Tai Lieu On Thi HSG Mon Hoa Phan Dai Cuong

Bi tp nng cao chuyn i cng Trang: 1
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Copyright 2009 volcmttl@yahoo.com.vn 1

Phn 1: CU TO NGUYN T
BI TP PHN R PHNG X - PHN GN HT NHN
Cau 1: Cht phng x
210
Po c chu k bn r T = 138 ngy. Tnh khi lng Po c phng x l 1 Ci (S:
0,222 mg)
Cu 2: Tnh tui ca mt pho tng c bng g bit rng phng x
ca n bng 0,77 ln phng x

ca mt khc g cng khi lng va mi cht. Bit
14
C
T 5600 = nm. (S: 2100 nm)
Cu 3: Xt phn ng ht nhn xy ra khi bn cc ht vo bia Al:
27 30
13 15
Al P n + + . Cho bit: m
Al
=
26,974u ; m
P
= 29,970u ; m
= 4,0015u ; m
n
= 1,0087u ; m
p
= 1,0073u.Hy tnh nng lng ti thiu ca
ht cn thit phn gn xy ra. (S: 3MeV)
Cu 4: Mt mu poloni nguyn cht c khi lng 2 (g), cc ht nhn Poloni
( )
210
84
Po phng x pht ra ht
v chuyn thnh mt ht nhn
A
Z
X bn.
a. Vit phng trnh phn ng v gi tn
A
Z
X.
b. Xc nh chu k bn r ca poloni phng x bit trong 365 ngy n to ra th tch V = 179 cm
3
kh He
(ktc)
c. Tm tui ca mu cht trn bit rng ti thiim kho st t s gia khi lng
A
Z
X v khi lng cht
l 2:1. (S: a.
82
Pb
207
Ch b. 138 ngy )
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
BI TP HO LNG T - MOMEN LNG CC NNG LNG LIN KT
Cu 1: Thc nghm xc nh c momen lng cc ca phn t H
2
O l 1,85D, gc lin kt
HOH l
104,5
o
, di lin kt OH l 0,0957 nm. Tnh ion ca lin kt OH trong phn t oxy (b qua momen
to ra do cc cp electron ha tr khng tham gia lin kt ca oxy). 1D = 3,33.10
-30
C.m. in tch ca
electron l -1,6.10
-19
C ; 1nm = 10
-9
m.
Hng dn gii:
Gi thit ion ca lin kt O H l 100%
ta c:
-9 -19
-30
0,0957.10 .1,6.10
= =4,600D
3,33.10
. => ion ca lin kt O H l 32,8%
Cu 2: nh sng nhn thy c phn hy c Br
2(k)
thnh cc nguyn t khng. Bit rng nng lng ph v
lin kt gia hai nguyn t l 190kJ.mol
-1
. Ti sao hi Br
2
c mu? Bit h = 6,63.10
-34
J.s ; c = 3.10
8
m.s
-1
;
N
A
= 6,022.10
23
mol
-1
.
Hng dn gii
-7
A
c
E = h .N = 6,3.10 m
.
Do nm trong vng cc tia sng nhn thy nn phn hy c v c mu.
Cu 3: Bit
2
n 2
Z
E = -13,6 (eV)
n
(n: s lng t chnh, Z: s n v in tch ht nhn).
a. Tnh nng lng 1e trong trng lc mt ht nhn ca mi h N
6+
, C
5+
, O
7+
.
b. Qui lut lin h gia E
n
vi Z tnh c trn phn nh mi lin h no gia ht nhn vi electron trong
cc h ?
Hng dn gii
a. Theo u bi, n phi bng 1 nn ta tnh E
1
. Do cng thc l E
1
= 13,6 Z
2
(ev) (2)
Th t theo tr s Z: Z = 6 C
5+
: (E1) C
5+
= 13,6 x 6
2
= 489,6 eV
Z = 7 N
6+
: (E
1
) N
6+
= 13,6 x 7
2
= 666,4 eV
Z = 8 O
7+
: (E
1
) O
7+
= 13,6 x 8
2
= 870,4 eV
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b. Quy lut lin h E
1
vi Z : Z cng tng E
1
cng m (cng thp). Qui lut ny phn nh tc dng lc ht ht
nhn ti e c xt: Z cng ln lc ht cng mnh nng lng cng thp h cng bn, bn nht l O
7+.

Cu 4: Vic gii phng trnh Schrodinger cho h nguyn t 1electron ph hp tt vi l thuyt c in ca
Bohr v s lng t ha nng lng.
2
n 2
Z
E = -13,6 (eV)
n
. cho tin s dng th cc gi tr s ca cc
hng s xut hin trong cng thc trn c chuyn ht v n v eV. iu th v l khi ta s dng cng thc
trn cho phn t heli trung ha. Trong nguyn t heli lc ht nhn tc dng ln electron b gim bt do
electron khc chn mt. iu ny c ngha l in tch ca ht nhn tc dng ln electron khng phi l Z = 2
na m s nh hn gi l in tch hiu dng (Z
eff
). Nng lng ion ha ca nguyn t heli trng thi c
bn l 24,46eV. Tnh Z
eff
.
Hng dn gii
Mi electron lp n = 1 ca nguyn t heli c nng lng Z
2
eff
= 13,6eV
Mc nng lng thp nht ca heli Z
2
eff
= 27,2eV
trng thi c bn ion He
+
c nng lng = -4.13,6 = -54,4eV
Nng lng ion ho = (-54,4 + Z
2
eff
. 27,2) = 24,46 => Zeff = 1,70
Cu 5: Bng phng php quang ph vi sng ngi ta xc nh phn t SO
2
trng thi hi c:
2
SO
1, 6D =
o
o
S O
d 1, 432A ; OSO 109 5
= = .
a. Tnh in tch hiu dng ca nguyn t O v nguyn t S trong phn t SO
2

b. Tnh ion ca lin kt S-O
Hng dn gii
a. i vi phn t SO
2
c th xem trung tm in tch dng trng vi ht nhn nguyn t S cn trung tm
in tch m s nm im gia on thng ni hai ht nhn nguyn t O. Nh vy momen lng cc ca
phn t SO
2
:
2
SO
2 = l . Trong l l khong cch gia hai trong tm in tch v c tnh nh sau:
o
o
1, 432 cos59 45' 0, 722A = = l . Theo d kin cho:
2
SO
1, 6D = nn t y rt ra:
18
8 10
1, 6 10
0, 23
2 0, 722 10 4, 8 10
= =

Vy in tch hiu dng ca nguyn t O l -0,23 cn in tch hiu dng ca nguyn t S l +0,46 in tch
tuyt i ca electron
b. Mt khc nu xem lin kt S-O hon ton l lin kt ion th momen lng cc ca phn t l:
2
8 10
SO
0, 722 10 2 4,8 10 6, 93D

= =
Vy ion x ca lin kt S-O bng:
1, 6
x 100% 23%
6, 93
= =
Cu 6: Tnh nng lng lin kt ion E
Na-F
ca hp cht ion NaF. Bit cc tr s (kJ/mol): I
Na
= 498,5 ;
F
F
= -328 ; khong cch r
o
= 1,84
o
A, n
NaF
= 7 l h s y Born,
12
o
8,854.10
= l hng s in mi trong
chn khng. E
Na-F
c tnh theo cng thc:
2
A
A B A B
o o
N .e 1
E 1 I F
4 . .r n
| |
=
|
\
. (S: E
Na-F
= 497,2)
Phn 2: S BIN THIN TUN HON CA MT S TNH CHT THEO CHIU TNG DN
IN TCH HT NHN
Cau 1: Tnh nng lng mng li ca LiF da vo cc s liu cho bi bng sau:
Nng lng (kJ/mol) Nng lng (kJ/mol)
i lc electron ca F
(k)
: A
F
= 333,000 Lin kt FF: E
lk
= 151,000
Ion ho th nht ca Li
(k)
: I
1
= 521,000 Sinh nhit ca LiF
(tinh th)
= 612,300
Entanpi nguyn t ho Li
(tinh th)
= 155,200 U
mng li
= ?
S: U
ml
= 1031 kJ.mol
-1

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Cu 2: Nng lng ion ha th nht ca cc nguyn t chu k 2 nh sau

a. Hy cho bit v sao khi i t Li n Ne, nng lng ion ha th nht ca cc nguyn t nhn chung tng
dn nhng t: Be sang B ; t N sang O th nng lng ion ho th nht li gim dn
b. Tnh in tch ht nhn hiu dng Z i vi mt electron ha tr c nng lng ln nht trong cc
nguyn t trn v gii thch chiu bin thin gi tr Z trong chu k. Bit rng: 13,6eV = 1312kJ/mol ;
2
1 2
Z'
I 13, 6 (eV)
n
=
S: 1,26 ; 1,66 ; 1,56 ; 1,82 ; 2,07 ; 2,00 ; 2,26 ; 2,52
Cu 3: Nng lng lin kt n gin gia hai nguyn t A v B l E
AB
lun ln hn gi tr trung bnh cng
cc nng lng lin kt n E
AA
; E
BB
l
AB
: ( )
AB AA BB AB
1
E E E
2
= + + . Gi tr
AB
(kJ/mol) c trng
cho phn c tnh ion ca lin kt AB lin quan n s khc nhau v m in gia A v B, tc l hiu s
A B
. Theo Pauling:
A B AB
0,1 = . thu c gi tr m in ca nguyn t cc nguyn t
khc nhau, Pauling gn gi tr m in ca hiro l 2,2
a. Tnh m in ca Flo v Clo da vo cc s liu nng lng lin kt:
HF HCl F
2
Cl
2
H
2

565 431 151 239 432
b. Tnh nng lng lin kt E
Cl-F

Hng dn gii
a.
F F
1
2, 2 0,1 565 (151 432) 3, 85
2
= + => =
Cch tnh tng t:
Cl
3,18 =
b.
1
Cl F
1
3, 85 3,18 0,1 x (151 239) x E 240kJ.mol
2
= + => = =
Cu 4: Da vo phng php gn ng Slater, tnh nng lng ion ha th nht I
1
cho He (Z = 2).
Hng dn gii:
He c cu hnh 1s
2
,
( )
2
* 2
*
He *2 2
13, 6 2 0, 3
13, 6(Z )
E 2 2 78, 6eV
n 1
(
| |
= = = (
|
( \

He
+
c cu hnh 1s
1
,
2 2
*
2 2 He
13, 6Z 13, 6 2
E 54, 4eV
n 1
+
= = =
Qu trnh ion ho:
* *
1 He
He
He He 1e I E E ( 54, 4) ( 78, 6) 24, 2eV
+
+
+ = = =
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Phn 3: CU TRC MNG TINH TH
Cau 1: Tinh th NaCl c cu trc lp phng tm din. Tnh bn knh ca ion Na
+
v khi lng ring ca
tinh th NaCl bit cnh ca mng c s a = 5,58
o
A ; bn knh ion
o
Cl
r 1, 810A
= ; khi lng mol ca Na

v Cl ln lt l: 22,99 g.mol
-1
v 35,45 g.mol
-1
(S: r
+
= 0,98
o
A ; d = 2,23 g/cm
3
)
Cau 2: Tinh th Fe c cu trc tinh th lp phng tm khi v cng a ca mng c s l
o
a 2, 860A = cn Fe kt tinh dng lp phng tm din vi
o
a 3, 560A = . Tnh bn knh kim loi v khi
lng ring ca st thuc hai loi cu trc trn bit Fe = 55,800 g/mol
S: Fe : r = 1,24
o
A ; d = 7,92 g/cm
3
; Fe : r = 1,26
o
A ; d= 8,21 g/cm
3
Nguyn t Li Be B C N O F Ne
I
1
(kJ/mol) 521 899 801 1087 1402 1313 1681 2081
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Cu 3: Tinh th MgO c cu trc kiu NaCl vi cnh ca mng c s:
o
d 4,100A = . Tnh nng lng mng
li ca MgO theo phng php Born-Landr v phng php Kapustinxki bit rng s Madelung ca mng
li MgO: a = 1,7475 ; e = 1,602.10
-19
C ;
12
o
8,85.10
= ; N
A
= 6,023.10
23
; n
B
= 7
Theo Born-Landr:
2
A
o B
Z Z e aN 1
U (1 )
4 R n
+
=
vi R = r
+
+ r
-
Theo Kapustinxki:
7
Z Z n
U 1, 08.10
R
+
=

Hng dn gii
Thay s vo hai phng trnh trn ta suy ra:
Theo Born-Landr: U = 4062 kJ/mol ; theo Kapustinxki: U = 4215 kJ/mol
Cu 4: St kim loi nng chy 1811K. Gia nhit phng v im nng chy ca n, st kim loi c th
tn ti cc dng th hnh v cc dng tinh th khc nhau. T nhit phng n 1185K, st c cu to tinh
th dng lp phng tm khi (bcc) quen gi l st- . T 1185K n 1667K st kim loi c cu to mng
lp phng tm din (fcc) v c gi l st- . Trn 1167K v cho ti im nng chy st chuyn v dng
cu to lp phng tm khi (bcc) tng t st- . Cu trc sau cng (pha cui) cn c gi l st-
1. Cho bit khi lng ring ca st kim loi nguyn cht l 7,874g.cm
-3
293K,
a. Tnh bn knh nguyn t ca st (cm).
b. c lng khi lng ring ca st (tnh theo g.cm
-3
) 1250K
Ch : B qua cc nh hng khng ng k do s gin n nhit ca kim loi.
Thp l hp kim ca st v cacbon, trong mt s khong trng gia nguyn t st (cc hc) trong mng
tinh th b chim bi cc nguyn t nh l cacbon. Hm lng cacbon trong hp kim ny thng trong
khong 0,1% n 4%. Trong l cao, s nng chy ca st cng d dng khi thp cha 4,3% theo khi lng.
Nu hn hp ny c lm lnh qu nhanh (t ngt) th cc nguyn t cacbon c phn tn trong mng
st- . Cht rn mi ny c gi l martensite - rt cng v gin. D hi b bin dng, cu to tinh th ca
cht rn ny l ging nh cu to tinh th ca st- (bcc).
2. Gi thit rng cc nguyn t cacbon c phn b u trong cu trc ca st.
a. c tnh hm lng nguyn t cacbon trong mt t bo n v ( mng c s) ca st- trong
martensite cha 4,3%C theo khi lng.
b. c tnh khi lng ring (g.cm
-3
) ca vt liu ny.
Khi lng mol nguyn t v cc hng s:
M
Fe
= 55,847g.mol
-1
; M
C
= 12,011g.mol
-1
; N
A
= 6,02214.10
23
mol
-1
.
Hng dn gii
1. Cc bc tnh ton:
1. nh ngha cc tham s ca chiu di (a, b, c, d
1
, d
2
v r) v th tch (V
1
v V
2
) cho c hai cu to bcc
v fcc ca st.
2. Tnh th tch V
1
ca mng n v ca st - nh khi lng ring ca n (
bcc
) 293K, khi lng
mol nguyn t ca st (M
Fe
), v s Avogadro N
A
.
3. Tnh chiu di d
1
cnh ca mng n v bcc t th tch ca n.
4. Tnh bn knh nguyn t r ca st t chiu di d
1
.
5. Tnh chiu di d
2
ca cnh mng n v fcc ( 1250K) t bn knh nguyn t r ca st.
6. Tnh th tch V
2
ca mng n v fcc ca st - t chiu di d
2
ca cnh.
7. Tnh khi lng m ca s nguyn t st trong mt mng n v ca st - t khi lng mol
nguyn t M
Fe
ca st v s Avogadro N
A
.
8. Tnh khi lng ring (
fcc
) ca st - t cc ga tr ca m v V
2
. Mt hng khc tm khi lng
ring
fcc
ca st - l tnh ti l phn trm khong khng gian chim ch trong c hai loi mng n
v bcc v fcc,
c th thay th cc bc t 5 n 8 bng cc bc t 5 n 8 sau y:
5. Tnh t l phn tm khong khng gian chim ch ca mng n v bcc.
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6. Tnh t l phn tm khong khng gian chim ch ca mng n v fcc.
7. T t l fcc/bcc ta suy ra c t l:
bcc
/
fcc
.
8. T ga tr cho trc bc 7 ta tnh c
fcc
.
2. Cc chi tit:
1. 293K st - c cu trc tinh th bcc. Mi mng n v thc s cha hai nguyn t, trong mt
nguyn t tm ca mng. 1250K, st - c cu to tinh th fcc. Mi mng n v thc s
cha 4 nguyn t v tm ca mi mt c mt na nguyn t.
- r: bn knh nguyn t ca st
- a: chiu di ng cho mt mt ca mng n v bcc.
- b: chiu di ng cho qua tm ca mng n v bcc.
- c: chiu di ng cho mt mt ca mng n v fcc.
- d
1
: chiu di cnh ca mng n v bcc ca st - .
- d
2
: chiu di cnh ca mng n v bcc ca st - .
- V
1
: Th tch ca mng n v bcc ca st - .
- V
2
: Th tch ca mng n v bcc ca st - .
- V
a
: th tch chim bi mt nguyn t.
- V
a1
: Th tch chim bi hai nguyn t trong mt mng n v bcc.
- V
a2
: Th tch chim bi bn nguyn t trong mt mng n v fcc.
- R
1
: T l phn trm khong khng gian chim ch trong mt mng n v bcc.
- R
2
: T l phn trm khong khng gian chim ch trong mt mng n v fcc.
3 2
a a1 a2 a2 a 1
3
2 2
2 2 2 2 3
1 1 1 1 1
3
2 2
2 2 3
2 2 2 2
4
V = r ; V = 2V ; V = 4V ; b = 4r ; a = 2d ;
3
16r 16r
b = d a = 3d d = V = d =
3 3
16r 16r
c = 4r ; c = 2d d = V = d =
2 2
| |
+ |
|
\
| |
|
|
\

2. 1,000cm
3
st c khi lng 7,874g 293K (
bcc
).
1 mol st c khi lng 55,847g (M
Fe
).
Vy 0,1410mol ca st chim trong th tch 1,000cm
3
hoc 1mol st s chim th tch 7,093cm
3
.
1 mol tng ng chim 6,02214.10
23
nguyn t.
-23 3
1
7,093.2
V = = 2,356.10 cm
6,02214.1023
mi n v mng.
1. d
1
= V
1
1/3
= 2,867.10
-8
cm.
2. Vi cu to bcc, ga tr ca d
1
c th c biu th l: d
1
= (16r
2
/3)
1/2
. Vy ga tr ca r s l:
r = (3d
1
2
/16)
1/2
= 1,241.10
-8
cm.
3. 1250K, trong cu to fcc, d
2
= (16r
2
/2)
1/2
= 3,511.10
-8
cm.
4. V
2
= d
2
3
= 4,327.10
-23
cm
3
.
5. Khi lng m ca 4 nguyn t st trong mng n v fcc s l:
m = 55,847.4/(6,02214.10
23
) = 3,709.10
-22
g
6.
fcc
= m/V
2
= 8,572g/cm
3
.
Cch gii khc tm khi lng ring fcc ca st - :
5. R
1
= [(V
a1
)/V
1
].100% = 68,02%
6. R
2
= [(V
a2
)/V
2
].100% = 74,05%
7.
bcc
/
fcc
= 74,05/68,02 = 1,089
8.
fcc
= 8,572g/cm
3
.
3. Cc bc tnh ton:
1. T phn trm cu thnh ca martensite (theo khi lng), tnh s mol tng ng ca cacbon v st.
*****************************************************************************************************************************************


2. a t l mol C/Fe v mt mng n v (Ghi ch: Hai nguyn t Fe trong mi mng n v).
3. Tm s nguyn be nht cc nguyn t C trong s nguyn b nht ca mng n v (khng bt buc).
4. Tnh khi lng st trong mt mng n v
5. Tnh khi lng cacbon trong mt mng n v
6. Tnh tng khi lng st v cacbon trong mt mng n v
7. Tnh khi lng ring ca martensite [
(martensite c 4,3%C)
] t tng khi lng ca C v Fe v th tch V
1

ca mng n v st - cu to bcc.
4. Chi tit:
1. Trong 100,0g martensite c 4,3%C n
C
= 0,36mol v n
Fe
= 1,71mol.
Vy c 1 nguyn t cacbon c 4,8 nguyn t st hay 0,21 nguyn t cacbon cho mi nguyn t st.
2. Martensite c cu to tinh th bcc (2 nguyn t st cho mi mng n v). Nh vy s nguyn t
cacbon trong mi mng n v l: 2.(1/4,8) = 0,42 nguyn t.
3. 5 nguyn t C [(0,42 nguyn t C/0,42).5] trong 12 mng n v [1 mng n v/0,42).5]
4. S gam Fe trong mi mng n v l: 55,847.2/(6,02214.10
23
)= 1,8547.10
-22
g
5. S gam C trong mi mng n v l: 12,011/(6,02214.10
23
) = 1,9945.10
-23
g
6. Tng khi lng C v Fe = 1,8457.10-22 + 0,42.1,9945.10
-23
= 1,938.10
-22
g.
7. Mi mng n v ca st - chim th tch V
1
= 2,356.10
-23
cm
3
.
8.
(martensite c 4,3%C)
= 1,938.10
-22
/(2,356.10
-23
) = 8,228 g.cm
-3
.
Cu 5: Cho cc d kin sau:

Nhit hnh thnh ca NaF
(rn)
l -573,60 KJ.mol
-1
; nhit hnh thnh ca NaCl
(rn)
l -401,28 KJ.mol
-1

Tnh i lc electron ca F v Cl. So snh kt qu v gii thch.
Hng dn gii:
p dng nh lut Hess vo chu trnh
M
(r)
MX
(r)
X
2(k)
M
(k)
M
+
(k)
X
-
(k)
H
TH
H
ML

H
HT
+
+ AE
X
(k)
I
1
+
H
LK

1
2
1
2
+

A
E (F)
> A
E (Cl)
d cho F c m in ln hn Cl nhiu. C th gii thch iu ny nh sau:
Phn t F
2
t bn hn phn t Cl
2
, do H
LK
(F
2
) < H
pl
(Cl
2
) v dn n AE (F) > AE (Cl).
Cng c th gii thch: F v Cl l hai nguyn t lin nhau trong nhm VIIA. F u nhm. Nguyn t F c
bn knh nh bt thng v cn tr s xm nhp ca electron.
Phn 4: NHIT NG HA HC
BI TP NHIT HA HC
Cu 1: Tnh nng lng lin kt trung bnh ca lin kt OH v OO trong phn t H
2
O
2
da vo cc s liu
(kJ/mol) sau:
2 2 2
o o o o
(H O,k) (H,k) (O,k) (H O ,k)
H 241, 8 ; H 218 ; H 249, 2 ; H 136, 3 = = = =
Cu 2: Tnh
o
H ca phn ng sau 423K:
2(k) 2(k) 2 (h)
1
H O H O
2
+
Nng lng KJ.mol
-1
Nng lng KJ.mol
-1

Thng hoa Na 108,68 Lin kt ca Cl
2
242,60
Ion ha th nht ca Na 495,80 Mng li ca NaF 922,88
Lin kt ca F
2
155,00 Mng li ca NaCl 767,00
Ta c:
AE = H
HT
- H
TH
- I
1
- H
LK
+ H
ML

(
*
)

Thay s vo
(
*
)
, AE (F) = -332,70 kJ.mol
-1
v
AE (Cl) = -360 kJ.mol
-1
.
*****************************************************************************************************************************************


Bit rng:
2
o 1
H O( )
H 285, 200(kJ.mol )
=
long
; nhit ha hi ca nc lng:
o 1
373
H 37, 5(kJ.mol )
= v nhit
dung mol
o
P
C (J.K
-1
.mol
-1
) ca cc cht nh sau:
H
2
(k) O
2
(k) H
2
O (h) H
2
O (l)
27,3 + 3,3.10
-3
T 29,9 + 4,2.10
-3
T 30 + 1,07.10
-2
T 75,5
Cu 4: Cho cc phng trnh nhit ha hc sau y:
(1) 2 ClO
2
(k) + O
3
(k) Cl
2
O
7
(k) H
0
= - 75,7 kJ
(2) O
3
(k) O
2
(k) + O (k) H
0
= 106,7 kJ
(3) 2 ClO
3
(k) + O

(k) Cl
2
O
7
(k) H
0
= -278 kJ
(4) O
2
(k) 2 O

(k) H
0
= 498,3 kJ.
k: k hiu cht kh.
Hy xc nh nhit ca phn ng sau:
(5) ClO
2
(k) + O

(k) ClO
3
(k).
Hng dn gii
Kt hp 2 pt (1) v (3) ta c
ClO
2
(k) + 1/2 O
3
(k) 1/2 Cl
2
O
7
(k) H
0
= - 37,9 kJ
1/2 Cl
2
O
7
(k) ClO
3
(k) + 1/2 O

(k) H
0
= 139 kJ

(6) ClO
2
(k) + 1/2 O
3
(k) ClO
3
(k) + 1/2 O (k) H
0
= 101,1 kJ
ClO
2
(k) + 1/2 O
3
(k) ClO
3
(k) + 1/2 O (k) H
0
= 101,1 kJ
1/2 O
2
(k) + 1/2 O (k) 1/2 O
3
(k) H
0
= -53,3 kJ

(7) ClO
2
(k) + 1/2 O
2
(k) ClO
3
(k) H
0
= 47,8 kJ

ClO
2
(k) + 1/2 O
3
(k) ClO
3
(k) + 1/2 O (k) H
0
= 101,1 kJ
O (k) 1/2 O
2
(k) H
0
= - 249,1 kJ

(5) ClO
2
(k) + O

(k) ClO
3
(k) H
0
= - 201,3 kJ.
l pt nhit ha (5) ta cn tm.
Cu 5: Cho hai phn ng gia graphit v oxi:
(gr) 2(k) (k)
(gr) 2 (k) 2(k)
1
(a) C + O CO
2
(b) C + O CO

Cc i lng H
o
, S
o
(ph thuc nhit ) ca mi phn ng nh sau:

o
T
H (J/mol)
o
T
S (J/K.mol)
(a) - 112298,8 + 5,94T - 393740,1 + 0,77T
(b) 54,0 + 6,21lnT 1,54 - 0,77 lnT
Hy lp cc hm nng lng t do Gibbs theo nhit G
0
T
(a) = f(T), G
0
T
(b) = f(T) v cho bit khi tng
nhit th chng bin i nh th no?
Cu 6: Trong mt th nghim ngi ta cho bt NiO v kh CO vo mt bnh kn, un nng bnh ln n
1400
o
C. Sau khi t ti cn bng, trong bnh c bn cht l NiO (r), Ni (r), CO (k) v CO
2

(k) trong CO
chim 1%, CO
2

chim 99% th tch; p sut kh bng 1bar (10
5
Pa). Da vo kt qu th nghim v cc d
kin nhit ng cho trn, hy tnh p sut kh O
2

tn ti cn bng vi hn hp NiO v Ni 1400
0
C.

Cu 7: Cn bng gia C
gr
vi C
kc
c c trng bi nhng s liu sau:
gr kc
C C
0 0
298K 298K
H 1, 9kJ / mol ; G 2, 9kJ / mol = =
*****************************************************************************************************************************************


a. Ti 298K, loi th hnh no bn hn
b. Khi lng ring ca C
gr
v C
kc
ln

lt l: 2,265 v 3,514 g/cm
3
. Tnh hiu s H U ca qu trnh
chuyn ha trn ti p sut P = 5.10
10
Pa (S: a. C
gr
; b. -94155 J/mol)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
BI TP NG HA HC CN BNG HA HC
Cu 1: i vi phn ng : A
k1
k2
B. Cc hng s tc k
1
= 300 giy
-1
; k
2
= 100 giy
-1
. thi im
t = 0 ch c cht A v khng c cht B. Hi trong bao lu th mt na lng ban u cht A bin thnh cht
B. (S: 2,7.10
-3
s)
Cau 2: Ngay nhit thng gia NO
2
v N
2
O
4
tn ti cn bng sau:
2(k) 2 4(k)
2NO N O . 24
o
C,
hng s cn bng ca phn gn trn l K
P
= 9,200. Ti nhit ny, cn bng s dch theo chiu no nu p
sut ring phn ca cc cht kh nh sau
a.
2 4 2
N O NO
P 0, 900atm; P 0,100atm = =
b.
2 4 2
N O NO
P 0, 72021atm; P 0, 27979atm = =

c.
2 4 2
N O NO
P 0,100atm; P 0, 900atm = =

Cu 3: Xt phn ng: I ClO IO Cl

+ + . Thc nghim xc nh vn tc ca phn ng ny xc nh bi
biu thc:
[I ][ClO ]
v k
[OH ]

= . Chng minh c ch sau gii thch c thc nghim

(1)
1
K
2
H O ClO OH HClO

+ +
(nhanh)
(2)
2
K
HClO I HIO Cl

+ + (chm)
(3)
2
K
2
HIO OH H O IO

+ +
(nhanh)
Cu 4: i vi phn ng thun nghch pha kh 2 SO
2
+ O
2

2 SO
3

a. Ngi ta cho vo bnh kn th tch khng i 3,0 lt mt hn hp gm 0,20 mol SO
3
v 0,15 mol SO
2
.
Cn bng ha hc (cbhh) c thit lp ti 25
o
C v p sut chung ca h l 3,20 atm. Hy tnh t l
oxi trong hn hp cn bng.
b. Cng 25
o
C, ngi ta cho vo bnh trn y mol kh SO
3
. trng thi cbhh thy c 0,105 mol O
2
. Tnh
t l SO
3
b phn hy, thnh phn hn hp kh v p sut chung ca h
Hng dn gii
a. Xt 2 SO
2
+ O
2

2 SO
3
(1)
ban u 0,15 0,20
lc cbhh ( 0,15 + 2z) z (0,20 2z)
Tng s mol kh lc cbhh l n
1
= 0,15 + 2z + z + 0,20 2z = 0,35 + z
T pt trng thi: P
1
V = n
1
RT n
1
= P
1
V / (RT) = 3,2.3/(0,082.298) = 0,393 => z = 0,043.
Vy x
O
2
= z/n
1
= 0,043/0,393 = 0,1094 hay trong hhcb oxi chim 10,94%
b. 2 SO
2
+ O
2

2 SO
3
(2)
ban u 0 0 y
lc cbhh 2. 0,105 0,105 (y 2. 0,105).
Trng thi cbhh c xt i vi (1) v (2) nh nhau v T (v cng V) nn ta c: K = const ;
vy: n
3
2
SO
/ (n
2
2
SO
.n
2
O
) = const.
Theo (1) ta c n
3
2
SO
/ (n
2
2
SO
.n
2
O
) = ( 0,20 2. 0,043)
2
/ (0,15 + 0,086)
2
. 0,043 = 5,43.
Theo (2) ta c n
3
2
SO
/ (n
2
2
SO
.n
2
O
) = (y 0,21)
2
/ (0,21)
2
.0,105 = 5,43. T c phng trnh:
y
2
0,42 y + 0,019 = 0. Gii pt ny ta c y
1
= 0,369 ; y
2
= 0,0515 < 0,105
(loi b nghim y
2
ny).
Do ban u c y = 0,369 mol SO
3
; phn li 0,21 mol nn t l SO
3
phn li l 56,91%
Ti cbhh: tng s mol kh l 0,369 + 0, 105 = 0,474 nn:
*****************************************************************************************************************************************


SO
3
chim ( 0,159 / 0,474).100% = 33,54%
SO
2
chim ( 0,21 / 0,474).100% = 44,30%;
O
2
chim 100% - 33,54% - 44,30% = 22,16%.
T pt trng thi: P
2
V = n
2
RT P
2
= n
2
RT/ V = 0,474.0,082.298/3 P
2
= 3,86 atm.
Cu 5: NOCl b phn hy theo phn ng:
( k) (k) 2(k)
2NOCl 2NO Cl
. Lc u ch c NOCl. Khi cn
bng 500K c 27% NOCl b phn hy v p sut tng cng ca h l 1atm. Hy tnh 500K
b. K
p
v
o
G ca phn ng.
c. Nu h p sut xung di 1atm th s phn hy NOCl tng hay gim? V sao?
Cu 6: i vi phn ng: A + B C + D (phn ng l n gin)
1. Trn 2 th tch bng nhau ca dung dch cht A v dung dch cht B c cng nng 1M:
a. Nu thc hin phn ng nhit 333,2K th sau 2 gi nng ca C bng 0,215M. Tnh hng s tc
ca phn ng.
b. Nu thc hin phn ng 343,2K th sau 1,33 gi nng ca A gim i 2 ln. Tnh nng lng hot
ha ca phn ng (theo kJ.mol
-1
).
2. Trn 1 th tch dung dch cht A vi 2 th tch dung dch cht B, u cng nng 1M, nhit 333,2K
th sau bao lu A phn ng ht 90%?
Cu 7: N
2
O
5
d b phn hy theo phn ng sau:
2 5(k) 2(k) 2(k)
N O 4NO O + . Phn ng l bc nht vi hng s
tc phn ng l: k = 4,8.10
-4
s
-1

a. Tnh thi gian m mt na lng N
2
O
5
phn hy
b. p sut ban u ca N
2
O
5
l 500 mmHg. Tnh p sut ca h sau 10 pht
(S: a. 1444s ; b. 687,5 mmHg)
Cu 8: nhit T(K), hp cht C
3
H
6
O b phn hy theo phng trnh:
3 6 (k) 2 4(k) (k) 2( k)
C H O C H CO H + +
o p sut P ca hn hp phn ng theo thi gian ta thu c kt qu cho bi bng sau:

a. Chng minh phn ng l bc nht theo thi gian
b. thi im no p sut ca hn hp bng 0,822 atm
Cu 9: Vi phn ng pha kh:
2 2
A B 2AB (1) + , c ch phn ng c xc nh:
(nhanh)
(nhanh)
(chm)
Vit biu thc tc phn ng (1) v gii thch.
Cu 10: Xc nh cc hng s tc k
1
v k
2
ca phn ng song song (S trn). Bit rng hn hp sn
phm cha 35% cht B v nng cht A gim i mt na sau 410 s. (k
1
= 0,591.10
-3
; k
2
= 1,099.10
-3
s
-1
)
Cu 11: Thc nghim cho bit s nhit phn pha kh N
2
O
5

0
t
NO
2
+ O
2
(*) l phn ng mt
chiu bc nht. C ch c tha nhn rng ri ca phn ng ny l
N
2
O
5
1
k

NO
2
+ NO
3
(1)

NO
2
+ NO
3
1
k

N
2
O
5
(2)
NO
2
+ NO
3

2
k
NO + NO
2
+ O
2
(3)
N
2
O
5
+ NO
3
k
3 NO
2
(4).
a. p dng s gn ng trng thi dng cho NO, NO
3
c ch trn, hy thit lp biu thc tc ca (*).
Kt qu c ph hp vi thc nghim khng?
b. Gi thit rng nng lng hot ha ca (2) bng khng, ca (3) bng 41,570 kJ.mol
-1
. Da vo c im
cu to phn t khi xt c ch trn, phn tch c th a ra biu thc tnh k
-1
/ k
2
v hy cho bit tr
s ti 350 K.
t (pht) 0 5 10 15 ?
P (atm) 0,411 0,537 0,645 0,741 0,822
2
2 2
2
(a) A 2A
(b) A B AB
(c) A AB 2AB
+
+

k
1

A
k
2

B

C

*****************************************************************************************************************************************


c. T s phn tch gi thit im b) khi cho rng cc phn ng (1) v (2) dn ti cn bng ha hc c hng
s K, hy vit li biu thc tc ca (*) trong c hng s cbhh K.
Hng dn gii:
a. Xt d[NO
3
]/dt = k
1
[N
2
O
5
] k
-1
[NO
2
][NO
3
] k
2
[NO
2
][NO
3
] 0 (a)
[NO
3
] = k
1
[N
2
O
5
] / {(k
-1
+ k
2
)[NO
2
]} (b).
Xt d[NO]/dt = k
2
[NO
2
][NO
3
] - k
3
[NO][N
2
O
5
] 0 (c)
[NO] = k
2
[NO
2
][NO
3
] / k
3
[N
2
O
5
] / {(k
-1
+ k
2
)[NO
2
]} (d).
Th (b) vo (d) ta c [NO] = k
1
k
2
/ k
3
(k
-1
+ k
2
) (d).
Xt d[N
2
O
5
]/dt = - k
1
[N
2
O
5
] +

k
-1
[NO
2
][NO
3
] - k
3
[NO][N
2
O
5
] (e).
Th (b), (d) vo (e) v bin i thch hp, ta c
d[N
2
O
5
]/dt = { - k
1
+ (k
-1
k
2
)/ (k
-1
+ k
2
)}[N
2
O
5
] = k`[N
2
O
5
] (f)
b. Trong (2) do s va chm gia NO
2
vi

NO
3
nn N
2
O
5
O
2
NONO
2
c ti to, tc l c s va chm ca
1 N vi 1 O. Ta gi y l trng hp 1.
Trong (3) NO c to ra do 1 O b tch khi NO
2
; NO
2
c to ra t s tch 1O khi NO
3
. Sau 2 O
kt hp to ra O
2
. Ta gi y l trng hp 2. Nh vy y s va chm gia cc phn t ng chng gp
2 so vi trng hp 1 trn.
Phng trnh Archniux c vit c th cho mi phn ng xt:
P. (2): k
-1
= A
2
e
2
/ E RT
(*); P. (3): k
2
= A
3
e
3
/ E RT
(**)
Theo lp lun trn v ngha ca i lng A trong pt Archniux c trng cho s va chm dn ti phn
ng, ta thy A
3
= 2A
2
. Ta qui c A
2
= 1 th A
3
= 2. Theo bi: E
2
= 0; E
3
= 41,570 kJ.mol
-1
; T = 350.
Thay s thch hp, ta c:
k
-1
/ k
2
= e
3
/ E RT
= e
3
41,578/ 8,314.10 .350
8.10
5
(ln).
c. Kt hp (1) vi (2) ta c cbhh: N
2
O
5

NO
2
+

NO
3
(I)
K = k
1
/ k
-1
= [NO
2
][NO
3
] / [N
2
O
5
] (I.1)
a (I.1) vo b/ thc (c): [NO] = k
2
[NO
2
][NO
3
] / k
3
[N
2
O
5
] = k
2
K/k
3
(I.2).
Th b/ thc (I.2) ny v (b) trn vo (e), ta c
d[N
2
O
5
]/dt = - k
1
[N
2
O
5
] +

k
-1
[NO
2
]{ k
-1
[NO
2
](k
1
[N
2
O
5
]/ (k
-1
+ k
2
)[NO]}- k
3
(k
2
K/k
3
).
Thu gn b/ t ny, ta c d[N
2
O
5
]/dt = {- k
1
+ (k
-1
k
1
/(k
-1
+ k
2
)) - k
2
K}[N
2
O
5
] (I.3)
Gi thit k
-1
>> k
2
ph hp vi iu kin E
a2
0. Cbhh (I) nhanh chng c thit lp.
Vy t (I.3) ta c
d[N
2
O
5
]/dt = {- k
1
+

(k
-1
k
1
/ k
-1
) - k
2
K}[N
2
O
5
] (I.4).
Ch K = k
1
/ k
-1
, ta c:
d[N
2
O
5
]/dt = {- k
1
+

(k
-1
- k
2
)K}[N
2
O
5
] (I.5).
Cu 12: Trong mt h c cn bng 3 H
2
+ N
2
2 NH
3

(
*
)
c thit lp 400 K ngi ta xc nh c
cc p sut ring phn sau y: p(H
2
) = 0,376.10
5
Pa , p(N
2
) = 0,125.10
5
Pa , p(NH
3
) = 0,499.10
5
Pa
1. Tnh hng s cn bng Kp v G
0
ca phn ng
(
*
)

400 K.
2. Tnh lng N
2
v NH
3,
bit h c 500 mol H
2.

(S: 1. 38,45 ; -12,136 kJ.mol
-1
; 2. n

(N
2
) = 166 mol ; n (NH
3
) = 644 mol)
Cu 13: Cho phn ng A + B C + D

(*) din ra trong dung dch 25
O
C.
o nng A

trong hai dung dch cc thi im t khc nhau, thu c kt qu:
Dung dch 1
[A]
0
= 1,27.10
-2
mol.L
-1
;

[B]
0
= 0,26 mol.L
-1
t(s) 1000 3000 10000 20000 40000 100000
[A] (mol.L
-1
) 0,0122 0,0113 0,0089 0,0069 0,0047 0,0024
Dung dch 2
[A]
0
= 2,71.10
-2
mol.L
-1
;

[B]
0
= 0,495 mol.L
-1
*****************************************************************************************************************************************


t(s) 2.000 10000 20000 30000 50000 100000
[A] (mol.L
-1
) 0,0230 0,0143 0,0097 0,0074 0,0050 0,0027
1. Tnh tc ca phn ng (*) khi [A] = 3,62.10
-2
mol.L
-1
v

[B] = 0,495 mol.L
-1
.
2. Sau thi gian bao lu th nng

A gim i mt na?
(S: 1. v = 4,32.10
6
mol.L
-1
.

s
-1
; 2 T = 8371 s)
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Phn 5: IN HA HC
Cu 1: xc nh hng s to phc (hay hng s bn) ca ion phc [Zn(CN)
4
]
2-
, ngi ta lm nh sau:
- Thm 99,9 ml dung dch KCN 1M vo 0,1 ml dung dch ZnCl
2
0,1 M thu c 100ml dung dch ion
phc [Zn(CN)
4
]
2-
(dung dch A).
- Nhng vo A hai in cc: in cc km tinh khit v in cc so snh l in cc calomen bo ho c
th khng i l 0,247 V (in cc calomen trong trng hp ny l cc dng).
- Ni hai in cc vi mt in th k, o hiu in th gia chng c gi tr 1,6883 V.
Hy xc nh hng s to phc ca ion phc [Zn(CN)
4
]
2-
. Bit th oxi ho - kh tiu chun ca cp Zn
2+
/Zn
bng -0,7628 V. (S:
1,4
= 10
18,92
)
Cu 2: Dung dch A gm CrCl
3
0,010 M v FeCl
2
0,100 M.
a. Tnh pH ca dung dch A.
b. Tnh pH bt u kt ta v kt ta hon ton Cr(OH)
3
t dung dch CrCl
3
0,010 M (coi mt ion
c kt ta hon ton nu nng cn li ca ion trong dung dch nh hn hoc bng 1,0.10
-6
M).
c. Tnh
2
4 2
o
CrO / CrO
E

. Thit lp s pin v vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra trong pin c ghp bi cp
2- -
4 2
CrO /CrO v
-
3
NO /NO iu kin tiu chun.
Cho: Cr
3+
+ H
2
O CrOH
2+
+ H
+
1
= 10
-3,8

Fe
2+
+ H
2
O FeOH
+
+ H
+
2
= 10
-5,92

Cr(OH)
3
Cr
3+
+ 3 OH

K
S
= 10
-29,8

Cr(OH)
3
H
+
+ CrO
2
-
+ H
2
O

K = 10
-14

H
2
O

H
+
+ OH
-

K
w
=10
-14

2
4 3 3
o o o
CrO / Cr(OH) ,OH NO ,H / NO
RT
E 0,13V; E 0, 96V; 2, 303 0, 0592(25 C)
F
+
= = =
p s: a. pH = 2,9
b. e kt ta hon ton Cr(OH)
3
t dung dch Cr
3+
0,010 M th: pH 7,2
c. E
o
= -0,13 V ; s o pin: (-) Pt | CrO
4
2-
1M ; CrO
2
-
1M ; OH
-
1M || NO
3
-
1M

; H
+
1M | (Pt) NO, pNO = 1atm (+)
Cu 3: Trong khng kh dung dch natri sunfua b oxi ho mt phn gii phng ra lu hunh. Vit phng
trnh phn ng v tnh hng s cn bng.
Cho: E
0
(O
2
/H
2
O) = 1,23V ; E
0
(S/S
2-
) = - 0,48V; 2,3 RT/F ln = 0,0592lg
Cu 4: sn xut 1 tn nhm ngi ta in phn boxit cha 50% Al
2
O
3
. Hi cn lng Boxit v nng
lng kWh l bao nhiu, bit rng in p lm vic l 4,2V. Tnh thi gian tin hnh in phn vi cng
dng in 30000A
(S: 12509 kWh ; t = 99h)
Cu 5: Thit lp mt pin ti 25
o
C: Ag | [Ag(CN)
n
(n-1)-
] = C mol.l
-1
, [CN
-
] d || [Ag
+
] = C mol.l
-1
| Ag
1. Thit lp phng trnh sc in ng E (n,[CN ], p )
= f , l hng s in li ca ion phc

2. Tnh n v p, bit E
pin
=1,200 V khi [CN
-
] = 1M v E
pin
= 1,32 V khi [CN
-
] = 10M
Cu 6: Da vo cc s liu th kh chun sau xy dng gin th kh chun ca Urani (gin Latime)
v cho bit ion no khng bn trong dung dch.

2
2 2
UO / UO
+ +

4
2
UO / U
+ +

4
U / U
+

3
U / U
+

E
o
, V 0,062 0,612 -1,5 -1,798

*****************************************************************************************************************************************


Cu 7: 25
o
C xy ra phn ng sau:
2 4 3 3
Fe Ce Fe Ce
+ + + +
+ + .Cho cc s liu v th kh chun ca cc
cp:
3 2 4 3
o o
Fe / Fe Ce / Ce
E 0, 77V; E 1, 74V
+ + + +
= =
1. Tnh hng s cn bng K ca phn ng
2. Tnh th phn ng ti thi im tng ng, bit ban u s mol ca Fe
2+
v Ce
4+
l bng nhau.
(S: K = 2,76.10
16
; E = 1,255V)
Cu 8: Thit lp gin Latime ca Vanai da vo cc d kin sau:
2
2
/ SO Zn / Zn
V / V V / V
0,170V 0, 760V
1,180V
+
= =
= =
2- 2+
4
2+ 3+
+ 2+ 2- o
4 2 4 2
+ + 2+ 2+ o
4 2
o o
SO
o o
(1) 2V(OH) + SO 2VO + SO + 4H O ; E = 0,83V
(2) 2V(OH) + 3Zn + 8H 2V + 3Zn + 8H O ; E =1,129V
E ; E
E ; E 0, 255V

Cu 9: Chun 10 cm
3
dung dch FeCl
2
0,1 N bng dung dch K
2
S
2
O
3
0,1N 25
o
C. Phn ng c theo
di bng cch o th in cc platin. Tnh th im tng ng bit rng gi tr th in cc chun:
3 2 2 2
2 8 4
o o
Fe / Fe S O / SO
E 0, 77V; E 2, 01V
+ +
= = (S: 1,62V)
Cu 10: Cho bit cc s liu sau ti 25
o
C:
2 2
o o
O / H O
Au / Au
E 1, 7V; E 1, 23V
+
= = . Hng s in li tng ca ion phc
[Au(CN)
2
]
-
l 7,04.10
-40
. Chng minh rng khi c mt ion CN
-
trong dung dch kim th
2
o
[Au(CN) ] / Au
E

nh
hn
2
o
O / OH
E

ngha l oxi c th oxi ha c vng.
(S: -0,61V < 0,404V => pcm)
Cu 11: xc nh s tn ti ca ion thy ngn s oxi ha +I trong dung dch, ngi ta thit lp mt pin
sau ti 25
o
C: Hg | Hg
n
(ClO
4
)
n
2,5.10
-3
M || Hg
n
(ClO
4
)
n
10
-2
M| Hg. Sut in ng o c l 0,018V. Tnh
gi tr ca n t suy ra s tn ti ca
n
n
Hg
+
trong dung dch. (S: n = 2)
Cu 12: 25
o
C ta c:
2 2
2
o o
Hg / Hg Hg / Hg
E 0, 85V; E 0, 79V
+ +
= = ;
2
2 2 4
-28 30
t (Hg I ) 4[HgI ]
T =10 ; 10
= ;
2
4
4[HgI ]

l hng
s in li tng ca [HgI
4
]
2-
.
1. Tnh
2 2
2
o
Hg / Hg
E
+ +

2. Tnh hng s cn bng ca phn ng sau trong dung dch:
2 2
2
Hg Hg Hg
+ +
+ . Ion
2
2
Hg
+
bn hay
khng bn trong dung dch.
3. Trong dung dch
2
2
Hg
+
10
-2
M cha I
-
s to ra kt ta. Tnh nng I
-
khi bt u kt ta Hg
2
I
2

4. Tnh
2 2
o
Hg I / Hg
E . Thit lp phng trnh
2 2
o
Hg I / Hg
E ([I ])
= f
5.
2 2
4
Hg 4I [HgI ]
+
+ , nng no ca I
-
th
2 2
4
[Hg ] [HgI ]
+
=
6. Tnh
2
4 2 2
o
HgI / Hg I
E

. Thit lp phng trnh
2
4 2 2
o 2
4
HgI / Hg I
E ([HgI ],[I ])

= f
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
Phn 6: NNG DUNG DCH S IN LI
Cu 1: Tnh pH ca dung dch KHSO
3
1M bit cc hng s in li ca axit H
2
SO
3
ln lt l:
1 2
-2 -7
a a
K =1,3 10 ; K =1,23 10
Cu 2: Tnh tan ca FeS pH = 5 cho bitt: Fe
2+
+ H
2
O [Fe(OH)]
+
+ H
+
c lg = -5,92
T
FeS
= 10
-17,2
; H
2
S c K
a1
= 10
-7,02
; K
a2
= 10
-12,9

(S: S = 2,43.10
-4
M)
Cu 3: Cho 0,01 mol NH
3
, 0,1 mol CH
3
NH
2
v 0,11 mol HCl vo H
2
O c 1 lt dung dch. Tnh pH ca
dung dch thu c ? Cho
+
4
NH
pK = 9,24,
+
3 3
CH NH
pK = 10,6,
2
H O
pK = 14

Hng dn gii
Xt cc cn bng sau
CH
3
NH
2
+ HCl CH
3
NH
3
Cl
*****************************************************************************************************************************************


0,1 0,1 0,1 (mol)
NH
3
+ HCl NH
4
Cl
0,01 0,01 0,01 (mol)
Do V= 1 (l) nn C
M
= n.
Dung dch cha CH
3
NH
3
Cl 0,1M v NH
4
Cl 0,01M
CH
3
NH
3
Cl CH
3
NH
3
+
+

Cl
-

NH
4
Cl NH
4
+
+

Cl
-

CH
3
NH
3
+
CH
3
NH
2
+ H
+
K
1
= 10
-10.6
(1)
NH
4
+
NH
3
+ H
+
K
2
= 10
-9.24
(2)
Tnh gn ng v do (1) v (2) l s in li ca 2 axit yu nn ta c:
10,6 9.24 6
1 1 2 2
H C .K C .K 0,1.10 0, 01.10 2, 875.10
pH lg H 5, 54
+
+
( = + = + =

( = =

Cu 4: nh gi kh nng ha tan ca HgS trong:
a. Axit Nitric HNO
3

b. Nc cng toan
Bit:
- 2
2
3 4
0 0 -51,8 7 12,92 14,92
S/H S HgS 2 a1 a2
NO /NO HgCl
E = 0, 96V ; E = 0,17V ; T =10 ; H S: K =10 ; K 10 ; =10

=
Cu 5: Tnh pH ca dd NH
4
HCO
3
0,1M. Cho bit:
+
4
6,35 10,33
2 3 a1 a2
aNH
H CO : K =10 ; K 10 ; pK = 9, 24 =
Cu 6: Ion
2
2 7
Cr O

b thy phn theo phng trnh sau:
2 2
2 7 2 4
Cr O H O 2CrO 2H
+
+ + ; K = 10
-14,4
1. Thm KOH vo dung dch K
2
Cr
2
O
7
nng ban u ca hai cht u bng 0,1M. Tnh pH ca dung
dch thu c
2. Trn 20 ml dung dch K
2
Cr
2
O
7
0,1M vi

20 ml dung dch Ba(NO
3
)
2
1M s to kt ta BaCrO
4
(T
t
= 10
-9,7
)
Tnh pH ca dung dch thu c sau khi trn.
(S: 1. pH = 6,85 ; 2. pH = 1)
Cu 7: Dung dch MgCl
2
0,01M 25
o
C bt u kt ta Mg(OH)
2
ti pH = 9,5.
1. Tnh tch s tan ca Mg(OH)
2

2. Tnh th kh ca cp Mg
2+
/Mg khi pH = 11, bit rng th kh chun ca n l 2,36
3. Gii thch ti sao khi ghp Mg vo cc thit b bng thp th c th bo v c thp khi b n mn
S: T
t
= 10
-11
;
2
2 2
Mg(OH) o
2 Mg / Mg Mg / Mg
T
0, 0592
E E lg 2, 51V
n [OH ]
+ +
= + = ;
2 2
o o
Mg / Mg Fe / Fe
E E
+ +
< => n mn in ha
Cu 8: Tnh nng ti thiu ca NH
3
c th ha tan hon ton 0,1 mol AgCl bit rng T
AgCl
= 10
-10
, hng
s in li tng ca phc [Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
bng 10
-7,2
(S: 2,7M)
Cu 9: Tnh ha tan (mol.l
-1
) ca AgCl trong dung dch NH
3
1M bit rng T
AgCl
= 10
-10
, hng s bn tng
ca phc [Ag(NH
3
)
2
]
+
bng 1,6.10
7
(S: 0,037M)
Cu 10: Hg
2+
to vi I
-
kt ta mu HgI
2
(T
t
= 10
-28
). Nu d I
-
th HgI
2
tan to thnh [HgI
4
]
2-
(
30
4
10
= )
Thm dung dch KI 1M vo 10 ml dung dch Hg
2+
0,01M. Tnh th tch V
1
dd KI cn thm vo bt u kt
ta HgI
2
v th tch V
2
dung dch KI cn thm vo HgI
2
bt u tan ht. Tnh nng cc ion trong dung
dch khi cn bng trong c hai trng hp
S: Khi bt u kt ta V
1
= 10
-12
cm
3
; [Hg
2+
] = 0,01M ; [I
-
] = 10
-13
M ; [HgI
4
]
2-
= 10
-24
M
Khi kt ta bt u ha tan ht: V
2
= 0,5 cm
3
; [HgI
4
]
2-
= 0,01M ; [I
-
] = 0,1M ; [Hg
2+
] = 10
-24
M
Cu 11: Dung dch cha ion Fe(SCN)
2+
c mu bt u t nng 10
-5
M. Hng s bn ca ion
Fe(SCN)
2+
l
2
b
2 10 =
1. Trong 500 cm
3
dung dch cha 10
-3
mol FeCl
3
v 5.10
-3
mol KSCN. Tnh nng ion Fe(SCN)
2+
ti
trng thi cn bng. Hi dung dch c mu khng
2. Ha tan tinh th NaF vo dung dch trn (th tch dung dch khng bin i) to thnh ion FeF
2+
vi hng
s bn l
5
b
1, 6 10 = . Hi bt u t lng no th mu bin mt.
S: 1. 1,27.10
-3
M > 10
-5
M nn c mu ; 2. 0,0938 gam
*****************************************************************************************************************************************


Cu 12: Mt sunfua kim loi MS c tch s tan T
t
. Tnh pH ca dung dch M
2+
0,01M bt u kt ta MS
bng dung dch H
2
S bo ha 0,1M v pH ca dung dch khi kt thc s kt ta ca sunfua ny, nu chp
nhn nng ca M
2+
cn li trong dung dch l 10
-6
M
S: Bt u kt ta :
t
1
pH lgT 12
2
= + , kt thc kt ta:
t
1
pH lgT 14
2
= +
Cu 13: Thm 1 ml dung dch
4
NH SCN 0,10 M vo 1ml dung dch
3
Fe
+
0,01 M v F
1M. C mu ca
phc
2+
FeSCN hay khng? Bit rng mu ch xut hin khi
2+
6
eSCN
7.10
>
F
C M v dung dch c axit ha
s to phc hidroxo ca Fe (III) xy ra khng ng k. Cho
1 13,10
3 eF
3
10
F

= ;
1
2 3,03
eSCN
10
F
+
= ( l
hng s bn).
Cu 14: nh gi thnh phn cn bng trong hn hp gm Ag
+
1,0.10
-3
M;
3
NH 1,0 M v Cu bt. Cho
3 2
7,24
2
Ag(NH )
10
+
= ;
2
3 4
12,03
4
( )
10
+
=
Cu NH
;
2
0 0
Ag / Ag Cu / Cu
E 0,799V; E 0,337V
+ +
= = ( 25
0
C)
Cu 15: Cho: H
2
SO
4
: pK
a2
= 2 ; H
3
PO
4
: pK
a1
= 2,23 , pK
a2
= 7,21 , pK
a3
= 12,32
1. Vit phng trnh phn ng v xc nh thnh phn gii hn ca hn hp khi trn H
2
SO
4
C
1
M vi
Na
3
PO
4
C
2
M trong trng hp sau: 2C
1
> C
2
> C
1

2. Tnh pH ca dung dch H
3
PO
4
0,1M
3. Cn cho vo 100ml dung dch H
3
PO
4
0,1M bao nhiu gam NaOH thu c dung dch c pH= 4,72.

B N TP HA HC 12 K THI HC SINH GII QUC GIA LP 12 THPT
KIM TRA S 1
MN THI: HA HC
HA HC I CNG
*****************************************************************************************************************************************


Thi gian lm bi: 180 pht (Khng k thi gian pht )
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

Cu 1: (2.0 im)
1. Ti sao ion phc spin thp [Co(NH
3
)
6
]
3+
li c mu. Gii thch da vo
1
o
22900(cm )
= . Cho bit:
1 1
1cm 11, 962 J.mol

= .
2. Da trn m hnh VSEPR, gii thch dng hnh hc ca NH
3
, ClF
3
, XeF
4
.
3. Qu trnh: O O 1e
+
+ c I
1
= 13,614 (eV). Da vo phng php Slater xc nh hng s chn ca cc
electron trong nguyn t i vi electron b tch. So snh bn tng i ca hai cu hnh electron ca
O v O
+
, gii thch.
Cu 2: (2.0 im) Thit lp biu thc ph thuc gia th oxi ha kh vi pH ca mi trng trong 2
trng hp sau:
1.
2 3
2 7
2 3
2 7 2
Cr O / 2Cr
Cr O 14H 6e 2Cr 7H O 1, 33V
+
+ +
+ + + = +
o
; E . pH = 7,
2
2 7
Cr O

c oxi ha c I

khng? Bit rng:
2
o
I / 2I
E 0, 6197V
=
2.
3 2
3 2 Co(OH) / Co(OH)
Co(OH) 1e Co(OH) OH 0,17V
+ + = +
o
; E
Bit tch s ion ca nc K
W
= 10
-14
v
RT
2, 303 ln x 0, 0592lg x
F
= ( ti 25
o
C, 1atm)
Cu 3: (1.5 im) Cho phn ng: A B C D + + (1) l phn ng n gin. Ti 27
o
C v 68
o
C, phng trnh
(1) c hng s tc tng ng ln lt l k
1
= 1,44.10
7
mol
-1
.l.s
-1
v k
2
= 3,03.10
7
mol
-1
.l.s
-1
, R = 1,987
cal/mol.K
1. Tnh nng lng hot ha E
A
(theo cal/mol) v gi tr ca A trong biu thc
( )
E
RT
k A e

= mol
-1
.l.s
-1
.

2. Ti 119
o
C, tnh gi tr ca hng s tc phn ng k
3
.
3. Nu C
oA
= C
oB
= 0,1M th
1/2
nhit 119
o
C l bao nhiu.
Cu 4: (2.5 im) in phn dung dch NaCl dng in cc Katode l hn hng Hg dng chy u v dng
cc titan bc ruteni v roi l Anode. Khong cch gia Anode v Katode ch vi mm
1. Vit phng trnh phn ng xy ra ti in cc khi mi bt u in phn pH = 7. Tnh cc gi tr th
in cc v th phn gii
2. Sau mt thi gian, pH tng ln n gi tr pH = 11. Gii thch ti sao. Vit cc phng trnh xy ra ti pH
. Tnh th in cc v th phn gii
Cho bit:
2 2
3 2
o o o
O / H O
Na / Na 2H O / H
E 2, 71V ; E 0, 00V ; E 1, 23V
+ +
= = = . Vi dung dch NaCl 25% v 0,2% Na
trong hn hng Na/Hg:
o
Na / Na(Hg)
E 1, 78V
+
= .
2
o
Cl / Cl
E 1, 34V
= cho dung dch NaCl 25% theo khi lng

2
H
1, 3V = trn Hg ;
2
O
0, 8V = trn Ru/Rd
Cu 5: (1.5 im) Trong cc tinh th (cu trc lp phng tm khi) cc nguyn t cacbon c th chim
cc mt ca mng c s
1. Bn knh kim loi ca st l 1,24
o
A. Tnh di cnh a ca mng c s
2. Bn knh cng ha tr ca cacbon l 0,77
o
A. Hi di cnh a s tng ln bao nhiu khi st c cha
cacbon so vi cnh a khi st nguyn cht
3. Tnh di cnh mng c s cho st (cu trc lp phng tm din) v tnh tng chiu di cnh
mng bit rng cc nguyn t cacbon c th chim tm ca mng c s v bn knh kim loi st l
1,26
o
A. C th kt lun g v kh nng xm nhp ca cacbon vo 2 loi tinh th st trn
Cu 6: (1.5 im) Kt qu phn tch mt phc cht A ca Platin (II) cho bit c: 64,78 % khi lng l Pt,
23,59 % l Cl, 5,65 % l NH
3
v 5,98 % cn li l H
2
O
1. Tm cng thc phn t ca phc cht bit rng A l phc cht 1 nhn v Pt c s phi tr l 4. Vit cng
thc cu to 2 ng phn cis v trans ca n
*****************************************************************************************************************************************


2. Entanpi t do chun to thnh 25
o
C ca cc ng phn cis, trans ln lt l: -396 v -402 kJ.mol
-1
. Tnh
hng s cn bng K ca phn ng sau: cis
(A)
trans
(A)

3. Tnh nng mol/lit mi ng phn trong dung dch, bit rng lc u ch c ng phn cis nng
0,01M. Cho Pt = 195 ; Cl = 35,5 ; N = 14 ; O = 16 ; H = 1
Cu 7: (2.0 im) Nitramit c th b phn hy trong dd H
2
O theo phn ng: NO
2
NH
2
N
2
O
(k)
+ H
2
O
Cc kt qu thc nghim cho thy vn tc phn ng tnh bi biu thc:
2 2
3
[NO NH ]
v k
[H O ]
+
=
1. Trong mi trng m bc ca phn ng l bao nhiu
2. Trong cc c ch sau c ch no chp nhn c:
a. C ch 1:
1
k
2 2 2 (k) 2
NO NH N O + H O
b. C ch 2:
2
3
k
+
2 2 3 2 3 2
k + +
2 3 2 3
NO NH H O NO NH + H O
NO NH N O + H O
+
+

c. C ch 3:

4
5
6
k
+
2 2 2 2 3
k
2 2
k +
3 2
NO NH H O NO NH + H O
NO NH N O + OH
H O OH 2H O
+

Cu 8: (3.0 im)
1. C 3 nguyn t A, B v C. A tc dng vi B nhit cao sinh ra D. Cht D b thu phn mnh trong nc
to ra kh chy c v c mi trng thi. B v C tc dng vi nhau cho kh E, kh ny tan c trong nc
to dung dch lm qu tm ho . Hp cht ca A vi C c trong t nhin v thuc loi cht cng nht. Hp cht
ca 3 nguyn t A, B, C l mt mui khng mu, tan trong nc v b thu phn. Vit tn ca A, B, C v phng
trnh cc phn ng nu trn.
2. kho st s ph thuc thnh phn hi ca B theo nhit , ngi ta tin hnh th nghim sau y: Ly 3,2
gam n cht B cho vo mt bnh kn khng c khng kh, dung tch 1 lt. un nng bnh B ho hi hon
ton. Kt qu o nhit v p sut bnh c ghi li trong bng sau:
Nhit (
o
C) p sut (atm)
444,6 0,73554
450 0,88929
500 1,26772
900 4,80930
1500 14,53860
Xc nh thnh phn nh tnh hi n cht B ti cc nhit trn v gii thch.
Cu 9: (1.5 im) C th vit cu hnh electron ca Ni
2+
l:
Cch 1: Ni
2+
[1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
8
] Cch 2: Ni
2+
[1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6
4s
2
].
p dng phng php gn ng Slater, tnh nng lng electron ca Ni
2+
vi mi cch vit trn (theo n v eV).
Cch vit no ph hp vi thc t. Ti sao.
Cu 10: (2.5 im)
1. Phng th nghim c mu phng x Au
198
vi cng 4,0 mCi/1g Au. Sau 48 gi ngi ta cn mt dung
dch c phng x 0,5 mCi/1g Au. Hy tnh s gam dung mi khng phng x pha vi 1g Au c dung
dch ni trn. Bit rng Au
198

c t
1/2
= 2,7 ngy m.
2. Hy chng minh rng phn th tch b chim bi cc n v cu trc (cc nguyn t) trong mng tinh th kim
loi thuc cc h lp phng n gin, lp phng tm khi, lp phng tm din tng theo t l 1 : 1,31 :
1,42.

Nhanh
Chm
Nhanh
Chm
Nhanh
*****************************************************************************************************************************************

Cu Ni dung im
1 Tnh c: 437nm = . S hp th nh sng nm trong ph nhn thy nn c mu. 0,5
2
Cu to ca NH
3
cho thy quanh nguyn t N trung tm c 4 vng khng gian khu
tr electron, trong c 1 cp electron t do (AB
3
E) nn phn t NH
3
c dng thp
y tam gic vi gc lin kt nh hn
o
109 28' (cp electron t do i hi mt
khong khng gian khu tr ln hn)

Cu trc thp y tam gic tm l nguyn t N
Phn t ClF
3
c 5 khong khng gian khu tr electron, trong c 2 cp electron t
do (AB
3
E
2
) nn phn t c dng ch T (Cc electron t do chim v tr xch o)

Phn t XeF
4
c 6 vng khng gian khu tr electron, trong c hai cp electron t
do (AB
4
E
2
) nn c dng vung phng (trong cu trc ny cc cp electron t do phn
b xa nhau nht)

0, 25 3
= 0,75
1

3
- Cu hnh electron: O 1s
2
2s
2
2p
4
km bn hn O
+
1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
do lc y ln nhau
ca 2 trong mt orbital ca phn lp 2p v do O
+
t cu hnh bn bo ha
phn lp 2p nn bn
- t b l hng s chn ca cc electron trong nguyn t i vi electronb tch.
Ta c:
*2
*2 2 2
1 2
Z
I 13, 6 13, 614 Z n 4 (8 b) 4 b 6
n
= = = = = =

0,25

0,5
2.0
2 1
2 3 2 3
2 7 2 7
2 3
2 7
2 3
2 7
14
2
2 7
2 Cr O / 2Cr Cr O / 2Cr
3
2
14
2 7
2 Cr O / 2Cr
3
2
2 7
2 Cr O / 2Cr
3
Cr O H
0, 0592
lg
6
Cr
Cr O
0, 0592 0, 0592
lg H lg
6 6
Cr
Cr O
0, 0592
0,138pH lg
6
Cr
+ +
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
( (

+
(

(

( = + +

(

(

= +
(

o
o
o
E = E
E
E

t:
2 3 2 3
2 7 2 7
Cr O / 2Cr Cr O / 2Cr
0,138pH
+ +
=
' o
E E
2 3
2 7
'
Cr O / 2Cr
E
+
l th iu kin v ph thuc vo pH. pH cng gim th dung dch
cng c mi trng axit th E cng tng, tnh oxi ha ca
2
2 7
Cr O

cng mnh.
- Ti pH = 0, [H
+
] = 1M th E = E
o
= 1,33V
- Ti pH = 7 th E = 0,364 <
2
o
I / 2I
E 0, 6197V
= nn khng oxi ha c I
-

0,5

0,25

0,25
2
3 2 3 2
Co(OH) / Co(OH) Co(OH) / Co(OH)
1
0, 0592lg
[OH ]
+
o
E = E . Thay
W
K
[OH ]
[H ]
+
= ta c:

0,25

*****************************************************************************************************************************************

3 2 3 2
3 2
3 2
Co(OH) / Co(OH) Co(OH) / Co(OH)
W
Co(OH) / Co(OH) W
Co(OH) / Co(OH) W
[H ]
0, 0592lg
K
0, 0592lg[H ] 0, 0592lg K
0, 0592pH 0, 0592lg K
+
+
+
= +
=
o
o
o
E = E
E
E
. Thay
3 2
o
Co(OH) / Co(OH)
14
W
0,17
K 10
+
=
E =

3 2
Co(OH) / Co(OH)
0, 996 0, 0592pH E =
pH cng tng th E cng gim ngha l tnh oxi ha ca Co(OH)
3
gim, tnh kh ca
Co(OH)
2
tng

0,5

0,25
2.0
1
- Phn ng ng hc bc hai, p dng phng trnh Archnius ta c:
A
1
1
E
ln k ln A
RT
= + ;
A
2
2
E
ln k ln A
RT
= +
A A
2 1
2 1
2 A
1 1 2
2 1 2
A
2 1 1
E E
ln k ln k ln A ln A
RT RT
k E 1 1
ln
k R T T
T T k
E R ln 3688, 2(cal / mol)
T T k

= + +
| |
=
|
\

-
( )
( )
( )
E
RT
E
E
RT
RT
1
9 1 1 1
k k
k A e A 7 10 (mol .l.s )
e
e

= = =

0,5

0,25

0,25
2
( )
E
RT
3
7 1 1
3
k A e 6,15 10 (mol .l.s )

= =
0,25
3
3
7
1/ 2
3 oA
1
1, 63 10 (s)
k .C
= =
0,25
1.5
1
Trong dung dch NaCl c: NaCl Na
+
+Cl
-
; 2H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ OH
-

Khi in phn c th c cc qu trnh sau xy ra:
Catode: Na
+
+ Hg + e Na(Hg) 1 (1)
2H
2
O H
3
O
+
+ OH
-
2
2 H
3
O
+
+ 2e H
2
+ 2H
2
O 1
2H
2
O + 2e H
2
+ OH
-

(2)
Anode: 6 H
2
O O
2
+ 4H
3
O
+
+ 4e (3)
2 Cl
-
Cl
2
+ 2e (4)
Na / Na(Hg)
E 1, 78V
+
= ,
3 2
7
2H O / H
E 0, 00V 0, 0592lg10 0, 413V
+
= + =
2
3 2 3 2
' o
H
2H O / H 2H O / H
E E 1, 713
+ +
= + = . Do
3 2
' o
2H O / H Na / Na(Hg)
E E
+ +
> nn khi mi bt u
in phn, Katode qu trnh (2) s xy ra, c H
2
thot Anode
Anode: T (3) ta c:
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
o '
O / H O O / H O 3 O / H O O / H O O
E E 0, 0592lg[H O ] 0, 817V ; E E 1, 617V
+
= + = = + =
Bi v:
2 2
2
'
O / H O
Cl / 2Cl
E E
< nn Anode xy ra qu trnh (4) v c Cl

2
bay ra
Phng trnh in phn: 2Cl
-
+ 2H
2
O H
2
+ Cl
2
2OH
-

Th phn gii: V =
' '
A K
E E = 3,053V

4.0,125
= 0,5

0,25

0,25
0,25
0,25
4
2
Sau mt thi gian, do [OH
-
] tng nn pH cng tng. Khi pH = 11, phn ng in
phn xy ra nh sau:

*****************************************************************************************************************************************

Ti Catode: [H
+
] =10
-11
.
3 2 3 2
' o
2H O / H 2H O / H Na / Na
E 0, 649V ; E 1, 949V E
+ + +
= = > nn
Anode c qu trnh (1) xy ra
Ti Anode:
2 2 2 2 2 2
o '
O / H O O / H O 3 O / H O
E E 0, 0592lg[H O ] 0, 581V ; E 1, 381V
+
= + = =
Do
2 2
2
'
O / H O
Cl / 2Cl
E E
< nn Anode vn c Cl
2
bay ra
Phng trnh in phn: 2Na
+
+ 2Cl
-
+ 2Hg Cl
2
+ 2Na(Hg)
Th phn gii: V =
' '
A K
E E = 3,12V

0,25

0,25

0,25
0,25
2.5
1
di cnh a ca mng c s ca st l:
o
4r 4 1, 24
a 2, 86A
3 3
= = =
0,25
2.
Khi st c cha cacbon, tng chiu di cnh a ca mng c s l:
o
Fe C
2 (r r ) a 2(1, 24 0, 77) 2, 86 1,16A
= + = + =
0,25
5
3
di cnh a ca mng c s ca st l:
o
4r 4 1, 26
a 3, 56A
2 2
= = =
Khi st c cha cacbon, tng chiu di cnh a ca mng c s l:
o
Fe C
2 (r r ) a 2(1, 26 0, 77) 3, 56 0, 5A
= + = + =
Kt lun: Kh nng xm nhp ca cacbon vo st kh hn vo st , do c
ha tan ca C trong st nh hn trong st
0,25

0,25

0,5
1.5
1

t CTPT ca A l: Pt
x
Cl
y
(NH
3
)
z
(H
2
O)
t
. V phc cht A l phc 1 nhn nn phn t
khi ca A:
Pt
A
M 100% 195 100
M 301(g / mol)
%Pt 64, 78

= = = . T % ca cc thnh phn
c trong A x = 1, y = 2, z = 1, t = 1 CTPT l: PtCl
2
(NH
3
)(H
2
O)

CTCT 2 ng phn cis, trans:

Cis Trans

0,25

0,125.2
= 0,25
2
Xt phn ng chuyn ha:
Cis Trans
Cn bng: 10
-2
x x
o
298K
G 402 396 6kJ = + = = -6000J ;
6000
8,314 298
K e 11, 27
= =
0,5
6
3
Xt phn ng chuyn ha:
Cis Trans K = 11,27
Cn bng: 10
-2
x x
[trans]
K
[cis]
= =
3 4
2
x
11, 27 x [trans] 9, 2 10 [cis] 8 10
10 x

= = = =

0,25.2
= 0,5
1.5
7 1
Do trong mi trng m [H
3
O]
+
= const nn biu thc tc phn ng l:
2 2
v k[NO NH ] = l phn ng bc nht theo thi gian
0,5
*****************************************************************************************************************************************

2
- C ch 1:
1 2 2
v k [NO NH ] = loi
- C ch 2:
3 2 3
v k [NO NH ]
+
=
M:
2 2 3
2 3 2
2
[NO NH ][H O ]
[NO NH ] k
[H O]
+
+
=
Vy:
2 2 3
3 2
2
[NO NH ][H O ]
v k k
[H O]
+
= loi
- C ch 3:
5 2
v k [NO NH ]
=
M:
2 2 2
2 4
3
[NO NH ][H O]
[NO NH ] k
[H O ]
+
=
Vy:
2 2 2
5 4
3
[NO NH ][H O]
v k k
[H O ]
+
=
Trong mi trng dung dch nc [H
2
O] = const. Chn c ch 3
0,25
0,25

0,25

0,25

0,5
2.0
1
- Hp cht A
x
B
y
l mt mui. Khi b thu phn cho thot ra H
2
S.
- Hp cht A
n
C
m
l Al
2
O
3
nhm oxi
- Vy A l Al nhm, B l S lu hunh, C l O oxi
- Hp cht A
o
B
p
C
q
l Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
nhm sunfat
2 Al + 3 S Al
2
S
3

Al
2
S
3
+ 6 H
2
O 2 Al(OH)
3
+ 3 H
2
S
4 Al + 3 O
2
2 Al
2
O
3

S + O
2
SO
2

Al
3+
+ 2 H
2
O Al(OH)
2+
+ H
3
O
+
5 cht
0,125.5
= 0,625

5 ptrnh
0,125.5
= 0,625
8
2
S mol nguyn t S trong 3,2 gam lu hunh:
S
3, 2
n 0,1mol
32
= =
Dng cng thc:
PV
n
RT
= tnh c s mol cc phn t lu hunh trng thi hi ti
cc nhit :
* 444,6
o
C: n
1
= 0, 0125 mol gm cc phn t S
8
v 0, 0125 8 = 0,1 mol
* 450
o
C: n
2
= 0,015 mol, s nguyn t S trung bnh trong 1 phn t:
0,1
6, 67
0, 015

Thnh phn hi lu hunh nhit ny c th gm cc phn t lu hunh c t
1 n 8 nguyn t.
* 500
o
C: n
3
0,1
5
0, 02
=
1 n 8 nguyn t hoc ch gm cc phn t S
5
.
* 900
o
C: n
4
0,1
2
0, 05
=
1 n 8 nguyn t hoc ch gm cc phn t S
2
.
* 1500
o
C : n
5
= 0,1 mol : Hi lu hunh ch gm cc nguyn t S.
0,25

0,25

0,25
0,25

0,25

0,25

0,25
3.0
9
Nng lng ca mt electron phn lp l c s lng t chnh hiu dng n* c
tnh theo biu thc Slater:

1
= -13,6 x (Z b)
2
/n* (theo eV)

0,25

*****************************************************************************************************************************************

Hng s chn b v s lng t n* c tnh theo quy tc Slater. p dng cho Ni
2+

(Z=28, c 26e) ta c:
Vi cch vit 1 [Ar]3d
8
:

1s
= -13,6 x (28 0,3)
2
/1
2
= -10435,1 eV

2s,2p
= -13,6 x (28 0,85x2 0,35x7)
2
/ 2
2
= - 1934,0 eV

3s,3p
= -13,6 x (28 1x2 0,85x8 0,35x7)
2
/3
2
= - 424,0 eV

3d
= - 13,6 x (28 1x18 0,35x 0,35x7)
2
/3
2
= - 86,1 eV
E
1
= 2
1s
+ 8
2s,2p
+ 8
3s,3p
+ 8
3d
= - 40423,2 eV
Vi cch vit 2 [Ar]sd
6
4s
2
:

1s
,
2s,2p
,
3s,3p
c kt qu nh trn . Ngoi ra:

3d
= -13,6 x (28 1x18 0,35x5)
2
/3
2
= - 102,9 eV

4s
= - 13,6 x (28 1x10 0,85x14 0,35)
2
/3,7
2
= - 32,8 eV
Do E
2
= - 40417,2 eV.
E
1
thp (m) hn E
2
, do cch vit 1 ng vi trng thi bn hn. Kt qu thu c
ph hp vi thc t l trng thi c bn ion Ni
2+
c cu hnh electron [Ar]3d
8
.

0.125.5
= 0,625

0,125.3
= 0,375

0,25
1.5
1
- t = 48 h = 2 ngy m.
- p dng biu thc tc ca phn ng mt chiu bc mt cho phn ng phng x,
ta c: = 0,693/t
1/2;
Vi t
1/2
= 2,7 ngy m, = 0,257 (ngy m)
-1
.
T pt ng hc p. mt chiu bc nht, ta c: =(1/t) ln N
0
/N.
Vy: N/N
0
= e
- t
= e
-0,257 x 2
= 0,598.
Nh vy, sau 48 gi phng x ca mu ban u cn: 0,598 x 4 = 2,392 (mCi).
Do s gam dung mi tr cn dng l: (2,392 : 0,5) 1,0 = 3,784 (g)

0,25

0,25
0,25
0,25
10
2
Phn th tch b chim bi cc nguyn t trong mng tinh th cng chnh l phn th
tch m cc nguyn t chim trong mt t bo n v ( mng c s).
- i vi mng n gin:
+ S nguyn t trong 1 t bo: n = 8 x 1/8 = 1
+ Gi r l bn knh ca nguyn t kim loi, th tch V
1
ca 1 nguyn t kim loi:
V
1
= 4/3 x r
3
(1)
+ Gi a l cnh ca t bo, th tch ca t bo l:
V
2
= a
3
(2)
Trong t bo mng n gin, tng quan gia r v a c th hin trn hnh sau:

hay a = 2r (3).
Thay (3) vo (2) ta c: V
2
= a
3
= 8r
3
(4)
Phn th tch b chim bi cc nguyn t trong t bo l:
V
1
/V
2
= 4/3 r
3
: 8r
3
= /6 = 0,5236

i vi mng tm khi:
+ S nguyn t trong 1 t bo: n = 8 x 1/8 + 1 = 2. Do V
1
= 2x(4/3) r
3
.
+ Trong t bo mng tm khi quan h gia r v a c th hin trn hnh sau:

0,5

r
a
*****************************************************************************************************************************************

HA HC: NGH THUT, KHOA HC V NHNG BT NG TH V

Do : d = a 3 = 4r. ra a = 4r/ 3
Th tch ca t bo:
V
2
= a
3
= 64r
3
/ 3 3
Do phn th tch b chim bi cc nguyn t trong t bo l:
V
1
: V
2
= 8/3 r
3
: 64r
3
/3 3 = 0,68
i vi mng tm din:
+ S nguyn t trong 1 t bo: n = 8 x 1/8 + 6 x = 4. Do th tch ca
cc nguyn t trong t bo l:
V
1
= 4 x 4/3 r
3

+ Trong t bo mng tm din quan h gia bn knh nguyn t r v cnh a ca
t bo c biu din trn hnh sau:

T d ta c: d = a 2 = 4r, do a = 4r/ 2
Th tch ca t bo: V
2
= a
3
= 64r
3
/2 2
Phn th tch b cc nguyn t chim trong t bo l:
V
1
/V
2
= 16/3 r
3
: 64r
3
/ 2 2 = 0,74
Nh vy t l phn th tch b chim bi cc nguyn t trong 1 t bo ca cc mng
n gin, tm khi v tm din t l vi nhau nh 0,52 : 0,68 : 0,74 = 1 : 1,31 : 1,42.

0,5

0,5
2.5
a d

Tai Lieu On Thi HSG Mon Hoa Phan Dai Cuong

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Tai Lieu On Thi HSG Mon Hoa Phan Dai Cuong

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Bi tp nng cao chuyn i cng Trang: 1

ca n bng 0,77 ln phng x

= ; khi lng mol ca Na

= . Chng minh c ch sau gii thch c thc nghim

= f , l hng s in li ca ion phc

= cho dung dch NaCl 25% theo khi lng

< nn Anode xy ra qu trnh (4) v c Cl

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