HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

BI GING MN

H THNG NHNG

Ging vin: in thoi: B mn:

TS. Nguyn Ngc Minh 84-4- 3351 9391 KTT-Khoa KTT

Hc k/Nm bin son: K 1/2011

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Chng 4 Thit k v ci t cc h thng nhng

TS. Nguyn Ngc Minh Khoa KTT1

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Ni dung
4.1 Thit k h thng
4.1.1 Xc nh yu cu 4.1.2 c t 4.1.3 Phn hoch phn cng - phn mm 4.1.4 Thit k h thng

4.2 Ci t v th nghim h thng nhng

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Xc nh yu cu
Thit k c in: HW ring, SW ring Hin nay: c phn cng v phn mm phi c tnh ton, cn nhc trong thi gian thit k chng. Bi vy, loi thit k ny cn c gi l ng thit k phn cng/phn mm (hardware/software codesign) cc phn t cu thnh sn c dng phi c lit k cho h thng gim thiu vic tng phc tp ca h thng nhng, cc yu cu nghim ngt v thi gian a sn phm ti khch hng, kh nng dng li ca sn phm

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Platform-based design (thit k trn nn):

Mt platform (nn) l mt h kin trc tho mn mt tp hp cc rng buc p t cho php dng li cc phn t phn cng v phn mm thng yu cu s dng mt nn giao din lp trnh ng dng (API) l mt cch tip cn meet-in-the-middle

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Cc hot ng thit k
Qun l cc nhim v cng mc:
xc nh cc nhim v phi c hin din trong h thng nhng cui cng. Nhng nhim v ny c th khc vi nhng nhim v bao gm trong cc c im k thut, t c nhng l do tt cho vic sp nhp v chia tch cc nhim v

Cc bin i cp cao
c nhiu bin i cp cao ti u c th c ng dng trong k thut Nhng bin i cp cao thng vt ra ngoi kh nng ca trnh bin dch c sn v phi c p dng trc khi bt u bt k mt qu trnh bin dch no. V d: cc php ton s hc du phy ng c th thng xuyn c thay th bi cc cc php ton s hc du phy c nh m khng c bt k tn tht ng k trong cht lng

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Cc hot ng thit k
Phn hoch phn cng/phn mm:
l hot ng phn chia chc nng cn thc hin cho phn cng hoc phn mm.

Bin dch
Hiu qu ca m to ra c ci thin nu trnh bin dch khai thc tt kin thc v b vi x l c nhng chng trnh bin dch "nhn thc phn cng" c bit cho h thng nhng.

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Cc hot ng thit k
Lp lch trnh :
phi c thc hin trong mt vi bi cnh. phi c ng chng (gn chnh xc) trong thi gian phn vng phn cng/phn mm

Kho st khng gian thit k:

l qu trnh phn tch chi tit tp cc thit k kh d (c th thc hin). Trong hu ht cc trng hp, s c mt vi thit k p ng c cc thng s k thut. Trong s cc thit k p ng c cc thng s k thut, ch duy nht mt thit k c chn

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c t
yu cu quan trng cho cc k thut c t:
cn thit kim tra c im k thut y , khng c mu thun phi c trin khai c th xut pht t c im k thut theo mt cch c h thng. V vy, c t k thut nn c thu thp trong cc ngn ng my chnh thc c th c c
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Cc tnh nng
S phn cp:
gii quyt tnh trng m t tt c cc h thng thc t cn nhiu hn cc i tng m con ngi c th hiu c Cc phn cp theo hnh vi : phn cp theo hnh vi l cc phn cp cha cc i tng cn thit m t hnh vi h thng. Cc trng thi, cc s kin v cc tn hiu u ra l nhng v d cho cc i tng nh vy Cc phn cp cu trc: cc phn cp cu trc m t cc h thng c bao gm nhng thnh phn vt l nh th no
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Cc tnh nng
Thi gian-hnh vi:
cc yu cu tnh ton thi gian phi c thu thp trong c t k thut.

X l-s kin
cc c ch cho vic m t cc s kin phi tn ti c th l cc s kin bn ngoi hoc cc s kin ni b

Khng c nhng tr ngi cho vic to ra nhng thc thi hiu qu H tr cho vic thit k cc h thng ng tin cy Hnh vi hng ngoi l: Truy cp ng thi: ng b ha v truyn thng S hin din ca cc yu t lp trnh:
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Cc tnh nng
C th thc hin c H tr cho vic thit k cc h thng ln H tr lnh vc chuyn bit C th c c Tnh kh chuyn v linh hot im kt thc H tr cc thit b I/0 khng tiu chun Nhng thuc tnh khng hot ng M hnh tnh ton thch hp
H thng nhng

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Cc m hnh
M hnh tnh ton
da vo m hnh my tnh von Neumann ca tnh ton tun t Hin nay khng thch hp

Biu trng thi (StateCharts)

m t vic truyn thng trong nhng my trng thi hu hn. da trn khi nim b nh chia s truyn thng

Nhng c trng ngn ng khi qut

C th s dng nhiu ngn ng khc.

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Phn hoch phn cng - phn mm

nh x cc nt biu nhim v cho mt trong hai phn cng hoc phn mm i vi mi nt ca th nhim v, cn thng tin lin quan n cc li ch nhn c t vic la chn mt s thc hin no cc nt ny.
V d, thi gian thc hin phi c d on

Vic phn hoch nh vy c th c thc hin vi cc thut ton bipartitioning (phn i) cho cc th nhim v Nhng thut ton phn hoch phc tp hn c kh nng lp bn cc nt th cho h thng a x l v phn cng
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Thit k h thng
Cc h thng nhng thng khng c pht trin trn mt h thng n l thng cn t nht mt h thng my tnh khc kt ni vi nn tng nhng qun l s pht trin ca nn tng mt mi trng pht trin thng hnh thnh mt ch (target) (h thng nhng ang c thit k) v mt my ch ch v my ch c kt ni bi phng tin truyn dn no nh ni tip, Ethernet, hoc phng php khc. Nhiu cng c khc, chng hn nh cc cng c tin ch ghi EPROM hoc cc cng c g li, c th c s dng trong mi trng pht trin cng vi my ch v ch
H thng nhng

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 Cc cng c pht trin quan trng trong thit k nhng c th c t trn my ch, trn ch, hoc c th tn ti c lp. Nhng cng c ny thng thuc mt trong ba loi: tin ch, dch thut, v cc cng c g li

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Cng c phn mm tin ch

vit m trong mt trnh son tho (Editor) hoc mi trng pht trin tch hp (IDE)

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 Thit k tr gip my tnh (CAD) v phn cng

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 Nhng cng c phin dch: cc b tin x l, cc trnh thng dch, cc trnh bin dch, v cc trnh lin kt:
sau khi m ngun c vit, n cn phi c dch sang m my C ch ny thng bao gm mt hoc s kt hp no ca cc k thut pht m my nh tin x l, bin dch, v/hoc thng dch. Cc c ch ny c thc hin trong mt lot cc cng c pht trin phc v cho vic dch.
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 Tin x l
Tin x l l mt bc ty chn c th xut hin trc khi dch hoc thng dch m ngun, v chc nng ny thng c thc hin bi mt b tin x l. Vai tr ca b tin x l l t chc v cu trc li m ngun thc hin dch hoc thng dch m ny d dng hn. B tin x l c th l mt thc th ring bit, hoc c th c tch hp bn trong khi bin dch, hoc thng dch
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 i vi h thng nhng:
hu ht cc trnh bin dch c t trn my ch ca lp trnh vin v to ra cc m ch cho cc nn tng phn cng khc bit vi nn tng m trnh bin dch thc s ang chy trn . Cc trnh bin dch ny thng c gi l trnh bin dch cho. Trong trng hp hp ng, mt trnh bin dch hp ng l mt trnh bin dch cho c bit gi l trnh dch hp ng (assembler) Cc trnh bin dch ngn ng bc cao khc thng c gi bng tn ngn ng cng vi "trnh bin dch" (v d: trnh bin dch Java(Java compiler), trnh bin dch C (C compiler))
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 Sau khi tt c vic bin dch trn my tnh ch ca lp trnh vin c hon thnh, cc tp tin m ch cn li thng c gi l mt tp tin i tng (object file), v c th cha bt c iu g t m my n m byte Java trnh lin kt(linker) kt hp tp tin i tng ny vi bt k th vin h thng cn thit khc, to ra tp tin thng c gi l mt tp tin nh phn
c th chy, hoc trc tip a vo b nh ca bng mch hoc sn sng c chuyn ti b nh ca h thng nhng ch bi mt b np (loader)

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 Trong cc IDE, cc trnh tin x l, cc trnh bin dch, cc trnh lin kt vn vn nm trn h thng pht trin ch, mt s ngn ng, chng hn nh Java v cc ngn ng kch bn, c trnh bin dch hoc trnh thng dch nm trn ch Mt ngi pht trin nhng c th lm mt tc ng ln trong vic la chn cc cng c dch cho mt d n bi s hiu bit lm th no trnh bin dch lm vic v, nu c nhng ty chn, bng vic chn trnh bin dch mnh nht c th

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Cng c g li
G li ch yu l nhim v nh v v c nh li trong h thng. Cng vic ny c thc hin n gin khi lp trnh vin l quen thuc vi cc loi cng c g li sn c v cch thc h c th s dng cc cng c g li c tr v kt ni trong mt vi s kt hp ca nhng thit b c lp, trn my ch, v/hoc trn bng mch ch.
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Nhng cng c g li
Phn cng
B m phng trn mch(In-Circuit Emulator: ICE) B m phng ROM Ch g li nn (Background Debug Mode: BDM) IEEE 1149.1 Joint TestAction Group (JTAG) Oscilloscope (my hin sng) Logic Analyzer (b phn tch logic) Multimeter
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Nhng cng c g li
Phn mm
Debugger (trnh g ri) Profiler Monitor Trnh m phng tp lnh

G li th cng
In cc bo co Dumps Counters/Timers Fast Display H thng nhng Ouput ports www.ptit.edu.vn

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Khi ng (Boot-Up) h thng

Khi ng h thng c ngha l mt vi loi cp ngun hoc khi ng li ngun, VD mt khi ng li cng bn trong/bn ngoi (tc l, to ra bi mt li kim tra dng, cc c quan gim st phn mm, mt kha ca PLL, b g ri, v.v. ), hoc mt khi ng li mm bn trong/bn ngoi (tc l, to ra bi mt trnh sa li, m ng dng, v.v.), xut hin Khi ngun c cp ti mt bng mch nhng (bi mt khi ng li), m khi ng (start-up code, boot code, bootloader, m bootstrap, hoc BIOS ty thuc vo kin trc, trong ROM ca h thng c np v thc hin bi b x l ch
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Khi ng (Boot-Up) h thng

M Boot khc chiu di v chc nng ty thuc vo thi im trong chu k pht trin bng mch, cng nh cc thnh phn ca nn tng thc t cn s khi to. Cc chc nng chung (ti thiu) c thc hin bi m khi ng trn cc nn tng khc nhau, nhng ci khi to chc nng c bn phn cng v hiu ha ngt, khi to cc bus, thit lp cc b x l ch v t trong mt trng thi c th khi to b nh

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 Sau chui khi to phn cng, thc hin thng qua khi to cc trnh iu khin thit b, phn mm h thng cn li, c khi to. M b sung ny c th tn ti trong ROM, cho mt h thng ang c vn chuyn ra khi nh my, hoc np t mt nn tng my ch bn ngoi

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Ci t v th nghim h thng nhng

mc tiu ca vic th nghim v m bo cht lng ca mt h thng l tm li trong thit k v theo di xem cc li c c nh khc bit chnh gia g li v th nghim h thng g li thng xy ra khi nh pht trin gp mt vn trong c gng hon thnh mt phn ca thit k, v sau thng th nghim thng qua nhng sa cha li Vi th nghim, li c pht hin nh l kt qu ca s c gng ph v h thng, bao gm c testing-to-pass v testing-to-fail, ni m nhng yu km trong h thng c thm d

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 Nhn chung, cc k thut th nghim thuc mt trong bn m hnh:

th nghim hp en tnh, th nghim hp trng tnh, th nghim hp en ng, hoc th nghim hp trng ng

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 Th nghim hp en xy ra vi mt b th nghim m khng c kh nng hin th cc hot ng ni b bn trong ca h thng (khng c s nguyn l, khng c m ngun, v.v.). Th nghim hp en c da trn ti liu cc yu cu sn phm ni chung, th nghim hp trng (cn gi l th nghim hp trong sut hoc th nghim hp thy tinh) trong b th nhim c th truy cp vo m ngun, s nguyn l.. Th nghim tnh c thc hin trong khi h thng khng hot ng, th nghim ng c thc hin khi h thng ang chy
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 Bn trong mi m hnh, th nghim c th c tip tc chia nh bao gm

cc th nghim unit/module (th nghim gia tng cc yu t ring l trong h thng), th nghim tnh tng thch (th nghim rng cc phn t khng gy ra cc vn vi cc phn t khc trong h thng), th nghim s tch hp (th nghim gia tng cc yu t tch hp), th nghim h thng (th nghim ton b h thng nhng vi tt c cc yu t tch hp), th nghim hi quy (quay li cc th nghim c thng qua trc sau khi sa i h thng), th nghim sn xut (th nghim m bo rng vic sn xut h thng khng a ra li).
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 c nhiu loi t ng ha, cng c th nghim v k thut m c th tr gip trong tc , tnh hiu qu, v tnh chnh xc ca vic th nghim cc yu t khc nhau. Chng bao gm cc cng c ti, cng c ng sut, my pht nhiu, my pht ting n, cc cng c phn tch, ghi v pht li macro, v macro c lp trnh

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Cu hi n tp
Lit k cc bc trong qu trnh thit k h thng nhng M t cc bc trong qu trnh thit k h thng nhng Lit k cc bc trong qu trnh ci t v th nghim h thng nhng M t cc bc trong qu trnh ci t v th nghim h thng nhng

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Tm tt chng 4
4.1 Thit k h thng
4.1.1 Xc nh yu cu 4.1.2 c t 4.1.3 Phn hoch phn cng - phn mm 4.1.4 Thit k h thng

4.2 Ci t v th nghim h thng nhng

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