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Phng trnh nghiem nguyen

2011

1 Oeo o Qaooq Toan 3A HSP Hue

c oa
Phuong trnh nghiem nguyen (phuong trnh giai duoc tren tap so nguyen)
|a mot bo phan quan trong cua so hoc. L|ch su giai cac phuong trnh
nghiem nguyen |a mot cuoc hanh trnh |y ky va day hap dan doi voi
nhung ai yeu thch toan hoc. Han cac ban deu da nghe qua cau chuyen
thu v| ve |nh |y Iermat! Mot bai toan tuong chung nhu rat don gian:
"x
n
+ y
n
=z
n
khong co nghiem nguyen duong neu n3"! a khien cho ca
gioi toan hoc phai dau dau suot 3 the ki va mai cho den cuoi the ki 20
th |oi giai tron ven cho bai toan moi duoc tm ra tren co so tinh hoa
cua toan hoc hien dai. Bai toan Iermat do |a mot phan trong chuoi cac
phuong trnh nghiem nguyen iophantine mot nha toan hoc Hy Lap
song o A|exandria vao the ki !!!, nguoi chuyen nghien cuu ve phuong
trnh nghiem nguyen. Tu thoi cua iophantine, nguoi ta da tu dat ra cau
hoi: Cc hoq khcoq mct thaot tcoo ehaoq e qlol tot eo eoe lcol phacoq
teioh 7lcphootloer Va do chnh |a noi dung cua bai toan Hi|bert thu I0
noi tieng, da duoc nha toan hoc Hi|bert ( nha toan hoc |on nhat cua moi
thoi dai) de ra trong so 23 bai toan cho toan hoc the k 20 ta i ai hoi
toan hoc quoc te dau the k 20. Va bai toan do da duoc nha toan hoc
nguoi Mga Yuri Mati]asievich giai nam I970. Cau tra |oi cho bai toan thu
I0 |a:
! Tuy vay, doi voi mot so |op phuong trnh
iophantine, ta co the su dung mot so cach sau de giai chung:
+ Su dung cac tnh chat chia het de thu hep tap hop nghiem co the.
+ ung cac uoc |uong ve do |on cua nghiem de thu hep tap hop nghiem
co the. Thong thng ta hay s dung en tnh chat nghiem cc tr
(nho nhat hay |on nhat theo mot quan he nao do).
Trong pham vi cua mot bai tap |on nay, toi se gioi thieu mot so phuong
trnh iophantine va cach giai chung. Va truoc khi bat dau voi cac
phuong trnh do, ta se di tm hieu doi net ve cach giai phuong trnh
iophantine da thuc tren cung nhung kho khan trong viec giai phuong
trnh iophantine.
Phng trnh nghiem nguyen
2011

2 Oeo o Qaooq Toan 3A HSP Hue

I. Phng trnh DIOPHANTINE mt n.
Chng ta bt u phn ny vi phng trnh Diophantine mt n (hay cn gi l
phng trnh a thc) c dng:
1
0 1 1
... 0
m m
m m
a x a x a x a

+ + + + =
(1)
Vi
*
m N e ,
i
a e 0, i m = .
Nu tn ti s nguyn x tha mn phng trnh (1) th khi :
1 2
0 1 1
( ... )
m m
m m
a x a x a x a

+ + + =
Vy x l mt c ca a
m
. Nu 0
m
a = th ta d dng tm c x bng cch lit k
cc c ( hu hn) nguyn m v nguyn dng ca a
m
ri

ln lt th vo
phng trnh (1) tm ra gi tr ph hp. Nu 0
m
a = th r rng 0 x = l mt
nghim ca phng tnh (1), lc ta xt phng trnh:
1 2
0 1 1
... 0
m m
m
a x a x a

+ + + =
i vi phng trnh ny ta li tip tc cch gii trn bng cch phn loi a
m-1
=0
hay khc 0. Nu a
m-1
=0 th ta li tip tc xt tip mt phng trnh bc m-2 v lp
li qu trnh gii trn. V bc m cho trc l c nh nn qu trnh ny l hu
hn, do vy ta s tm c tt c cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh (1).
Ta xt v d sau:
Bi ton : Gii phng trnh sau trn tp :
7
2 0 x x + + = (*)
Gii
Nu l mt nghim nguyn ca (*) th 2 x . Vy cc gi tr m c th nhn l
{ } 2, 1,1, 2 . Ln lt thay vo phng trnh (*) ta thy ch c =-1 l tha mn
phng trnh (*).
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim nguyn duy nht l .
Phng php nu trn ni chung l khng kh (ch gm cc tnh ton s cp)
tm nghim nguyn ca mt phng trnh a thc c h s nguyn, ngay c khi
a thc c bc rt cao. Trng hp ny khc bit hn so vi cc l thuyt v
nh l ca i s v nh chng ta bit , cng thc nghim ca phng trnh
bc ba v bc bn rt phc tp v cc phng trnh bc cao hn th khng c mt
cng thc nghim chung no gii chng.
Phng trnh nghiem nguyen
2011

3 Oeo o Qaooq Toan 3A HSP Hue

Mt vn t ra y na l : Lm th no tm tt c cc nghim hu t ca
phng trnh (1)? Chng ta gii quyt vn nh sau : Gi s
k
r
s
= (vi s l
cc s t nhin khc 0, k l mt s nguyn v (k,s)=1) l mt nghim hu t khc
0 ca (1). Gi s v tri ca phng trnh (1) l mt a thc bc m th
0
0 a = . Lc
, t phng trnh (1), th

vo ta c :
1 2 1
0 1 2
1 2 1
0 1 1
( ... )
( ... )
m m m m
m
m m m m
m m
a k a k a k s a s s
a s a k a k s a s k

= + + +
= + + +

T hai phng trnh ny ta c
0
m
s a k v
m
m
k a s . V (s,k)=1 nn
0
s a v
m
k a . T
y l c phng php chung tm cc nghim hu t ca phng trnh (1) nh
sau :
+ Lit k cc c nguyn m v dng ca a
m
v cc c s t nhin ca a
0
.
+ Lit k cc s
k
x
s
= vi k l c ca a
m
v s l c nguyn dng ca a
0
,
(k,s)=1.
+ Ln lt th vo phng trnh (1) tm ra gi tr tha mn.
Ta lu l s tn ti cc c s ca a
m
v a
0
l hu hn nn vic gii phng
trnh (1) trn tp hu t bng phng php trn s thu c nghim sau hu hn
bc th .
Ta xt mt v d sau r hn v thut ton ny :
Bi ton : Gii phng trnh sau trn :
5 4
3 4 2 0 x x x + = (**)
Gii
Gi s l mt nghim hu t ca (**), lc

vi { } 2, 1,1, 2 k = , s={ } 1 .
Ln lt kim tra cc gi tr trn vo (**) ta c =1 l nghim hu t duy nht
ca phng trnh (**).
II. Mt s vn lin quan n cc phng trnh Diophantine hai hay
nhiu n.
Di y l mt s cu hi c t ra c lin quan n vic tm nghim
nguyn ca phng trnh hai hay nhiu n :
+ Liu phng trnh ang xt c tn ti nghim nguyn hay khng ?
+ S cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh ang xt l hu hn hay v hn ?
+ Tm tt c nghim nguyn ca phng trnh ang xt ?
Phng trnh nghiem nguyen
2011

4 Oeo o Qaooq Toan 3A HSP Hue

l nhng cu hi m khng phi bt k ai trong chng ta c th c cu tr li.
Chng ta khng bit, v d nh phng trnh
3 3 3
30 x y z + + = , c tn ti nghim
nguyn hay khng ? Hay phng trnh
3 3 3
3 x y z + + = r rng c bn nghim
nguyn l ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) { }
, , 1,1,1 , 4, 4, 5 , 4, 5, 4 , 5, 4, 4 x y z = nhng c phi l tt c
nghim nguyn ca phng trnh ny? Tr li cho nhng cu hi ny kh khn
khng km vic xc nh cc ch s thp phn ca !
D thy phng trnh
3 3 3
2 x y z + + = c v s nghim nguyn, v d nh
( )
3 3 2
, , (1 6 ,1 6 , 6 ) x y z n n n = + vi n nguyn dng l mt h nghim ca phng
trnh. Tuy nhin chng ta li khng bit tt c cc nghim nguyn ca phng
trnh ny.
Tri li ta c th chng minh phng trnh
3 3 3
4 x y z + + =

khng c bt k nghim
nguyn no. Tht vy, xt phng trnh
3 3 3
x y z k + + = , r rng nu (x,y,z )l
nghim ca phng trnh th
3 3 3
x y z + + v k chia cho 9 c cng s d. Ta c nu
9 x q r = + vi { } 0,1,..., 7,8 r = , qe , lc
3
9 ' ' x q r = + vi { } ' 0,1,8 r = , ' q e . Tng
t cho y, ta c c
3 3
9 '' '' x y q r + = + vi { } '' 0,1, 2, 7,8 r = , '' q e . V cui cng p
dng cho z ta thu c ng thc :
3 3 3
9 x y z p s + + = + vi { } 0,1, 2, 3, 6, 7,8 s = , pe .
Vy nu k chia 9 d 4 hoc 5 th chc chn phng trnh v nghim nguyn. Vy
phng trnh
3 3 3
4 x y z + + = v nghim trn .
Thm mt v d na, phng trnh
3 3 3
6 x y z + + = nh chng ta bit l c cc
nghim nguyn nh l ( ) { } , , ( 1, 1, 2), ( 43, 58, 65), ( 55, 235, 236) x y z = nhng
chng ta li khng bit s cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh ny c hu hn
hay khng ?
i khi nhng kh khn ca vic tm nghim nguyn ch xut pht t cc tnh
ton thun ty. Ngha l chng ta bit phng php tm nghim nguyn nhng
cc tnh ton lin quan khi thc hin li qu di. V d nh ngi ta c th chng
minh phng trnh
293
2 1 xy = c nghim nguyn (x,y) vi x>1, y>1 (xem thm
cch chng minh
293
2 1 l hp s chng X [1]) nhng chng ta khng th tm
ra nghim . R rng l c phng php c th gii phng trnh ny: Chng
ta chia 2
293
-1 cho mt s no b hn n, tip tc nh vy cho n khi tm
c s c phn d bng 0. Nhng cc php tnh li qu di v phc tp nu
thc hin bng cc cng c tnh ton n gin.
Mt khc, chng ta khng c bt k phng php no cho php xc nh phng
trnh
3 3 3
30 x y z + + = c nghim nguyn hay khng sau khi thc hin cc php ton
di dng. D dng chng minh c rng phng trnh ny v nghim trn v
30 chia 9 d 4.

Phng trnh nghiem nguyen
2011

5 Oeo o Qaooq Toan 3A HSP Hue

III. Mt s phng trnh Diophantine c bit.
Trc khi nghin cu mt s phng trnh Diophantine c bit, chng ta trang
b mt nh l sau vic chng minh n gin hn:
nh l 1: Gi s rng a, b l hai s t nhin nguyn t cng nhau sao cho
tch ca chng l ly tha bc n ca mt s t nhin, tc l a.b = c
n
vi c, n l
cc s t nhin. Khi bn thn a, b cng l cc ly tha bc n.
Chng minh :
t (a, c) =d. Khi a = da
1
, c = dc
1
vi (a
1
, c
1
) = 1. Theo gi thit a.b = c
n
chng
ta c da
1
b = d
n
c
1
n
hay a
1
b = d
n-1
c
1
n
. Nhng v d|a v (a, b) =1 nn (d, b) = 1
(d
n-1
, b) = 1. Phng trnh a
1
b = d
n-1
c
1
n
cho ta b| d
n-1
c
1
n
. Nh vy ta c b| c
1
n
. Mt
khc cng t phng trnh trn ta c c
1
n
| a
1
b kt hp vi gi thit (a
1
, c
1
) = 1 ta c
c
1
n
| b.
Nh vy ta chng minh c b| c
1
n
v c
1
n
| b, tc l c
1
n
= b. Khi a
1
= d
n-1
nn
a = a
1
d = d
n
. Nh vy ta i n kt lun rng mi s a, b l mt ly tha bc n ca
mt s t nhin.
T nh l 1, ta c h qu sau:
H qu: Gi s k, n v c l cc s t nhin v a
1
, a
2
,,a
k
l mt dy s t
nhin nguyn t snh i v a
1
. a
2
a
k
= c
n
. Khi mi a
i
(i = 1,.., k) l mt ly
tha bc n.
H qu trn d dng chng minh t nh l 1 thng qua phng php quy np.
3. 1 Phng trnh

.
Mc ny chng ta s xt mt phng trnh ba n bc hai rt c bit:

(2)
c gi l phng trnh phng trnh Pythagorean.
Nh chng ta bit, y l mt phng trnh c bit quan trng trong lng gic
v hnh hc gii tch. V mt trng hp c bit ca n, khi x = y, lin quan n
mt chng minh n gin nht ch ra s tn ti ca s v t.
Chng ta s tm tt c cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh (2). R rng (2) c
nghim tm thng (0,0,0). Nu x v y u khc 0 th chng ta ch vic xt cc
gi tr x, y nguyn dng v vic i du cc nghim nguyn dng khng nh
hng g n phng trnh. Nu (x,y,z) l mt nghim nguyn ca phng trnh
th ta gi (x,y,z) l mt b s Pythagorean.
Mt nghim ca phng trnh (2) c gi l mt nghim c s nu cc s x,y,z
nguyn dng v nguyn t cng nhau. Ta d dng chng minh c nu (x,y,z)
l nghim c s th chng nguyn t snh i. Tht vy, nu tn ti s nguyn t
p l c ca x v y. Theo tnh chia ht ta c x
2
+y
2
chia ht cho p, tc l z
2
chia
ht cho p hay z chia ht cho p. Vy (x,y,z )= p. V l v (x,y,z) = 1.
Phng trnh nghiem nguyen
2011

6 Oeo o Qaooq Toan 3A HSP Hue

Nu , , q l mt nghim c s ca (2) v d l mt s t nhin ty , khi :
, , x d y d z d q = = = (3)
Cng l mt nghim ca (2). Tht vy, v
2 2 2
q + = nn khi nhn d
2
vo hai v
ta c c iu cn chng minh.
Ngc li, nu (x,y,z) l mt nghim nguyn dng ca (2) th t d = (x,y,z).
Nu d > 1 th t , ,
x y z
d d d
q = = = th hin nhin ( , , ) q l mt b s
Pythagorean (theo tnh cht c chung ln nht th , , q nguyn t cng nhau
tng i mt).
Chng ta gi nghim (x,y,z) ca (2) thuc vo lp th d nu (x,y,z) = d. Nh vy
tm tt c cc nghim nguyn dng ca (2) thuc vo lp th d ta ch cn
nhn d vo tt c cc nghim c s ca (2). Do , khng mt tnh tng qut ,
chng ta gii hn vic tm cc nghim nguyn ca (2) v tm cc nghim c s
ca (2).
Ta c th tm nghim c s ca (2) bng nh l sau :
nh l 2 : B s (x,y,z) vi y l s chn l nghim c s ca phng trnh

khi v ch chi tn ti cc s t nhin m, n khng cng tnh chn


l sao cho (m,n)=1, m > n v
2 2 2 2
, 2 , x m n y mn z m n = = = +
Chng minh
| |
Trc ht ta thy rng nu (x,y,z) l mt nghim c s ca (2) th mt trong
hai s x , y l chn v s cn li l l. Tht vy, nu c x v y u chn th x
2
+y
2

chn, do z
2
chn nn z chn, do (x,y,z) 2 mu thun vi gi thit y l
nghim c s. Nu x,y u l, ta biu din x = 2k+1, y = 2h+1. Khi x
2
=
4k
2
+4k+11 (mod 4) v y
2
=4h
2
+4h+11 (mod 4) nn x
2
+y
2
2 (mod 4) hay z
2

2 (mod 4). Ta li c z
2
l s chn (do x,y u l) nn z chn hay z = 2a. Do z
2
= 4a
2


0(mod 4) v l vi lp lun va ri. Vy x, y khng cng chn hoc cng
l.
Theo lp lun trn, ta c th gi s y l s chn (do tnh i xng ca x
2
+y
2
). Khi
x v z l cc s l. Phng trnh (2) c th vit li :
( )( )
2
y z x z x = + (4)
R rng z+x v z-x l tng v hiu ca hai s l khc nhau nn chng l cc s
chn. Theo th 2 , 2 z x a z x b + = =

(5) vi a, b l cc s t nhin. Do
, z a b x a b = + =
T cc phng trnh ny d dng suy ra a, b nguyn t cng nhau. V nu gi s
(a, b) = d >1 th z = kd, x = hd vi h,d l cc s t nhin. Dn ti y
2
=z
2
-x
2
=(k
2
-
h
2
)d
2
hay d
2
l c ca y
2
hay d l c ca y. iu ny v l v (x,y,z) = 1.
Phng trnh nghiem nguyen
2011

7 Oeo o Qaooq Toan 3A HSP Hue

Theo gi thuyt, v y chn nn y = 2c vi c l s t nhin.
T (4) v (5) ta c
2
. c ab = .(6)
Nhng v (a,b) = 1 nn theo nh l 1 ta c a = m
2
, b =n
2

vi m, n l s t nhin
v (m,n) = 1. T ta c:
2 2 2 2
, z a b m n x a b m n = + = + = =
v v c
2
= ab = m
2
n
2
nn c = mn, do y = 2c =2mn.

Vy ta ch ra c (x,y,z) l nghim c s ca (2) v y l s chn th:
2 2 2 2
, 2 , x m n y mn z m n = = = + (7)
vi m,n nguyn dng v (m,n) =1.
Hin nhin m > n v x nguyn dng. Hn th na mt trong hai s m, n l chn,
s cn li l l. Tht vy, r rng m, n khng th cng chn v (n,m) = 1. V m, n
cng khng th ng thi l bi nu th th x, y, z cng chn (do(7)) mu thun
vi gi thit (x, y, z) =1. Do vy 2 mn nn y =2mn chia ht cho 4.

| |
: Gi s m, n l cc s t nhin sao cho m > n v (m,n) =1 v mt trong hai s
m, n chn, s cn li l. Chng ta d dng thy rng :
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
( ) (2 ) ( ) m n mn m n + = + (8)
Do ta ch cn chng minh (x, y, z) = 1 vi
2 2 2 2
, 2 , x m n y mn z m n = = = +
hay
2 2
2 , 2 m z x n z x = + = . (9)
Gi s (x, y ,z) = d >1. Khi d khng th l s chn v x, y l cc s l. Theo (9)
th d l c chung ca c m
2
v n
2
(do d l s l). M v (m, n) =1 nn (m
2
, n
2
) =
1. Vy d =1. V l.
Do (x, y, z) =1.

p dng nh l 2 ta d dng tm c cc nghim c s ca phng trnh (2)
thng qua cc s m,n tha mn iu kin ca nh l. Cc s m, n c gi l
nghim sinh ca phng trnh (2). V hin nhin ta c
x z
y
+
l mt dng ca
phn s ti gin
m
n
. lit k ra mt cch y v c h thng cc nghim c
s ca (2), ta ln lt cho m nhn cc gi tr 2,3,4v khi ta cho n nhn cc
gi tr nguyn t cng m, b hn m v chn (l) khi m l (chn).
Nh cp t u, nhn c tt c cc nghim ca (2) ta ch vic nhn cc
nghim c s ca n vi cc s t nhin 1,2,3. Bn cnh , vic i v tr x v
y trong cc nghim trn cng s cho ta cc nghim ca (2).
Phng trnh nghiem nguyen
2011

8 Oeo o Qaooq Toan 3A HSP Hue

Theo cng thc (8), vic th cc s m, n thch hp vo (7) ch cho chng ta cc
nghim c s ca (2), ngay c khi i ch v tr ca x v y th cng vn l
nghim c s. V d nh vi nghim (9,12,15) ca (2) th khng tn ti s t
nhin m, n no nguyn t cng nhau v m > n sao cho 9 = m
2
-n
2
, 12 = 2 mn, 15
= m
2
+n
2
. Tht vy, ta ch cn xt cc phn tch ca l 15 =1
2
+14 = 2
2
+11=3
2
+6
u khng c dng m
2
+n
2
.
Mt cch tng qut hn, ta c th xem nghim ca (2) c dng sau :
( )
2 2 2 2
( ) , 2 , ( ) 10 x m n l y mnl z m n l = = = +

vi m, n < m, l l cc s t nhin, m v n tha mn cc iu kin nh l 2.
Vy (2) c nghim l (x, y, z) v (y, x, z) sinh ra t cng thc (10). Tuy nhin,
cn lu rng cng thc ny c th c nghim trng nhau ngay c khi m, n, l
khc nhau. V d, vi (m, n, l) = (2, 1, 4) = ( 4, 2, 1) cng cho mt nghim ca (2)
l ( x, y, z) = (12, 16, 20) hay b s (m, n, l) = (8, 4, 1) = ( 4, 2, 4) cng cng cho
nghim l ( x, y, z) = (48, 64, 80).
D dng thy rng nghim (3,4,5) l nghim nguyn dng nh nht ca (2) v
chng l cc s t nhin lin tip. D dng chng minh y l nghim duy nht
c tnh cht ny. Nu n-1, n, n+1 l cc s t nhin lin tip tha mn phng
trnh (2) th n
2
= 4n hay n = 4. Do ch c duy nht mt nghim (3,4,5) c tnh
cht ny.
3. 2 Phng trnh


Trong cc nghim ca

ta d dng nhn ra c hai nghim tha


mn phng trnh:

l (3,4,5) v (21,20,29). Ta s
chng minh s nghim nguyn ca phng trnh dng ny l v hn.
Ta d dng c c phng trnh
2 2 2
( 1) x x z + + = do iu kin 1 x y =

(tc x v
y l hai s t nhin lin tip). Khi :
2 2
2 2
2 2 2 2
2 2
2
(3x+2z+1) + (3x+2z+2)
=18x +24xz+8z +18x+12z+5
+(x+l) +16x +16x+24xz+8z +12z+4
=16x 9 4 24 8 16
=(4x+3z+2)
x
z xz z x
=
+ + + + +

Nh vy, nu cho trc mt b s Pythagorean tha mn iu kin 1 x y =

th ta s nhn c cc b s Pythagorean cng c tnh cht bng biu thc
trn. n gin, ta xt b s (3, 4, 5), lc 3.3+2.5+1=20, 20+1=21 v
Phng trnh nghiem nguyen
2011

9 Oeo o Qaooq Toan 3A HSP Hue

4.3+3.5+2=29 hay 3.20+2.29+1=119, 119+1=120 v 4.20+3.29+2=169. Chng ta
lit k ra 6 b s u tin nhn c t phng php trn nh sau:
3
20
119
696
4059
23660
4
21
120
697
4060
23661
5
29
169
985
5741
33461
Vn t ra l phng php ny c cho ra tt c cc b s Pythagorean c tnh cht
trn hay khng? chnh l ni dung ca nh l sau:
nh l 3 : Nu cc s t nhin x, z tha mn phng trnh
2 2 2
( 1) x x z + + = (12)
V nu x > 3 th khi ta c:
0 0
3 2 1, 3 4 2 x x z z z x = + = (13)
l cc s t nhin tha mn phng trnh:
2 2 2
0 0 0
( 1) x x z + + = (14) vi z
0
< z.
Chng minh
T (13) ta c :
2 2 2 2 2
0 0 0 0
2 2 2
0
( 1) 2 2 1 18 8 24 18 12 5
16 9 24 16 12 4
x x x x x z xz x z
z x z xz x z
+ + = + + = + + +

= + + +


T (12) ta li c
2 2
2 2 1 z x x = + + nn:
2 2 2 2
16 9 24 16 12 4 18 8 24 18 12 5 x z xz x z x z xz x z + + + = + + +

Do , t (15) ta d dng suy ra (14).

Ta tip tc chng minh rng cc s x
0
, z
0
l cc s t nhin v z
0
< z, tc l chng
minh: 3 2 1 0 x z + > v 0 3 4 2 z x z < <
iu tng ng vi: 2 3 1,3 4 2, 2 1 z x z x z x < + > + < + (16)
Ta ch rng x > 3 nn x
2
> 3x = 2x + x > 2x +3, khi theo (12) ta c :
2 2 2 2
2 2 2
4 8 8 4 9 8 4
9 8 4 (2 3) 9 6 1 (3 1)
z x x x x x
x x x x x x
= + + = + +
< + + + = + + = +

Do 2z < 3x+1 v v x > 0, 2z < 4x + 2 nn z < 2x +1. V cng theo (12) v x > 0
nn:
2 2 2 2
9 18 18 9 16 16 4 (4 2) z x x x x x = + + > + + = +
Nn 3z > 4x+2.
Vn cui cng, gi s tn ti b s Pythagorean (x, x+1, z) khc bit vi b s (x
n
,
x
n
+1, z
n
) c nh ngha theo nh l 3. Trong cc b s (x, y, z) nh th tn ti mt b
(15)
Phng trnh nghiem nguyen
2011

10 Oeo o Qaooq Toan 3A HSP Hue

s m z c gi tr nh nht. Lc r rng x khng th b hn hoc bng 3 v nu nh
vy th ta s c b s Pythagorean (3, 4, 5) thuc vo lp (x
n
,x
n
+1,z
n
).
t 3 2 1, 3 4 2 u x z v z x = + = (17).
Theo nh l 3 th (u, u+1, v) l b s Pythagorean v v < z. Ch rng z l s nh nht
trong tt c cc ' z ca tt c cc b s Pythagorean khc vi cc b c dng (x
n
, x
n
+1,
z
n
) v ng nhin tn ti mt n t nhin no u = x
n
, v = z
n
v t:
1 1 1 1
3 2 1, 1, 4 3 2
n n n n
x u v y x z u v
+ + + +
= + + = + = + +
Theo (17) ta li c:
1
1
3(3 2 1) 2(3 4 2) 1
4(3 2 1) 3(3 4 2) 2
n
n
x x z z x x
z x z z x z
+
+
= + + + =
= + + + =

Nh vy (x, x+1, z) thuc vo lp cc b s Pythagorean (x
n
, x
n
+1, z
n
) ca nh l 3,
iu ny mu thun vi gi thit ban u. Vy ta chng minh c tt c cc b s
Pythagorean c hai phn t u lin tip nhau chnh l cc b s thuc vo lp (x
n
,
x
n
+1, z
n
).
3. 3 Phng trnh

.
Theo bn th phng trnh Pythagorean c tn ti nghim c dng (a
2
, b
2
,c) hay khng?
Cu tr li nm trong nh l sau:
nh l 4: Phng trnh
4 4 2
x y z + =
(18) khng c nghim trn .
Chng minh
Gi s tri li phng trnh (18) c nghim nguyn dng v z l s t nhin nh nht
sao cho
2 4 4
z x y = +
vi x, y l cc s t nhin. Lc (x,y,z) l mt nghim ca
phng trnh (18). Ta c (x, y) =1 bi v nu (x, y) = d > 1, ta s c x =dx
1
v y=dy
1
vi
x
1
, y
1
l cc s t nhin nguyn t cng nhau. Lc z
2
= d
4
(x
1
4
+ y
1
4
) v do vy
4 2
d z

nn
2
d z
tc l
2
1
z d z =
vi z
1
l s t nhin. Bi vy phng trnh (18) tr thnh
4 4 2 2
1 1 1
x +y = z < z ,
tri vi gi thit (x, y, z) l nghim nguyn dng ca (18) c z nh
nht. Bi vy, v (x, y) =1 nn (x
2
, y
2
) =1, dn n x
2
, y
2
, z l mt nghim c s ca
phng trnh Pythagorean:
( ) ( )
2 2
2 2 2
x y z + =
(19)
Khi , theo nh l 2, tn ti cc s t nhin m, n nguyn t cng nhau, m > n sao cho:
2 2 2
2
2 2
2
x m n
y mn
z m n
=

= +


y ta gi s l y chn , x l (do tnh i xng ca x v y). Ta c mt trong
hai s m, n phi chn, s cn li l s l. Nu m chn, n l khi x
2
+n
2
= m
2
dn
n c x v n u l. iu ny v l v (x, n, m) l mt nghim c s ca phng
Phng trnh nghiem nguyen
2011

11 Oeo o Qaooq Toan 3A HSP Hue

trnh Pythagorean (do (x, n, m)=1 v x
2
+n
2
=m
2
) nn x, n khc tnh chn l. Vy m
l v n = 2k vi k l s t nhin. V (m, n) = 1 nn (m, k) =1. Do y
2
=2
2
mk m
y = 2l vi l l s t nhin (do y chn). Vy l
2
=mk. T ta c m =a
2
, k =b
2
vi a,
b l cc s t nhin. Ta c n = 2k = 2b
2
. p dng nh l 2 cho nghim c s (x,
n, m) ta c n = 2m
1
n
1
v m = m
1
2
+n
1
2
vi m
1,
n
1
l cc s nguyn t cng nhau.
V n = 2b
2
nn b
2
= m
1
n
1
nn ta li c m
1
, n
1
l cc bnh phng, tc l m
1
=a
1
2
, n
1

= b
1
2
. M m = a
2
nn a
2
= m
1
2
+n
1
2
= a
1
4
+ b
1
4
. Nhng v
2 2 2
a a m m n z s = < + =
hay a < z. iu ny tri vi gi thit ca z. Vy ta hon thnh chng minh nh l
4.
Nhn xt:
1) Xt phng trnh Fermat

. R rng
4 4 4 4 4 2 2
( ) x y z x y z + = + =
V th t kt qu trn ta c phng trnh trn khng c nghim nguyn dng.
2) Tng qut hn: tt c cc phng trnh Fermat
n n n
x y z + = vi n = 2
s
, s 2
khng c nghim ngun dng. Tht vy:
( ) ( ) ( )
2 2 2
4 4 4
2 2 2 2 2 2
s s s s s s
x y z x y z

+ = + =
Theo nhn xt 1 th
4 4 4
x y z + = khng c nghim nguyn dng nn ta c iu
phi chng minh.
3. 4 Phng trnh

.
Cng vic ca phn ny l tm tt c cc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh:
2 2 2 2
x y z t + + = (20)
Trc tin ta rng t nht hai trong 3 s x, y, z phi chn. Gi s iu
khng ng, tc l c duy nht mt s chn hoc c ba s u l. Trong trng
hp th nht, khng mt tnh tng qut, ta gi s x chn, y v z u l. Lc x
2

chia cho 8 d 0 hoc 4 cn y
2
v z
2
chia cho 8 u cho s d l 1. Do
2 2 2
x y z + + chia cho 8 d 2 hoc 6. Ta ch rng t
2
l mt s chn nn s d ca
n khi chia cho 8 l 0 hoc 4. Do ta c iu mu thun. Trong trng hp th
hai ta thy
2 2 2
x y z + + chia cho 8 s cho s d l 3 v lc t
2
l mt s l nn c
s d l 1 khi chia cho 8. Vy gi s ca ta c mu thun.
Nh vy ta c th gi s y v z cng chn. Vy: y = 2l, z = 2m (21)
vi m, l l cc s t nhin. T (20) ta thy rng t > x. t t x = u (22), ta nhn
c s t nhin u m:
Phng trnh nghiem nguyen
2011

12 Oeo o Qaooq Toan 3A HSP Hue


2 2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2 2
( ) 4 4
2 4 4
4 4 2
x u x l m
xu u l m
u l m xu
+ = + +
+ = +
= +

V v phi ca (23) l tng cc s chn nn u chn, tc tn ti s t nhin n sao
cho u = 2n (24).
Th vo (23) ta c :
2 2 2
2 2 2
l m n
n l m nx x
n
+
= + = (25)
Th (22) vo biu thc trn ta c:
2 2 2
2
l m n
t x u x n
n
+ +
= + = + =
Bn cnh , rng x l s t nhin nn t (25) ta c
2 2 2
l m n + > . Nh vy
chng ta chng minh c rng tt c cc nghim nguyn dng ca (20) s
nhn c t cng thc :
2 2 2 2 2 2
, 2 , 2 ,
l m n l m n
x y l z m t
n n
+ + +
= = = = (26)
vi m, n, l l cc s t nhin, n l c ca
2 2
l m + v nh hn
2 2
l m + .
By gi chng ta quan tm n iu ngc li c ng khng? Tc l nu tn ti
cc s l, m, n tha mn (26), khi ta nhn c cc gi tr x, y, z, t c phi l
cc nghim ca (20) khng ? T gi thit d dng thy rng x, y, z, t l cc s t
nhin. Kh t (26) thay vo (20) ta c ngay x, y, z,t l cc nghim ca (20), tc
l: ( )
2 2
2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2
(2 ) 2
l m n l m n
l m
n n
| | | | + + +
+ + =
| |
\ . \ .

Cng t (26) chng ta c:
2
y
l = ,
2
z
m = ,
2
t x
n

=
nn l, m, n xc nh duy nht mt b nghim (x, y, z, t). T kt qu trn ta c nh
l sau :
nh l 5 : Tt c cc nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh
2 2 2 2
x y z t + + = vi y, z l cc s chn, nhn c t cc biu thc sau:
2 2 2 2 2 2
, 2 , 2 ,
l m n l m n
x y l z m t
n n
+ + +
= = = =
vi l, m l cc s t nhin ty , n l c ca
2 2
l m + v nh hn
2 2
l m + . Mi
nghim nguyn ca phng trnh ny u nhn c t cc cng thc ny.
(23)
Phng trnh nghiem nguyen
2011

13 Oeo o Qaooq Toan 3A HSP Hue

nh l 5 khng nhng ni ln c s tn ti nghim nguyn ca phng trnh
(20) m cn ch ra cho ta phng php tm cc nghim nguyn ca n. D dng
thy rng loi i nhng nghim c cng x, y, z (tc l hon i 3 phn t u
ca nghim ta vn nhn c mt nghim ca (20)), chng ta c th loi di nhng
cp l, m m l < m v ch ly nhng n lm cho x l s l. nhn li nhng
nghim loi, ta ch cn nhn cc nghim ca (20) c x l vi cc ly tha ca
3. 5 Phng trnh .

Gi s rng x, y, z, t l cc s t nhin tha mn phng trnh xy = zt v t (x, z)
=a 1. Khi x = ac, z= ad, vi c, d l cc s t nhin nguyn t cng nhau. Do
ta c acy = adt hay cy = dt v v (c, d) =1 nn d|y hay y = bd, vi b l s t
nhin. Khi t = bc. iu ny cho thy rng nu cc s t nhin x, y, z, t tha
mn phng trnh xy=zt th s tn ti cc s t nhin a, b, c, d sao cho (c, d) =1 v
x = ac, y = bd, z = ad, t = bc. Hin nhin iu ngc li cng ng, tc l nu cho
trc cc s t nhin a, b, c, d th ta xc nh c x, y, z, t bng cc cng thc
trn th khi xy = zt. T ta c nh l sau :
nh l 6 : Tt c cc nghim nguyn dng ca phng trnh xy=zt c cho
bi cng thc: x = ac, y = bd, z = ad, t = bc vi a, b, c, d l cc s t nhin ty .
Hn na iu ny vn ng nu thm iu kin (c, d) =1.
nhn c cc nghim ca phng trnh xy = zt, chng ta cng c th lm nh
sau: bt u vi cc s t nhin x v z. Khi v , 1
( , ) ( , )
x z
x z x z
| |
=
|
\ .
nn t ng
thc . .
( , ) ( , )
x z
y t
x z x z
= ta c
( , )
z
y
x z
hay .
( , )
z
y u
x z
= , khi .
( , )
x
t u
x z
= . Do , c
nh x, z, u v t
( , )
uz
y
x z
= ,
( , )
ux
t
x z
= th ta nhn c mt nghim (x, y, z, t) ca
phng trnh xy=zt. Nh vy, tt c cc nghim (x, y, z, t) ca phng trnh xy=zt
trn c cho bi cng thc
( , )
uz
y
x z
= ,
( , )
ux
t
x z
= vi x, y, u l cc s t nhin
cho trc. Mt ch nh l nu x, y, z, t l mt nghim nguyn dng ca
phng trnh xy=zt th
( )( )
( )
, ,
, , ,
x z x t
x
x y z t
= .
D dng chng minh c rng tt c cc nghim nguyn dng ca phng
trnh xy = z
2
l cc b s (x, y, z) c cho theo biu thc x = u
2
t, y = v
2
t, z = uvt
vi u, v, t l cc s t nhin ty . Chng ta c th b sung thm iu kin (u, v)
=1 th cng thc trn s cho nghim duy nht.
Phng trnh nghiem nguyen
2011

14 Oeo o Qaooq Toan 3A HSP Hue

Tng t, cng thc cho nghim nguyn ca phng trnh xy = z
3
c a ra
nh sau:
2 3 2 3
, , x uv t y u vw z uvtw = = = vi u, v, t, w l cc s t nhin ty .
Cui cng, ta xt mt dng c bit ca phng trnh dng xy=zt l
1 1
n m
i i
i i
x y
= =
=
[ [
vi m, n l cc s t nhin. Lc nghim nguyn ca phng trnh ny c cng
thc nh sau :
1 2 1
1 2 1 1 2 1
. ...
.
( ... , ... )
m
n
m m
y y y
x t
x x x y y y


= ,
1 2 1
1 2 1 1 2 1
...
.
( ... , ... )
m
n
m m
x x x
y t
x x x y y y


=
Vi
1 2 1 1 2 1
, ,..., , , ,...,
m m
x x x y y y

, t l cc s t nhin xc nh.
3. 6 Phng trnh

.
Chng ta s dng chng minh ca J. Cel ch ra rng phng trnh trn v
nghim trn .
Gi s rng phng trnh

(27) c nghim nguyn


dng v (x,y,z) l nghim ca (27) c z t gi tr nh nht. Nu (x,y) = d > 1 th
x = dx
1
, y = dy
1
v khi theo (27) ta c d
4
|z
2
hay d
2
|z nn z = d
2
z
1
(x
1
, y
1
, z
1
l
cc s nguyn dng. Chia 2 v phng trnh (27) cho d
4
ta nhn c phng
trnh
4 2 2 4 4
1 1 1 1 1
9 27 x x y y z + + = . iu ny tri vi gi thit ca z. Vy (x, y) = 1.
Nu 2|x th y l s l v phng trnh (27) cho ta 4|27y
2
-z
2
nn z l s l. iu
ny khng th v theo (27) z
2
l tng ca mt s chn vi 2 s l nn phi l s
chn. Vy x l s l.
Nu 2y th t (27) cho ta 8|z
2
-5 (v x, y l nn t x = 2k + 1, y = 2h + 1 ta s
nhn c v tri s d l 5 khi chia cho 8) m iu ny l khng th v bnh
phng ca mt s c s d l 0, 1 hoc 4 khi chia cho 8, do z
2
-5 chia 8 d 3,
4 hoc 7.
Vy x l s l, y l s chn.
Nu 3|x th r rng ta c 27|z
2
nn 9|z. Khi ta c 81|27y
4
nn 3|y, mu thun
vi gi thit (x, y) = 1. Vy (3, x) = 1.
Chng ta c th chng minh rng (x,z) = 1. Tht vy, nu (x,z) = d th theo (27) ta
c d|27y
4
. Khi (x,3y) = 1 nn (d,27y
4
) = 1 hay d = 1.
t y = 2y
1
. Phng trnh (27) tng ng vi phng trnh :
Phng trnh nghiem nguyen
2011

15 Oeo o Qaooq Toan 3A HSP Hue

2 2
4 2 2
1 1 1
27 ( 9 )( 9 )
2 2
z x z x
y y y
+
= + (28)
V v tri (28) dng nn tng v tch v phi cng dng. t d
1
l c chung
ln nht ca v tri v v phi. Khi
2 4
1 1
27 d y nn
2
1 1
9 d y v do vy
2
1
( , ) d x z .
Nhng (x, z) = 1 nn (x
2
,z) = 1 hay d
1
= 1. Khi :
2 2
2 4 2 4
1 1 1
9 27 , 9 ,
2 2
z x z x
y a y b y ab
+
+ = = = (29)
hoc
2 2
2 4 2 4
1 1 1
9 , 9 27 ,
2 2
z x z x
y a y b y ab
+
+ = = = (30).
vi a, b nguyn t cng nhau. T (29) ta c
2 2 2 4 4
18 27 x a b a b + = hay
2 4 4 2 2
27 18 x b a a b + = vy
2 4
3 x b + hay
4
31 b + (v bnh phng mt s khng chia
ht cho 3 c s d l 1 khi chia cho 3). M iu ny l khng th v ly tha bc 4
ca b c dng 3k + r vi r = 0 hoc 1, do vy b
4
+ 1 = 3k + s vi s = 1 hoc 2.
Vy ta ch cn xt phng trnh (30).
T (30) ta c
2 2 2 4 4
18 27 x a b a b + = (31). T ta c a hoc b chn (do x l).
Nu a chn th
4 2 2 2 4
18 27 8 4 a x a b b k = + + = + (do x v b l nn x
4
, b
4
c dng 8k +
1 cn 18a
2
b
2
8 (do a chn), 27 = 8.3+3 nn
2 2 2 4
18 27 x a b b + + chia 8 d 4) m iu
ny khng th v a
4
phi c dng 8h do a chn. Vy b chn nn ta c:
2 2
4 2 2
9 9
27
2 2 2 2
a x a x
b b b
| || | +
=
| |
\ .\ .

t:
2 2
2 2
9 9
,
2 2 2 2
a x a x
d b b
| | +
=
|
\ .

Ta c d
2
2
|27b
4
nn d
2
|9b
2
v d
2
|x. Nh vy d
2
|(9b
2
,x) v v (3y,x) = 1 nn d
2
= 1.
Nu
2
2
9
0
2 2
a x
b

<

th a
2
< 9b
2
, iu ny mu thun vi (31). Vy
2
2
9
0
2 2
a x
b
+
> ,
2
2
9
0
2 2
a x
b

> v nguyn t cng nhau nn ta c:



2 2
2 4 2 4
9 9
, 27 ,
2 2 2 2
a x a x
b m b n b mn

= = =

Phng trnh nghiem nguyen
2011

16 Oeo o Qaooq Toan 3A HSP Hue

vi m, n nguyn dng.
Nh vy
2 4 2 2 4
9 27 a m m n n = + +
v a y
1
y z. Nh vy (m,n,a) cng l mt nghim ca (27), tri vi gi thit
(x,y,z) l nghim c z nh nht. Nh vy phng trnh (27) khng c nghim trn
.

3. 7 Phng trnh

.
Gi s rng phng trnh

c nghim nguyn x, y, z sao cho x


v 0. Chng ta c th gi s rng (, ) v trong trng hp (x, y) =d >
1, ta t x = dx1, y = dy1, khi d
3
|2z
3
nn d| dn n z = dz1. Vy x
1
3
+y
1
3
=z
1
3

vi (x
1
, y
1
)=1.
T

v (x, y ) =1 ta c x, y l cc s l, nn ,
2 2
x y x y
u v
+
= = l cc
s nguyn. Hn na v (x, y)= 1 v x = u+ v, y = u v nn (u, v) = 1. Ta cng c
(u+v)
3
+(u-v)
3
= 2z
3
u(u
2
+3v
2
)=z
3
v p dng xy, z0, ta thu c
2 2
( )
4
x y z
uvz

= 0. Ta xt hai trng hp:
Nu (u, 3) =1 th v (u, v) = 1 nn ta c (u, u
2
+3v
2
) =1. V th tn ti z
1
, z
2

nguyn t cng nhau sao cho u=z
1
3
, u
2
+3v
2
= z
2
3
. Do z
2
3
- z
1
6
=3v
2
hay
2 2 2 2 2
2 1 2 1 2 1
( ) ( ) 3 3 z z z z z z v ( + =

. t
2
2 1
( ) t z z = , khi t (z
1
, z
2
)=1 ta c (t, z
1
)=1
v
2 2 4 2
1 1
( 3 4 ) 3 t t tz z v + + = . iu ny dn n 3|t hay t = 3t
1
v
2 2 4 2
1 1 1 1 1
(9 9 3 ) t t t z z v + + = ,
t ta c 3|v hay v = 3v
1
. V (z
1
, 3) =1 nn
2 2 4
1 1 1 1
9 9 3 t t z z + + khng chia ht cho 9,
khi v 9|v
2
nn ta nhn c 3|t
1
hay t
1
= 3t
2
. T ta li c
2 4 2
2 2 2 1 1 1
(27 9 ) t t t z z v + + = vi (t
2
, z
1
) = 1 (do (t, z
1
)=1) v
2 4
2 2 2 1 1
( , 27 9 ) 1 t t t z z + + = . V th
tn ti cc s t nhin b, c sao cho
2
2
t b = ,
4 2 2 4 2
1 1
27 9 b b z z c + + = . Cc s b,
1
z l cc
s t nhin nn khi b = 0 th t
2
= 0 dn n t = 0, khi z
2
=z
1
2
. Bn cnh d v
(z
1
, z
2
) =1 nn z
1
= 1, z
2
=1, suy ra v = 0. Vy x = y, mu thun vi gi thit
xy. mt khc nu z
1
=0 th u = 0, khi 3v
2
= z
2
3
dn ti v = 0 l iu khng th
(do xy). Nh vy chng ta i n kt lun phng trnh
4 2 2 4 2
1 1
27 9 b b z z c + + = c
nghim nguyn dng m y l iu khng th.

Nu 3|u hay u = 3u
1
, khi v (u,v)=1 nn (3, v) =1. Khi , t u(u
2
+3v
2
)=z
3

ta c z = 3z
1
v
2 2 3
1 1 1
(3 ) 3 u u v z + = . V (v, 3) = 1 nn 3|u
1
nn ta li c u
1
= 3u
2
, t
suy ra
( )
2 2 3
2 2 1
27 u u v z + = . Nhng v (u
2
, v) = 1 nn
( )
2 2
2 2
, 27 1 u u v + = , do ta li
Phng trnh nghiem nguyen
2011

17 Oeo o Qaooq Toan 3A HSP Hue

c a, b cho
3
2
, u a =
2 2 3
2
27u v b + = vi (a, b) = 1, (b, 3) = 1 ( do (v,3) = 1). Khi
ta c ta c
6 2 3
27a v b + = . t t = b 3a
2
ta nhn c (t, 3) =1 v
2 2 4 2
( 9 27 ) t t a t a v + + = . V (a, b) =1 nn (a, t) =1, kt hp vi (t, 3) = 1 ta li thu
c (t,
2 2 4
9 27 t a t a + + ) =1. Tip tc t t = a
1
2
,
2 2 2 4
1
9 27 b t a t a = + + vi (a
1
, b
1
) = 1.
Nh vy t
2 2 4 2
( 9 27 ) t t a t a v + + = ta c
4 2 2 4 2
1 1 1
9 27 a a a a b + + = vi a
1
0 , a 0 v nu
a
1
= 0 th t = 0 tri vi gi thit (t, 3)=1 v nu a = 0 th u = 0, tt yu z = 0 tri
vi gi s z 0. Nh vy chng ta i n trng hp phng trnh
4 2 2 4 2
1 1 1
9 27 a a a a b + + = c nghim nguyn dng m y l iu khng th.
Nh vy chng ta hon tt chng minh cho nh l sau :
nh l 8 : Phng trnh

khng c nghim nguyn (x, y, z) nu


x y v z 0.
iu ny cho thy lp phng ca 3 s t nhin khng th lp thnh cp s cng.
Nu t y = 1 th d dng thy rng cc phng trnh
3 3
2 1 x z = khng c
nghim (x, z) nguyn ngoi tr cc nghim (-1, -1), (1, 0) ( cho phng trnh
3 3
2 1 x z = ) v nghim ( 1, 1), (-1, 0) (cho phng trnh
3 3
2 1 x z = ).
H qu 1 : Khng tn ti s tam gic c dng l lp phng ca mt s t nhin.
Chng minh
Nh ta bit s tam gic th m c cng thc
( 1)
2
m m+
.
Gi s tn ti s tam gic th x > 1sao cho
3
( 1)
2
x x
n
+
= hay
3
( 1) 2 x x n + = vi n l s
t nhin. Nu x chn th x = 2k, k l s t nhin. Khi
3
(2 1) k k n + = v v (k,
2k+1) = 1 nn c hai s a, b t nhin nguyn t cng nhau sao cho a
3
= k, b
3
=
2k+1. Lc ta c phng trnh b
3
- 2a
3
= 1, m theo nhn xt trn th phng
trnh ny khng c nghim a0. Nu x l th = 2k -1 vi k > (v > ) v
(2k -1)k = n
3
vi (2k-, k) . Nh v chng ta li i ti h qu tn ti a, b
ngun dng v ngun t cng nhau sao cho 2k-1 = a
3
, k = b
3
. Nh vy ta
c phng trnh 2b
3
- a
3
v nghim khi b0. Vy ta chng minh khng tn
ti x tha mn gi thit phn chng.
H qu 2 : Phng trnh

khng c nghim nguyn dng no khc


nghim (x,y) = (3,2).
Chng minh
Phng trnh nghiem nguyen
2011

18 Oeo o Qaooq Toan 3A HSP Hue

Gi s tn ti s t nhin x3 v sao cho

hay

. Nh
vy ta c

( )( ). Nu x l s chn khi ta c ((x-1),(x+1)) = 1,


do tn ti cc s nguyn dng a, b nguyn t cng nhau sao cho (x-1) = a
3
,
(x+1) = b
3
. Khi (b-a)(b
2
+ab+a
2
) = b
3
-a
3
=2. Do b
2
+ab+a
2
|2m iu ny l
khng th v b
2
+ab+a
2
1
3
+1.1+1
3
=3. Vy x phi l s l. Ta vit x = 2k +1 vi k
l s t nhin > 1 ( v nu k = 1 th x = 3). Lc y
3
= x
2
-1 phi l s chn, tc y
= 2n. Khi k(k+1) = 2n
3
vi k l s t nhin, tri vi h qu 1. Vy gi s phn
chng l sai. H qu 2 c chng minh.
Cui cng ta ch rng phng trnh

khng c nghim nguyn


khc (0,0,0). Ta c th chng minh n bng cch dng b sau :
B : Tt c nghim nguyn ca phng trnh
3 2 2
3 s a b = + vi (a, b) = 1, s l
s l c cho theo cng thc sau :
2 2
3 s o | = + ,
3 2
9 a o o| = ,
2 3
3 3 b o | | =
Vi cc s nguyn , tha mn a b (mod 2) v (, 3) = 1.
Vic chng minh b cc bn c th xem trang 415 [1]. Chng ta s s dng
b trn chng minh phng trnh

(32) v nghim trn .


Tht vy, gi s (x, y, z) l nghim ca (32). Hin nhin ta c th chn (x, y, z)
sao cho 0 xyz = c gi tr nh nht. Ta d dng chng minh c x, y, z nguyn t
snh i (nu d = (x, y) th d|x
3
+y
3
hay d|z
3
, vy , ,
x y z
d d d
| |
|
\ .
cng l nghim ca
(32), mu thun gi thit (x, y, z) l nghim c 0 xyz = nh nht). Do vy c x, y,
z khng th cng chn v c duy nht l mt s chn. Gi s rng z chn, khi
x v y l v x y, x + y l cc s chn, do vy c th t: x + y = 2u, x y = 2w
hay x = u + w, y = u w.
V (x, y) = 1 nn (u, w) = 1 v u w(mod 2) (do x, y cng l). Th vo phng
trnh (32), ta c:
2 2 3
2 ( 3 ) u u w z + = .
Nu (u, 3) = 1 th t u w(mod 2) ta c
2 2
(2 , 3 ) 1 u u w + = , do tn ti cc s
nguyn s, t nguyn t cng nhau v
3
2u t = ,
2 2 3
3 u w s + =
R rng s l s l. Theo b trn, phng trnh
2 2 3
3 u w s + = c nghim :
2 2
3 s o | = + ,
3 2
9 u o o| = ,
2 3
w 3 3 o | | =
Phng trnh nghiem nguyen
2011

19 Oeo o Qaooq Toan 3A HSP Hue

Vi cc s nguyn , tha mn a b (mod 2) v (, 3) = 1. Khi
3
2 2 ( 3 )( 3 ) t u o o | o | = = + v chng kh khn g nhn ra 2o , ( 3 ) o | ,
( 3 ) o | + nguyn t snh i. Do vy ta tip tc c
3
2o o = ,
3
3 o | t = ,
3
3 o | + = v
3 3 3
o t = + . Vy ta c
( ) , , t o l mt nghim ca (32). Nhng
3 3
2 0 t u x y ot = = = + = v
3
x y xyz xyz + s < . iu ny mu thun vi gi thit
ban u ca (x, y, z).
Nu 3|u hay u = 3v, khi (32) tr thnh
2 2 3
18 (3 w ) v v z + = . S dng gi thit
3v w (mod 2) v (3v, w) = 1, ta thu c
2 2
(18 , 3 w ) 1 v v + = , bi vy tn ti cc
s nguyn t, s sao cho (s, t) = 1 v 18v = t
3
, 3v
2
+w
2
= s
3
. D thy s l s l v
theo b trn ta c phng trnh 3v
2
+w
2
= s
3
c nghim l
2 2
3 s o | = + ,
3 2
w 9 o o| = ,
2 3
3 3 v o | | = .
Khi
( )
3
18 27.2 ( ) t v | o | o | = = + . Nh chng minh trn, ta li c
2 , , | o | o | + nguyn t snh i nn ta tip tc c
3
2| o = ,
3
o | t = ,
3
o | + = . D thy
3 3 3
o t = + nn
( ) , , o t l nghim ca (32).
Tuy nhin,
3
3 2 2 1
0
27 3 9 9
t v u
x y ot = = = = + =
V
3 1
9
x y xyz xyz + s < . iu ny mu thun vi gi thit ca (x, y, z).
T chng minh trn ta c th kt lun rng phng trnh

v
nghim trn . Tht vy, nu , ,
a c e
b d f
| |
|
\ .
l mt nghim ca (32) vi a, b, c, d, e,
f v b, d, f 0. Lc t :
3
3 3
a c e
b d f
| |
| | | |
+ =
| | |
\ . \ .
\ .

Ta c c
3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
a d f b c f e b d + = hay
3 3 3
( ) ( ) ( ) adf bcf ebd + = . iu ny v l v
theo chng minh trn r rng khng th tn ti nghim nguyn (adf, bcf, ebd)
ca (32).




Phng trnh nghiem nguyen
2011

20 Oeo o Qaooq Toan 3A HSP Hue

7et laoo _______________________________________________________
Nh nga t u cp, khng tn ti mt phng php chung gii
phng trnh Diophantine. K thut gii cc phng trnh loi n rt a
dng, phong ph. T tng trng hp ta s c nhiu cch chng minh khc
nhau, c th rt n gin (nh phng trnh a b c) hoc cng c th rt
phc tp (nh phng trnh Fermat). Trong phm vi ca bi tp ln n,
thiu st nhiu nht l khng th a ra tt c cc lp lun mt cch cht ch
m phi thng qua mt s ti liu tham kho hoc ta tha nhn (nh tnh sp
xp th t tt trn tm nghim cc tr,
293
2 1 l hp s, ). Ngoi ra, mt
lp phng trnh Diophantine rt c bit l phng trnh Pell c dng
2 2
D 1 x y + = cha c gii thiu trong ni dung bi tp n (cc bn tham
kho cch gii chng II[] hoc chng 3[2]). Bn cnh , cn rt nhiu
phng trnh Diophantine vi cch gii a dng v rt hp dn vn cha c
trnh b trong ni dung bi tp ln n l mt iu thc s rt ng tic.
Vic chng minh cc phng trnh trn ch yu da vo vic c hiu, nghin
cu v trnh b li mt cch c h thng ti liu [] nn chc chn khng
trnh khi nhiu thiu st. V vy rt mong nhn c cc kin ng gp t
cc bn.

Chn thnh cm n.

















Phng trnh nghiem nguyen
2011

21 Oeo o Qaooq Toan 3A HSP Hue

Ti liu tham kho.
[1] W.sierpinski - Elementary of number theory.
[2] Phan Huy Khi - Cc chuyn bi dng hc sinh gii ton trung hc.
Chuyn 5: Phng trnh nghim nguyn, NXB Gio Dc, nm 2006.
[3] H Huy Khoi Chuyn bi dng hc sinh gii ton trung hc ph thng:
S Hc NXB Gio Dc, nm 2008.
[4] Mt s bi vit trn cc trang web, din n, forum: tailieu.vn, wikipedia.org,
diendantoanhoc.net, forum.mathscope.org, toanthpt.net, Boxmath.com

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