26%; 36,13% v 11,61% D. 17,42%; 36,13% v 46,45%



P N
1A 2B 3A 4C 5B 6C 7A 8D


Phng php 14
Phng php mi quan h gia cc i lng
I. C S CA PHNG PHP
lm c cc bi tp v mi lin quan gia cc i lng dng khi qut i hi cc em
hc sinh phi nm chc cc kin thc c bn theo c hai chiu t c th ti tng qut v ngc li
t tng qut ti c th. Cc vn v kin thc phc v phng php ny cn phi hiu k bn
cht mt cch y .
Ch : Phng php ny bao hm kin thc rt rng c ba khi (lp 10, 11 v 12) nn cn
phi nm chc y kin thc c bn mi c th t duy v vn dng tt c.



151
151
I. CC DNG BI TP THNG GP
V d 1 : Hn hp X c mt s ankan. t chy 0,05 mol hn hp X thu c a mol CO
2
v b
mol H
2
O Kt lun no sau y l ng ?
A. a = b. B. a = b 0,02.
C. a = b 0,05. D. a = b 0,07.
Gii:
Khi t chy cc ankan ta c:
S mol cc ankan = S mol H
2
O S mol CO
2

0,05 = b a a = b 0,05
p n C
V d 2: T l th tch CO
2
v hi nc (T) bin i trong khong no khi t chy hon ton cc
ankin ?
A. 1 < T 2. B. 1 T < 1,5. C. 0,5 < T 1. D. 1< T < 1,5.
Gii:
C
n
H
2n-2
nCO
2
+ (n - 1)H
2
O
iu kin: n 2 v n N


1 n
n
n
n
T
O H
CO
2
2

= =

2 n v 2
1 n
1
1
1 n
n
T 1

+ =

= <

Vy 1 < T 2.
p n A.
V d 3: Cng thc phn t ca mt ancol X l C
n
H
m
O
x
. cho X l ancol no, mch h th m
phi c gi tr l:
A. m = 2n. B. m = 2n + 2. C. m = 2n - 1. D. m = 2n + 1.
Gii:
Theo phng php ng nht h s: Cng thc tng qut ca ancol no l C
n
H
2n+2x
(OH)
x
hay
C
n
H
2n+2
O
x
. Vy m = 2n+2.
p n B.
V d 4: Trn dung dch cha a mol AlCl
3
vi dung dch cha b mol NaOH. thu c kt ta
th cn c t l:
A. a: b = 1: 4. B. a: b < 1: 4 C. a: b = 1: 5. D. a: b > 1: 4.



152
152
Gii:
Trn a mol AlCl
3
vi b mol NaOH thu c kt ta th:
+

+
+

+
+
4
3
4 3
3
3
Al(OH) 4OH Al
Al(OH) OH Al(OH)
Al(OH) 3OH Al

a 4a mol
kt ta tan hon ton th 4.
a
b
4
n
n
3
Al
OH

+


Vy c kt ta th
a
b
< 4 a: b > 1: 4 p n D.
V d 5: t chy hon ton a mol axit hu c Y c 2a mol CO
2
. Mt khc, trung ha a mol
Y cn va 2a mol NaOH. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca Y l:
A. HCOOC-CH
2
-CH
2
-COOH. B. C
2
H
5
-COOH.
C. CH
3
-COOH. D. HOOC-COOH.
Gii:
t a mol axit hu c Y c 2a mol CO
2
axit hu c Y c 2 nguyn t C trong phn t.
Trung ha a mol axit hu c Y cn dng 2a mol NaOH axit hu c Y c 2 nhm chc
cacboxyl (COOH).
Cng thc cu to thu gi ca Y l HOOC-COOH p n D.
V d 6: Dung dch HCl v dung dch CH
3
COOH c cng nng mol/l. Gi tr pH ca hai dung
dch tng ng l x v y. Quan h gia x v y l (gi thit, c 100 phn t CH
3
COOH th c 1
phn t in li)
A. y = 100x. B. y = 2x. C. y = x 2. D. y = x + 2.
Gii:
pH
HCl
= x [H
+
]
HCl
= 10
-x

y
COOH CH COOH CH
10 ] [H y pH
3 3
+
= =

Ta c: HCl H
+
+ Cl
-

10
-x
10
-x
M
CH
3
COOH H
+
+ CH
3
COO
-

100.10
-y
10
-y
M
Mt khc: [HCl] = [CH
3
COOH]
10
-x
= 100.10
-y
y = x + 2 p n D.


153
153
V d 7: thu ly Ag tinh khit t hn hp X (gm a mol Al
2
O
3
, b mol CuO, c mol Ag
2
O),
ngi ta ha tan X bi dung dch cha (6a + 2b + 2c) mol HNO
3
c dung dch Y, sau cn
thm (gi thit hiu sut cc phn ng u l 100%)
A. c mol bt Al vo Y. B. c mol bt Cu vo Y.
C. 2c mol bt Al vo Y. D. 2c mol bt Cu vo Y.
Gii:
Ha tan hn hp X trong dung dch HNO
3

Al
2
O
3
+ 6HNO
3
2Al(NO
3
)
3
+ 3H
2
O
a 6a 2a mol
CuO + 2HNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ H
2
O
b

2b b mol
Ag
2
O + 2HNO
3
2AgNO
3
+ H
2
O
c 2c 2c mol
Dung dch HNO
3
va . Dung dch Y gm 2a mol Al(NO
3
)
3
, b mol Cu(NO
3
)
2
, 2c mol AgNO
3
.
thu Ag tinh khit cn cho thm kim loi Cu vo phng trnh
Cu + 2AgNO
3
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+ 2Ag
c mol 2c
Vy cn c mol bt Cu vo dung dch Y p n B.
V d 8: t chy hon ton a mol mt anehit X (mch h) to ra b mol CO
2
v c mol H
2
O
(bit b = a + c). Trong phn ng trng gng, mt phn t X ch cho 2 electron. X thuc dy
ng ng anehit
A. no, n chc. B. khng no c hai ni i, n chc.
C. khng no c mt ni i, n chc. D. no, hai chc.
Gii:
Trong phn ng trng gng mt anehit X ch cho 2e X l anehit n chc bi v:
RCHO RCOOHNH
4

trong : C
+1
C
+3
+ 2e.
Mt cht hu c khi chy cho: n
X
=
2
CO
n


O H
2
n
Cht c 2 lin kt : 1 nhm chc CHO v 1 lin kt mch C.
p n C.


+1 +3


154
154
V d 9: Mt dung dch hn hp cha a mol NaAlO
2
v a mol NaOH tc dng vi 1 dung dch
cha b mol HCl. iu kin thu c kt ta sau phn ng l:
A. a = b. B. a = 2b. C. b = 5a. D. a < b < 5a.
Gii:
Phng trnh phn ng:
NaOH + HCl NaCl + H
2
O (1)
a mol a mol
NaAlO
2
+ HCl + H
2
O Al(OH)
3
+ NaCl (2)
Al(OH)
3
+ 3HCl AlCl
3
+ 3H
2
O (3)
NaAlO
2
+ 4HCl AlCl
3
+ NaCl + 2H
2
O ` (4)
a mol 4a mol
iu kin khng c kt ta khi n
HCl
4
2
NaAlO
n + n
NaOH
= 5a. Vy suy ra iu kin c kt ta:
n
NaOH
< n
HCl
< 4
2
NaAlO
n + n
NaOH

a < b < 5a
p n D.
V d 10: Dung dch cha a mol NaOH tc dng vi dung dch cha b mol H
3
PO
4
sinh ra hn
hp Na
2
HPO
4
+ Na
3
PO
4
. T s
b
a
l:
A.

2
b
a
1 < < B. 3
b
a

C.
3
b
a
2 < <
D.
1
b
a


Gii:
Cc phng trnh phn ng :
NaOH + H
3
PO
4
NaH
2
PO
4
+ H
2
O (1)
2NaOH + H
3
PO
4
Na
2
HPO
4
+ 2H
2
O (2)
3NaOH + H
3
PO
4
Na
3
PO
4
+ 3H
2
O (3)
Ta c: n
NaOH
= a mol, mol b n
4 3
PO H
=

thu c hn hp mui Na
2
HPO
4
+ Na
3
PO
4
th phn ng xy ra c 2 phng trnh (2) v
(3), do :
3
n
n
2
4 3
PO H
NaOH
< <
Tc l:
3
b
a
2 < <

p n C.




155
155
V d 11: Hn hp X gm Na v Al.
- Th nghim 1: Nu cho m gam X tc dng vi H
2
O d th thu c V
1
lt H
2
.
- Th nghim 2: Nu cho m gam X tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d th thu c V
2
lt H
2
.
Cc kh o cng iu kin. Quan h gia V
1
v V
2
l:
A. V
1
= V
2
. B. V
1
> V
2
. C. V
1
< V
2
. D. V
1
V
2
.
Gii:
Cc phng trnh phn ng khi ha tan hn hp Na v Al vi H
2
O v vi dung dch NaOH d:
Na + H
2
O NaOH +
2
1
H
2
(1)
2Al + 6H
2
O + 2NaOH Na[Al(OH)
4
] + 3H
2
(2)
t s mol Na v Al ban u ln lt l x v y mol.
Th nghim 1: x y n
NaOH
va hoc d khi ha tan Al c 2 th nghim cng to thnh
2 1 2
V V H mol )
2
3x
2
x
( = +

Th nghim 2: x < y Trong TN1 (1) Al d, TN2 (2) Al tan ht (TN1) H (TN2) H
2 2
n n >

V
2
> V
1

Nh vy (x,y > 0) th V
1
V
2
p n D.
V d 12: Mt bnh kn cha V lt NH
3
v V lt O
2
cng iu kin. Nung nng bnh c xc tc
NH
3
chuyn ht thnh NO, sau NO chuyn ht thnh NO
2
. NO
2
v lng O
2
cn li trong bnh
hp th va vn ht trong nc thnh dung dch HNO
3
. T s V:V l:
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
Gii:
Cc phng trnh phn ng:
4NH
3
+ 5O
2

o
t xt,
4NO + 6H
2
O
V

5V/4 V
2NO + O
2
2NO
2

V V/2 V
4NO
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O 4HNO
3

V (V
2
V
4
5V
)


V = 4 (V
2
V
4
5V
) = 2
V
V'
p n B.


156
156
V d 13: Cht X c phn t khi l M. Mt dung dch cht X c nng a mol/l, khi lng
ring D g/ml. Nng C% ca dung dch X l:

A.
10D
a.M
B.
10a
D.M
C.
M.D
10a
D.
1000D
a.M

Gii:
Xt 1 lt dung dch cht X:
n
X
= a mol m
X
= a.M m
dd X
= 1000D
C%
a.M.100
=

p n A.
V d 14: Thc hin 2 th nghim:
1. Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch HNO
3
1M thot ra V
1
lt NO.
2. Cho 3,84 gam Cu phn ng vi 80 ml dung dch cha HNO
3
1M v H
2
SO
4
0,5M thot ra
V
2
lt NO.
Bit NO l sn phm kh duy nht, cc th tch kh o cng iu kin. Quan h gia V
1
v V
2
l:
A. V
1
= V
2
B. V
2
= 2V
1
C. V
2
= 2,5V
1
D. V
2
= 1,5V
1

Gii:
TN1:

=
=

=
= =

+
mol 0,08 n
mol 0,08 n
mol 0,08 n
mol 0,06
64
3,84
n
3
3
NO
H
HNO
Cu

3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
-
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
u bi: 0,06 0,08 0,08
Phn ng: 0,03 0,08 0,02 0,02 mol
V
1
tng ng vi 0,02 mol NO.
TN2: n
Cu
= 0,06 mol; mol. 0,04 n mol; 0,08 n
4 2 3
SO H HNO
= =
Tng n
H
+
= 0,16 mol; mol 0,08 n
3
NO
=


3Cu + 8H
+
+ 2NO
3
-
3Cu
2+
+ 2NO + 4H
2
O
u bi: 0,06 0,16 0,08
Phn ng: 0,06 0,16 0,04 0,04 mol
V
2
tng ng vi 0,04 mol NO Nh vy V
2
= 2V
1
p n B.
Nhm nhanh: Lng Cu khng i, lng NO
3
-
khng i m lng H
+
tng gp i v va
V
2
= 2V
1
p n B.


157
157
V d 15: Cho t t dung dch cha a mol HCl vo dung dch cha b mol Na
2
CO
3
ng thi
khuy u, thu c V lt kh ( ktc) v dung dch X. Khi cho d nc vi trong vo dung dch
X thy c xut hin kt ta. Biu thc lin h gia V vi a,b l:
A. V = 22,4(a b) B. V = 11,2(a b)
C. V = 11,2(a + b) D. V = 22,4(a + b)
Gii:
Cho t t dung dch HCl vo dung dch Na
2
CO
3
, ta c phng trnh:
HCl + Na
2
CO
3
NaHCO
3
+ NaCl (1)
b b b mol
HCl + NaHCO
3
NaCl + CO
2
+ H
2
O (2)
(a b) (a b) mol
Dung dch X cha NaHCO
3
d, do HCl tham gia phn ng ht,
NaHCO
3
+ Ca(OH)
2 d
CaCO
3
+ NaOH + H
2
O
Vy: V = 22,4(a b) p n A.
V d 16 : Clo ho PVC thu c mt polime cha 63,96% clo v khi lng, trung bnh 1 phn
t clo phn ng vi k mt xch trong mch PVC. Gi tr ca k l
A. 3. B. 6. C. 4. D. 5.
Gii:

Mt phn t Clo phn ng vi k mt xch trong mch PVC theo phng trnh:
CH CH
2
+ kCl
2

xt,t
0

CH CH
2
CHCH
Cl Cl Cl Cl
Do % m
Cl
= 63,96%
% m
C,H cn li
= 36,04%.
Vy 3
k
n
36,04
63,96
k 26. k) (n 27.
k 2. 35,5. k) - (n 35,5.
= =
+
+

p n A.
V d 17: in phn dung dch cha a mol CuSO
4
v b mol NaCl (vi n cc 1 tr c mng
ngn xp). dung dch sau in phn lm phenolphtalein chuyn sang mu hng th iu kin
ca a v b l ( bit ion SO
4
2-
khng b in phn trong dung dch)
A. b >2a. B. b = 2a. C. b < 2a. D. 2b - a.
Gii:
Phng trnh in phn dung dch

n n-k k


158
158
CuSO
4
+ 2NaCl
pdd
Cu + Cl
2
+ Na
2
SO
4
(1)

Dung dch sau in phn lm phenolphthalein chuyn sang mu hng sau phn ng (1) th
dung dch NaCl cn d v tip tc b in phn theo phng trnh
2NaCl + 2H
2
O 2NaOH + H
2
+ Cl
2
(2)
Vy: b > 2a p n A.

III. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1 : Dung dch X c a mol NH
4
+
, b mol Mg
2+
, c mol SO
4
2-
V b mol HCO
3

. Biu thc no
hiu th s lin quan gia a. b, c, d sau y l ng ?
A. a + 2b = c + d. B. A + 2b = 2c + d.
C. a + b = 2c + d. D. a + b = c + d.
Cu 2 : Cho a mol Fe vo dung dch cha b mol dung dch AgNO
3
. a v b c quan h nh th
no thu c dung dch Fe(NO
3
)
3
duy nht sau phn ng ?
A.b = 2a. B. b a. C. b = 3a. D. b a.
Cu 3 : Dung dch X cha cc ion Na
+
: a mol; HCO
3

: b mol;
2
3
CO : c mol;
2
4
SO : d mol.
to ra kt ta ln nht ngi ta dng 100ml dung dch Ba(OH)
2
nng x mol/l. Biu thc xc
nh x theo a v b l
A. x = a + b. B. x = a b. C.
0,2
b a
x
+
= D. x =
0,1
b a +

Cu 4 : Dung dch X cha a mol NaAlO
2
Khi thm vo dung dch X b mol hoc 2b mol dung
dch HCl th lng kt ta sinh ra u nh nhau. T s
b
a
c gi tr bng:
A. 1. B. 1,25. C. 1,5. D. 1,75.
Cu 5 : Oxi ho mt lng Fe thnh hn hp X gm FeO, Fe
3
O
4
, Fe
2
O
3
cn a mol Oxi. Kh hon
ton hn hp X thnh Fe cn b mol Al. T s
b
a
c gi tr bng
A. 0,75. B. 1. C. 1,25. D. 1,5.
Cu 6 : C mt lng anehit HCHO c chia lm 2 phn bng nhau mi phn cha a mol
HCHO.
- Phn 1: Cho tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
thu c m gam Ag.
pdd

c mng ngn


159
159
- Phn 2: Oxi ho bng oxi thnh HCOOH vi hiu sut 40% thu c dung dch X. Cho X
tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
thu c m gam Ag. T s
m
m'
c gi tr bng
A. 0,2. B. 0,4. C. 0,6. D. 0,8.
Cu 7 : X l axit cha ba nguyn t cacbon trong phn t. Cho 0,015 mol X tc dng vi dung
dch cha a mol Ba(OH)
2
thu c dung dch Y. Ngi ta nhn thy :
Nu a = 0,01 mol th dung dch Y lm qu tm.
Nu a = 0,02 mol th dung dch Y lm xanh qu tm. Cng thc cu to ca Y l
A. CH
3
CH
2
COOH. B. CH
2
=CHCOOH.
C. CHCCOOH. D. HOOCCH
2
COOH.
Cu 8 : C 2 axit hu c no : (Y) l axit n chc v (Z) l axit a chc. Hn hp (X) cha x
mol (Y) v y mol (Z). t chy hon ton (X) th thu c 11,2 lt CO
2
(ktc). Cho x + y = 0,3
v M
Y
< M
Z
. Vy cng thc cu to ca (Y) l
A. CH
3
COOH. B. C
2
H
5
COOH. C. HCOOH. D. C
3
H
7
COOH.
Cu 9 : Hn hp X gm Al v Fe
2
O
3
c khi lng trung bnh l
X
M . Tin thnh phn ng
nhit nhm, sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp Y c phn t khi trung bnh l
Y
M
.
Quan h
gia
X
M v
Y
M l
A.
X
M
= Y
M B.
X
M
> Y
M

C.
X
M
< Y
M D.
X
M
Y
M
Cu 10 : Kh hon ton mt lng oxit st cn V lt H
2
. Ho tan hon ton lng st sinh ra
trn trong dung dch HCl thy to ra V lt H
2
. Bit V > V (cc kh o cng iu kin). Cng
thc oxit st l
A. Fe
2
O
3
B. FeO. C. Fe
3
O
4
. D. Fe
2
O
3
hoc Fe
3
O
4


P N
1B 2C 3C 4B 5A 6D 7D 8C 9A 10D









160
160
Phng php 15
Phng php chn i lng thch hp
I. C S CA PHNG PHP
Trong mt s cu hi v bi tp trc nghim chng ta c th gp mt s trng hp c bit sau:
- C mt s bi ton tng nh thiu d kin gy b tc cho vic tnh ton.
- C mt s bi ton ngi ta cho di dng gi tr tng qut nh a gam, V lt. N mol hoc
cho t l th tch hoc t l s mol cc cht..
Nh vy kt qu gii bi ton khng ph thuc vo cht cho. Trong cc trng hp trn tt
nht ta t chn mt gi tr nh th no cho vic gii bi ton tr thnh n gin nht.
Cch 1: Chn mt mol nguyn t hoc phn t cht tham gia phn ng.
Cch 2: Chn mt mol hn hp cc cht tham gia phn ng.
Cch 3: Chn ng t l lng cht trong u bi cho.
Cch 3: Chn cho thong s mt gi tr ph hp n gin php tnh.
II. CC DNG BI TP THNG GP
Dng 1: Chn mt mol nguyn t hoc phn t cht tham gia phn ng
V d 1: Ho tan mt mui cacbonat kim loi M ho tr n bng mt lng va dung dch
H
2
SO
4
9,8%, thu c dung dch mui sunfat c nng l 14,18%. Kim loi M l:
A. Cu. B. Fe. C. Al. D. Zn.
Gii:
Chn 1 mol mui M
2
(CO
3
)
n
M
2
(CO
3
)
n
+ nH
2
SO
4
M
2
(SO
4
)
n
+ nCO
2
+ nH
2
O
C (2M + 60n) gam 98n gam (2M+96n) gam

4 2
SO H dd
m =
9,8
98n.100
=1000n gam
m
dd mui
=
n 3 2
) (CO M
m +
4 2
SO H dd
m
2
CO
m

= 2M + 60n + 1000.n 44.n = (2M+1016.n) gam.
C%
dd mui
=
1016n 2M
96n) (2M
+
+
% 100 =14,18%
M = 28.n n = 2; M = 56 l ph hp vy M l Fe p n B



161
161
V d 2: Cho dung dch axit axetic c nng x% tc dng va vi dung dch NaOH 10% th
thu c dung dch mui c nng 10,25%. Gi tr ca x l:
A. 20 B. 16 C. 15 D. 13
Gii:
Xt 1 mol CH
3
COOH:
CH
3
COOH + NaOH

CH
3
COONa + H
2
O
60 gam 40 gam 82 gam
COOH CH dd
3
m = gam
x
100 . 60

m
dd NaOH
=
10
100 . 40
= 400 gam
m
dd mui
=
x
60.100
+ 400 = gam.
10,25
82.100

x = 15% p n C.
Cu 3: Khi ho tan hiroxit kim loi M(OH)
2
bng mt lng va dung dch H
2
SO
4
20% thu
c dung dch mui trung ho c nng 27,21%. Kim loi M l:
A. Cu. B. Zn. C. Fe. D. Mg.
Gii:
Xt 1 mol (OH)
2
tham gia phn ng
M(OH)
2
+ H
2
SO
4
MSO
4
+ 2H
2
O
C (M + 34) gam gam 96) (M gam 98 +

4 2
SO H dd
m

=
20
100 . 98
= 490 gam

4
MSO dd
m = (M + 34 + 490) =
27,21
100) 96 (M +

M= 64 M l Cu p n A.
Cu 4: Oxi ho C
2
H
5
OH bng CuO nung nng, thu c hn hp cht lng gm CH
3
CHO,
C
2
H
5
OH d v H
2
O c M= 40 gam. Hiu sut phn ng oxi ho l:
A. 25%. B. 35% . C. 45%. D. 55%.
Gii:
Xt 1 mol C
2
H
5
OH. t a mol C
2
H
5
OH b oxi ho. Vy a l hiu sut ca phn ng oxi ho
ancol.



162
162
C
2
H
5
OH + CuO
o
t
CH
3
CHO + H
2
O + Cu
Ban u: 1 mol
Oxi ho: a mol a mol

a mol
Sau phn ng: (1 a )mol C
2
H
5
OH d a mol

a mol
gam 40
a 1
18a 44a a) 46(1
M =
+
+ +
=
a = 0,25 hay hiu sut l 25% p n A
Cu 5: Ho tan hon ton mt lng kim loi R ho tr n bng dung dch H
2
SO
4
long ri c cn
dung dch sau phn ng thu c mt lng mui khan c khi lng gp 5 ln khi lng kim
loi R ban u em ho tan. Kim loi R l:
A. Al. B. Ba. C. Zn. D. Mg
Gii:
Xt 1 mol kim loi ng vi R gam tham gia phn ng.
2R + nH
2
SO
4
R
2
(SO
4
)
n
+ nH
2
C R gam

|

\
| +
2
96n 2R
gam mui

( )
2
96 2R +
= 5R

R = 12n tha mn vi n = 2
Vy R = 24 (Mg) p n D

Dng 2: Chn mt mol hn hp cc cht tham gia phn ng
Cu 6: Hn hp X gm N
2
v c H
2
c t khi hi so vi H
2
bng 3,6. Sau khi tin hnh phn
ng tng hp c hn hp Y c t khi hi so vi H
2
bng 4. Hin sut phn tng hp l:
A. 10%. B. 18,75%. C. 20%. D. 25%.
Gii:
Xt 1 mol hn hp X, ta c: m
X
=
X
M

= 7,2 gam.
t
2
N
n = a mol, ta c: 28a + 2(1 a) = 7,2.
a = 0,2
2
N
n = 0,2 mol v
2
H
n = 0,8 mol H
2
d.
N
2
+ 3H
2

o
t xt,
2NH
3

Ban u: 0,2 0,8
Phn ng: x 3x 2x
Sau phn ng: (0,2-x) (0,8-3x) 2x
p


163
163
n
Y
= (1 2x) mol
p dng LBTKL, ta c m
X
= m
Y

n
Y
=
Y
Y
M
m
(1 2x) =
8
2 , 7
x = 0,05.
Hiu sut phn ng xc nh theo N
2
l
2 , 0
05 , 0
% 100

= 25% p n D.
Cu 7: Hn hp A gm anken v hiro c t khi so vi H
2
bng 6,4. Cho A i qua niken nung
nng c hn hp B c t khi so vi H
2
bng 8 (gi thit hiu sut phn ng xy ra l 100%).
Cng thc phn t ca anken l:
A. C
2
H
4
B. C
3
H
6.
C. C
4
H
8
D. C
5
H
10

Gii:
Xt 1 mol hn hp A gm (a mol C
n
H
2n
v (1 a) mol H
2
)
Ta c 14.n.a + 2(1 a) = 12,8 (*)
Hn hp B c M=16 < 14n (vi n 2) trong hn hp B c H
2
d
C
n
H
2n
+ H
2

o
t Ni,
C
n
H
2n+2
Ban u: a mol (1-a) mol
Phn ng a a

a mol
Sau phn ng hn hp B gm (1-2a) mol H
2
(d) v a mol C
n
H
2n+2

tng n
B
= 1 a
p dng LBTKL, ta c m
A
= m
B

n
B
=
B
B
M
m
a) (1 = a
16
12,8
= 0,2 mol
Thay a = 0,2 vo (*) ta c: 14.0,2.n + 2.(1 0,2) = 12,8
n = 4 anken l C
4
H
8
p n C.
Cu 8: Hn hp X gm N
2
v H
2
c
X
M = 12,4. Dn X i qua bnh ng bt Fe ri nung nng
bit rng hiu sut tng hp NH
3
t 40% th thu c hn hp Y.
Y
M c tr s l:
A. 15,12. B. 18,23. C. 14,76. D. 13,48.
Gii:
Xt 1 mol hn hp X m
X
= 12,4 gam gm a mol N
2
v (1 a) mol H
2
.
28a + 2(1 a) = 12,4 a = 0,4 mol H
2
= 0,6 mol




164
164
N
2
+ 3H
2

o
t xt,

2NH
3
(vi hiu sut 40%)
Ban u: 0,4 0,6
Phn ng: 0,08 0,6.0,4


0,16 mol
Sau phn ng: 0,32 0,36 0,16 mol
Tng: n
Y
= 0,32 + 0,36 + 0,16 = 0,84 mol;
Theo LBTKL, ta c: m
X
= m
Y

Y
M =
84 , 0
4 , 12
= 14,76 gam p n C.
Cu 9: Phng in qua O
2
c hn hp kh O
2
, O
3
c M =33 gam. Hiu sut phn ng l:
A. 7,09%. B. 9,09%. C. 11,09%. D.13,09%.
Gii:
3O
2
TL


2O
3
Chn 1 mol hn hp O
2
, O
3
, ta c:
mol. a) (1 n mol a n
2 2
O O
= =
32.a+48.(1 a) = 33 a =
16
15

mol O
2


16
1

16
15
- 1 n
3
O
= =
2
O
n
b oxi ho
=
16
1
.
2
3
=
32
3
mol
Hiu sut phn ng l : % 100 x
16
15
32
3
32
3
+
= 9,09% p n B
Cu 10: X l hp kim gm (Fe, C, Fe
3
C), trong hm lng tng cng ca Fe l 96%, hm
lng C n cht l 3,1%, hm lng C n cht l 3,1%, hm lng Fe
3
C l a%. Gi tr a l:
A. 10,5. B. 13,5 C. 14,5 D. 16.
Gii:
Xt 100 gam hn hp X, ta c m
C
= 3,1

gam , m
Fe3C
= a gam v s gam Fe tng cng l 96 gam

C) Fe (trong C
3
m = 100 96 3,1 =
180
12a
a = 13,5p n B.

Cu11: Nung m gam X cha 80% khi lng gam CaCO
3
(phn cn li l tp ho cht tr)
mt thi gian thu c cht rn Y cha 45,65% CaO. Hiu sut phn hu CaCO
3
l:
A. 50%. B. 75%. C. 80%. D. 70%.

p


165
165
Gii:
Chn m
X
= 100gam
3
CaCO
m = 80 gam v khi lng tp cht bng 20 gam.
CaCO
3

o
t
CaO + CO
2
(hiu sut = h)
Phng trnh: 100 gam 56 gam 44gam
Phn ng: 80.h gam

.h
100
50.80
.h
100
44.80

Khi lng cht rn cn li sau khi nung l:
m
X

2
CO
m = 100



100
44.80.h



100
80 . 56
h =
|

\
|

100
h 80 44
100
100
45,65

h = 0,75 Hiu sut phn ng bng 75% p n B.
Dng 3: Chn ng t l lng cht theo u bi
Cu 12: Hn hp gm hirocacbon X v oxi c t l s mol tng ng l 1:10. t chy hon
ton hn hp trn thu c hn hp kh Y. Cho Y qua dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, thu c hn hp
kh Z c t khi i vi hiro bng 19. Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. C
3
H
8
B. C
3
H
6
C. C
4
H
8
D. C
3
H
4
Gii:
t hn hp gm hirocacbon X gm C
x
H
y
(1 mol) v O
2
(10 mol).
C
x
H
y
+
|

\
|
+
4
y
x O
2
xCO
2
+
2
y
H
2
O
1 mol

|

\
|
+
4
y
x mol x mol
2
y
mol
Hn hp kh Z gm x mol CO
2
v
(

\
|
+
4
y
x 10 mol O
2
d
Z
M

= 19. 2 = 38

) (n
2
CO
44 6
38
2
2
O
CO
n
n
=
1
1

) (n
2
O
32 6


166
166
Vy: x = 10 x
4
y
8x = 40 y.
x = 4, y = 8 tha mn p n C.
Cu 13: A l hn hp gm mt s hirocacbon th kh, B l khng kh. Trn A vi B cng
nhit p sut theo t l th tch (1 : 15) c hn hp kh D. Cho D vo bnh kn dung tch
khng i V. Nhit v p sut trong bnh l t
o
C v p atm. Sau khi t chy A, trong bnh ch c
N
2
, CO
2
v hi nc vi
O H
2
V
:
2
CO
V = 7 : 4. a v bnh t
o
C, p sut trong bnh sau khi t l
p
1
c gi tr l:
A. p
1
=
48
47
p. B. p
1
= p. C. p
1
=
17
16
p. D. p
1
=
5
3
p.
Gii:
t A : C
x
H
y
+
|

\
|
+
4
y
x O
2
xCO
2
+
2
y
H
2
O
V phn ng ch c N
2
, H
2
O, CO
2
cc hirocacbon b chy ht v O
2
va .
Chn
y x
H C
n = 1n
B
= 15 mol
2
O
n
p.
= x +
4
y

=
5
15

= 3 mol

2
N
n = 4
2
O
n = 12 mol

=
= +

4 : 7 y/2 : x
3
4
y
x

x =
3
7
; y =
3
8

V nhit v th tch khng i nn p sut t l vi s mol kh, ta c:
p
p
1
=
15 1
12 4/3 7/3
+
+ +
=
48
47
p
1
=
48
47
p p n A.

Dng 4: Chn cho thng s mt gi tr ph hp n gin php tnh
V d 14: t chy hon ton a gam hn hp X gm hai hirocacbon A,B thu c
41
132.a
gam CO
2

v
41
45a
gam H
2
O. Nu thm vo hn hp X mt na lng A c trong hn hp X ri t chy hon
ton th thu c
41
165a
gam CO
2
v
41
60,75a
gam H
2
O. Bit A, B khng lm mt mu nc brom.
a) Cng thc phn t ca A l:
A. C
2
H
2
B. C
2
H
6
C. C
6
H
12
D. C
6
H
14



167
167
b) Cng thc phn t ca B l:
A. C
2
H
2
B. C
6
H
6
C. C
4
H
4
D. C
8
H
8

c) Phn trm s mol ca A, B trong hn hp X l:
A. 60%, 40%. B. 25%, 75%. C. 50%, 50%. D. 30%, 70%.
Gii:
a) Chn a = 41 gam.
t X
2
CO
n =
44
132

= 3 mol v
O H
2
n =
18
45
= 2,5 mol.
t
|

\
|
+ A
2
1
X
2
CO
n =
44
165
= 3,75 mol v
O H
2
n =
18
75 , 60
= 3,375 mol.
t
2
1
A thu c (3,75 - 3) = 0,75 mol CO
2
v (3,375 - 2,5) = 0,875 mol H
2
O.
t chy A thu c
2
CO
n =1,5 v
O H
2
n =1,75 mol.
V
O H
2
n

>
2
CO
n

A thuc ankan, do :
C
n
H
2n+2
+
2
1 3n +
O
2


CO
2
(n+1)H
2
O

O H
CO
2
2
n
n
=
1 n
n
+
=
75 , 1
5 , 1
n = 6 A l C
6
H
14
p n D.
b) t B thu c (3 1,5) = 1,5 mol CO
2
v (2,5 1,75)= 0,75 mol H
2
O
Nh vy:
H
C
n
n
=
2 75 , 0
5 , 1

=
1
1
Cng thc tng qut ca B l(CH)
n
v X khng lm mt mu
nc brom nn B thuc aren B l C
6
H
6
p n B.
c) V A, B c cng nguyn t nguyn t C (6C) m lng CO
2
do A,B to ra bng nhau (1,5
mol) n
A
= n
B
%n
A
= %n
B
= 50% p n C.
Cu 15: Trn a gam hn hp X gm 2 hirocacbon C
6
H
14
v C
6
H
6
theo t l s mol (1 :1) vi m gam
mt hirocacbon D ri t chy hon ton th thu c
82
275a
gam CO
2
v
82
94,5a
gam H
2
O.
a) D thuc loi hirocacbon no?
A. C
n
H
2n+2
. B. C
n
H
2n-2
C. C
n
H
2n
D. C
n
H
n

b) Gi tr ca m l:
A. 2,75 B. 3,75 C. 5 D. 3,5
Gii:
a) Chn a = 82 gam


168
168
t X v m gam D (C
X
H
Y
), ta c:

2
CO
n =
44
275
= 6,25 mol

O H
2
n =
18
5 , 94
= 5,25 mol
C
6
H
14
+
2
19
O
2
6 CO
2
+ 7 H
2
O
C
6
H
6
+
2
15
O
2


6 CO
2
+ 3 H
2
O
t D: C
x
H
y
+

|

\
|
+
4
y
x
O
2
xCO
2
+
2
y
H
2
O
t
14 6
H C
n =
6 6
H C
n = b mol, ta c 86b + 78b = 82 b = 0,5 mol
t 82 gam hn hp X thu c:

2
CO
n

= 0,5.(6+6) = 6 mol

O H
2
n

= 0,5.(7+3) = 5 mol
t chy m gam D thu c:

2
CO
n

= 6,25 6 = 0,25 mol

O H
2
n = 5,25 5 = 0,25 mol
Do
2
CO
n =
O H
2
n

D thuc C
n
H
2n
p n C.
b) m
D
= m
C
+ m
H
= 0,25.(12 + 2) = 3,5 gam p n D.

BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1: Cho hirocacbon X v oxi (oxi c ly gp i lng cn thit t chy hon ton X)
vo bnh dung tch 1 lt 406,5K v p sut l atm. Sau khi t p sut trong bnh (o cng nhit
) tng 5%, lng nc thu c l 0,162 gam. Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. C
2
H
6
B. C
3
H
6
C. C
4
H
8
D. C
4
H
10

Cu 2: Hn hp X gm 2 olefin. t chy 7 th tch X cn 31 th tch O
2
(ktc). Bit rng olefin
cha nhiu cacbon hn chim khong 40 50 th tch ca X. Cng thc phn t 2 olefin l:
A. C
2
H
4
, C
4
H
8
. B. C
2
H
4
, C
3
H
6
C. C
3
H
6
, C
4
H
8
. D. C
2
H
4
, C
5
H
10
.
Cu 3: Cho natri d dung dch cn (C
2
H
5
OH + H
2
O), thy khi lng hiro bay ra bng 3% khi
lng cn dng. Dung dch cn c nng phn trm l:
A. 75,57%. B. 72,57%. C. 70,57%. D. 68,57%.


169
169
Cu 4: Hn hp kh X gm hiro v 2 anken (k tip trong dy ng ng), c t khi hi so vi
hiro bng 8,26. un nng hn hp X vi bt Ni lm xc tc th thu c hn hp kh Y khng
lm mt mu dung dch nc brom v c t khi hi i vi hiro bng 11,8. Cng thc phn t
ca cc anken trong X l:
A. C
2
H
4
v C
3
H
6
. B. C
3
H
6
v C
4
H
8
.
C. C
4
H
8
v C
5
H
10
. D. C
5
H
10
v C
6
H
12

Cu 5: Mt hn hp kh X gm mt ankin v H
2
c t khi hi so vi CH
4
l 0,6. Nung nng hn
hp kh X c xc tc Ni phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi hi so
vi CH
4
l 1. Cng thc phn t ca akin l:
A. C
2
H
2
B. C
3
H
4
C. C
4
H
6
D. C
5
H
8
.


Cu 6: Hn hp kh X gm etan v propan. t chy mt t hn hp X thu c kh CO
2
v hi nc
theo t l tch
2
CO
V :
O H
2
V = 11: 15. Thnh phn trm theo khi lng ca hn hp X ln lt l:
A. 45% v 55%. B. 18,52% v 81,48%.
C. 25% v 75%. D. 28,13% v 71,87 %
Cu 7: Cho hn hp X gm N
2
, H
2
v

NH
3
c t khi hi so vi H
2
bng 8. Dn hn hp X qua
dung dch H
2
SO
4
c d thy th tch kh cn li mt na. Phn trm th tch mi kh ln lt
trong hn hp X ln lt l:
A. 11,11%, 22,22%, 66,67%. B. 20%, 20%, 40%.
C. 30%, 30%, 40%.

D. 25%, 25%, 50%.
Cu 8: Mt hn hp X gm N
2
v H
2
. Tin hnh phn ng tng hp NH
3
t hn hp X thu c
hn hp Y. Bit khi lng trung bnh ca X v Y ln lt l 7,2 v 9,0. Hiu sut phn ng tng
hp NH
3
l:
A. 70% B. 60% C. 50% D. 30%
Cu 9: Cracking C
5
H
12
thu c hn hp kh c t khi hi so vi H
2
l 20. Hiu sut ca phn
ng cracking l:
A. 70% B. 50% C. 80% D. 30%.
Cu 10: Sau khi tch H
2
hon ton khi hn hp X gm etan v propan thu c hn hp Y gm
etilen v propilen. Khi lng phn t trung bnh ca Y bng 93,45% khi lng phn t trung
bnh ca X. Thnh phn trm v th tch ca hai cht trong X ln lt l:
A. 50% v 50%. B. 60% v 40%
C. 96,2% v 3,8%.

D. 46,4% v 53,6%
P N
1B 2A 3A 4B 5B 6C 7D 8C 9C 10C



170
170
Phng php 16
Phng php chn i lng thch hp
I. C S CA PHNG PHP
Thng qua vic phn tch, so snh, khi qut ha tm ra cc im chung v cc im
c bit ca bi ton, t tm ra c phng php hoc phi hp cc phng php gip gii
nhanh bi ton mt cch ti u.
II. CC DNG BI TP THNG GP
Dng 1: Da vo s khc bit ca phn ng hoc hiu r bn cht, quy tc phn ng:
Cu 1: C
6
H
12
c bao nhiu ng phn cu to, mch h tc dng vi HBr ch cho mt sn phm
duy nht?
A. 4 B. 3 C. 2 D. 1
Gii:
- C
6
H
12
c cu to mch h l anken (olefin)
- Phn ng cng hp vo anken ch tun theo quy tc maccopnhicop khi anken v tc nhn cng
hp u bt i.
C
6
H
12
tc dng vi HBr cho mt sn phm duy nht C
6
H
12
c cu to i xng:
CH
3
CH
2
CH = CHCH
2
CH
3
v (CH
3
)
2
C=C(CH
3
)
2

p

n C
Cu 2: C
5
H
12
O c bao nhiu ng phn cu to tc dng vi CuO, un nng to sn phm (gi
nguyn cacbon) c phn ng trng gng ?

A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7
Gii:
- Ch c cc ancol bc mt mi oxi ho to anehit.
- Vit cu to mch cacbon, c xt yu t i xng, t tm ra s lng cc ng phn ancol bc 1
C C C C C
C C C C C C C C C
C
1 ng phn 2 ng phn 1 ng phn


p n A
Cu 3: C bao nhiu ng phn cu to mch h c cng thc phn t C
6
H
10
tc dng vi H
2
d
(Ni, t
o
) thu c sn phm iso-hecxan ?
A. 4 B. 5 C. 6 D. 7


171
171
Gii:
- C
6
H
10
+ H
2

o
t Ni,
CH
3
CH(CH
3
)-CH
2
-CH
2
-CH
3

C
6
H
10
c cu to mch ging iso-hecxan
- C
6
H
10
c mch h v c bt bo ho = 2, v vy ch cn vit cc ng phn
ankin v ankaien c cu to cacbon ging iso-hecxan
C C C C C C C C C C
C C
2 ng phn akin 5 ng phn ankadien
p n D
Cu 4: Hn hp kh X gm mt ankin v H
2
c t khi hi so vi CH
4
l 0,5. Nung nng hn hp
X c xc tc Ni phn ng xy ra hon ton, thu c hn hp kh Y c t khi hi so vi CH
4

l 1. Cho hn hp Y qua dung dch brom d th khi lng bnh cha dung dch brom tng ln l
bao nhiu?
A. 0 gam B. 8 gam C. 16 gam D. 24 gam
Gii:
Ankin c cng thc tng qut C
n
H
2n-2
(n 2) Phn t khi ca akin > 24g/mol
Mt khc D
Y/H
Trong Y c H
2
d.
V phn ng xy ra hon ton trong Y ch c ankan v H
2
d
Khng c kh no phn ng vi dung dch Br
2
p n A
Cu 5: Hn hp X gm hai ancol no, n chc, mch h 2,76 gam X tc dng vi Na d thu
c 0,672 lt H
2
(ktc). Mt khc, oxi ho hon ton 2,76 gam X bng CuO (t
o
) thu c hn
hp anehit. Cho ton b lng anehit ny tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
d thu c
19,44 gam cht kt ta. Cng thc cu to ca hai ru l:
A. CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH. B. CH
3
OH v CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
OH.
C. CH
3
OH v CH
3
CH(CH
3
)OH. D. C
2
H
5
OH v CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH
Gii:
V oxi ho hai ru hn hp anehit 2 ru l bc 1
V hai ru n chc n
X
= 2
2
H
n = 0,06 (mol)
n
Ag
=
108
44 , 19
= 0,18 > 2.n
X
= 0,12 c mt ru l CH
3
OH
CH
3
OH
+
o
t CuO,
HCHO
+
0
3 3
t , /NH AgNO
4Ag
a 4a



172
172
RCH
2
OH
+
o
t CuO,
RCHO
+
o
3 3
t , /NH AgNO
2Ag
b 2b
a + b = 0,6 (1)
4a + 2b = 0,18 (2)
32a + (R + 31) = 2,76 (3)
R = 29 R l C
2
H
5
p n B.
Dng 2: Da vo quan h s mol cc cht gia cc phn ng
Cu 6: Nung nng hon ton 27,3 gam hn hp NaNO
3
, Cu(NO
3
)
2
. Hn hp kh thot ra c
dn vo nc d th thy c 1,12 lt kh (ktc) khng b hp th (lng O
2
ho tan khng ng
k). Khi lng Cu(NO
3
)
2
trong hn hp ban u l:
A. 18,8 gam B. 10,2 gam C. 8,6 gam D. 4,4 gam
Gii:
2NaNO
3

o
t
2NaNO
2
+ O
2
(1)
2Cu(NO
3
)
2

o
t
2CuO + 4NO
2
+ O
2
(2)
4NO
2
+ O
2
+ 2H
2
O 4HNO
3
(3)
Phn tch phng trnh (2) v (3), ta thy
2
NO
n :
2
O
n = 4 : 1
Nh vy kh thot ra khi bnh l ton b O
2
(1)
3
NaNO
n

= 2
2
O
n = 2.
4 , 22
12 , 1
= 0,1 (mol)
3
NaNO
m = 0,1. 85 = 8,5 gam

2 3
) Cu(NO
m = 27,3 8,5 = 18,8 gam p n A


Cu 7: Hn hp cht hu c X c cng thc tng qut C
x
H
y
O
z
N
t
. Thnh phn % khi lng ca
N v O trong X ln lt l 15,730% v 35,955%. Khi X tc dng vi HCl ch to ra mui
R(O
z
)NH
3
Cl (R l gc hirocacbon). Bit X c trong thin nhin v tham gia phn ng trng
ngng. Cng thc cu to ca X l:
A. H
2
NCH
2
COOCH
3
B. H
2
NCH
2
CH
2
COOH
C. H
2
NCH(CH
3
)COOH. D. HO-[CH
2
]
4
-NH
2

Gii:
X+ HCl R(O
z
)NH
3
Cl X ch cha mt nguyn t nit X: C
x
H
y
O
z
N
%N =
x
M
14
=
100
73 , 15
M
x
= 89
%O =
89
16z
=
100
955 , 35
z = 2 Loi D


173
173
X c trong thin nhin v tham gia phn ng trng ngng p n C
Dng 3: Da vo bn cht phn ng v s phi hp gia cc phng php:
Cu 8: t chy hon ton 3,7 gam cht hu c X ch cha mt nhm chc cn dng va
3,92 lt O
2
(ktc) thu c CO
2
v H
2
O c t l s mol l 1:1. X tc dng vi KOH to ra hai cht
hu c. S ng phn cu to ca X tho mn iu kin trn l:
A. 1 B. 2 C. 3 D. 4
Gii:
- X tc dng vi KOH To ra 2 cht hu c X c nhm chc este.
- Khi t chy X cho
2
CO
n =
O H
2
n X l este no, n chc, mch h
Cng thc tng qut: C
n
H
2n
O
2

Da vo cc d kin n = 3 Cng thc phn t C
3
H
6
O
2

C hai cng thc cu to p n B
Cu 9: Cho 0,2 mol hn hp X gm mt ankan v mt anken tc dng vi H
2
d (Ni,t
o
)thu c
hn hp hai ankan l ng ng k tip. Mt khc t chy hon ton 0,2 mol X c 16,8 lt
CO
2
(ktc) v 14,4 gam H
2
O. Cng thc ca hai hirocacbon ln lt l:
A. C
3
H
8
, C
4
H
8
B. C
2
H
6
, C
3
H
6
C. C
3
H
8
, C
2
H
4
. D. C
4
H
10
, C
3
H
6
Gii:
2
CO
n =
4 , 22
8 , 16
= 0,7 ;
O H
2
n

=
18
4 , 14
= 0,8
Mt khc: n
anken
=
O H
2
n
2
CO
n = 0,1 mol
n
anken
= 0,2 - 0,1 = 0,1 mol
Gi cng thc chung ca hai hirocacbon l C
x
H
y

x=
2 , 0
7 , 0
=3,5 ; y =
2 , 0
8 , 0 . 2
= 8
Do s mol 2 hirocacbon l nh nhau v s nguyn t hiro trung bnh bng 8
Cng thc ca hai hirocacbon l C
3
H
8
v C
4
H
8
p n A
Cu 10: t chy hon ton m gam hn hp X gm hai anehit no, n chc, mch h, thu c
0,4 mol CO
2
. Mt khc, hiro hon ton m gam X cn 0,2 mol H
2
(Ni, t
o
), sau phn ng thu c
hn hp hai ancol no, n chc. t chy hon ton hn hp hai ancol ny th s mol H
2
O thu
c l bao nhiu ?
A. 0,3 mol B. 0,4 mol C. 0,6 mol D. 0,8 mol
Gii:
Anehit no, n chc, mch h khi t chy:
O H
2
n =
2
CO
n = 0,4 mol


174
174
C
n
H
2n+1
CHO + H
2

0
t , Ni
C
n
H
2n+1
CH
2
OH
p dng nh lut bo ton nguyn t :
O H
2
n =
O H
2
n
(to thnh t anehit)
+
O H
2
n
(to thnh t
2
H
cng vo)
= 0,4 + 0,2 = 0,6 (mol)
p n C.
Cu 11: Cho hn hp X gm 0,2 mol axetilen v 0,35 mol H
2
vo bnh kn c xc tc Ni nung
nng. Sau mt thi gian thu c hn hp Y gm 4 kh. Khi cho Y li qua dung dch brom d
thy c 4,48 lt (ktc) kh Z bay ra. T khi ca Z so vi H
2
l 4,5. tng khi lng ca bnh
brom l:
A. 5,2 gam B. 2,05 gam C. 5,0 gam D. 4,1 gam
Gii:
n
z
=
4 , 22
48 , 4
=0,2 (mol);
Z
M = 4,5. 2 = 9 m
z
= 9. 0,2 = 1,8 (gam)
m
x
= 0,2. 26 + 0,35. 2 = 5,9 gam
Theo LBTKL: m
X
= m
Y
tng khi lng ca bnh brom = 5,9 - 1,8 = 4,1 gam p n D.
Cu 12: X l mt este no n chc, c t khi hi i vi CH
4
l 5,5. un nng 2,2 gam este X
vi dung dch NaOH (d) th thu c 2,05 gam mui. Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l:
A. HCOOCH
2
CH
2
CH
3
B. C
2
H
5
COOCH
3
C. HCOOCH
3
D. CH
3
COOC
2
H
5
Gii:
V este n chc v m
este
< m
mui
M
este
< M
mui
phn t ca gc ru trong este phi nh
hn 23 (Na) Loi phng n A, D
Mt khc: M
este
= 16. 5,5 = 88 p n B
Cu 13: Cho m gam Cu phn ng ht vi dung dch HNO
3
thu c 8,96 lt kh (ktc) hn hp
kh NO v NO
2
c khi lng 15,2 gam. Gi tr ca m l:
A. 25,6 gam B. 16 gam C. 2,56 gam D. 8 gam
Gii:
- Nhn thy M(kh ) =
4 , 0
2 , 15
= 38 =
2
M M
2
NO NO
+
s mol hai kh bng nhau v c th quy
i thnh 1 kh duy nht c s mol l 0,4 v s oxi ho l + 3
- p dng nh lut bo ton electron, ta thy: s oxi ho Cu tng = s oxi ho ca
5
N
+
gim = 2
n
Cu
= n
kh
= 0,4 mol.
Vy m = 0,4. 64 = 25,6p n A.


175
175
III. BI TP T LUYN
Cu 1: un nng isopren vi cht xc tc thch hp ch thu c mt phn sn phm X. Cho X
tc dng vi H
2
(Ni, t
o
) c hn hp Y gm cc hirocacbon trong c cht metylxiclobutan.
S hirocacbon no cha trong Y l:
A. 3 B. 4 C. 2 D. 5
Cu 2: C bao nhiu ng phn cu to, mch h c cng thc phn t C
5
H
8
tc dng vi H
2
d
(Ni, t
o
) thu c sn phm iso-pentan ?
A. 3 B. 4 C. 5 D. 6
Cu 3: Tch nc hon ton t hn hp X gm 2 ancol ng ng ta c hn hp Y gm cc
olefin. t chy hon ton X th thu c 1,76 gam CO
2
. Khi t chy hon ton Y th tng khi
lng nc v CO
2
to ra l:
A. 2,94 gam B. 2,48 gam C. 1,76 gam D. 2,76 gam
Cu 4: Hn hp X gm ancol metylic v mt ancol no, n chc M, mch h. Cho 2,76 gam X
tc dng vi Na d thu c 0,672 lt H
2
(ktc). Mt khc, oxi ho hon ton 2,76 gam X bng
CuO (t
o
) thu c hn hp Y. Cho ton b lng Y tc dng vi dung dch AgNO
3
/NH
3
d thu
c 12,96 gam kt ta. Cng thc cu to ca M l:
A. C
2
H
5
OH B. CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
OH
C. CH
3
CH(CH
3
)OH. D. CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
CH
2
OH
Cu 5: Nung nng hon ton 28,9 gam hn hp KNO
3
v Cu(NO
3
)
2
. Hn hp kh sinh ra c
dn vo nc ly d th cn 1,12 lt kh (ktc) khng b hp th (coi oxi khng tan trong nc). %
khi lng KNO
3
trong hn hp ban u l:
A. 92,53% B. 65,05% C. 34,95% D. 17,47%
Cu 6: Hn hp X c t khi so vi H
2
l 21,2 gm propan, propen v propin. Khi t chy hon
ton 0,1 mol X, tng khi lng ca CO
2
v H
2
O thu c l:
A. 20,40 gam B. 18,60 gam C. 18,96 gam D. 16,80 gam
Cu 7: un nng hn hp kh gm 0,06 mol C
2
H
2
v 0,04 mol H
2
vi xc tc Ni, sau mt thi gian
thu c kh Y. Dn ton b hn hp Y li t t qua bnh ng dung dch brom (d) th cn li 0,448
lt hn hp kh Z (ktc) c t khi so vi O
2
l 0,5. Khi lng bnh dung dch brom tng l:
A. 1,04 gam B. 1,32 gam C. 1,64 gam D. 1,20 gam
Cu 8: Cho hn hp X gm hai cht hu c c cng cng thc phn t C
2
H
7
NO
2
tc dng va
vi dung dch NaOH v un nng, thu c dung dch Y v 4,48 lt hn hp Z ( ktc) gm hai
kh (u lm xanh giy qu m). T khi hi ca Z i vi H
2
bng

13,75. C cn dung dch Y
thu c khi lng mui khan l:
A. 16,5 gam B. 14,3 gam C. 8,9 gam D. 15,7 gam


176
176
Cu 9: t chy ht hai cht hu c cha C, H, O k tip nhau trong dy ng ng phn t cha
mt loi nhm chc ri cho sn phm chy vo nc vi trong d thy khi lng bnh tng 5,24
gam v c 7 gam kt ta. Hai cht l:
A. C
2
H
4
(OH)
2
v C
3
H
6
(OH)
2
B. CH
3
OH v C
2
H
5
OH.
C. HCHO v CH
3
CHO D. HCOOH v CH
3
COOH
Cu 10: Este X to bi axit n chc v ancol n chc c t khi hi so vi CO
2
bng 2. Khi
un nng X vi dung dch NaOH to ra lng mui c khi lng ln hn lng este phn
ng. Tn gi ca X l:
A. metyl axetat B. propyl axetat
C. metyl propionat. D. etyl axetat
Cu 11: Hn hp M gm hai ancol n chc. Chia 30,4 gam M thnh hai phn bng nhau. Cho
phn 1 tc dng vi Na d c 0,15 mol kh. Cho phn 2 phn ng hon ton vi CuO c hn
hp M
1
cha hai anehit (ancol ch bin thnh anehit). Ton b lng M
1
phn ng ht vi
AgNO
3
/NH
3
c 0,8 mol Ag. Cng thc cu to ca hai ancol l:
A. CH
3
OH, C
2
H
5
OH B. CH
3
OH, CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
OH
C. C
2
H
5
OH, CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
OH D.C
2
H
5
OH, CH
3
CHOHCH
3

Cu 12: Cho a gam hn hp CH
3
COOH v C
3
H
7
OH tc dng ht vi Na th th tch kh H
2
(ktc)
thu c l 2,24 lt. Gi tr ca a l:
A. 3 gam B. 6 gam C. 9 gam D. 12 gam
Cu 13: Cho hn hp X gm N
2
, H
2
v NH
3
i qua dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, d th th tch kh cn
li mt na. Thnh phn phn trm theo th tch ca NH
3
trong X l:
A. 25,0% B. 50,0% C. 75,0% D. 33,33%
Cu 14: Mt hirocacbon X mch thng c cng thc phn t l C
6
H
6
. Khi cho X tc dng vi
dung dch AgNO
3
trong NH
3
th thu c hp cht hu c Y c M
Y
M
X
= 214 vC. Cng thc
cu to ca X l:
A. CHC-CH
2
-CH
2
-CCH B. CH
3
-CC-CH
2
-CCH
C. CH
3
-CH
2
-CC-CCH D. CHC-CH(CH
3
)-CCH
Cu 15: Cht hu c X (cha C, H, O) c phn t khi bng 74 gam/mol. S lng cc ng
phn mch h ca X phn ng c vi NaOH l:
A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5
Cu 16: Cho 100ml dung dch hn hp CuSO
4
1M v Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
1,5M tc dng vi dung dch
NH
3
d, lc ly kt ta em nung n khi lng khng i thu c cht rn c khi lng l:
A. 30,6 gam B. 8,0 gam C. 15,3 gam D. 23,3 gam


177
177
Cu 17: Cho lung kh CO d di qua ng s cha 0,05 mol Fe
3
O
4
, 0,05mol FeO, v 0,05 mol Fe
2
O
3

nhit cao n phn ng hon ton. Kt thc th nghim khi lng cht rn thu c l:
A. 5,6 gam B. 11,2 gam C. 22,4 gam D. 16,8 gam
Cu 18: Ho tan 9,6 bt Cu bng 200ml dung dch hn hp HNO
3
0,5M v H
2
SO
4
1,0 M. Sau
khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c kh NO v dung dch X. C cn cn thn dung dch X
c khi lng mui khan l:
A. 28,2 gam B. 25,4 gam C. 24,0 gam. D. 32,0 gam
Cu 19: in phn dung dch cha hn hp mui CuCl
2
v FeCl
2
vi cng dng khng i
I = 2A trong 48 pht 15 giy, catot thy thot ra 1,752 gam kim loi. Khi lng ca Cu thot
ra l:


A. 0,576 gam B. 0,408 gam C. 1,344 gam. D. 1,176 gam
Cu 20: t chy hon ton 2,24 lt hn hp X (ktc) gm C
3
H
8
, C
3
H
6
, C
3
H
4
(D
X /
2
H
=21), ri
dn ton b sn phm chy vo bnh ng dung dch nc vi trong th tng khi lng ca
bnh l:
A. 4,2 gam B. 5,4 gam C. 13,2 gam D. 18,6 gam
Cu 21: Nung hn hp kh X gm ankin Y v H
2
trong bnh kn c Ni n phn ng hon ton
c hn hp kh Y c t khi so vi H
2
bng 8. Dn ton b hn hp Y qua bnh ng dung dch
Br
2
d th:
A. Khi lng bnh brom tng bng khi lng ankin d
B. Khi lng bnh brom khng i
C. Khi lng bnh brom tng bng khi lng ankin d v anken
D. Khi lng bnh brom tng chnh l hn hp ca hn hp Y.



P N
1A 2A 3B 4C 5C 6C 7B 8B 9B 10C
11B 12D 13B 14A 15D 16C 17D 18C 19A 20D 21B










178
178
Phng php 16+
Phng php s dng cng thc kinh nghim
I. PHNG PHP GII
1. N dung phng php
Xt bi ton tng qut quen thuc:
M
0
hn hp rn (M, M
x
O
y
) M
+n
+ N

(S

)
m gam m
1
gam (n: max)
Gi:
S mol kim loi l a
S oxi ha cao nht (max) ca kim loi l n
S mol electron nhn (2) l t mol
Ta c:
M ne M
+n

a mol na mol
Mt khc:
n
e

nhn
= n
e

(oxi)
+ n
e

(2)

=
1
m m
16

. 2 + t =
1
m m
8

+ t
Theo nh lut bo ton electron: n
e nhng
= n
e nhn
na =
1
m m
8

+ t
Nhn c 2 v vi M ta c:
(M.a)n =
1
M.(m m)
8

+ M.t m.n =
1
M.m
8
-
M.n
8
+ M.t
Cui cng ta c:





O
2
+ HNO
3
(H
2
SO
4
c, nng)
(1)
(2)

e
n
nhng
= na (mol)
m =
1
M
.m M.t
8
M
n
8
+
+
(1)


179
179
ng vi M l Fe (56), n = 3 ta c: m = 0,7.m
1
+ 5,6.t (2)
ng vi M l Cu (64), n = 2 ta c: m = 0,8.m
1
+ 6,4.t (3)
T (2, 3) ta thy:
Bi ton c 3 i lng: m, m
1
v
e
n

nhn
(hoc V
kh (2)
)
Khi bit 2 trong 3 i lng trn ta tnh c ngay i lng cn li.
giai on (2) bi c th cho s mol, th tch hoc khi lng ca mt kh hoc nhiu
kh; giai on (1) c th cho s lng cht rn c th l cc oxit hoc hn hp gm kim loi d
v cc oxit.
2. Phm vi p dng v mt s ch
Ch dng khi HNO
3
(hoc H
2
SO
4
c nng) ly d hoc va .
Cng thc kinh nghim trn ch p dng vi 2 kim loi Fe v Cu.
3. Cc bc gii
Tm tng s mol electron nhn giai on kh N
+5
hoc S
+6
.
Tm tng khi lng hn hp rn (kim loi v oxit kim loi): m
1

p dng cng thc (2) hoc (3).

II TH D MINH HA
Th d 1. t chy hon ton 5,6 gam bt Fe trong bnh O
2
thu c 7,36 gam hn hp X
gm Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
v mt phn Fe cn d. Ha tan hon ton lng hn hp X trn vo dung
dch HNO
3
thu c V lt hn hp kh Y gm NO
2
v NO c t khi so vi H
2
bng 19. Gi tr
ca V l
A. 0,896. B. 0,672. C. 1,792 D. 0,448
Hng dn gii:
p dng cng thc (2): 5,6 = 0,7. 7,36 + 5,6 n
enha n (2)

n
enha n (2)

= 0,08
T
2
Y/ H
d = 19
2
NO
n = n
NO
= x
5
2 N
+
+ 4e
4
N
+
+
2
N
+

4x x x
Vy: V = 22,4. 0,02. 2 = 0,896 lt p n A.

4x = 0,08 x = 0,02


180
180
Th d 2. m gam bt Fe trong khng kh mt thi gian thu dc 11,28 gam hn hp X gm 4
cht. Ha tan ht X trong lng d dung dch HNO
3
thu c 672ml kh NO (sn phm kh duy
nht, ktc). Gi tr ca m l:
A. 5,6. B. 11,2. C. 7,0. D. 8,4.
Hng dn gii:
p dng cng thc (2):
N
+5
+ 3e N
+2

0,09 0,03
p n D.
Th d 3. Cho 11,36 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
v Fe
3
O
4
phn ng ht vi dung dch
HNO
3
long, d thu c 1,344 lt kh NO (sn phm 1 kh duy nht, o ktc) v dung dch Y.
C cn dung dch Y thu c m gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 49,09. B. 35,50. C. 38,72. D. 34,36.
Hng dn gii
p dng cng thc (2):
N
+5
+ 3e N
+3

0,18 0,06
3 3
Fe( NO )
n = n
Fe
=
0, 7.11, 36 5, 6.0,18
56
+
= 0,16
m = 242 . 0,16 = 38,72gam
p n C.
Th d 4. Cho 11,6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
vo dung dch HNO
3
long, d thu
c V lt kh Y gm NO v NO
2
c t khi so vi H
2
bng 19. Mt khc, nu cho cng lng
hn hp X trn tc dng vi kh CO nng d th sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c 9,52
gam Fe. Gi tr ca V l
A. 1,40. B. 2,80. C. 5,60. D. 4,20.
Hng dn gii:
T
2
Y/ H
d = 19
2
NO NO e
n n x n = =

nhn
= 4x
p dng cng thc: 9,52 = 0,7. 11,6 + 5,6. 4x x = 0,0625
V = 22,4. 0,0625. 2 = 2,80 lt p n B.

e
n

nhn
= 0,09 m = 0,7. 11,28 + 5,6.0,09 = 8,4gam

e
n

nhn
= 0,18


181
181
Th d 5. Nung m gam bt Cu trong oxi thu c 24,8 gam hn hp cht rn X gm Cu, CuO
v Cu
2
O. Ho tan hon ton X trong H
2
SO
4
c nng 1 thot ra 4,48 lt kh SO
2
(sn phm kh
duy nht, ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 9,6. B. 14,72. C. 21,12. D. 22,4.
Hng dn gii:
S ha bi ton: Cu X Cu
+2
+ S
+4


p dng cng thc (3): m = 0,8.m
rn
+ 6 4.n
e nhn (2)
m = 0,8.24,8 + 6,4.0,2.2 = 22,4gam
p n D.
III. BI TP P DNG
1. m gam bt st ngoi khng kh, sau mt thi gian thy khi lng ca hn hp thu c l
12 gam. Ha tan hn hp ny trong dung dch HNO
3
thu c 2,24 lt kh NO (sn phm kh
duy nht, ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 5,6 gam. B. 10,08 gam. C. 11,84 gam. D. 14,95 gam.
2. Ha tan hon ton 10 gam hn hp X (Fe, Fe
2
O
3
) trong dung dch HNO
3
va c 1,12 lt
NO ( ktc, sn phm kh duy nht) v dung dch Y. Cho Y tc dng vi dung dch NaOH d
c kt ta Z. Nung Z trong khng kh n khi lng khng i c m gam cht rn. Gi tr
ca m l
A. 12 gam. B. 16 gam. C. 11,2 gam. D. 19,2 gam.
3. Ha tan ht m gam hn hp Fe, Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
trong dung dch HNO
3
c, nng d c 448 ml
kh NO
2
( ktc). C cn dung dch sau phn ng c 14,52 gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 3,36 gam. B. 4,28 gam. C. 4,64 gam. D. 4,80 gam.
4. t chy hon ton 5,6 gam bt Fe trong mt bnh oxi thu c 7,36 gam hn hp X gm
Fe
2
O
3
, Fe
3
O
4
v mt phn Fe d. Ha tan hon ton hn hp X bng dung dch HNO
3
thu c
V lt hn hp kh Y gm NO
2
v NO c t khi so vi H
2
bng 19. Gi tr ca V
A. 0,896 lt. B. 0,672 lt. C. 0,448 lt. D. 1,08 lt.
5. Cho lung kh CO i qua ng s ng m gam Fe
2
O
3
nung nng. Sau mt thi gian thu c
13,92 gam hn hp X gm 4 cht. Ha tan ht X bng HNO
3
c, nng d c 5,824 lt NO
2

(sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 16 gam. B. 32 gam. C. 48 gam. D. 64 gam.

O
2
(1)

H
2
SO
4
(2)



182
182
6. Cho 11,6 gam hn hp X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
2
O
3
vo dung dch HNO
3
long, d c V lt kh Y
gm NO v NO
2
c t khi hi so vi H
2
l 19. Mt khc, nu cho cng lng hn hp X trn tc
dng vi kh CO d th sau khi phn ng hon ton c 9,52 gam Fe. Gi tr ca V l
A. 2,8 lt. B. 5,6 lt. C. 1,4 lt. D. 1,344 lt.
7. Nung m gam bt ng kim loi trong oxi thu c 24,8 gam hn hp rn X gm Cu, CuO v
Cu
2
O. Ha tan hon ton X trong H
2
SO
4
c nng thot ra 4,48 lt kh SO
2
(sn phm kh duy
nht, ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 9,6 gam. B. 14,72 gam. C. 21,12 gam. D. 22,4 gam.
8. Ha tan hon ton 18,16 gam hn hp X gm Fe v Fe
3
O
4
trong 2 lt dung dch HNO
3
2M thu
c dung dch Y v 4,704 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Phn trm khi lng Fe
trong hn hp X l
A. 38,23%. B. 61,67%. C. 64,67%. D. 35,24%.
9. Cho m gam hn hp X gm Fe, Fe
3
O
4
tc dng vi 200 ml dung dch HNO
3
3,2M. Sau khi
phn ng hon ton c 0,1 mol kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht) v cn li 1,46 gam kim loi
khng tan. Gi tr ca m l
A. 17,04 gam. B. 19,20 gam. C. 18,50 gam. D. 20,50 gam.
10. m gam Fe trong khng kh mt thi gian c 7,52 gam hn hp X gm 4 cht. Ha tan
ht X trong dung dch H
2
SO
4
c, nng d c 0,672 lt kh SO
2
(sn phm kh duy nht,
ktc) v dung dch Y. C cn cn thn dung dch Y c m
1
gam mui khan. Gi tr ca m v m
1

ln rt l
A. 7 gam v 25 gam. C. 4,48 gam v 16 gam.
B. 4,2 gam v 1,5 gam. D. 5,6 gam v 20 gam.
11. Cho 5,584 gam hn hp bt Fe v Fe
3
O
4
tc dng va vi 500 ml dung dch HNO
3
long.
Sau khi phn ng xy ra hon ton c 0,3136 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc) v
dung dch X. Nng mol/l ca dung dch HNO
3
l
A. 0,472M. B. 0,152M C. 3,04M. D. 0,304M.
12. kh hon ton 9,12 gam hn hp cc oxit: FeO, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
cn 3,36 lt kh H
2
(ktc).
Nu ha tan 9,12 gam hn hp trn bng H
2
SO
4
c, nng d th th tch kh SO
2
(sn phm kh
duy nht, ktc) thu c ti a l
A. 280 ml. B. 560 ml. C. 672 ml. D. 896 ml.



183
183
13. Cho kh CO i qua ng s ng 16 gam Fe
2
O
3
un nng, sau khi phn ng thu c hn hp
X gm Fe, FeO, Fe
3
O
4
v Fe
2
O
3
Ha tan hon ton X bng H
2
SO
4
, c, nng thu c dung dch
Y. Khi lng mui trong Y l:
A. 20 gam. B. 32 gam. C. 40 gam. D. 48 gam.
14. Ha tan 11,2 gam kim loi M trong dung dch HCI (d), thu c 4,48 lt ( ktc) H
2
. Cn nu
ho tan hn hp X gm 11,2 gam kim loi M v 69,6 gam oxit M
x
O
y
trong lng d dung dch HNO
3

th c 6,72 lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). Cng thc ca oxit kim loi l
A. Fe
3
O
4
. B. FeO. C. Cr
2
O
3
D. CrO
15. Cho 37 gam hn hp X gm Fe, Fe
3
O
4
tc dng vi 640 ml dung dch HNO
3
2M long, un
nng. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra hon ton thu c V lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht,
ktc), dung dch Y v cn li 2,92 gam kim loi. Gi tr ca V l
A. 2,24 lt. B. 4,48 lt. C. 3,36 lt. D. 6,72 lt.
16. Cho lung kh CO i qua ng s cha 0,12 mol hn hp gm FeO v Fe
2
O
3
nung nng, phn
ng to ra 0,138 mol CO
2
. Hn hp cht rn cn li trong ng nng 14,352 gam gm 4 cht. Ha
tan ht hn hp 4 cht ny vo dung dch HNO
3
d thu c V lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy
nht ktc). Gi tr ca V l
A. 0,244 lt. B. 0,672 lt. C. 2,285 lt. D. 6,854 lt.
17. Cho lung kh CO i qua ng s ng 5,8 gam Fe
x
O
y
nung nng trong mt thi gian thu c
hn hp kh X v cht rn Y. Cho Y tc ng vi dung dch HNO
3
d c dung dch Z v 0,784
lt kh NO (sn phm kh duy nht, ktc). C cn dung dch Z c 18,15 gam mui khan. Ha
tan Y bng HCl d thy c 0,672 lt kh ( ktc). Phn trm khi lng ca st trong Y l
A. 67,44%. B. 32,56%. C. 40,72%. D. 59,28%. 18.
Cho lung kh CO i qua ng s ng 30,4 gam hn hp X gm Fe
2
O
3
v FeO nung nng trong
mt thi gian thu c hn hp cht rn Y. Ha tan ht Y trong HNO
3
va c dung dch Z.
Nhng thanh ng vo dung dch Z n phn ng hon ton thy khi lng thanh ng gim
12,8 gam. Phn trm khi lng ca cc cht trong hn hp X ln lt bng
A. 33,3% v 66,7%. B. 61,3% v 38,7%.
C. 52,6% v 47,4%. D. 75% v 25%.
19. Ha tan hon ton m gam Fe
3
O
4
trong dung dch HNO
3
, ton b lng kh NO thot ra em
trn vi lng O
2
va hn hp hp th hon ton trong nc c dung dch HNO
3
. Bit
th tch oxi tham gia vo qu trnh trn l 336 ml ( ktc). Gi tr ca m l
A. 34,8 gam. B. 13,92 gam. C. 23,2 gam. D. 20,88 gam.


184
184
20. Thi t t V lt hn hp kh CO v H
2
c t khi hi so vi H
2
l 7,5 qua mt ng s ng
16,8 gam hn hp 3 oxit CuO, Fe
3
O
4
, Al
2
O
3
nung nng. Sau phn ng thu c hn hp kh v
hi c t khi so vi H
2
l 15,5. Dn hn hp kh ny vo dung dch Ca(OH)
2
d thy c 5 gam
kt ta. Th tch V ( ktc) v khi lng cht rn cn li trong ng s ln lt l
A. 0,448 lt; 16,48 gam. C. 1,568 lt; 15,68 gam
B. 1,12 lt; 16 gam. D. 2,24 lt; 15,2 gam.
III. P N
1.B 2.C 3.C 4.A 5.A 6.A 7.D 8.B 9.C 10.D
11.A 12.C 13.C 14.A 15.B 16.C 17.B 18.C 19.B 20.D

























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PHN II: CC CNG THC GII NHANH TRC NGHIM HA HC















































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CHNG I: CC CNG THC GII NHANH TRONG HA HC















































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CHNG II: MT S BI TP THAM KHO















































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CHNG III: HNG DN GII BI TP















































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