Giao Trinh Nhap Mon Mang May Tinh

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin
Trung Cp Kinh T K Thut Quang
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Chng I Nhng khi nim c bn ca mng my tnh ...........5

I. nh ngha mng my tnh ..........................................................................5 II. Phn loi mng my tnh ...........................................................................6
II.1. Da theo v tr a l ..............................................................................................6 II.2. Da theo cu trc mng...........................................................................................6 II.2.1 Kiu im - im (point - to - point) ................................................................6 II.2.2 Kiu khuych tn..............................................................................................7 II.3. Da theo phng php chuyn mch......................................................................7 II.3.1 Mng chuyn mch knh (Line switching network).........................................7 II.3.2 Mng chuyn mch thng ip (Message switching network).........................7 II.3.3 Mng chuyn mch gi (Packet switching network)........................................8
III. So snh gia mng cc b v mng din rng..........................................8 IV. Cc thnh phn ca mng my tnh........................................................10
IV.1. Mt s b giao thc kt ni mng ......................................................................10 IV.2. H iu hnh mng - NOS (Network Operating System)...................................10
V. Cc li ch ca mng my tnh ...............................................................11

V.1. Mng to kh nng dng chung ti nguyn cho cc ngi dng. .......................11 V.2. Mng cho php nng cao tin cy. ...................................................................12 V.3. Mng gip cho cng vic t hiu sut cao hn. ................................................12 V.4. Tit kim chi ph. .................................................................................................12 V.5. Tng cng tnh bo mt thng tin. .....................................................................12 V.6. Vic pht trin mng my tnh to ra nhiu ng dng mi .............................12
VI. Cc dch v ph bin trn mng my tnh ............................................12
Chng II M hnh truyn thng...............................................14

I. S cn thit phi c m hnh truyn thng ...............................................14 II. Cc nhu cu v chun ha i vi mng .................................................15 III. M hnh OSI (Open Systems Interconnection).......................................16
III.1. Nguyn tc s dng khi nh ngha cc tng h thng m..................................16 III.2. Cc giao thc trong m hnh OSI .......................................................................17 III.3. Cc chc nng ch yu ca cc tng ca m hnh OSI.......................................18 III.3.1 Tng 1: Vt l (Physical)...............................................................................18 III.3.2 Tng 2: Lin kt d liu (Data link)..............................................................18 III.3.3 Tng 3: Mng (Network)...............................................................................19 III.3.4 Tng 4: Vn chuyn (Transport)....................................................................21
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III.3.5 Tng 5: Giao dch (Session)..........................................................................22 III.3.6 Tng 6: Trnh by (Presentation)...................................................................22 III.3.7 Tng 7: ng dng (Application)...................................................................23
IV. Qu trnh chuyn vn gi tin...................................................................23

IV.1. Qu trnh ng gi d liu (ti my gi) ............................................................23 IV.2. Qu trnh truyn d liu t my gi n my nhn. ...........................................25 IV.3. Chi tit qu trnh x l ti my nhn...................................................................25
V. Phng thc truyn tn hiu.....................................................................26 VI. M hnh TCP/IP......................................................................................26

VI.1. Tng quan v b giao thc TCP/IP ....................................................................26 VI.2. So snh TCP/IP vi OSI....................................................................................28
VII. Cc giao thc truy cp ng truyn trn mng LAN..........................29

VII.1. Giao thc chuyn mch (yu cu v chp nhn)................................................29 VII.2. Giao thc ng dy a truy cp vi cm nhn va chm .................................29 VII.3. Giao thc dng th bi vng (Token ring).........................................................30 VII.4. Giao thc dng th bi cho dng ng thng (Token bus)..............................30
VIII. Cc phng tin kt ni mng lin khu vc (WAN)...........................30
Chng III a ch IP..................................................................32

I. Giao thc TCP/IP.......................................................................................32 II. a ch IP..................................................................................................32
II.1. Tng qut...............................................................................................................32 II.2. Cu trc ca cc a ch IP....................................................................................32
III. Mt s khi nim v thut ng lin quan................................................36

III.1. Cc giao thc trong mng IP...............................................................................37 III.2. Cc bc hot ng ca giao thc IP .................................................................37
IV. Giao thc iu khin truyn d liu TCP...............................................38

IV.1. Cc bc thc hin thit lp mt lin kt TCP/IP: ........................................39 IV.2. Cc bc thc hin khi truyn v nhn d liu...................................................40 IV.3. Cc bc thc hin khi ng mt lin kt...........................................................41 IV.4. Mt s hm khc ca TCP...................................................................................41
V. Giao thc UDP (User Datagram Protocol)...............................................43 VI. a ch IPv4............................................................................................45

VI.1. Thnh phn v hnh dng ca a ch IP..............................................................45 VI.2. Cc lp a ch IP.................................................................................................45
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VII. IPv6........................................................................................................47
VII.1. Giao thc lin mng th h mi (IPv6) .............................................................47 VII.2. Mt s c im mi ca IPv6: .........................................................................47 VII.3. Kin trc a ch trong IPv6: .............................................................................48 VII.3.1 Khng gian a ch: .....................................................................................48 VII.3.2 C php a ch: ..........................................................................................49
Chng IV Thit b mng...........................................................50

I. Mi trng truyn dn...............................................................................50
I.1. Khi nim ..............................................................................................................50 I.2. Tn s truyn thng ...............................................................................................50 I.3. Cc c tnh ca phng tin truyn dn ..............................................................50 I.4. Cc kiu truyn dn. ..............................................................................................51
II. ng cp truyn mng ..........................................................................51

II.1. Cp xon cp.........................................................................................................51 II.2. Cp ng trc........................................................................................................52 II.3. Cp si quang (Fiber - Optic Cable).....................................................................53 II.4. Cc yu cu cho mt h thng cp........................................................................53
III. ng truyn v tuyn............................................................................54

III.1. Sng v tuyn (radio)...........................................................................................54 III.2. Sng viba.............................................................................................................54 III.3. Hng ngoi...........................................................................................................54
IV. Cc k thut bm cp mng....................................................................55 V. Cc thit b lin kt mng.........................................................................56

V.1. Repeater (B tip sc)...........................................................................................56 V.2. Bridge (Cu ni)....................................................................................................57 V.3. Router (B tm ng)..........................................................................................60 V.3.1 Cc phng thc hot ng ca Router .........................................................63 V.3.2 Mt s giao thc hot ng chnh ca Router................................................63 V.4. Gateway (cng ni)...............................................................................................64 V.5. Hub (B tp trung)................................................................................................64 V.6. B chuyn mch (switch)......................................................................................65
Chng V M hnh mng..........................................................66

I. Kin trc mng (Topology).......................................................................66 II. Nhng cu trc chnh ca mng cc b ..................................................66
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II.1. Dng ng thng (Bus).......................................................................................66 II.2. Dng vng trn (Ring)..........................................................................................67 II.3. Dng hnh sao (Star)..............................................................................................67 II.4. Mng dng kt hp................................................................................................69
Chng VI Cc dch v ca mng din rng (WAN) .............70

I. Mng chuyn mch (Circuit Swiching Network)......................................70 II. Mng thu bao (Leased line Network).....................................................73 III. Mng chuyn gi tin (Packet Switching NetWork)................................74 IV. Mng X25...............................................................................................75 V. Mng Frame Relay...................................................................................75 VI. Mng ATM (Cell relay)..........................................................................76
Chng VII CC DCH V MNG THNG DNG ...........77

I. DCH V WEB.........................................................................................77
I.1. Mt s thut ng c bn. .......................................................................................77 I.2. Gii thiu m hnh hot ng ca Web. ................................................................79
II. DCH V FTP..........................................................................................80

II.1. M hnh hot ng ca FTP..................................................................................80 II.2. Tp hp cc lnh FTP...........................................................................................81
III. E-MAIL...................................................................................................82
III.1. M hnh hot ng.............................................................................................82 III.2. Cc loi mail. .....................................................................................................83 III.3. S dng WebMail. ..............................................................................................83
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Chng I
Nhng khi nim c bn ca mng my tnh
Mng my tnh ngy nay pht trin mt cch nhanh chng v a dng. H iu hnh cng cc ng dng ca mng ngy cng phong ph, cc li ch ca mng ngy cng c khng nh. Mng my tnh bao gm rt nhiu loi, nhiu m hnh trin khai. Trong mt mng my tnh li c nhiu thnh phn cu thnh. Trc khi i chi tit v mng my tnh, chng ta s tm hiu cc khi nim c bn ca mng my tnh.
I. nh ngha mng my tnh

Mng my tnh l mt tp hp cc my tnh c ni vi nhau bi ng truyn theo mt cu trc no v thng qua cc my tnh trao i thng tin qua li vi nhau. ng truyn l h thng cc thit b truyn dn c dy hay khng dy dng chuyn cc tn hiu in t t my tnh ny n my tnh khc. Cc tn hiu in t biu th cc gi tr d liu di dng cc xung nh phn (on - off). Tt c cc tn hiu c truyn gia cc my tnh u thuc mt dng sng in t. Ty theo tn s ca sng in t c th dng cc ng truyn vt l khc nhau truyn cc tn hiu. y ng truyn c kt ni c th l dy cp ng trc, cp xon, cp quang, dy in thoi, sng v tuyn ... Cc ng truyn d liu to nn cu trc ca mng.
Hnh I-1 Mng my tnh Vi s trao i qua li gia my tnh ny vi my tnh khc phn bit mng my tnh vi cc h thng thu pht mt chiu nh truyn hnh, pht thng tin t v tinh xung cc trm thu th ng... v ti y ch c thng tin mt chiu t ni pht n ni thu m khng quan tm n c bao nhiu ni thu, c thu tt hay khng. c trng c bn ca ng truyn vt l l gii thng. Gii thng ca mt ng chuyn chnh l o phm vi tn s m n c th p ng c. Tc truyn d liu trn ng truyn cn c gi l thng lng ca ng truyn - thng c tnh bng s lng
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bit c truyn i trong mt giy (Bps). Thng lng cn c o bng n v khc l Baud (ly t tn nh bc hc - Emile Baudot). Baud biu th s lng thay i tn hiu trong mt giy. y Baud v Bps khng phi bao gi cng ng nht. V d: nu trn ng dy c 8 mc tn hiu khc nhau th mi mc tn hiu tng ng vi 3 bit hay l 1 Baud tng ng vi 3 bit. Ch khi c 2 mc tn hiu trong mi mc tn hiu tng ng vi 1 bit th 1 Baud mi tng ng vi 1 bit.
II. Phn loi mng my tnh

C nhiu cch phn bit mng my tnh nhng ngi ta thng phn bit mng my tnh theo v tr a l, cu trc mng, phng php chuyn mch. II.1. Da theo v tr a l Da vo phm vi phn b ca mng ngi ta c th phn ra cc loi mng nh sau:

GAN (Global Area Network) - Kt ni my tnh t cc chu lc khc nhau. Thng thng kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua mng vin thng v v tinh. WAN (Wide Area Network) - Mng din rng, kt ni my tnh trong ni b cc quc gia hay gia cc quc gia trong cng mt chu lc. Thng thng kt ni ny c thc hin thng qua mng vin thng. Cc WAN c th c kt ni vi nhau thnh GAN hay t n l GAN. MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) - Kt ni cc my tnh trong phm vi mt thnh ph hay gia cc thnh ph vi nhau. LAN (Local Area Network) - Mng cc b, kt ni cc my tnh trong mt khu vc bn knh hp thng thng khong vi trm mt. Kt ni c thc hin thng qua cc mi trng truyn thng tc cao v d cp ng trc thay cp quang. LAN thng c s dng trong ni b mt c quan/t chc... Cc LAN c th c kt ni vi nhau thnh WAN.
Trong cc khi nim ni trn, thng c s dng nht hin ny l khi nim Mng din rng WAN v mng cc b LAN. II.2. Da theo cu trc mng II.2.1 Kiu im - im (point - to - point) ng truyn ni tng cp nt mng vi nhau. Thng tin i t nt ngun qua nt trung gian ri gi tip nu ng truyn khng b bn. Do , cn c tn l mng lu tr v chuyn tip (store and forward).
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Hnh I-2 Cu trc im im II.2.2 Kiu khuych tn Bn tin c gi i t mt nt s c tip nhn bi cc nt cn li (cn gi l broadcasting hay point to multipoint). Trong bn tin phi c vng a ch cho php mi nt kim xem c phi tin ca mnh khng v x l nu ng bn tin c gi n.
Hnh I-3 Cu trc kiu khuych tn II.3. Da theo phng php chuyn mch II.3.1 Mng chuyn mch knh (Line switching network) Chuyn mch knh dng trong mng in thoi. Mt knh c nh c thit lp gia cp thc th cn lin lc vi nhau. Mng ny c hiu sut khng cao v c lc knh b khng.
Hnh I-4 Mng chuyn mch knh
II.3.2 Mng chuyn mch thng ip (Message switching network) Cc nt ca mng cn c vo a ch ch ca thng ip chn nt k tip. Nh vy cc nt cn lu tr v c tin nhn c, qun l vic truyn tin. Trong trng hp bn tin qu di v nu sai phi truyn li. Phng php ny ging nh cch gi th thng thng. Mng chuyn mch thng bo thch hp vi cc dch v thng tin kiu th in t (Email) hn l i vi cc ng dng c tnh thi gian thc v tn ti tr nht nh do lu tr v x l thng tin iu khin ti mi nt.
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Hnh I-5 Mng chuyn mch thng ip II.3.3 Mng chuyn mch gi (Packet switching network) Bn tin c chia thnh nhiu gi tin (packet) c di 512 bytes, phn u ca gi tin thng l a ch ch, m tp hp cc gi. Cc gi tin ca cc thng ip khc nhau c th c truyn c lp trn cng mt ng truyn. Vn phc tp y l to li bn tin ban u, c bit l khi truyn trn cc con ng khc nhau. Chuyn mch gi mm do, hiu sut cao. S dng hai k thut chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi trong cng mt mng thng nht gi l mng ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network Mng thng tin s a dch v)
Hnh I-6 Mng chuyn mch gi
III. So snh gia mng cc b v mng din rng

Mng cc b v mng din rng c th c phn bit bi: a phng hot ng, tc ng truyn v t l li trn ng truyn, ch qun ca mng, ng i ca thng tin trn mng, dng chuyn giao thng tin. a phng hot ng Lin quan n khu vc a l th mng cc b s l mng lin kt cc my tnh nm trong mt khu vc nh. Khu vc c th bao gm mt ta nh hay l mt khu nh... iu hn ch bi khong cch ng dy cp c dng lin kt cc my tnh ca mng cc b (Hn ch cn l hn ch ca kh nng k thut ca ng truyn d liu). Ngc li mng din rng l mng c kh nng lin kt cc my tnh trong mt vng rng ln nh l mt thnh ph, mt min, mt t nc, mng din rng c xy dng ni hai hoc nhiu khu vc a l ring bit. Tc ng truyn v t l li trn ng truyn
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Do cc ng cp ca mng cc b c xy dng trong mt khu vc nh cho nn n t b nh hng bi tc ng ca thin nhin (nh l sm chp, nh sng...). iu cho php mng cc b c th truyn d liu vi tc cao m ch chu mt t l li nh. Ngc li vi mng din rng do phi truyn nhng khong cch kh xa vi nhng ng truyn dn di c khi ln ti hng ngn km. Do vy mng din rng khng th truyn vi tc qu cao v khi t l li s tr nn kh chp nhn c. Mng cc b thng c tc truyn d liu t 4 n 16 Mbps v t ti 100 Mbps nu dng cp quang. Cn phn ln cc mng din rng cung cp ng truyn c tc thp hn nhiu nh T1 vi 1.544 Mbps hay E1 vi 2.048 Mbps. n v bps (Bit Per Second) l mt n v trong truyn thng tng ng vi 1 bit c truyn trong mt giy, v d nh tc ng truyn l 1 Mbps tc l c th truyn ti a 1 Megabit trong 1 giy trn ng truyn . Thng thng trong mng cc b t l li trong truyn d liu vo khong 1/107-108 cn trong mng din rng th t l vo khong 1/106 - 107 Ch qun v iu hnh ca mng Do s phc tp trong vic xy dng, qun l, duy tr cc ng truyn dn nn khi xy dng mng din rng ngi ta thng s dng cc ng truyn c thu t cc cng ty vin thng hay cc nh cung cp dch v truyn s liu. Ty theo cu trc ca mng nhng ng truyn thuc c quan qun l khc nhau nh cc nh cung cp ng truyn ni ht, lin tnh, lin quc gia. Cc ng truyn phi tun th cc quy nh ca chnh ph cc khu vc c ng dy i qua nh: tc , vic m ha. Cn i vi mng cc b th cng vic n gin hn nhiu, khi mt c quan ci t mng cc b th ton b mng s thuc quyn qun l ca c quan . ng i ca thng tin trn mng Trong mng cc b thng tin c i theo con ng xc nh bi cu trc ca mng. Khi ngi ta xc nh cu trc ca mng th thng tin s lun lun i theo cu trc xc nh . Cn vi mng din rng d liu cu trc c th phc tp hn nhiu do vic s dng cc dch v truyn d liu. Trong qu trnh hot ng cc im nt c th thay i ng i ca cc thng tin khi pht hin ra c trc trc trn ng truyn hay khi pht hin c qu nhiu thng tin cn truyn gia hai im nt no . Trn mng din rng thng tin c th c cc con ng i khc nhau, iu cho php c th s dng ti a cc nng lc ca ng truyn hay nng cao iu kin an ton trong truyn d liu. Dng chuyn giao thng tin Phn ln cc mng din rng hin nay c pht trin cho vic truyn ng thi trn ng truyn nhiu dng thng tin khc nhau nh: video, ting ni, d liu... Trong khi cc mng cc b ch yu pht trin trong vic truyn d liu thng thng. iu ny c th gii thch do vic truyn cc dng thng tin nh video, ting ni trong mt khu vc nh t c quan tm hn nh khi truyn qua nhng khong cch ln.
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Cc h thng mng hin nay ngy cng phc tp v cht lng, a dng v chng loi v pht trin rt nhanh v cht. Trong s pht trin s lng nhng nh sn xut t phn mm, phn cng my tnh, cc sn phm vin thng cng tng nhanh vi nhiu sn phm a dng. Chnh v vy vai tr chun ha cng mang nhng ngha quan trng. Ti cc nc cc c quan chun quc gia a ra cc nhng chun v phn cng v cc quy nh v giao tip nhm gip cho cc nh sn xut c th lm ra cc sn phm c th kt ni vi cc sn phm do hng khc sn xut.
IV. Cc thnh phn ca mng my tnh

Mng my tnh bao gm cc thit b phn cng, cc giao thc v cc phn mm mng. Khi nghin cu v mng my tnh, cc vn quan trng cn c xem xt l giao thc mng, cu hnh kt ni ca mng v cc dch v mng. IV.1. Mt s b giao thc kt ni mng 1. TCP/IP u th chnh ca b giao thc ny l kh nng lin kt hot ng ca nhiu loi my tnh khc nhau. TCP/IP tr thnh tiu chun thc t cho kt ni lin mng cng nh kt ni Internet ton cu. 2. NetBEUI B giao thc nh, nhanh v hiu qu c cung cp theo cc sn phm ca hng IBM, cng nh s h tr ca Microsoft. Bt li chnh ca b giao thc ny l khng h tr nh tuyn v s dng gii hn mng da vo Microsoft. 3. IPX/SPX y l b giao thc s dng trong mng Novell. u th: nh, nhanh v hiu qu trn cc mng cc b ng thi h tr kh nng nh tuyn. 4. DECnet y l b giao thc c quyn ca hng Digital Equipment Corporation. DECnet nh ngha m hnh truyn thng qua mng LAN, mng MAN v WAN. H tr kh nng nh tuyn IV.2. H iu hnh mng - NOS (Network Operating System) Cng vi s nghin cu v pht trin mng my tnh, h iu hnh mng c nhiu cng ty u t nghin cu v cng b nhiu phn mm qun l v iu hnh mng c hiu qu nh: NetWare ca cng ty NOVELL, LAN Manager ca Microsoft dng cho cc my server chy h iu hnh OS/2, LAN server ca IBM (gn nh ng nht vi LAN Manager), Vines ca Banyan Systems l h iu hnh mng dng cho server chy h iu hnh UNIX, Promise LAN ca Mises Computer chy trn card iu hp mng c quyn, Windows for Workgroups ca Microsoft, LANtastic ca Artisoft, NetWare Lite ca Novell,.... Mt trong nhng s la chn c bn m ta phi quyt nh trc l h iu hnh mng no s lm nn tng cho mng ca ta, vic la chn tu thuc vo kch c ca mng hin ti v
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s pht trin trong tng lai, cn tu thuc vo nhng u im v nhc im ca tng h iu hnh. Mt s h iu hnh mng ph bin hin nay:
H iu
hnh mng UNIX: y l h iu hnh do cc nh khoa hc xy dng v c dng rt ph bin trong gii khoa hc, gio dc. H iu hnh mng UNIX l h iu hnh a nhim, a ngi s dng, phc v cho truyn thng tt. Nhc im ca n l hin nay c nhiu Version khc nhau, khng thng nht gy kh khn cho ngi s dng. Ngoi ra h iu hnh ny kh phc tp li i hi cu hnh my mnh (trc y chy trn my mini, gn y c SCO UNIX chy trn my vi tnh vi cu hnh mnh). H iu hnh mng Windows NT: y l h iu hnh ca hng Microsoft, cng l h iu hnh a nhim, a ngi s dng. c im ca n l tng i d s dng, h tr mnh cho phn mm WINDOWS. Do hng Microsoft l hng phn mm ln nht th gii hin nay, h iu hnh ny c kh nng s c ngy cng ph bin rng ri. Ngoi ra, Windows NT c th lin kt tt vi my ch Novell Netware. Tuy nhin, chy c hiu qu, Windows NT cng i hi cu hnh my tng i mnh. H iu hnh mng Windows for Workgroup: y l h iu hnh mng ngang hng nh, cho php mt nhm ngi lm vic (khong 3-4 ngi) dng chung a trn my ca nhau, dng chung my in nhng khng cho php chy chung mt ng dng. H d dng ci t v cng kh ph bin. H iu hnh mng NetWare ca Novell: y l h iu hnh ph bin nht hin nay nc ta v trn th gii trong thi gian cui, n c th dng cho cc mng nh (khong t 5-25 my tnh) v cng c th dng cho cc mng ln gm hng trm my tnh. Trong nhng nm qua, Novell cho ra nhiu phin bn ca Netware: Netware 2.2, 3.11. 4.0 v hin c 4.1. Netware l mt h iu hnh mng cc b dng cho cc my vi tnh theo chun ca IBM hay cc my tnh Apple Macintosh, chy h iu hnh MSDOS hoc OS/2. H iu hnh ny tng i gn nh, d ci t (my ch ch cn thm ch AT386) do ph hp vi hon cnh trang thit b hin ti ca nc ta. Ngoi ra, v l mt phn mm ph bin nn Novell Netware c cc nh sn xut phn mm khc h tr (theo ngha cc phn mm do cc hng phn mm ln trn th gii lm u c th chy tt trn h iu hnh mng ny).
V. Cc li ch ca mng my tnh
V.1. Mng to kh nng dng chung ti nguyn cho cc ngi dng. Vn l lm cho cc ti nguyn trn mng nh chng trnh, d liu v thit b, c bit l cc thit b t tin, c th sn dng cho mi ngi trn mng m khng cn quan tm n v tr thc ca ti nguyn v ngi dng. V mt thit b, cc thit b cht lng cao thng t tin, chng thng c dng chung cho nhiu ngi nhm gim chi ph v d bo qun. V mt chng trnh v d liu, khi c dng chung, mi thay i s sn dng cho mi thnh vin trn mng ngay lp tc. iu ny th hin rt r ti cc ni nh ngn hng, cc i l bn v my bay...
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V.2. Mng cho php nng cao tin cy. Khi s dng mng, c th thc hin mt chng trnh ti nhiu my tnh khc nhau, nhiu thit b c th dng chung. iu ny tng tin cy trong cng vic v khi c my tnh hoc thit b b hng, cng vic vn c th tip tc vi cc my tnh hoc thit b khc trn mng trong khi ch sa cha. V.3. Mng gip cho cng vic t hiu sut cao hn. Khi chng trnh v d liu dng chung trn mng, c th b qua mt s khu i chiu khng cn thit. Vic iu chnh chng trnh (nu c) cng tit kim thi gian hn do ch cn ci t li trn mt my. V mt t chc, vic sao chp d liu phng h tin li hn do c th giao cho ch mt ngi thay v mi ngi phi t sao chp phn ca mnh. V.4. Tit kim chi ph. Vic dng chung cc thit b ngoi vi cho php gim chi ph trang b tnh trn s ngi dng. V phn mm, nhiu nh sn xut phn mm cung cp c nhng n bn cho nhiu ngi dng, vi chi ph thp hn tnh trn mi ngi dng. V.5. Tng cng tnh bo mt thng tin. D liu c lu trn cc my phc v tp tin (file server) s c bo v tt hn so vi t ti cc my c nhn nh c ch bo mt ca cc h iu hnh mng. V.6. Vic pht trin mng my tnh to ra nhiu ng dng mi Mt s ng dng c nh hng quan trng n ton x hi: kh nng truy xut cc chng trnh v d liu t xa, kh nng thng tin lin lc d dng v hiu qu, to mi trng giao tip thun li gia nhng ngi dng khc nhau, kh nng tm kim thng tin nhanh chng trn phm vi ton th gii,...
VI. Cc dch v ph bin trn mng my tnh

- Dch v tp tin (File services) Cho php chia s ti nguyn thng tin chung, chuyn giao cc tp tin d liu t my ny sang my khc. Tm kim thng tin v iu khin truy nhp. Dch v th in t E_Mail (Electronic mail) cung cp cho ngi s dng phng tin trao i, tranh lun bng th in t. Dch v th in t gi thnh h, chuyn pht nhanh, an ton v ni dung c th tch hp cc loi d liu. - Dch v in n C th dng chung cc my in t tin trn mng. Cung cp kh nng a truy nhp n my in, phc v ng thi cho nhiu nhu cu in khc nhau. Cung cp cc dch v FAX v qun l c cc trang thit b in chuyn dng. - Cc dch v ng dng hng i tng
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S dng cc dch v thng ip (Message) lm trung gian tc ng n cc i tng truyn thng. i tng ch bn giao d liu cho tc nhn (Agent) v tc nhn s bn giao d liu cho i tng ch. - Cc dch v ng dng qun tr lung cng vic trong nhm lm vic: nh tuyn cc ti liu in t gia nhng ngi trong nhm. Khi ch k in t c xc nhn trong cc phin giao dch th c th thay th c nhiu tin trnh mi hiu qu v nhanh chng hn. - Dch v c s d liu L dch v ph bin v cc dch v ng dng, l cc ng dng theo m hnh Client/Server. Dch v x l phn tn lu tr d liu phn tn trn mng, ngi dng trong sut v d s dng, p ng cc nhu cu truy nhp ca ngi s dng.
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Chng II
M hnh truyn thng
I. S cn thit phi c m hnh truyn thng

mt mng my tnh tr mt mi trng truyn d liu th n cn phi c nhng yu t sau: Mi my tnh cn phi c mt a ch phn bit trn mng. Vic chuyn d liu t my tnh ny n my tnh khc do mng thc hin thng qua nhng quy nh thng nht gi l giao thc ca mng. Khi cc my tnh trao i d liu vi nhau th mt qu trnh truyn giao d liu c thc hin hon chnh. V d nh thc hin vic truyn mt file gia mt my tnh vi mt my tnh khc cng c gn trn mt mng cc cng vic sau y phi c thc hin: My tnh cn truyn cn bit a ch ca my nhn. My tnh cn truyn phi xc nh c my tnh nhn sn sng nhn thng tin Chng trnh gi file trn my truyn cn xc nh c rng chng trnh nhn file trn my nhn sn sng tip nhn file. Nu cu trc file trn hai my khng ging nhau th mt my phi lm nhim v chuyn i file t dng ny sang dng kia. Khi truyn file my tnh truyn cn thng bo cho mng bit a ch ca my nhn cc thng tin c mng a ti ch. iu trn cho thy gia hai my tnh c mt s phi hp hot ng mc cao. By gi thay v chng ta xt c qu trnh trn nh l mt qu trnh chung th chng ta s chia qu trnh trn ra thnh mt s cng on v mi cng on con hot ng mt cch c lp vi nhau. y chng trnh truyn nhn file ca mi my tnh c chia thnh ba module l: Module truyn v nhn File, Module truyn thng v Module tip cn mng. Hai module tng ng s thc hin vic trao i vi nhau trong : Module truyn v nhn file cn c thc hin tt c cc nhim v trong cc ng dng truyn nhn file. V d: truyn nhn thng s v file, truyn nhn cc mu tin ca file, thc hin chuyn i file sang cc dng khc nhau nu cn. Module truyn v nhn file khng cn thit phi trc tip quan tm ti vic truyn d liu trn mng nh th no m nhim v c giao cho Module truyn thng. Module truyn thng quan tm ti vic cc my tnh ang hot ng v sn sng trao i thng tin vi nhau. N cn kim sot cc d liu sao cho nhng d liu ny c th trao i mt cch chnh xc v an ton gia hai my tnh. iu c ngha l phi truyn file trn nguyn tc m bo an ton cho d liu, tuy nhin y c th c mt vi mc an ton khc nhau c dnh cho tng ng dng. y vic trao i d liu gia hai my tnh khng ph thuc vo bn cht ca mng ang lin kt chng. Nhng yu cu lin quan n mng c thc hin module th ba l module tip cn mng v nu mng thay i th ch c module tip cn mng b nh hng. Module tip cn mng c xy dng lin quan n cc quy cch giao tip vi mng v ph thuc vo bn cht ca mng. N m bo vic truyn d liu t my tnh ny n my tnh khc trong mng. Nh vy thay v xt c qu trnh truyn file vi nhiu yu cu khc nhau nh mt tin trnh phc tp th chng ta c th xt qu trnh vi nhiu tin trnh con phn bit da trn vic trao i
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gia cc Module tng ng trong chng trnh truyn file. Cch ny cho php chng ta phn tch k qu trnh file v d dng trong vic vit chng trnh. Vic xt cc module mt cch c lp vi nhau nh vy cho php gim phc tp cho vic thit k v ci t. Phng php ny c s dng rng ri trong vic xy dng mng v cc chng trnh truyn thng v c gi l phng php phn tng (layer). Nguyn tc ca phng php phn tng l: Mi h thng thnh phn trong mng c xy dng nh mt cu trc nhiu tng v u c cu trc ging nhau nh: s lng tng v chc nng ca mi tng. Cc tng nm chng ln nhau, d liu c ch trao i trc tip gia hai tng k nhau t tng trn xung tng di v ngc li. Cng vi vic xc nh chc nng ca mi tng chng ta phi xc nh mi quan h gia hai tng k nhau. D liu c truyn i t tng cao nht ca h thng truyn ln lt n tng thp nht sau truyn qua ng ni vt l di dng cc bit ti tng thp nht ca h thng nhn, sau d liu c truyn ngc ln ln lt n tng cao nht ca h thng nhn. Ch c hai tng thp nht c lin kt vt l vi nhau cn cc tng trn cng th t ch c cc lin kt logic vi nhau. Lin kt logic ca mt tng c thc hin thng qua cc tng di v phi tun theo nhng quy nh cht ch, cc quy nh c gi giao thc ca tng.
Hnh II-7 M hnh phn tng
II. Cc nhu cu v chun ha i vi mng

Trong thc t vic phn chia cc tng nh trong m hnh trn thc s cha . Trn th gii hin c mt s c quan nh chun, h a ra hng lot chun v mng tuy cc chun c tnh cht khuyn ngh ch khng bt buc nhng chng rt c cc c quan chun quc gia coi trng. Hai trong s cc c quan chun quc t l: ISO (The International Standards Organization) - L t chc tiu chun quc t hot ng di s bo tr ca Lin hp Quc vi thnh vin l cc c quan chun quc gia vi s lng khong hn 100 thnh vin vi mc ch h tr s pht trin cc chun trn phm vi ton th gii. Mt trong nhng thnh tu ca ISO trong lnh vc truyn thng l m hnh h thng m (Open Systems Interconnection - gi tt l OSI).
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CCITT (Commit Consultatif International pour le Telegraphe et la Tlphone) T chc t vn quc t v in tn v in thoi lm vic di s bo tr ca Lin Hip Quc c tr s chnh ti Geneva - Thy s. Cc thnh vin ch yu l cc c quan bu chnh vin thng cc quc gia. T chc ny c vai tr pht trin cc khuyn ngh trong cc lnh vc vin thng.
III. M hnh OSI (Open Systems Interconnection)

M hnh OSI l mt c s dnh cho vic chun ho cc h thng truyn thng, n c nghin cu v xy dng bi ISO. Vic nghin cu v m hnh OSI c bt u ti ISO vo nm 1971 vi mc tiu nhm ti vic ni kt cc sn phm ca cc hng sn xut khc nhau v phi hp cc hot ng chun ho trong cc lnh vc vin thng v h thng thng tin. Theo m hnh OSI chng trnh truyn thng c chia ra thnh 7 tng vi nhng chc nng phn bit cho tng tng. Hai tng ng mc khi lin kt vi nhau phi s dng mt giao thc chung. Vic nghin cu v OSI c bt u ti ISO vo nm 1971 vi cc mc tiu nhm ni kt cc sn phm ca cc hng sn xut khc. u im chnh ca OSI l ch n ha hn gii php cho vn truyn thng gia cc my tnh khng ging nhau. Hai h thng, d c khc nhau u c th truyn thng vi nhau mt cc hiu qu nu chng m bo nhng iu kin chung sau y: Chng ci t cng mt tp cc chc nng truyn thng. Cc chc nng c t chc thnh cng mt tp cc tng. cc tng ng mc phi cung cp cc chc nng nh nhau. Cc tng ng mc khi trao i vi nhau s dng chung mt giao thc
M hnh OSI tch cc mt khc nhau ca mt mng my tnh thnh by tng theo m hnh phn tng. M hnh OSI l mt khung m cc tiu chun lp mng khc nhau c th khp vo. M hnh OSI nh r cc mt no ca hot ng ca mng c th nhm n bi cc tiu chun mng khc nhau. V vy, theo mt ngha no , m hnh OSI l mt loi tiu chun ca cc chun. III.1. Nguyn tc s dng khi nh ngha cc tng h thng m Sau y l cc nguyn tc m ISO quy nh dng trong qu trnh xy dng m hnh OSI Khng nh ngha qu nhiu tng vic xc nh v ghp ni cc tng khng qu phc tp. To cc ranh gii cc tng sao cho vic gii thch cc phc v v s cc tng tc qua li hai tng l nh nht. To cc tng ring bit cho cc chc nng khc bit nhau hon ton v k thut s dng hoc qu trnh thc hin. Cc chc nng ging nhau c t trong cng mt tng. La chn ranh gii cc tng ti cc im m nhng th nghim trong qu kh thnh cng. Cc chc nng c xc nh sao cho chng c th d dng xc nh li, v cc nghi thc ca chng c th thay i trn mi hng. To ranh gii cc tng m cn c nhng mc tru tng khc nhau trong vic s dng s liu. Cho php thay i cc chc nng hoc giao thc trong tng khng nh hng n cc tng khc. To cc ranh gii gia mi tng vi tng trn v di n.
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III.2. Cc giao thc trong m hnh OSI Trong m hnh OSI c hai loi giao thc chnh c p dng: giao thc c lin kt (connection oriented) v giao thc khng lin kt (connectionless). Giao thc c lin kt: trc khi truyn d liu hai tng ng mc cn thit lp mt lin kt logic v cc gi tin c trao i thng qua lin kt ny, vic c lin kt logic s nng cao an ton trong truyn d liu. Giao thc khng lin kt: trc khi truyn d liu khng thit lp lin kt logic v mi gi tin c truyn c lp vi cc gi tin trc hoc sau n.
Nh vy vi giao thc c lin kt, qu trnh truyn thng phi gm 3 giai on phn bit: Thit lp lin kt (logic): hai thc th ng mc hai h thng thng lng vi nhau v tp cc tham s s s dng trong giai on sau (truyn d liu). Truyn d liu: d liu c truyn vi cc c ch kim sot v qun l km theo (nh kim sot li, kim sot lung d liu, ct/hp d liu...) tng cng tin cy v hiu qu ca vic truyn d liu. Hy b lin kt (logic): gii phng ti nguyn h thng c cp pht cho lin kt dng cho lin kt khc.
i vi giao thc khng lin kt th ch c duy nht mt giai on truyn d liu m thi. Gi tin ca giao thc: Gi tin (Packet) c hiu nh l mt n v thng tin dng trong vic lin lc, chuyn giao d liu trong mng my tnh. Nhng thng ip (message) trao i gia cc my tnh trong mng, c to dng thnh cc gi tin my ngun. V nhng gi tin ny khi ch s c kt hp li thnh thng ip ban u. Mt gi tin c th cha ng cc yu cu phc v, cc thng tin iu khin v d liu.
Hnh II-8 Phng thc xc lp cc gi tin trong m hnh OSI Trn quan im m hnh mng phn tng tng mi tng ch thc hin mt chc nng l nhn d liu t tng bn trn chuyn giao xung cho tng bn di v ngc li. Chc nng ny thc
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cht l gn thm v g b phn u (header) i vi cc gi tin trc khi chuyn n i. Ni cch khc, tng gi tin bao gm phn u (header) v phn d liu. Khi i n mt tng mi gi tin s c ng thm mt phn u khc v c xem nh l gi tin ca tng mi, cng vic trn tip din cho ti khi gi tin c truyn ln ng dy mng n bn nhn. Ti bn nhn cc gi tin c g b phn u trn tng tng tng ng v y cng l nguyn l ca bt c m hnh phn tng no. Ch : Trong m hnh OSI phn kim li ca gi tin tng lin kt d liu t cui gi tin III.3. Cc chc nng ch yu ca cc tng ca m hnh OSI. III.3.1 Tng 1: Vt l (Physical) Tng vt l (Physical layer) l tng di cng ca m hnh OSI l. N m t cc c trng vt l ca mng: Cc loi cp c dng ni cc thit b, cc loi u ni c dng , cc dy cp c th di bao nhiu v.v... Mt khc cc tng vt l cung cp cc c trng in ca cc tn hiu c dng khi chuyn d liu trn cp t mt my ny n mt my khc ca mng, k thut ni mch in, tc cp truyn dn. Tng vt l khng qui nh mt ngha no cho cc tn hiu ngoi cc gi tr nh phn 0 v 1. cc tng cao hn ca m hnh OSI ngha ca cc bit c truyn tng vt l s c xc nh. V d: Tiu chun Ethernet cho cp xon i 10 baseT nh r cc c trng in ca cp xon i, kch thc v dng ca cc u ni, di ti a ca cp. Khc vi cc tng khc, tng vt l l khng c gi tin ring v do vy khng c phn u (header) cha thng tin iu khin, d liu c truyn i theo dng bit. Mt giao thc tng vt l tn ti gia cc tng vt l quy nh v phng thc truyn (ng b, phi ng b), tc truyn. Cc giao thc c xy dng cho tng vt l c phn chia thnh phn chia thnh hai loi giao thc s dng phng thc truyn thng d b (asynchronous) v phng thc truyn thng ng b (synchronous). Phng thc truyn d b: Khng c mt tn hiu quy nh cho s ng b gia cc bit gia my gi v my nhn, trong qu trnh gi tn hiu my gi s dng cc bit c bit START v STOP c dng tch cc xu bit biu din cc k t trong dng d liu cn truyn i. N cho php mt k t c truyn i bt k lc no m khng cn quan tm n cc tn hiu ng b trc . Phng thc truyn ng b: S dng phng thc truyn cn c ng b gia my gi v my nhn, n chn cc k t c bit nh SYN (Synchronization), EOT (End Of Transmission) hay n gin hn, mt ci "c " (flag) gia cc d liu ca my gi bo hiu cho my nhn bit c d liu ang n hoc n. III.3.2 Tng 2: Lin kt d liu (Data link) Tng lin kt d liu (data link layer) l tng m ngha c gn cho cc bt c truyn trn mng. Tng lin kt d liu phi quy nh c cc dng thc, kch thc, a ch my gi
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v nhn ca mi gi tin c gi i. N phi xc nh c ch truy nhp thng tin trn mng v phng tin gi mi gi tin sao cho n c a n cho ngi nhn nh. Tng lin kt d liu c hai phng thc lin kt da trn cch kt ni cc my tnh, l phng thc "mt im - mt im" v phng thc "mt im - nhiu im". Vi phng thc "mt im - mt im" cc ng truyn ring bit c thit lp ni cc cp my tnh li vi nhau. Phng thc "mt im - nhiu im " tt c cc my phn chia chung mt ng truyn vt l.
Hnh II-9 : Cc ng truyn kt ni kiu "mt im - mt im" v "mt im - nhiu im" Tng lin kt d liu cng cung cp cch pht hin v sa li c bn m bo cho d liu nhn c ging hon ton vi d liu gi i. Nu mt gi tin c li khng sa c, tng lin kt d liu phi ch ra c cch thng bo cho ni gi bit gi tin c li n gi li. Cc giao thc tng lin kt d liu chia lm 2 loi chnh l cc giao thc hng k t v cc giao thc hng bit. Cc giao thc hng k t c xy dng da trn cc k t c bit ca mt b m chun no (nh ASCII hay EBCDIC), trong khi cc giao thc hng bit li dng cc cu trc nh phn (xu bit) xy dng cc phn t ca giao thc (n v d liu, cc th tc.) v khi nhn, d liu s c tip nhn ln lt tng bit mt. III.3.3 Tng 3: Mng (Network) Tng mng (network layer) nhm n vic kt ni cc mng vi nhau bng cch tm ng (routing) cho cc gi tin t mt mng ny n mt mng khc. N xc nh vic chuyn hng, vch ng cc gi tin trong mng, cc gi ny c th phi i qua nhiu chng trc khi n c ch cui cng. N lun tm cc tuyn truyn thng khng tc nghn a cc gi tin n ch. Tng mng cung cc cc phng tin truyn cc gi tin qua mng, thm ch qua mt mng ca mng (network of network). Bi vy n cn phi p ng vi nhiu kiu mng v nhiu kiu dch v cung cp bi cc mng khc nhau. hai chc nng ch yu ca tng mng l chn ng (routing) v chuyn tip (relaying). Tng mng l quan trng nht khi lin kt hai loi mng khc nhau nh mng Ethernet vi mng Token Ring khi phi dng mt b tm ng (quy nh bi tng mng) chuyn cc gi tin t mng ny sang mng khc v ngc li. i vi mt mng chuyn mch gi (packet - switched network) - gm tp hp cc nt chuyn mch gi ni vi nhau bi cc lin kt d liu. Cc gi d liu c truyn t mt h thng m ti mt h thng m khc trn mng phi c chuyn qua mt chui cc nt. Mi nt nhn gi d liu t mt ng vo (incoming link) ri chuyn tip n ti mt ng ra (outgoing link)
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hng n ch ca d liu. Nh vy mi nt trung gian n phi thc hin cc chc nng chn ng v chuyn tip. Vic chn ng l s la chn mt con ng truyn mt n v d liu (mt gi tin chng hn) t trm ngun ti trm ch ca n. Mt k thut chn ng phi thc hin hai chc nng chnh sau y: Quyt nh chn ng ti u da trn cc thng tin c v mng ti thi im thng qua nhng tiu chun ti u nht nh. Cp nht cc thng tin v mng, tc l thng tin dng cho vic chn ng, trn mng lun c s thay i thng xuyn nn vic cp nht l vic cn thit.
Hnh II-10 M hnh chuyn vn cc gi tin trong mng chuyn mch gi Ngi ta c hai phng thc p ng cho vic chn ng l phng thc x l tp trung v x l ti ch. Phng thc chn ng x l tp trung c c trng bi s tn ti ca mt (hoc vi) trung tm iu khin mng, chng thc hin vic lp ra cc bng ng i ti tng thi im cho cc nt v sau gi cc bng chn ng ti tng nt dc theo con ng c chn . Thng tin tng th ca mng cn dng cho vic chn ng ch cn cp nhp v c ct gi ti trung tm iu khin mng. Phng thc chn ng x l ti ch c c trng bi vic chn ng c thc hin ti mi nt ca mng. Trong tng thi im, mi nt phi duy tr cc thng tin ca mng v t xy dng bng chn ng cho mnh. Nh vy cc thng tin tng th ca mng cn dng cho vic chn ng cn cp nhp v c ct gi ti mi nt.
Thng thng cc thng tin c o lng v s dng cho vic chn ng bao gm: Trng thi ca ng truyn. Thi gian tr khi truyn trn mi ng dn. Mc lu thng trn mi ng. Cc ti nguyn kh dng ca mng.
Khi c s thay i trn mng (v d thay i v cu trc ca mng do s c ti mt vi nt, phc hi ca mt nt mng, ni thm mt nt mi... hoc thay i v mc lu thng) cc thng tin trn cn c cp nht vo cc c s d liu v trng thi ca mng.
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Hin nay khi nhu cu truyn thng a phng tin (tch hp d liu vn bn, ho, hnh nh, m thanh) ngy cng pht trin i hi cc cng ngh truyn dn tc cao nn vic pht trin cc h thng chn ng tc cao ang rt c quan tm. III.3.4 Tng 4: Vn chuyn (Transport) Tng vn chuyn cung cp cc chc nng cn thit gia tng mng v cc tng trn. n l tng cao nht c lin quan n cc giao thc trao i d liu gia cc h thng m. N cng cc tng di cung cp cho ngi s dng cc phc v vn chuyn. Tng vn chuyn (transport layer) l tng c s m mt my tnh ca mng chia s thng tin vi mt my khc. Tng vn chuyn ng nht mi trm bng mt a ch duy nht v qun l s kt ni gia cc trm. Tng vn chuyn cng chia cc gi tin ln thnh cc gi tin nh hn trc khi gi i. Thng thng tng vn chuyn nh s cc gi tin v m bo chng chuyn theo ng th t. Tng vn chuyn l tng cui cng chu trch nhim v mc an ton trong truyn d liu nn giao thc tng vn chuyn ph thuc rt nhiu vo bn cht ca tng mng. Ngi ta chia giao thc tng mng thnh cc loi sau: Mng loi A: C t sut li v s c c bo hiu chp nhn c (tc l cht lng chp nhn c). Cc gi tin c gi thit l khng b mt. Tng vn chuyn khng cn cung cp cc dch v phc hi hoc sp xp th t li. Mng loi B: C t sut li chp nhn c nhng t sut s c c bo hiu li khng chp nhn c. Tng giao vn phi c kh nng phc hi li khi xy ra s c. Mng loi C: C t sut li khng chp nhn c (khng tin cy) hay l giao thc khng lin kt. Tng giao vn phi c kh nng phc hi li khi xy ra li v sp xp li th t cc gi tin.
Trn c s loi giao thc tng mng chng ta c 5 lp giao thc tng vn chuyn l: Giao thc lp 0 (Simple Class - lp n gin): cung cp cc kh nng rt n gin thit lp lin kt, truyn d liu v hy b lin kt trn mng "c lin kt" loi A. N c kh nng pht hin v bo hiu cc li nhng khng c kh nng phc hi. Giao thc lp 1 (Basic Error Recovery Class - Lp phc hi li c bn) dng vi cc loi mng B, y cc gi tin (TPDU) c nh s. Ngoi ra giao thc cn c kh nng bo nhn cho ni gi v truyn d liu khn. So vi giao thc lp 0 giao thc lp 1 c thm kh nng phc hi li. Giao thc lp 2 (Multiplexing Class - lp dn knh) l mt ci tin ca lp 0 cho php dn mt s lin kt chuyn vn vo mt lin kt mng duy nht, ng thi c th kim sot lung d liu trnh tc nghn. Giao thc lp 2 khng c kh nng pht hin v phc hi li. Do vy n cn t trn mt tng mng loi A. Giao thc lp 3 (Error Recovery and Multiplexing Class - lp phc hi li c bn v dn knh) l s m rng giao thc lp 2 vi kh nng pht hin v phc hi li, n cn t trn mt tng mng loi B. Giao thc lp 4 (Error Detection and Recovery Class - Lp pht hin v phc hi li) l lp c hu ht cc chc nng ca cc lp trc v cn b sung thm mt s kh nng khc kim sot vic truyn d liu.
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III.3.5 Tng 5: Giao dch (Session) Tng giao dch (session layer) thit lp "cc giao dch" gia cc trm trn mng, n t tn nht qun cho mi thnh phn mun i thoi vi nhau v lp nh xa gia cc tn vi a ch ca chng. Mt giao dch phi c thit lp trc khi d liu c truyn trn mng, tng giao dch m bo cho cc giao dch c thit lp v duy tr theo ng qui nh. Tng giao dch cn cung cp cho ngi s dng cc chc nng cn thit qun tr cc giao dnh ng dng ca h, c th l: iu phi vic trao i d liu gia cc ng dng bng cch thit lp v gii phng (mt cch lgic) cc phin (hay cn gi l cc hi thoi - dialogues) Cung cp cc im ng b kim sot vic trao i d liu. p t cc qui tc cho cc tng tc gia cc ng dng ca ngi s dng. Cung cp c ch "ly lt" (nm quyn) trong qu trnh trao i d liu.
Trong trng hp mng l hai chiu lun phin th ny sinh vn : hai ngi s dng lun phin phi "ly lt" truyn d liu. Tng giao dch duy tr tng tc lun phin bng cch bo cho mi ngi s dng khi n lt h c truyn d liu. Vn ng b ha trong tng giao dch cng c thc hin nh c ch kim tra/phc hi, dch v ny cho php ngi s dng xc nh cc im ng b ha trong dng d liu ang chuyn vn v khi cn thit c th khi phc vic hi thoi bt u t mt trong cc im mt thi im ch c mt ngi s dng quyn c bit c gi cc dch v nht nh ca tng giao dch, vic phn b cc quyn ny thng qua trao i th bi (token). V d: Ai c c token s c quyn truyn d liu, v khi ngi gi token trao token cho ngi khc thi cng c ngha trao quyn truyn d liu cho ngi . Tng giao dch c cc hm c bn sau: Give Token cho php ngi s dng chuyn mt token cho mt ngi s dng khc ca mt lin kt giao dch. Please Token cho php mt ngi s dng cha c token c th yu cu token . Give Control dng chuyn tt c cc token t mt ngi s dng sang mt ngi s dng khc.
III.3.6 Tng 6: Trnh by (Presentation) Trong giao tip gia cc ng dng thng qua mng vi cng mt d liu c th c nhiu cch biu din khc nhau. Thng thng dng biu din dng bi ng dng ngun v dng biu din dng bi ng dng ch c th khc nhau do cc ng dng c chy trn cc h thng hon ton khc nhau (nh h my Intel v h my Motorola). Tng trnh by (Presentation layer) phi chu trch nhim chuyn i d liu gi i trn mng t mt loi biu din ny sang mt loi khc. t c iu n cung cp mt dng biu din chung dng truyn thng v cho php chuyn i t dng biu din cc b sang biu din chung v ngc li. Tng trnh by cng c th c dng k thut m ha xo trn cc d liu trc khi c truyn i v gii m u n bo mt. Ngoi ra tng biu din cng c th dng cc k thut nn sao cho ch cn mt t byte d liu th hin thng tin khi n c truyn trn mng, u nhn, tng trnh by bung tr li c d liu ban u.
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III.3.7 Tng 7: ng dng (Application) Tng ng dng (Application layer) l tng cao nht ca m hnh OSI, n xc nh giao din gia ngi s dng v mi trng OSI v gii quyt cc k thut m cc chng trnh ng dng dng giao tip vi mng. cung cp phng tin truy nhp mi trng OSI cho cc tin trnh ng dng, Ngi ta thit lp cc thc th ng dng (AE), cc thc th ng dng s gi n cc phn t dch v ng dng (Application Service Element - vit tt l ASE) ca chng. Mi thc th ng dng c th gm mt hoc nhiu cc phn t dch v ng dng. Cc phn t dch v ng dng c phi hp trong mi trng ca thc th ng dng thng qua cc lin kt (association) gi l i tng lin kt n (Single Association Object - vit tt l SAO). SAO iu khin vic truyn thng trong sut vng i ca lin kt cho php tun t ha cc s kin n t cc ASE thnh t ca n.
IV. Qu trnh chuyn vn gi tin

IV.1. Qu trnh ng gi d liu (ti my gi) ng gi d liu l qu trnh t d liu nhn c vo sau header (v trc trailer) trn mi lp. Lp Physical khng ng gi d liu v n khng dng header v trailer. Vic ng gi d liu khng nht thit phi xy ra trong mi ln truyn d liu ca trnh ng dng. Cc lp 5, 6, 7 s dng header trong qu trnh khi ng, nhng trong phn ln cc ln truyn th khng c header ca lp 5, 6, 7 l do l khng c thng tin mi trao i.
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Hnh II-11 B sung phn u thng ip & tn d liu s dng Cc d liu ti my gi c x l theo trnh t nh sau: - Ngi dng thng qua lp Application a cc thng tin vo my tnh. Cc thng tin ny c nhiu dng khc nhau nh: hnh nh, m thanh, vn bn - Tip theo cc thng tin c chuyn xung lp Presentation chuyn thnh dng chung, ri m ho v nn d liu. - Tip d liu c chuyn xung lp Session b sung cc thng tin v phin giao dch ny. - D liu tip tc c chuyn xung lp Transport, ti lp ny d liu c ct ra thnh nhiu Segment v b sung thm cc thng tin v phng thc vn chuyn d liu m bo tin cy khi truyn. - D liu tip tc c chuyn xung lp Network, ti lp ny mi Segment c ct ra thnh nhiu Packet v b sung thm cc thng tin nh tuyn. - Tip d liu c chuyn xung lp Data Link, ti lp ny mi Packet s c ct ra thnh nhiu Frame v b sung thm cc thng tin kim tra gi tin ( kim tra ni nhn). - Cui cng, mi Frame s c tng Vt L chuyn thnh mt chui cc bit, v c y ln cc phng tin truyn dn truyn n cc thit b khc.
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IV.2. Qu trnh truyn d liu t my gi n my nhn. Bc 1: Trnh ng dng (trn my gi) to ra d liu v cc chng trnh phn cng, phn mm ci t mi lp s b sung vo header v trailer (qu trnh ng gi d liu ti my gi). Bc 2: Lp Physical (trn my gi) pht sinh tn hiu ln mi trng truyn ti truyn d liu. Bc 3: Lp Physical (trn my nhn) nhn d liu. Bc 4: Cc chng trnh phn cng, phn mm (trn my nhn) g b header v trailer v x l phn d liu (qu trnh x l d liu ti my nhn). Gia bc 1 v bc 2 l qu trnh tm ng i ca gi tin. Thng thng, my gi bit a ch IP ca my nhn. V th, sau khi xc nh c a ch IP ca my nhn th lp Network ca my gi s so snh a ch IP ca my nhn v a ch IP ca chnh n: - Nu cng a ch mng th my gi s tm trong bng MAC Table ca mnh c c a ch MAC ca my nhn. Trong trng hp khng c c a ch MAC tng ng, n s thc hin giao thc ARP truy tm a ch MAC. Sau khi tm c a ch MAC, n s lu a ch MAC ny vo trong bng MAC Table lp Datalink s dng cc ln gi sau. Sau khi c a ch MAC th my gi s gi gi tin i. - Nu khc a ch mng th my gi s kim tra xem my c c khai bo Default Gateway hay khng. + Nu c khai bo Default Gateway th my gi s gi gi tin thng qua Default Gateway. + Nu khng c khai bo Default Gateway th my gi s loi b gi tin v thng bo "Destination host Unreachable" IV.3. Chi tit qu trnh x l ti my nhn Bc 1: Lp Physical kim tra qu trnh ng b bit v t chui bit nhn c vo vng m. Sau thng bo cho lp Data Link d liu c nhn. Bc 2: Lp Data Link kim li frame bng cch kim tra FCS trong trailer. Nu c li th frame b b. Sau kim tra a ch lp Data Link (a ch MAC) xem c trng vi a ch my nhn hay khng. Nu ng th phn d liu sau khi loi header v trailer s c chuyn ln cho lp Network. Bc 3: a ch lp Network c kim tra xem c phi l a ch my nhn hay khng (a ch IP) ? Nu ng th d liu c chuyn ln cho lp Transport x l. Bc 4: Nu giao thc lp Transport c h tr vic phc hi li th s nh danh phn on c x l. Cc thng tin ACK, NAK (gi tin ACK, NAK dng phn hi v vic cc gi tin c gi n my nhn cha) cng c x l lp ny. Sau qu trnh phc hi li v sp th t cc phn on, d liu c a ln lp Session. Bc 5: Lp Session m bo mt chui cc thng ip trn vn. Sau khi cc lung hon tt, lp Session chuyn d liu sau header lp 5 ln cho lp Presentation x l. Bc 6: D liu s c lp Presentation x l bng cch chuyn i dng thc d liu. Sau kt qu chuyn ln cho lp Application. Bc 7: Lp Application x l header cui cng. Header ny cha cc tham s tho thun gia hai trnh ng dng. Do vy tham s ny thng ch c trao i lc khi ng qu trnh truyn thng gia hai trnh ng dng.
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V. Phng thc truyn tn hiu

Thng thng c hai phng thc truyn tn hiu trong mng cc b l dng bng tn c s (baseband) v bng tn rng (broadband). S khc nhau ch yu gia hai phng thc truyn tn hiu ny l bng tng c s ch chp nhn mt knh d liu duy nht trong khi bng rng c th chp nhn ng thi hai hoc nhiu knh truyn thng cng phn chia gii thng ca ng truyn. Hu ht cc mng cc b s dng phng thc bng tn c s. Vi phng thc truyn tn hiu ny ny tn hiu c th c truyn i di c hai dng: tng t (analog) hoc s (digital). Phng thc truyn bng tn rng chia gii thng (tn s) ca ng truyn thnh nhiu gii tn con trong mi di tn con cung cp mt knh truyn d liu tch bit nh s dng mt cp modem c bit gi l b gii / iu bin RF cai qun vic bin i cc tn hiu s thnh tn hiu tng t c tn s v tuyn (RF) bng k thut ghp knh.
VI. M hnh TCP/IP

VI.1. Tng quan v b giao thc TCP/IP TCP/IP l b giao thc cho php kt ni cc h thng mng khng ng nht vi nhau. Ngy nay, TCP/IP c s dng rng ri trong cc mng cc b cng nh trn mng Internet ton cu. TCP/IP c xem l gin lc ca m hnh tham chiu OSI vi bn tng nh sau: Tng lin kt mng (Network Access Layer) Tng Internet (Internet Layer) Tng giao vn (Host-to-Host Transport Layer) Tng ng dng (Application Layer)
Hnh II-12 : Kin trc TCP/IP Tng lin kt: Tng lin kt (cn c gi l tng lin kt d liu hay l tng giao tip mng) l tng thp nht trong m hnh TCP/IP, bao gm cc thit b giao tip mng v chng trnh cung cp cc thng tin cn thit c th hot ng, truy nhp ng truyn vt l qua thit b giao tip mng . Tng Internet:
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Tng Internet (cn gi l tng mng) x l qua trnh truyn gi tin trn mng. Cc giao thc ca tng ny bao gm: IP (Internet Protocol), ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), IGMP (Internet Group Messages Protocol). Tng giao vn: Tng giao vn ph trch lung d liu gia hai trm thc hin cc ng dng ca tng trn. Tng ny c hai giao thc chnh: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) v UDP (User Datagram Protocol) TCP cung cp mt lung d liu tin cy gia hai trm, n s dng cc c ch nh chia nh cc gi tin ca tng trn thnh cc gi tin c kch thc thch hp cho tng mng bn di, bo nhn gi tin,t hn ch thi gian time-out m bo bn nhn bit c cc gi tin gi i. Do tng ny m bo tnh tin cy, tng trn s khng cn quan tm n na. UDP cung cp mt dch v n gin hn cho tng ng dng. N ch gi cc gi d liu t trm ny ti trm kia m khng m bo cc gi tin n c ti ch. Cc c ch m bo tin cy cn c thc hin bi tng trn. Tng ng dng: Tng ng dng l tng trn cng ca m hnh TCP/IP bao gm cc tin trnh v cc ng dng cung cp cho ngi s dng truy cp mng. C rt nhiu ng dng c cung cp trong tng ny, m ph bin l: Telnet: s dng trong vic truy cp mng t xa, FTP (File Transfer Protocol): dch v truyn tp, Email: dch v th tn in t, WWW (World Wide Web).
Hnh II-13: Qu trnh ng/m gi d liu trong TCP/IP
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Cng tng t nh trong m hnh OSI, khi truyn d liu, qu trnh tin hnh t tng trn xung tng di, qua mi tng d liu c thm vo mt thng tin iu khin c gi l phn header. Khi nhn d liu th qu trnh xy ra ngc li, d liu c truyn t tng di ln v qua mi tng th phn header tng ng c ly i v khi n tng trn cng th d liu khng cn phn header na. Hnh v sau cho ta thy lc d liu qua cc tng. Trong hnh v ny ta thy ti cc tng khc nhau d liu c mang nhng thut ng khc nhau: Trong tng ng dng d liu l cc lung c gi l stream. Trong tng giao vn, n v d liu m TCP gi xung tng di gi l TCP segment. Trong tng mng, d liu m IP gi ti tng di c gi l IP datagram. Trong tng lin kt, d liu c truyn i gi l frame.
Hnh II-14: Cu trc d liu trong TCP/IP VI.2. So snh TCP/IP vi OSI Mi tng trong TCP/IP c th l mt hay nhiu tng ca OSI. Bng sau ch r mi tng quan gia cc tng trong m hnh TCP/IP vi OSI OSI Physical Layer v Data link Layer Network Layer Transport Layer Session Layer, Presentation Layer, Application Layer S khc nhau gia TCP/IP v OSI ch l: Tng ng dng trong m hnh TCP/IP bao gm lun c 3 tng trn ca m hnh OSI Tng giao vn trong m hnh TCP/IP khng phi lun m bo tin cy ca vic truyn tin nh trong tng giao vn ca m hnh OSI m cho php thm mt la chn khc l UDP Data link Layer Internet Layer Transport Layer Application Layer TCP/IP
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VII. Cc giao thc truy cp ng truyn trn mng LAN

truyn c d liu trn mng ngi ta phi c cc th tc nhm hng dn cc my tnh ca mng lm th no v lc no c th thm nhp vo ng dy cp gi cc gi d kin. V d nh i vi cc dng bus v ring th ch c mt ng truyn duy nht ni cc trm vi nhau, cho nn cn phi c cc quy tc chung cho tt c cc trm ni vo mng m bo rng ng truyn c truy nhp v s dng mt cch hp l. C nhiu giao thc khc nhau truy nhp ng truyn vt l nhng phn thnh hai loi: cc giao thc truy nhp ngu nhin v cc giao thc truy nhp c iu khin. VII.1.Giao thc chuyn mch (yu cu v chp nhn) Giao thc chuyn mch l loi giao thc hot ng theo cch thc sau: mt my tnh ca mng khi cn c th pht tn hiu thm nhp vo mng, nu vo lc ny ng cp khng bn th mch iu khin s cho trm ny thm nhp vo ng cp cn nu ng cp ang bn, ngha l ang c giao lu gia cc trm khc, th vic thm nhp s b t chi. VII.2.Giao thc ng dy a truy cp vi cm nhn va chm Giao thc ng dy a truy cp (Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Detection hay CSMA/CD ) cho php nhiu trm thm nhp cng mt lc vo mng, giao thc ny thng dng trong s mng dng ng thng. Mi trm u c th c truy nhp vo ng dy chung mt cch ngu nhin v do vy c th dn n xung t (hai hoc nhiu trm ng thi cng truyn d liu). Cc trm phi kim tra ng truyn gi d liu i qua c phi ca n hay khng. Khi mt trm mun truyn d liu n phi kim tra ng truyn xem c rnh hay khng gi gi d liu ca, nu ng truyn ang bn trm phi ch i ch c truyn khi thy ng truyn rnh. Nu cng mt lc c hai trm cng s dng ng truyn th giao thc phi pht hin iu ny v cc trm phi ngng thm nhp, ch i ln sau cc thi gian ngu nhin khc nhau. Khi ng cp ang bn trm phi ch i theo mt trong ba phng thc sau: Trm tm ch i mt thi gian ngu nhin no ri li bt u kim tra ng truyn. Trm tip tc kim tra ng truyn n khi ng truyn rnh th truyn d liu i. Trm tip tc kim tra ng truynn khi ng truyn rnh th truyn d liu i vi xc sut p xc nh trc (0 < p < 1).
Ti y phng thc 1 c hiu qu trong vic trnh xung t v hai trm cn truyn khi thy ng truyn bn s cng rt lui v ch i trong cc thi gian ngu nhin khc nhau. Ngc li phng thc 2 c gng gim thi gian trng ca ng truyn bng cc cho php trm c th truyn ngay sau khi mt cuc truyn kt thc song nu lc c thm mt trm khc ang i th kh nng xy ra xung t l rt cao. Phng thc 3 vi gi tr p phi la chn hp l c th ti thiu ha c kh nng xung t ln thi gian trng ca ng truyn. Khi lu lng cc gi d liu cn di chuyn trn mng qu cao, th vic ng c th xy ra vi s lng ln c gy tc nghn ng truyn dn n lm chm tc truyn tin ca h thng.
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VII.3.Giao thc dng th bi vng (Token ring) y l giao thc truy nhp c iu khin ch yu dng k thut chuyn th bi (token) cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn tc l quyn c truyn d liu i. Th bi ay l mt n v d liu c bit, c kch thc v ni dung (gm cc thng tin iu khin) c quy nh ring cho mi giao thc. Theo giao thc dng th bi vng trong ng cp lin tc c mt th bi chy quanh trong mng Th bi l mt n v d liu c bit trong c mt bit biu din trng thi s dng ca n (bn hoc ri). Mt trm mun truyn d liu th phi i n khi nhn c mt th bi rnh. Khi trm s i bit trng thi ca th bi thnh bn, np gi d liu c km theo a ch ni nhn vo th bi v truyn i theo chiu ca vng. V th bi chy vng quang trong mng kn v ch c mt th nn vic ng d liu khng th xy ra, do vy hiu sut truyn d liu ca mng khng thay i. Trong cc giao thc ny cn gii quyt hai vn c th dn n ph v h thng. Mt l vic mt th bi lm cho trn vng khng cn th bi lu chuyn na. Hai l mt th bi bn lu chuyn khng dng trn vng. VII.4.Giao thc dng th bi cho dng ng thng (Token bus) y l giao thc truy nhp c iu khin trong cp pht quyn truy nhp ng truyn cho cc trm ang c nhu cu truyn d liu, mt th bi c lu chuyn trn mt vng logic thit lp bi cc trm . Khi mt trm c th bi th n c quyn s dng ng truyn trong mt thi gian xc nh trc. Khi ht d liu hoc ht thi on cho php, trm chuyn th bi n trm tip theo trong vng logic. Nh vy trong mng phi thit lp c vng logic (hay cn gi l vng o) bao gm cc trm ang hot ng ni trong mng c xc nh v tr theo mt chui th t m trm cui cng ca chui s tip lin sau bi trm u tin. Mi trm c bit a ch ca cc trm k trc v sau n trong th t ca cc trm trn vng logic c th c lp vi th t vt l. Cng vi vic thit lp vng th giao thc phi lun lun theo di s thay i theo trng thi thc t ca mng.
VIII. Cc phng tin kt ni mng lin khu vc (WAN)

Bn cnh phng php s dng ng in thoi thu bao kt ni cc mng cc b hoc mng khu vc vi nhau hoc kt ni vo Internet, c mt s phng php khc:
ng
thu bao (leased line). y l phng php c nht, l phng php truyn thng nht cho s ni kt vnh cu. Bn thu ng dy t cng ty in thoi (trc tip hoc qua nh cung cp dch v). Bn cn phi ci t mt "Chanel Service Unit" (CSU) ni n mng T, v mt "Digital Service Unit" (DSU) ni n mng ch (primary) hoc giao din mng. ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Nework). S dng ng in thoi s thay v ng tng t. Do ISDN l mng dng tn hiu s, bn khng phi dng mt modem ni vi ng dy m thay vo bn phi dng mt thit b gi l "codec" vi modem c kh nng chy 14.4 kbit/s. ISDN thch hp cho c hai trng hp c nhn v t chc. Cc t chc c th quan tm hn n ISDN c kh nng cao hn ("primary" ISDN) vi tc tng cng bng tc 1.544 Mbit/s ca ng T1. Cc ph khi s dng ISDN c tnh theo thi gian, mt s trng hp tnh theo lng d liu c truyn i v mt s th tnh theo c hai.
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CATV
link. Cng ty dn cp trong khu vc ca bn c th cho bn thu mt "ch" trn ng cp ca h vi gi hp dn hn vi ng in thoi. Cn phi bit nhng thit b g cn cho h thng ca mnh v rng ca di m bn s c cung cp l bao nhiu. Cng nh vic ng gp chi ph vi nhng khch hng khc cho knh lin lc l nh th no. Mt dng k l hn c a ra vi tn gi l mng "lai" ("hybrid" Network), vi mt knh CATV c s dng lu thng theo mt hng v mt ng ISDN hoc gi s s dng cho ng tr li. Nu mun cung cp thng tin trn Internet, bn phi xc nh chc chn rng "knh ngc" ca bn kh nng phc v cho nhu cu thng tin ca khch hng ca bn. Frame relay. Frame relay "uyn chuyn" hn ng thu bao. Khch hng thu ng Frame relay c th mua mt dch v c mc xc nh - mt "tc thng tin u thc" ("Committed Information Rale" - CIR). Nu nh nhu cu ca bn trn mng l rt "bt pht" (burty), hay ngi s dng ca bn c nhu cu cao trn ng lin lc trong sut mt khong thi gian xc nh trong ngy, v c t hoc khng c nhu cu vo ban m - Frame relay c th s kinh t hn l thu hon ton mt ng T1 (hoc T3). Nh cung cp dch v ca bn c th a ra mt phng php tng t nh l phng php thay th l Switched Multimegabit Data Service. Ch truyn khng ng b (Asynchoronous Trangfer Mode - ATM). ATM l mt phng php tng i mi u tin bo hiu cng mt k thut cho mng cc b v lin khu vc. ATM thch hp cho real-time multimedia song song vi truyn d liu truyn thng. ATM ha hn s tr thnh mt phn ln ca mng tng lai. ng vi sng (Microware links). Nu cn kt ni vnh vin n nh cung cp dch v nhng li thy rng ng thu bao hay nhng la chn khc l qu t, bn s thy microware nh l mt la chn thch hp. Bn khng cn tr qu t cho cch ny ca microware, tuy nhin bn cn phi u t nhiu tin hn vo lc u, v bn s gp mt s ri ro nh tc truyn n mng ca bn qu nhanh. ng v tinh (satellite links). Nu bn mun c chuyn mt lng ln d liu c bit l t nhng a im t xa th ng v tinh l cu tr li. Tm hot ng ca nhng v tinh cng v tr a l vi tri t cng to ra mt s chm tr (hoc "b che du") m nhng ngi s dng Telnet c th cm nhn c.
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Chng III
a ch IP
I. Giao thc TCP/IP

Giao thc TCP/IP c pht trin t mng ARPANET v Internet v c dng nh giao thc mng v vn chuyn trn mng Internet. TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) l giao thc thuc tng vn chuyn v IP (Internet Protocol) l giao thc thuc tng mng ca m hnh OSI. H giao thc TCP/IP hin nay l giao thc c s dng rng ri nht lin kt cc my tnh v cc mng. Hin nay cc my tnh ca hu ht cc mng c th s dng giao thc TCP/IP lin kt vi nhau thng qua nhiu h thng mng vi k thut khc nhau. Giao thc TCP/IP thc cht l mt h giao thc cho php cc h thng mng cng lm vic vi nhau thng qua vic cung cp phng tin truyn thng lin mng.
II. a ch IP
II.1. Tng qut Nhim v chnh ca giao thc IP l cung cp kh nng kt ni cc mng con thnh lin kt mng truyn d liu, vai tr ca IP l vai tr ca giao thc tng mng trong m hnh OSI. Giao thc IP l mt giao thc kiu khng lin kt (connectionlees) c ngha l khng cn c giai on thit lp lin kt trc khi truyn d liu. S a ch ha nh danh cc trm (host) trong lin mng c gi l a ch IP 32 bits (32 bit IP address). Mi giao din trong 1 my c h tr giao thc IP u phi c gn 1 a ch IP (mt my tnh c th gn vi nhiu mng do vy c th c nhiu a ch IP). a ch IP gm 2 phn: a ch mng (netid) v a ch my (hostid). Mi a ch IP c di 32 bits c tch thnh 4 vng (mi vng 1 byte), c th biu th di dng thp phn, bt phn, thp lc phn hay nh phn. Cch vit ph bin nht l dng k php thp phn c du chm (dotted decimal notation) tch cc vng. Mc ch ca a ch IP l nh danh duy nht cho mt my tnh bt k trn lin mng. Do t chc v ln ca cc mng con (subnet) ca lin mng c th khc nhau, ngi ta chia cc a ch IP thnh 5 lp, k hiu l A, B, C, D v E. Trong lp A, B, C cha a ch c th gn c. Lp D dnh ring cho lp k thut multicasting. Lp E c dnh nhng ng dng trong tng lai. Netid trong a ch mng dng nhn dng tng mng ring bit. Cc mng lin kt phi c a ch mng (netid) ring cho mi mng. y cc bit u tin ca byte u tin c dng nh danh lp a ch (0 - lp A, 10 - lp B, 110 - lp C, 1110 - lp D v 11110 - lp E). y ta xt cu trc ca cc lp a ch c th gn c l lp A, lp B, lp C. II.2. Cu trc ca cc a ch IP Mng lp A: a ch mng (netid) l 1 Byte v a ch host (hostid) l 3 byte. Mng lp B: a ch mng (netid) l 2 Byte v a ch host (hostid) l 2 byte. Mng lp C: a ch mng (netid) l 3 Byte v a ch host (hostid) l 1 byte.
Lp A cho php nh danh ti 126 mng, vi ti a 16 triu host trn mi mng. Lp ny c dng cho cc mng c s trm cc ln. Lp B cho php nh danh ti 16384 mng, vi ti a 65534 host trn mi mng.
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Lp C cho php nh danh ti 2 triu mng, vi ti a 254 host trn mi mng. Lp ny c dng cho cc mng c t trm.
Hnh III-15: Cu trc cc lp a ch IP Mt s a ch c tnh cht c bit: Mt a ch c hostid = 0 c dng hng ti mng nh danh bi vng netid. Ngc li, mt a ch c vng hostid gm ton s 1 c dng hng ti tt c cc host ni vo mng netid, v nu vng netid cng gm ton s 1 th n hng ti tt c cc host trong lin mng
Hnh III-16: V d cu trc cc lp a ch IP Cn lu rng cc a ch IP c dng nh danh cc host v mng tng mng ca m hnh OSI, v chng khng phi l cc a ch vt l (hay a ch MAC) ca cc trm trn mt mng cc b (Ethernet, Token Ring.). Trong nhiu trng hp, mt mng c th c chia thnh nhiu mng con (subnet), lc c th a thm cc vng subnetid nh danh cc mng con. Vng subnetid c ly t vng hostid, c th i vi lp A, B, C nh v d sau:
Hnh III-17: V d a ch khi b sung vng subnetid n v d liu dng trong IP c gi l gi tin (datagram), c khun dng
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Hnh III-18: Dng thc ca gi tin IP ngha ca thng s nh sau: VER (4 bits): ch version hin hnh ca giao thc IP hin c ci t, Vic c ch s version cho php c cc trao i gia cc h thng s dng version c v h thng s dng version mi. IHL (4 bits): ch di phn u (Internet header Length) ca gi tin datagram, tnh theo n v t ( 32 bits). Trng ny bt but phi c v phn u IP c th c di thay i ty . di ti thiu l 5 t (20 bytes), di ti a l 15 t hay l 60 bytes. Type of service (8 bits): c t cc tham s v dch v nhm thng bo cho mng bit dch v no m gi tin mun c s dng, chng hn u tin, thi hn chm tr, nng sut truyn v tin cy. Hnh sau cho bit ngh ca trng 8 bits ny.
Precedence (3 bit): ch th v quyn u tin gi datagram, n c gi tr t 0 (gi tin bnh thng) n 7 (gi tin kim sot mng). D (Delay) (1 bit): ch tr yu cu trong D = 0 gi tin c tr bnh thng D = 1 gi tin tr thp T (Throughput) (1 bit): ch thng lng yu cu s dng truyn gi tin vi la chn truyn trn ng thng sut thp hay ng thng sut cao. T = 0 thng lng bnh thng v T = 1 thng lng cao R (Reliability) (1 bit): ch tin cy yu cu R = 0 tin cy bnh thng R = 1 tin cy cao
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Total Length (16 bits): ch di ton b gi tin, k c phn u tnh theo n v byte vi chiu di ti a l 65535 bytes. Hin nay gii hn trn l rt ln nhng trong tng lai vi nhng mng Gigabit th cc gi tin c kch thc ln l cn thit. Identification (16 bits): cng vi cc tham s khc (nh Source Address v Destination Address) tham s ny dng nh danh duy nht cho mt datagram trong khong thi gian n vn cn trn lin mng. Flags (3 bits): lin quan n s phn on (fragment) cc datagram, Cc gi tin khi i trn ng i c th b phn thnh nhiu gi tin nh, trong trng hp b phn on th trng Flags c dng iu khin phn on v ti lp ghp b d liu. Ty theo gi tr ca Flags s c ngha l gi tin s khng phn on, c th phn on hay l gi tin phn on cui cng. Trng Fragment Offset cho bit v tr d liu thuc phn on tng ng vi on bt u ca gi d liu gc. ngha c th ca trng Flags l:
bit 0: reserved - cha s dng, lun ly gi tr 0. bit 1: (DF) = 0 (May Fragment) = 1 (Don't Fragment) bit 2: (MF) = 0 (Last Fragment) = 1 (More Fragments) Fragment Offset (13 bits): ch v tr ca on (fragment) trong datagram tnh theo n v 8 bytes, c ngha l phn d liu mi gi tin (tr gi tin cui cng) phi cha mt vng d liu c di l bi s ca 8 bytes. iu ny c ngha l phi nhn gi tr ca Fragment offset vi 8 tnh ra lch byte. Time to Live (8 bits): qui nh thi gian tn ti (tnh bng giy) ca gi tin trong mng trnh tnh trng mt gi tin b qun trn mng. Thi gian ny c cho bi trm gi v c gim i (thng qui c l 1 n v) khi datagram i qua mi router ca lin mng. Thi lng ny gim xung ti mi router vi mc ch gii hn thi gian tn ti ca cc gi tin v kt thc nhng ln lp li v hn trn mng. Sau y l 1 s iu cn lu v trng Time To Live: Nt trung gian ca mng khng c gi 1 gi tin m trng ny c gi tr= 0. Mt giao thc c th n nh Time To Live thc hin cuc ra tm ti nguyn trn mng trong phm vi m rng. Mt gi tr c nh ti thiu phi ln cho mng hot ng tt. Protocol (8 bits): ch giao thc tng trn k tip s nhn vng d liu trm ch (hin ti thng l TCP hoc UDP c ci t trn IP). V d: TCP c gi tr trng Protocol l 6, UDP c gi tr trng Protocol l 17 Header Checksum (16 bits): M kim sot li ca header gi tin IP. Source Address (32 bits): a ch ca my ngun.
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Destination Address (32 bits): a ch ca my ch Options ( di thay i): khai bo cc la chn do ngi gi yu cu (tu theo tng chng trnh). Padding ( di thay i): Vng m, c dng m bo cho phn header lun kt thc mt mc 32 bits. Data ( di thay i): Trn mt mng cc b nh vy, hai trm ch c th lin lc vi nhau nu chng bit a ch vt l ca nhau. Nh vy vn t ra l phi thc hin nh x gia a ch IP (32 bits) v a ch vt l (48 bits) ca mt trm.
III. Mt s khi nim v thut ng lin quan

a ch mng (Network Address): l a ch IP m gi tr ca tt c cc bits phn nhn dng my tnh u l 0, c s dng xc nh mt mng. V d : 10.0.0.0; 172.18.0.0 ; 192.1.1.0 a ch qung b (Broadcast Address) : L a ch IP m gi tr ca tt c cc bits phn nhn dng my tnh u l 1, c s dng ch tt c cc my tnh trong mng. V d : 10.255.255.255, 172.18.255.255, 192.1.1.255 Mt n mng chun (Netmask) : L a ch IP m gi tr ca cc bits phn nhn dng mng u l 1, cc bits phn nhn dng my tnh u l 0. Nh vy ta c 3 mt n mng tng ng cho 3 lp mng A, B v C l : Mt n mng lp A : 255.0.0.0 Mt n mng lp B : 255.255.0.0
- Mt n mng lp C : 255.255.255.0 Ta gi chng l cc mt n mng mc nh (Default Netmask) Lu : a ch mng, a ch qung b, mt n mng khng c dng t a ch cho cc my tnh
a ch mng 127.0.0.0 l a ch c dnh ring t trong phm vi mt my tnh. N ch c gi tr cc b ( trong phm vi mt my tnh). Thng thng khi ci t giao thc IP th my tnh s c gin a ch 127.0.0.1. a ch ny thng thng kim tra xem giao thc IP trn my hin ti c hot ng khng. a ch dnh ring cho mng cc b khng ni kt trc tip Internet: Cc mng cc b khng ni kt trc tip vo mng Internet c th s dng cc a ch mng sau nh a ch cho cc my tnh trong mng ca mnh : 0 - Lp A : 10.0.0.0 1 - Lp B : 172.16.0.0 n 172.32.0.0 2 - Lp C : 192.168.0.0 3 ngha ca Netmask
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Vi mt a ch IP v mt Netmask cho trc, ta c th dng php ton AND BIT tnh ra c a ch mng m a ch IP ny thuc v. Cng thc nh sau : Network Address = IP Address & Netmask V d : Cho a ch IP = 198.53.147.45 v Netmask = 255.255.255.0. Ta thc hin php ton AND BIT (&) hai a ch trn: Biu din thp phn IP Address Netmask 198.53.147.45 255.255.255.0 Biu din nh phn 11000110 00110101 10010011 00101101 11111111 11111111 11111111 00000000 11000110 00110101 10010011 00000000
Network Address 198.53.147.0
III.1. Cc giao thc trong mng IP mng vi giao thc IP hot ng c tt ngi ta cn mt s giao thc b sung, cc giao thc ny u khng phi l b phn ca giao thc IP v giao thc IP s dng n chng khi cn. Giao thc ARP (Address Resolution Protocol): y cn lu rng cc a ch IP c dng nh danh cc host v mng tng mng ca m hnh OSI, v chng khng phi l cc a ch vt l (hay a ch MAC) ca cc trm trn mt mng cc b (Ethernet, Token Ring.). Trn mt mng cc b hai trm ch c th lin lc vi nhau nu chng bit a ch vt l ca nhau. Nh vy vn t ra l phi tm c nh x gia a ch IP (32 bits) v a ch vt l ca mt trm. Giao thc ARP c xy dng tm a ch vt l t a ch IP khi cn thit. Giao thc RARP (Reverse Address Resolution Protocol): L giao thc ngc vi giao thc ARP. Giao thc RARP c dng tm a ch IP t a ch vt l. Giao thc ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol): Giao thc ny thc hin truyn cc thng bo iu khin (bo co v cc tnh trng cc li trn mng.) gia cc gateway hoc mt nt ca lin mng. Tnh trng li c th l: mt gi tin IP khng th ti ch ca n, hoc mt router khng b nh m lu v chuyn mt gi tin IP, Mt thng bo ICMP c to v chuyn cho IP. IP s "bc" (encapsulate) thng bo vi mt IP header v truyn n cho router hoc trm ch. III.2. Cc bc hot ng ca giao thc IP Khi giao thc IP c khi ng n tr thnh mt thc th tn ti trong my tnh v bt u thc hin nhng chc nng ca mnh, lc thc th IP l cu thnh ca tng mng, nhn yu cu t cc tng trn n v gi yu cu xung cc tng di n. i vi thc th IP my ngun, khi nhn c mt yu cu gi t tng trn, n thc hin cc bc sau y: To mt IP datagram da trn tham s nhn c.
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Tnh checksum v ghp vo header ca gi tin. Ra quyt nh chn ng: hoc l trm ch nm trn cng mng hoc mt gateway s c chn cho chng tip theo. Chuyn gi tin xung tng di truyn qua mng. i vi router, khi nhn c mt gi tin i qua, n thc hin cc ng tc sau: 1) Tnh chesksum, nu sai th loi b gi tin. 2) Gim gi tr tham s Time - to Live. nu thi gian ht th loi b gi tin. 3) Ra quyt nh chn ng. 4) Phn on gi tin, nu cn. 5) Kin to li IP header, bao gm gi tr mi ca cc vng Time - to -Live, Fragmentation v Checksum. 6) Chuyn datagram xung tng di chuyn qua mng. Cui cng khi mt datagram nhn bi mt thc th IP trm ch, n s thc hin bi cc cng vic sau: 1) Tnh checksum. Nu sai th loi b gi tin. 2) Tp hp cc on ca gi tin (nu c phn on) 3) Chuyn d liu v cc tham s iu khin ln tng trn.
IV. Giao thc iu khin truyn d liu TCP

TCP l mt giao thc "c lin kt" (connection - oriented), ngha l cn phi thit lp lin kt gia hai thc th TCP trc khi chng trao i d liu vi nhau. Mt tin trnh ng dng trong mt my tnh truy nhp vo cc dch v ca giao thc TCP thng qua mt cng (port) ca TCP. S hiu cng TCP c th hin bi 2 bytes.
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Hnh III-19: Cng truy nhp dch v TCP Mt cng TCP kt hp vi a ch IP to thnh mt u ni TCP/IP (socket) duy nht trong lin mng. Dch v TCP c cung cp nh mt lin kt logic gia mt cp u ni TCP/IP. Mt u ni TCP/IP c th tham gia nhiu lin kt vi cc u ni TCP/IP xa khc nhau. Trc khi truyn d liu gia 2 trm cn phi thit lp mt lin kt TCP gia chng v khi khng cn nhu cu truyn d liu th lin kt s c gii phng. Cc thc th ca tng trn s dng giao thc TCP thng qua cc hm gi (function calls) trong c cc hm yu cu yu cu, tr li. Trong mi hm cn c cc tham s dnh cho vic trao i d liu. IV.1. Cc bc thc hin thit lp mt lin kt TCP/IP: Thit lp mt lin kt mi c th c m theo mt trong 2 phng thc: ch ng (active) hoc b ng (passive). Phng thc b ng, ngi s dng yu cu TCP ch i mt yu cu lin kt gi n t xa thng qua mt u ni TCP/IP (ti ch). Ngi s dng dng hm passive Open c khai bo cng TCP v cc thng s khc (mc u tin, mc an ton) Vi phng thc ch ng, ngi s dng yu cu TCP m mt lin kt vi mt mt u ni TCP/IP xa. Lin kt s c xc lp nu c mt hm Passive Open tng ng c thc hin ti u ni TCP/IP xa . Bng III-1 Lt k mt vi cng TCP ph bin S hiu cng 0 5 7 M t Reserved Remote job entry Echo
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9 11 13 15 17 20 21 23 25 37 53 102 103 104 111 139 160 - 223
Discard Systat Daytime Nestat Quotd (quote odd day) ftp-data ftp (control) Telnet SMTP Time Name Server ISO - TSAP X.400 X.400 Sending Sun RPC Net BIOS Session source Reserved
Khi ngi s dng gi i mt yu cu m lin kt s c nhn hai thng s tr li t TCP. Thng s Open ID c TCP tr li ngay lp tc gn cho mt lin kt cc b (local connection name) cho lin kt c yu cu. Thng s ny v sau c dng tham chiu ti lin kt . (Trong trng hp nu TCP khng th thit lp c lin kt yu cu th n phi gi tham s Open Failure thng bo.) Khi TCP thit lp c lin kt yu cu n gi tham s Open Sucsess c dng thng bo lin kt c thit lp thnh cng. Thng bo ny dc chuyn n trong c hai trng hp b ng v ch ng. Sau khi mt lin kt c m, vic truyn d liu trn lin kt c th c thc hin. IV.2. Cc bc thc hin khi truyn v nhn d liu Sau khi xc lp c lin kt ngi s dng gi v nhn d liu. Vic gi v nhn d liu thng qua cc hm Send v receive.
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Hm Send: D liu c gi xung TCP theo cc khi (block). Khi nhn c mt khi d liu, TCP s lu tr trong b m (buffer). Nu c PUSH c dng th ton b d liu trong b m c gi, k c khi d liu mi n s c gi i. Ngc li c PUSH khng c dng th d liu c gi li trong b m v s gi i khi c c hi thch hp (chng hn ch thm d liu na gi i vi hiu qu hn). Hm reveive: trm ch d liu s c TCP lu trong b m gn vi mi lin kt. Nu d liu c nh du vi mt c PUSH th ton b d liu trong b m (k c cc d liu c lu t trc) s c chuyn ln cho ngi s dng. Cn nu d liu n khng c nh du vi c PUSH th TCP ch ti khi thch hp mi chuyn d liu vi mc tiu tng hiu qu h thng. Ni chung vic nhn v giao d liu cho ngi s dng ch ca TCP ph thuc vo vic ci t c th. Trng hp cn chuyn gp d liu cho ngi s dng th c th dng c URGENT v nh du d liu bng bit URG bo cho ngi s dng cn phi s l khn cp d liu . IV.3. Cc bc thc hin khi ng mt lin kt Vic ng mt lin kt khi khng cn thit c thc hin theo mt trong hai cch: dng hm Close hoc dng hm Abort. Hm Close: Yu cu ng lin kt mt cch bnh thng. C ngha l vic truyn d liu trn lin kt hon tt. Khi nhn c mt hm Close TCP s truyn i tt c d liu cn trong b m thng bo rng n ng lin kt. Lu rng khi mt ngi s dng gi i mt hm Close th n vn phi tip tc nhn d liu n trn lin kt cho n khi TCP bo cho pha bn kia bit v vic ng lin kt v chuyn giao ht tt c d liu cho ngi s dng ca mnh. Hm Abort: Ngi s dng c th ng mt lin kt bt v s khng chp nhn d liu qua lin kt na. Do vy d liu c th b mt i khi ang c truyn i. TCP bo cho TCP xa bit rng lin kt c hy b v TCP xa s thng bo cho ngi s dng ca mnh. IV.4. Mt s hm khc ca TCP Hm Status: cho php ngi s dng yu cu cho bit trng thi ca mt lin kt c th, khi TCP cung cp thng tin cho ngi s dng. Hm Error: thng bo cho ngi s dng TCP v cc yu cu dch v bt hp l lin quan n mt lin kt c tn cho trc hoc v cc li lin quan n mi trng. n v d liu s dng trong TCP c gi l segment (on d liu), c cc tham s vi ngha nh sau:
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Hnh III-20: Dng thc ca segment TCP Source Por (16 bits): S hiu cng TCP ca trm ngun. Destination Port (16 bit): S hiu cng TCP ca trm ch. Sequence Number (32 bit): s hiu ca byte u tin ca segment tr khi bit SYN c thit lp. Ny bit SYN c thit lp th Sequence Number l s hiu tun t khi u (ISN) v byte d liu u tin l ISN+1. Acknowledgment Number (32 bit): s hiu ca segment tip theo m trm ngun ang ch nhn. Ngm bo nhn tt (cc) segment m trm ch gi cho trm ngun. Data offset (4 bit): s lng bi ca 32 bit (32 bit words) trong TCP header (tham s ny ch ra v tr bt u ca ngun d liu). Reserved (6 bit): dnh dng trong tng lai Control bit (cc bit iu khin): URG: Vng con tr khn (Ucgent Poiter) c hiu lc. ACK: Vng bo nhn (ACK number) c hiu lc. PSH: Chc nng PUSH. RST: Khi ng li (reset) lin kt. SYN: ng b ha s hiu tun t (sequence number). FIN: Khng cn d liu t trm ngun. Window (16 bit): cp pht credit kim sot ngun d liu (c ch ca s). y chnh l s lng cc byte d liu, bt u t byte c ch ra trong vng ACK number, m trm ngun sn sng nhn. Checksum (16 bit): m kim sot li cho ton b segment (header + data)
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Urgemt Poiter (16 bit): con tr ny tr ti s hiu tun t ca byte i theo sau d liu khn. Vng ny ch c hiu lc khi bit URG c thit lp. Options ( di thay i): khai bo cc option ca TCP, trong c di ti a ca vng TCP data trong mt segment. Paddinh ( di thay i): phn chn thm vo header m bo phn header lun kt thc mt mc 32 bit. Phn thm ny gm ton s 0. TCP data ( di thay i): cha d liu ca tng trn, c di ti a ngm nh l 536 byte. Gi tr ny c th iu chnh bng cch khai bo trong vng options.
V. Giao thc UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

UDP (User Datagram Protocol) l giao thc theo phng thc khng lin kt c s dng thay th cho TCP trn IP theo yu cu ca tng ng dng. Khc vi TCP, UDP khng c cc chc nng thit lp v kt thc lin kt. Tng t nh IP, n cng khng cung cp c ch bo nhn (acknowledgment), khng sp xp tun t cc gi tin (datagram) n v c th dn n tnh trng mt hoc trng d liu m khng c c ch thng bo li cho ngi gi. Qua ta thy UDP cung cp cc dch v vn chuyn khng tin cy nh trong TCP. Khun dng UDP datagram c m t vi cc vng tham s n gin hn nhiu so vi TCP segment.
Hnh III-21: Dng thc ca gi tin UDP UDP cng cung cp c ch gn v qun l cc s hiu cng (port number) nh danh duy nht cho cc ng dng chy trn mt trm ca mng. Do t chc nng phc tp nn UDP thng c xu th hot ng nhanh hn so vi TCP. N thng c dng cho cc ng khng i hi tin cy cao trong giao vn.
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Hnh III-22: M hnh quan h h giao thc TCP/IP
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VI. a ch IPv4
VI.1. Thnh phn v hnh dng ca a ch IP a ch IP ang c s dng hin ti (IPv4) c 32 bit chia thnh 4 Octet ( mi Octet c 8 bit, tng ng 1 byte ) cch m u t tri qua phi bit 1 cho n bit 32, cc Octet tch bit nhau bng du chm (.), bao gm c 3 thnh phn chnh.
Bit 1......................................................................Bit 32 * Bit nhn dng lp ( Class bit ) * a ch ca ng mng ( Net ID ) * a ch ca my tnh ( Host ID ). Bit nhn dng lp (Class bit) phn bit a ch lp no. 1. a ch Internet biu hin dng bit nh phn: x y x y x y x y. x y x y x y x y. x y x y x y x y. x y x y x y x y x, y = 0 hoc 1. V d: 0 0 1 0 1 10. Bit nhn dng Octet 1 xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx x l s thp phn t 0 n 9 V d: 146. 123. 110. 224 Dng vit y ca a ch IP l 3 con s trong tng Octet. V d: a ch IP thng thy trn thc t c th l 53.143.10.2 nhng dng y l 053.143.010.002. VI.2. Cc lp a ch IP a ch IP chia ra 5 lp A,B,C, D, E. Hin ti dng ht lp A,B v gn ht lp C, cn lp D v E T chc internet ang dnh cho mc ch khc khng phn, nn chng ta ch nghin cu 3 lp u. 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 1. Octet 2 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0. Octet 3 11100000 Octet 4
2. a ch Internet biu hin dng thp phn:
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Qua cu trc cc lp a ch IP chng ta c nhn xt sau: * Bit nhn dng l nhng bit u tin - ca lp A l 0, ca lp B l 10, ca lp C l 110. * Lp D c 4 bit u tin nhn dng l 1110, cn lp E c 5 bt u tin nhn dng l 11110. * a ch lp A: a ch mng t v a ch my ch trn tng mng nhiu. * a ch lp B: a ch mng va phi v a ch my ch trn tng mng va phi. * a ch lp C: a ch mng nhiu, a ch my ch trn tng mng t. a ch lp A B C Vng a ch l thuyt T 0.0.0.0 n 127.0.0.0 T 128.0.0.0 n 191.255.0.0 T 192.0.0.0 n 223.255.255.0 S mng ti a s dng 126 16382 2097150 S my ch ti a trn tng mng 16777214 65534 254
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D E
T 224.0.0.0 n 240.0.0.0 T 241.0.0.0 n 255.0.0.0

Bng III-2 Cc lp a ch IP
Khng phn Khng phn
a ch lp A B C D E
Vng a ch s dng T 1 n 127 T 128.1 n 191.254 T 192.0.1 n 223.255.254
Bit nhn dng 0 10 110 1110 11110
S bit dng phn cho mng 7 14 21 -----
Bng III-3 Bit nhn dng cc lp
Nh vy nu chng ta thy 1 a ch IP c 4 nhm s cch nhau bng du chm, nu thy nhm s th nht nh hn 126 bit a ch ny lp A, nm trong khong 128 n 191 bit a ch ny lp B v t 192 n 223 bit a ch ny lp C.
VII. IPv6
VII.1.Giao thc lin mng th h mi (IPv6) Giao thc IPv4 c coi l nn tng cho mng Internet vi nhng tnh cht u vit ca n, tuy nhin vi s bng n v Internet giao thc IPv4 bc l mt s yu im v tnh nng, trong ni bt l: Thiu ht v tnh nng xc thc, an ninh ca gi tin trn mng. Kh nng m rng hn ch. Thiu ht khng gian a ch. Vi s pht trin ca mng Internet, khng gian a ch IP c th s dng thc s l rt nh do cc a ch lp A c dnh ch yu cho cc cng ty cung cp dch v ln ti M v rt hn ch trong vic cp pht. Cc a ch lp B nhanh chng b s dng ht do n cung cp s a ch va phi. Hin nay nhiu yu cu ch c p ng bng cc a ch lp C vi s a ch rt hn ch. S gia tng s lng cc ch mc trong bng nh tuyn do c ch nh tuyn khng phn cp dn n yu cu nng cp cc router v v nh tuyn khng hiu qu. Ngy nay, vi cc nhu cu kt ni vo mng Internet ca cc dch v khc nh in thoi di ng, truyn hnh s, i hi giao thc IPv4 cn c cc sa i p ng cc nhu cu mi. Trc nhng nhu cu ny, giao thc lin mng th h mi IPv6 ra i nhm thay th cho IPv4, nhng cho n nay IPv6 vn ch mi ch yu l ang trong qu trnh th nghim v hon thin. Trong khun kh gio trnh cng cp mt cch tng qut v giao thc lin mng th h mi IPv6. VII.2.Mt s c im mi ca IPv6: Khun dng header mi: Header ca IPv6 c thit k gim chi ph n mc ti thiu. iu ny t c bng cch chuyn cc trng la chn sang cc header
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m rng c t pha sau ca IPv6 header. Khun dng mi ca IPv6 to ra s x l hiu qu hn ti cc router. Header ca IPv4 v IPv6 khng th x l chung. Mt trm hay mt router phi ci t c IPv4 v IPv6 c th x l c c hai khun dng header ny. Header ca IPv6 ch c kch thc gp 2 ln header ca IPv4 mc d khng gian a ch ca IPv6 ln gp 4 ln khng gian a ch IPv4. Khng gian a ch ln: IPv6 c a ch ngun v ch di 128 bit. Mc d 128 bit c th to ra hn 3.4x1038 t hp, khng gian a ch ca IPv6 c thit k cho php phn b a ch v mng con t trc xng sng Internet n tng mng con trong mt t chc. Hin ti ch mt lng nh cc a ch hin ang c phn b s dng bi cc trm, vn cn d tha rt nhiu a ch sn sng cho vic s dng trong tng lai. Hiu qu, phn cp a ch ha v h tng nh tuyn: Cc a ch ton cc ca IPv6 c thit k to ra mt h tng nh tuyn hiu qu, phn cp v c th tng qut ha da trn s phn cp thng thy ca cc nh cung cp dch v (ISP) trn thc t. H tr cht lng dch v (QoS) tt hn: Cc trng mi trong header ca IPv6 nh ra cch thc x l v nh danh trn mng. Giao thng trn mng c nh danh nh trng gn nhn lung (Flow Label) cho php router c th nhn ra v cung cp cc x l c bit i vi cc gi tin thuc v mt lung nht nh, mt chun cc gi tin gia ngun v ch. Do giao thng mng c xc nh trong header, cc dch v QoS c th c thc hin ngay c khi phn d liu c m ha theo IPSec. Kh nng m rng: IPv6 c th d dng m rng thm cc tnh nng mi bng vic thm cc header mi sau header IPv6. VII.3.Kin trc a ch trong IPv6: VII.3.1 Khng gian a ch: IPv6 s dng a ch c di ln hn IPv4 (128 bit so vi 32 bit) do cung cp khng gian a ch ln hn rt nhiu. Trong khi khng gian a ch 32 bit ca IPv4 cho php khong 4 t a ch, khng gian a ch ca IPv6 c th c khong 3.4x1038 a ch. S lng ac h ny rt ln, h tr khong 6.5x1023 a ch trn mi mt vung b mt tri t. a ch IPv6 128 bit c chia thnh cc min phn cp theo trt t trn Internet. N to ra nhiu mc phn cp v linh hot trong a ch ha v nh tuyn cn ang thiu trong IPv4. Khng gian a ch IPv6 c chia trn c s cc bit u trong a ch. Trng c di thay i bao gm cc bit u tin trong a ch gi l tin t nh dng (Format Prefix) FP. Ban u ch mi c 15% lng a ch c s dng, 85% cn li dng trong tng lai. Cc tin t nh dng t 001 n 111, ngoi tr kiu a ch multicast (1111 1111) u bt buc c nh danh giao din theo khun dng EUI-64.
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Cc a ch d tr khng ln vi cc a ch cha cp pht. Chng chim 1/256 khng gian a ch (FP = 0000 0000) v dng cho cc a ch cha ch nh, a ch quay vng v cc a ch IPv6 c nhng IPv4 VII.3.2 C php a ch: Cc a ch IPv6 di 128 bit, khi vit mi nhm 16 bit c biu din thnh mt s nguyn khng du di dng h 16 v c phn tch bi du hai chm (:), V d: FEDC:BA98:7654:3210:FEDC:BA98:7654:3210 Trn thc t a ch IPv6 thng c nhiu s 0, v d a ch: 1080:0000:0000:0000:0008:0800:200C:417A. Do c ch nn a ch c dng biu din d dng hn cc loi a ch dng ny. Ta khng cn vit cc s 0 u mi nhm, v d 0 thay cho 0000, 20 thay cho 0020. a ch trong v d trn s tr thnh 1080:0:0:0:8:800:200C:417A. Hn na ta c th s dng k hiu :: ch mt chui s 0. a ch trong v d trn s tr thnh: 1080::8:800:200C:417A. Do a ch IPv6 c di c nh, ta c th tnh c s cc bit 0 m k hiu biu din. Tin t a ch IPv6 c biu din theo k php CIDR nh IPv4 nh sau: IPv6-address/prefix length trong IPv6-address l bt k kiu biu din no, cn prefix length l di tin t theo bit. V d: biu din mng con c tin t 80 bit: 1080:0:0:0:8::/80. Vi node address: 12AB:0:0:CD30:123:4567:89AB:CDEF, prefix: 12AB:0:0:CD30::/60 c th vit tt thnh 12AB:0:0:CD30:123:4567:89AB:CDEF/60
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Chng IV
I.1. Khi nim
Thit b mng
I. Mi trng truyn dn
Trn mt mng my tnh, cc d liu c truyn trn mt mi trng truyn dn (transmission media), n l phng tin vt l cho php truyn ti tn hiu gia cc thit b. C hai loi phng tin truyn dn ch yu: - Hu tuyn (bounded media) - V tuyn (boundless media) Thng thng h thng mng s dng hai loi tn hiu l: digital v analog. I.2. Tn s truyn thng Phng tin truyn dn gip truyn cc tn hiu in t t my tnh ny sang my tnh khc. Cc tn hiu in t ny biu din cc gi tr d liu theo dng cc xung nh phn (bt/tt). Cc tn hiu truyn thng gia cc my tnh v cc thit b l cc dng sng in t tri di t tn s radio n tn s hng ngoi. Cc sng tn s radio thng c dng pht tn hiu LAN. Cc tn s ny c th c dng vi cp xon i, cp ng trc hoc thng qua vic truyn ph sng radio. Sng viba (microware) thng dng truyn thng tp trung gia hai im hoc gia cc trm mt t v cc v tinh, v d nh mng in thoi cellular. Tia hng ngoi thng dng cho cc kiu truyn thng qua mng trn cc khong cch tng i ngn v c th pht c sng gia hai im hoc t mt im ph sng cho nhiu trm thu. Chng ta c th truyn tia hng ngoi v cc tn s nh sng cao hn thng qua cp quang. I.3. Cc c tnh ca phng tin truyn dn Mi phng tin truyn dn u c nhng tnh nng c bit thch hp vi mi kiu dch v c th, nhng thng thng chng ta quan tm n nhng yu t sau: - Chi ph - Yu cu ci t - bo mt - Bng thng (bandwidth): c xc nh bng tng lng thng tin c th truyn dn trn ng truyn ti mt thi im. Bng thng l mt s xc nh, b gii hn bi phng tin truyn dn, k thut truyn dn v thit b mng c s dng. Bng thng l mt trong nhng thng s dng phn tch hiu qu ca ng mng. n v ca bng thng: + Bps (Bits per second-s bit trong mt giy): y l n v c bn ca bng thng. + KBps (Kilobits per second): 1 KBps=103 bps=1000 Bps + MBps (Megabits per second): 1 MBps = 103 KBps + GBps (Gigabits per second): 1 GBps = 103 MBps + TBps (Terabits per second): 1 TBps = 103 GBPS. - Thng lng (Throughput): lng thng tin thc s c truyn dn trn thit b ti mt thi im.
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- Bng tng c s (baseband): dnh ton b bng thng cho mt knh truyn, bng tng m rng (broadband):cho php nhiu knh truyn chia s mt phng tin truyn dn (chia s bng thng). - suy gim (attenuation): o s suy yu i ca tn hiu khi di chuyn trn mt phng tin truyn dn. Cc nh thit k cp phi ch nh cc gii hn v chiu di dy cp v khi cp di s dn n tnh trng tn hiu yu i m khng th phc hi c. - Nhiu in t (Electromagnetic interference - EMI): bao gm cc nhiu in t bn ngoi lm bin dng tn hiu trong mt phng tin truyn dn. - Nhiu xuyn knh (crosstalk): hai dy dn t k nhau lm nhiu ln nhau. I.4. Cc kiu truyn dn. C cc kiu truyn dn nh sau: n cng (Simplex): Trong kiu truyn dn ny, thit b pht tn hiu v thit b nhn tn hiu c phn bit r rng, thit b pht ch m nhim vai tr pht tn hiu, cn thit b thu ch m nhim vai tr nhn tn hiu. Truyn hnh l mt v d ca kiu truyn dn ny. Bn song cng (Half-Duplex): trong kiu truyn dn ny, thit b c th l thit b pht, va l thit b thu. Nhng ti mt thi im th ch c th mt trng thi (pht hoc thu). B m l thit b hot ng kiu truyn dn ny. Song cng (Full-Duplex): trong kiu truyn dn ny, ti mt thi im, thit b c th va pht va thu. in thoi l mt minh ha cho kiu truyn dn ny.
II. ng cp truyn mng

ng cp truyn mng l c s h tng ca mt h thng mng, nn n rt quan trng v nh hng rt nhiu n kh nng hot ng ca mng. Hin nay ngi ta thng dng 3 loi dy cp l cp xon cp, cp ng trc v cp quang. II.1. Cp xon cp y l loi cp gm hai ng dy dn ng c xon vo nhau nhm lm gim nhiu in t gy ra bi mi trng xung quanh v gia chng vi nhau. Hin nay c hai loi cp xon l cp c bc kim loi ( STP - Shield Twisted Pair) v cp khng bc kim loi (UTP -Unshield Twisted Pair). Cp c bc kim loi (STP): Lp bc bn ngoi c tc dng chng nhiu in t, c loi c mt i giy xon vo nhau v c loi c nhiu i giy xon vi nhau. Cp khng bc kim loi (UTP): Tnh tng t nh STP nhng km hn v kh nng chng nhiu v suy hao v khng c v bc.
STP v UTP c cc loi (Category - Cat) thng dng: Loi 1 & 2 (Cat 1 & Cat 2): Thng dng cho truyn thoi v nhng ng truyn tc thp (nh hn 4Mb/s). Loi 3 (Cat 3): tc truyn d liu khong 16 Mb/s , n l chun cho hu ht cc mng in thoi. Loi 4 (Cat 4): Thch hp cho ng truyn 20Mb/s. Loi 5 (Cat 5): Thch hp cho ng truyn 100Mb/s. Loi 6 (Cat 6): Thch hp cho ng truyn 300Mb/s.
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y l loi cp r, d ci t tuy nhin n d b nh hng ca mi trng. II.2. Cp ng trc Cp ng trc c hai ng dy dn v chng c cng mt trc chung, mt dy dn trung tm (thng l dy ng cng) ng dy cn li to thnh ng ng bao xung quanh dy dn trung tm (dy dn ny c th l dy bn kim loi v v n c chc nng chng nhiu nn cn gi l lp bc kim). Gia hai dy dn trn c mt lp cch ly, v bn ngoi cng l lp v plastic bo v cp.
Cc loi cp Dy xon cp Cp ng mng trc Cp ng trc dy Cp quang
Chi tit
Bng ng, c 4 v 25 cp dy (loi 3, 4, 5) RJ-25 hoc 50-pin telco 100m
Bng ng, 2 dy, Bng ng, 2 dy, ng knh 5mm ng knh 10mm
Thy tinh, 2 si
Loi kt ni
BNC
N-series
ST
Chiu di on ti a S u ni ti a trn 1 on Chy 10 Mbit/s Chy 100 Mbit/s Chng nhiu Bo mt tin cy Lp t Khc phc li Qun l Chi ph cho 1 trm ng dng tt nht
185m
500m
1000m
30
100
c c Tt Trung bnh Tt D dng Tt D dng Rt thp
c Khng Tt Trung bnh Trung bnh Trung bnh D Kh Thp
c Khng Rt tt Trung bnh Tt Kh D Kh Trung bnh
c c Hon ton Hon ton Tt Kh Tt Trung bnh Cao
H thng Workgroup
ng backbone
ng backbone trong t mng
ng backbone di trong t mng hoc cc ta nh
Bng IV-4 Tnh nng k thut ca mt s loi cp mng
Cp ng trc c suy hao t hn so vi cc loi cp ng khc (v d nh cp xon i) do t b nh hng ca mi trng. Cc mng cc b s dng cp ng trc c th c kch thc trong phm vi vi ngn mt, cp ng trc c s dng nhiu trong cc mng dng ng thng. Hai loi cp thng c s dng l cp ng trc mng v cp
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ng trc dy trong ng knh cp ng trc mng l 0,25 inch, cp ng trc dy l 0,5 inch. C hai loi cp u lm vic cng tc nhng cp ng trc mng c hao suy tn hiu ln hn Hin nay c cp ng trc sau: RG -58,50 ohm: dng cho mng Thin Ethernet RG -59,75 ohm: dng cho truyn hnh cp RG -62,93 ohm: dng cho mng ARCnet
Cc mng cc b thng s dng cp ng trc c di thng t 2,5 - 10 Mb/s, cp ng trc c suy hao t hn so vi cc loi cp ng khc v n c lp v bc bn ngoi, di thng thng ca mt on cp ni trong mng l 200m, thng s dng cho dng Bus. II.3. Cp si quang (Fiber - Optic Cable) Cp si quang bao gm mt dy dn trung tm (l mt hoc mt b si thy tinh c th truyn dn tn hiu quang) c bc mt lp v bc c tc dng phn x cc tn hiu tr li gim s mt mt tn hiu. Bn ngoi cng l lp v plastic bo v cp. Nh vy cp si quang khng truyn dn cc tn hiu in m ch truyn cc tn hiu quang (cc tn hiu d liu phi c chuyn i thnh cc tn hiu quang v khi nhn chng s li c chuyn i tr li thnh tn hiu in). Cp quang c ng knh t 8.3 - 100 micron, Do ng knh li si thu tinh c kch thc rt nh nn rt kh khn cho vic u ni, n cn cng ngh c bit vi k thut cao i hi chi ph cao. Di thng ca cp quang c th ln ti hng Gbps v cho php khong cch i cp kh xa do suy hao tn hiu trn cp rt thp. Ngoi ra, v cp si quang khng dng tn hiu in t truyn d liu nn n hon ton khng b nh hng ca nhiu in t v tn hiu truyn khng th b pht hin v thu trm bi cc thit b in t ca ngi khc. Ch tr nhc im kh lp t v gi thnh cn cao , nhn chung cp quang thch hp cho mi mng hin nay v sau ny. II.4. Cc yu cu cho mt h thng cp An ton, thm m: Tt c cc dy mng phi c bao bc cn thn, cch xa cc ngun in, cc my c kh nng pht sng trnh trng hp b nhiu. Cc u ni phi m bo cht lng, trnh tnh trng h thng mng b chp chn. ng chun: H thng cp phi thc hin ng chun, m bo cho kh nng nng cp sau ny cng nh d dng cho vic kt ni cc thit b khc nhau ca cc nh sn xut khc nhau. Tiu chun quc t dng cho cc h thng mng hin nay l EIA/TIA 568B. Tit kim v "linh hot" (flexible): H thng cp phi c thit k sao cho kinh t nht, d dng trong vic di chuyn cc trm lm vic v c kh nng m rng sau ny.
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III. ng truyn v tuyn

Khi dng cc loi cp ta gp mt s kh khn nh c s ci t c nh, khong cch khng xa, v vy khc phc nhng khuyt im trn ngi ta dng ng truyn v tuyn. ng truyn v tuyn mang li nhng li ch sau: - Cung cp ni kt tm thi vi mng cp c sn. - Nhng ngi lin tc di chuyn vn ni kt vo mng dng cp. - Lp t ng truyn v tuyn nhng ni a hnh phc tp khng th i dy c. - Ph hp cho nhng ni phc v nhiu kt ni cng mt lc cho nhiu khch hng. V d nh: Dng ng v tuyn cho php khch hng sn bay kt vo mng duyt Internet. - Dng cho nhng mng c gii hn rng ln vt qu kh nng cho php ca cp ng v cp quang. - Dng lm kt ni d phng cho cc kt ni h thng cp. Tuy nhin, ng truyn v tuyn cng c mt s hn ch: - Tn hiu khng an ton. - D b nghe ln. - Khi c vt cn th tn hiu suy yu rt nhanh. - Bng thng khng cao. III.1. Sng v tuyn (radio) Sng radio nm trong phm vi t 10 KHz n 1 GHz, trong min ny ta c rt nhiu di tn v d nh: sng ngn, VHF (dng cho tivi v radio FM), UHF (dng cho tivi). Ti mi quc gia, nh nc s qun l cp php s dng cc bng tn trnh tnh trng cc sng b nhiu. Nhng c mt s bng tn c ch nh l vng t do c ngha l chng ta dng nhng khng cn ng k (vng ny thng c di tn 2,4 Ghz). Tn dng li im ny cc thit b Wireless ca cc hng nh Cisco, Compex u dng di tn ny. Tuy nhin, chng ta s dng tn s khng cp php s c nguy c nhiu nhiu hn. III.2. Sng viba Truyn thng viba thng c hai dng: truyn thng trn mt t v cc ni kt vi v tinh. Min tn s ca viba mt t khong 21-23 GHz, cc kt ni v tinh khong 11-14 Mhz. Bng thng t 1-10 MBps. S suy yu tn hiu ty thuc vo iu kin thi tit, cng sut v tn s pht. Chng d b nghe trm nn thng c m ha. III.3. Hng ngoi Tt c mng v tuyn hng ngoi u hot ng bng cch dng tia hng ngoi truyn ti d liu gia cc thit b. Phng php ny c th truyn tn hiu tc cao do di thng cao ca tia hng ngoi. Thng thng mng hng ngoi c th truyn vi tc t 1-10 Mbps. Min tn s t 100 Ghz n 1000 GHz. C bn loi mng hng ngoi: - Mng ng ngm: mng ny ch truyn khi my pht v my thu c mt ng ngm r rt gia chng.
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- Mng hng ngoi tn x: k thut ny pht tia truyn di tng v sn nh ri mi n my thu. Din tch hiu dng b gii hn khong 100 feet (35m) v c tn hiu chm do hin tng di tn hiu. - Mng phn x: loi mng hng ngoi ny, my thu-pht quang t gn my tnh s truyn ti mt v tr chung, ti y tia truyn c i hng n my tnh thch hp. - Broadband optical telepoint: loi mng cc b v tuyn hng ngoi cung cp cc dch v di rng. Mng v tuyn ny c kh nng x l cc yu cu a phng tin cht lng cao, vn c th trng khp vi cc yu cu a phng tin ca mng cp.
IV. Cc k thut bm cp mng

- Cp thng (Straight-through cable): l cp dng ni PC v cc thit b mng nh Hub, Switch, Router Cp thng theo chun 10/100 Base-T dng hai cp dy xon nhau v dng chn 1, 2, 3, 6 trn u RJ45. Cp dy xon th nht ni vo chn 1, 2, cp xon th hai ni vo chn 3, 6. u kia ca cp da vo mu ni vo chn ca u RJ45 v ni tng t.
Hnh IV-23: Cch u dy thng. - Cp cho (Crossover cable): l cp dng ni trc tip gia hai thit b ging nhau nh PC PC, Hub Hub, Switch Switch. Cp cho trt t dy cng ging nh cp thng nhng u dy cn li phi cho cp dy xon s dng (v tr th nht i vi v tr th 3, v tr th hai i vi v tr th su) .
Hnh IV-24: Cch u dy cho. - Cp Console: Dng ni PC vo cc thit b mng ch yu dng cu hnh cc thit b. Thng thng khong cch dy Console ngn nn chng ta khng cn chn cp dy xon, m chn theo mu t 1-8 sao cho d nh v u bn kia ngc li t 8-1.
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ANSI (Vin tiu chun quc gia Hoa k), TIA (hip hi cng nghip vin thng), EIA (hip hi cng nghip in t) a ra 2 cch xp t v tr dy nh sau: - Chun T568-A (cn gi l Chun A):
- Chun T568-B (cn gi l Chun B):
V. Cc thit b lin kt mng

V.1. Repeater (B tip sc) Repeater l loi thit b phn cng n gin nht trong cc thit b lin kt mng, n c hot ng trong tng vt l ca m hnh h thng m OSI. Repeater dng ni 2 mng ging nhau hoc cc phn mt mng cng c mt nghi thc v mt cu hnh. Khi Repeater nhn c mt tn hiu t mt pha ca mng th n s pht tip vo pha kia ca mng.
Hnh IV-25: M hnh lin kt mng ca Repeater. Repeater khng c x l tn hiu m n ch loi b cc tn hiu mo, nhiu, khuch i tn hiu b suy hao (v c pht vi khong cch xa) v khi phc li tn hiu ban u. Vic s dng Repeater lm tng thm chiu di ca mng.
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Hnh IV-26: Hot ng ca b tip sc trong m hnh OSI Hin nay c hai loi Repeater ang c s dng l Repeater in v Repeater in quang. Repeater in ni vi ng dy in c hai pha ca n, n nhn tn hiu in t mt pha v pht li v pha kia. Khi mt mng s dng Repeater in ni cc phn ca mng li th c th lm tng khong cch ca mng, nhng khong cch lun b hn ch bi mt khong cch ti a do tr ca tn hiu. V d vi mng s dng cp ng trc 50 th khong cch ti a l 2.8 km, khong cch khng th ko thm cho d s dng thm Repeater. Repeater in quang lin kt vi mt u cp quang v mt u l cp in, n chuyn mt tn hiu in t cp in ra tn hiu quang pht trn cp quang v ngc li. Vic s dng Repeater in quang cng lm tng thm chiu di ca mng. Vic s dng Repeater khng thay i ni dung cc tn hin i qua nn n ch c dng ni hai mng c cng giao thc truyn thng (nh hai mng Ethernet hay hai mng Token ring) nhng khng th ni hai mng c giao thc truyn thng khc nhau (nh mt mng Ethernet v mt mng Token ring). Thm na Repeater khng lm thay i khi lng chuyn vn trn mng nn vic s dng khng tnh ton n trn mng ln s hn ch hiu nng ca mng. Khi la chn s dng Repeater cn ch la chn loi c tc chuyn vn ph hp vi tc ca mng. V.2. Bridge (Cu ni) Bridge l mt thit b c x l dng ni hai mng ging nhau hoc khc nhau, n c th c dng vi cc mng c cc giao thc khc nhau. Cu ni hot ng trn tng lin kt d liu nn khng nh b tip sc phi pht li tt c nhng g n nhn c th cu ni c c cc gi tin ca tng lin kt d liu trong m hnh OSI v x l chng trc khi quyt nh c chuyn i hay khng. Khi nhn c cc gi tin Bridge chn lc v ch chuyn nhng gi tin m n thy cn thit. iu ny lm cho Bridge tr nn c ch khi ni mt vi mng vi nhau v cho php n hot ng mt cch mm do.
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thc hin c iu ny trong Bridge mi u kt ni c mt bng cc a ch cc trm c kt ni vo pha , khi hot ng cu ni xem xt mi gi tin n nhn c bng cch c a ch ca ni gi v nhn v da trn bng a ch pha nhn c gi tin n quyt nh gi gi tin hay khng v b xung bng a ch.
Hnh IV-27: Hot ng ca Bridge Khi c a ch ni gi Bridge kim tra xem trong bng a ch ca phn mng nhn c gi tin c a ch hay khng, nu khng c th Bridge t ng b xung bng a ch (c ch c gi l t hc ca cu ni). Khi c a ch ni nhn Bridge kim tra xem trong bng a ch ca phn mng nhn c gi tin c a ch hay khng, nu c th Bridge s cho rng l gi tin ni b thuc phn mng m gi tin n nn khng chuyn gi tin i, nu ngc li th Bridge mi chuyn sang pha bn kia. y chng ta thy mt trm khng cn thit chuyn thng tin trn ton mng m ch trn phn mng c trm nhn m thi.
Hnh IV-28: Hot ng ca Bridge trong m hnh OSI nh gi mt Bridge ngi ta a ra hai khi nim : Lc v chuyn vn. Qu trnh x l mi gi tin c gi l qu trnh lc trong tc lc th hin trc tip kh nng hot ng ca
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Bridge. Tc chuyn vn c th hin s gi tin/giy trong th hin kh nng ca Bridge chuyn cc gi tin t mng ny sang mng khc. Hin nay c hai loi Bridge ang c s dng l Bridge vn chuyn v Bridge bin dch. Bridge vn chuyn dng ni hai mng cc b cng s dng mt giao thc truyn thng ca tng lin kt d liu, tuy nhin mi mng c th s dng loi dy ni khc nhau. Bridge vn chuyn khng c kh nng thay i cu trc cc gi tin m n nhn c m ch quan tm ti vic xem xt v chuyn vn gi tin i. Bridge bin dch dng ni hai mng cc b c giao thc khc nhau n c kh nng chuyn mt gi tin thuc mng ny sang gi tin thuc mng kia trc khi chuyn qua V d : Bridge bin dch ni mt mng Ethernet v mt mng Token ring. Khi Cu ni thc hin nh mt nt token ring trn mng Token ring v mt nt Enthernet trn mng Ethernet. Cu ni c th chuyn mt gi tin theo chun ang s dng trn mng Enthernet sang chun ang s dng trn mng Token ring. Tuy nhin ch y cu ni khng th chia mt gi tin ra lm nhiu gi tin cho nn phi hn ch kch thc ti a cc gi tin ph hp vi c hai mng. V d nh kch thc ti a ca gi tin trn mng Ethernet l 1500 bytes v trn mng Token ring l 6000 bytes do vy nu mt trm trn mng token ring gi mt gi tin cho trm trn mng Ethernet vi kch thc ln hn 1500 bytes th khi qua cu ni s lng byte d s b cht b.
Hnh IV-29: V d v Bridge bin dch Ngi ta s dng Bridge trong cc trng hp sau : M rng mng hin ti khi t ti khong cch ti a do Bridge sau khi s l gi tin pht li gi tin trn phn mng cn li nn tn hiu tt hn b tip sc. Gim bt tc nghn mng khi c qu nhiu trm bng cch s dng Bridge, khi chng ta chia mng ra thnh nhiu phn bng cc Bridge, cc gi tin trong ni b tng phn mng s khng c php qua phn mng khc. ni cc mng c giao thc khc nhau.
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Mt vi Bridge cn c kh nng la chn i tng vn chuyn. N c th ch chuyn vn nhng gi tin ca nhng a ch xc nh. V d : cho php gi tin ca my A, B qua Bridge 1, gi tin ca my C, D qua Bridge 2.
Hnh IV-30: Lin kt mng vi 2 Bridge Mt s Bridge c ch to thnh mt b ring bit, ch cn ni dy v bt. Cc Bridge khc ch to nh card chuyn dng cm vo my tnh, khi trn my tnh s s dng phn mm Bridge. Vic kt hp phn mm vi phn cng cho php uyn chuyn hn trong hot ng ca Bridge. V.3. Router (B tm ng) Router l mt thit b hot ng trn tng mng, n c th tm c ng i tt nht cho cc gi tin qua nhiu kt ni i t trm gi thuc mng u n trm nhn thuc mng cui. Router c th c s dng trong vic ni nhiu mng vi nhau v cho php cc gi tin c th i theo nhiu ng khc nhau ti ch.
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Hnh IV-31: Hot ng ca Router. Khc vi Bridge hot ng trn tng lin kt d liu nn Bridge phi x l mi gi tin trn ng truyn th Router c a ch ring bit v n ch tip nhn v x l cc gi tin gi n n m thi. Khi mt trm mun gi gi tin qua Router th n phi gi gi tin vi a ch trc tip ca Router (Trong gi tin phi cha cc thng tin khc v ch n) v khi gi tin n Router th Router mi x l v gi tip. Khi x l mt gi tin Router phi tm c ng i ca gi tin qua mng. lm c iu Router phi tm c ng i tt nht trong mng da trn cc thng tin n c v mng, thng thng trn mi Router c mt bng ch ng (Router table). Da trn d liu v Router gn v cc mng trong lin mng, Router tnh c bng ch ng (Router table) ti u da trn mt thut ton xc nh trc. Ngi ta phn chia Router thnh hai loi l Router c ph thuc giao thc (The protocol dependent routers) v Router khng ph thuc vo giao thc (The protocol independent router) da vo phng thc x l cc gi tin khi qua Router. Router c ph thuc giao thc: Ch thc hin vic tm ng v truyn gi tin t mng ny sang mng khc ch khng chuyn i phng cch ng gi ca gi tin cho nn c hai mng phi dng chung mt giao thc truyn thng. Router khng ph thuc vo giao thc: c th lin kt cc mng dng giao thc truyn thng khc nhau v c th chuyn i gi tin ca giao thc ny sang gi tin ca giao thc kia, Router cng chp nhn kch thc cc gi tin khc nhau (Router c th chia nh mt gi tin ln thnh nhiu gi tin nh trc truyn trn mng).
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Hnh IV-32: Hot ng ca Router trong m hnh OSI ngn chn vic mt mt s liu Router cn nhn bit c ng no c th chuyn vn v ngng chuyn vn khi ng b tc. Cc l do s dng Router : Router c cc phn mm lc u vit hn l Bridge do cc gi tin mun i qua Router cn phi gi trc tip n n nn gim c s lng gi tin qua n. Router thng c s dng trong khi ni cc mng thng qua cc ng dy thu bao t tin do n khng truyn d ln ng truyn. Router c th dng trong mt lin mng c nhiu vng, mi vng c giao thc ring bit. Router c th xc nh c ng i an ton v tt nht trong mng nn an ton ca thng tin c m bo hn. Trong mt mng phc hp khi cc gi tin lun chuyn cc ng c th gy nn tnh trng tc nghn ca mng th cc Router c th c ci t cc phng thc nhm trnh c tc nghn.
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Hnh IV-33: V d v bng ch ng (Routing table) ca Router. V.3.1 Cc phng thc hot ng ca Router l phng thc m mt Router c th ni vi cc Router khc qua chia s thng tin v mng hin co. Cc chng trnh chy trn Router lun xy dng bng ch ng qua vic trao i cc thng tin vi cc Router khc. Phng thc vc t khong cch : mi Router lun lun truyn i thng tin v bng ch ng ca mnh trn mng, thng qua cc Router khc s cp nht ln bng ch ng ca mnh. Phng thc trng thi tnh : Router ch truyn cc thng bo khi c pht hin c s thay i trong mng v ch khi cc Router khc cp nht li bng ch ng, thng tin truyn i khi thng l thng tin v ng truyn. V.3.2 Mt s giao thc hot ng chnh ca Router RIP (Routing Information Protocol) c pht trin bi Xerox Network system v s dng SPX/IPX v TCP/IP. RIP hot ng theo phng thc vc t khong cch. NLSP (Netware Link Service Protocol) c pht trin bi Novell dng thay th RIP hot ng theo phng thc vct khong cch, mi Router c bit cu trc ca mng v vic truyn cc bng ch ng gim i.. OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) l mt phn ca TCP/IP vi phng thc trng thi tnh, trong c xt ti u tin, gi ng truyn, mt truyn thng... OSPF-IS (Open System Interconnection Intermediate System to Intermediate System) l mt phn ca TCP/IP vi phng thc trng thi tnh, trong c xt ti u tin, gi ng truyn, mt truyn thng...
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V.4. Gateway (cng ni) Gateway dng kt ni cc mng khng thun nht chng hn nh cc mng cc b v cc mng my tnh ln (Mainframe), do cc mng hon ton khng thun nht nn vic chuyn i thc hin trn c 7 tng ca h thng m OSI. Thng c s dng ni cc mng LAN vo my tnh ln. Gateway c cc giao thc xc nh trc thng l nhiu giao thc, mt Gateway a giao thc thng c ch to nh cc Card c cha cc b x l ring v ci t trn cc my tnh hoc thit b chuyn bit.
Hnh IV-34: Hot ng ca Gateway trong m hnh OSI Hot ng ca Gateway thng thng phc tp hn l Router nn thng sut ca n thng chm hn v thng khng dng ni mng LAN -LAN. V.5. Hub (B tp trung) Hub thng c dng ni mng, thng qua nhng u cm ca n ngi ta lin kt vi cc my tnh di dng hnh sao. Ngi ta phn bit cc Hub thnh 3 loi nh sau sau : Hub b ng (Passive Hub) : Hub b ng khng cha cc linh kin in t v cng khng x l cc tn hiu d liu, n c chc nng duy nht l t hp cc tn hiu t mt s on cp mng. Khong cch gia mt my tnh v Hub khng th ln hn mt na khong cch ti a cho php gia 2 my tnh trn mng (v d khong cch ti a cho php gia 2 my tnh ca mng l 200m th khong cch ti a gia mt my tnh v hub l 100m). Cc mng ARCnet thng dng Hub b ng. Hub ch ng (Active Hub) : Hub ch ng c cc linh kin in t c th khuych i v x l cc tn hiu in t truyn gia cc thit b ca mng. Qa trnh x l tn hiu c gi l ti sinh tn hiu, n lm cho tn hiu tr nn tt hn, t nhy cm vi li do vy khong cch gia cc thit b c th tng ln. Tuy nhin nhng u im cng ko theo gi thnh ca Hub ch ng cao hn nhiu so vi Hub b ng. Cc mng Token ring c xu hng dng Hub ch ng.
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Hub thng minh (Intelligent Hub): cng l Hub ch ng nhng c thm cc chc nng mi so vi loi trc, n c th c b vi x l ca mnh v b nh m qua n khng ch cho php iu khin hot ng thng qua cc chng trnh qun tr mng m n c th hot ng nh b tm ng hay mt cu ni. N c th cho php tm ng cho gi tin rt nhanh trn cc cng ca n, thay v pht li gi tin trn mi cng th n c th chuyn mch pht trn mt cng c th ni ti trm ch. V.6. B chuyn mch (switch) Chc nng chnh ca switch l cng mt lc duy tr nhiu cu ni gia cc thit b mng bng cch da vo mt loi ng truyn xng sng (backbone) ni ti tc cao. Switch c nhiu cng, mi cng c th h tr ton b Ethernet LAN hoc Token Ring. B chuyn mch kt ni mt s LAN ring bit v cung cp kh nng lc gi d liu gia chng. Switch l thit b ging nh bridge nhng nhiu port hn cho php ghp ni nhiu on mng vi nhau. Switch cng da vo bng a ch MAC quyt nh gi tin no i ra port no nhm trnh tnh trng gim bng thng khi s my trm trong mng tng ln. Switch cng hot ng ti lp hai trong m hnh OSI. Vic x l gi tin da trn phn cng (chip). Khi mt gi tin i n Switch (hoc Bridge), Switch (hoc Bridge) s thc hin nh sau: - Kim tra a ch ngun ca gi tin c trong bng MAC cha, nu cha c th n s thm a ch MAC ny v port ngun (ni gi tin i vo Switch (hoc Bridge)) vo trong bng MAC. - Kim tra a ch ch ca gi tin c trong bng MAC cha: + Nu cha c th n s gi gi tin ra tt c cc port (ngoi tr port gi tin i vo). + Nu a ch ch c trong bng MAC: Nu port ch trng vi port ngun th Switch (hoc Bridge) s loi b gi tin. Nu port ch khc vi port ngun th gi tin s c gi ra port ch tng ng. Ch : - a ch ngun v a ch ch c ni trn u l a ch MAC. - Port ngun l Port m gi tin i vo. - Port ch l Port m gi tin i ra.
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Chng V
M hnh mng
I. Kin trc mng (Topology)

Hnh trng ca mng cc b th hin qua cu trc hay hnh dng hnh hc cu cc ng dy cp mng dng lin kt cc my tnh thuc mng vi nhau. Cc mng cc b thng hot ng da trn cu trc nh sn lin kt cc my tnh v cc thit b c lin quan. Trc ht chng ta xem xt hai phng thc ni mng ch yu c s dng trong vic lin kt cc my tnh l "mt im - mt im" v "mt im - nhiu im ". Vi phng thc "mt im - mt im" cc ng truyn ring bit c thit lp ni cc cp my tnh li vi nhau. Mi my tnh c th truyn v nhn trc tip d liu hoc c th lm trung gian nh lu tr nhng d liu m n nhn c ri sau chuyn tip d liu i cho mt my khc d liu t ti ch. Theo phng thc "mt im - nhiu im " tt c cc trm phn chia chung mt ng truyn vt l. D liu c gi i t mt my tnh s c th c tip nhn bi tt c cc my tnh cn li, bi vy cn ch ra i ch ch ca d liu mi my tnh cn c vo kim tra xem d liu c phi dnh cho mnh khng nu ng th nhn cn nu khng th b qua.
Hnh V-35 Cc phng thc lin kt mng Ty theo cu trc ca mi mng chng s thuc vo mt trong hai phng thc ni mng v mi phng thc ni mng s c nhng yu cu khc nhau v phn cng v phn mm.
II. Nhng cu trc chnh ca mng cc b

II.1. Dng ng thng (Bus) Trong dng ng thng cc my tnh u c ni vo mt ng dy truyn chnh (bus). ng truyn chnh ny c gii hn hai u bi mt loi u ni c bit gi l terminator (dng nhn bit l u cui kt thc ng truyn ti y). Mi trm c ni vo bus qua mt u ni ch T (T_connector) hoc mt b thu pht (transceiver). Khi mt trm truyn d liu, tn hiu c truyn trn c hai chiu ca ng truyn theo tng gi mt, mi gi u phi mang a ch trm ch. Cc trm khi thy d liu i qua nhn ly, kim tra, nu ng vi a ch ca mnh th n nhn ly cn nu khng phi th b qua.
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Sau y l vi thng s k thut ca topology bus. Theo chun IEEE 802.3 (cho mng cc b) vi cch t tn qui c theo thng s: tc truyn tnh hiu (1,10 hoc 100 Mb/s); BASE (nu l Baseband) hoc BROAD (nu l Broadband). 10BASE5: Dng cp ng trc ng knh ln (10mm) vi tr khng 50 Ohm, tc 10 Mb/s, phm vi tn hiu 500m/segment, c ti a 100 trm, khong cch gia 2 tranceiver ti thiu 2,5m (Phng n ny cn gi l Thick Ethernet hay Thicknet) 10BASE2: tng t nh Thicknet nhng dng cp ng trc nh (RG 58A), c th chy vi khong cch 185m, s trm ti a trong 1 segment l 30, khong cch gia hai my ti thiu l 0,5m.
Dng kt ni ny c u im l t tn dy cp, tc truyn d liu cao tuy nhin nu lu lng truyn tng cao th d gy ch tc v nu c trc trc trn hnh lang chnh th kh pht hin ra. Hin nay cc mng s dng hnh dng ng thng l mng Ethernet v G-net. II.2. Dng vng trn (Ring) Cc my tnh c lin kt vi nhau thnh mt vng trn theo phng thc "mt im - mt im ", qua mi mt trm c th nhn v truyn d liu theo vng mt chiu v d liu c truyn theo tng gi mt. Mi gi d liu u c mang a ch trm ch, mi trm khi nhn c mt gi d liu n kim tra nu ng vi a ch ca mnh th n nhn ly cn nu khng phi th n s pht li cho trm k tip, c nh vy gi d liu i c n ch. Vi dng kt ni ny c u im l khng tn nhiu dy cp, tc truyn d liu cao, khng gy ch tc tuy nhin cc giao thc truyn d liu phc tp v nu c trc trc trn mt trm th cng nh hng n ton mng. Hin nay cc mng s dng hnh dng vng trn l mng Tocken ring ca IBM. II.3. Dng hnh sao (Star) dng hnh sao, tt c cc trm c ni vo mt thit b trung tm c nhim v nhn tn hiu t cc trm v chuyn tn hiu n trm ch vi phng thc kt ni l phng thc "mt im - mt im ". Thit b trung tm hot ng ging nh mt tng i cho php thc hin vic nhn v truyn d liu t trm ny ti cc trm khc. Ty theo yu cu truyn thng trong mng , thit b trung tm c th l mt b chuyn mch (switch), mt b chn ng (router) hoc n gin l mt b phn knh (Hub). C nhiu cng ra v mi cng ni vi mt my. Theo chun IEEE 802.3 m hnh dng Star thng dng: 10BASE-T: dng cp UTP, tc 10 Mb/s, khong cch t thit b trung tm ti trm ti a l 100m. 100BASE-T tng t nh 10BASE-T nhng tc cao hn 100 Mb/s. u im: Vi dng kt ni ny c u im l khng ng hay ch tc trn ng truyn, lp t n gin, d dng cu hnh li (thm, bt trm). Nu c trc trc trn mt trm th cng khng gy nh hng n ton mng qua d dng kim sot v khc phc s c.
u v khuyt im
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Nhc im: di ng truyn ni mt trm vi thit b trung tm b hn ch (trong vng 100 m vi cng ngh hin i) tn ng dy cp nhiu, tc truyn d liu khng cao. Hin nay cc mng s dng hnh dng hnh sao l mng STARLAN ca AT&T v S-NET ca Novell.
Hnh V-36 Cc loi cu trc chnh ca mng cc b.
ng thng ng dng Tt cho trng hp mng nh v mng c giao thng thp v lu lng d liu thp
Vng Trn Tt cho trng hp mng c s trm t hot ng vi tc cao,khng cch nhau xa lm hoc mng c lu lng d liu phn b khng u.
Hnh sao Hin nay mng sao l cch tt nht cho trng hp phi tch hp d liu v tn hiuting.Cc mng n thoi cng cng c cu trc ny Mng sao c xem l kh phc tp . Cc trm c ni vi thit b trung tm v ln lt hot ng nh thit b trung tm hoc ni c ti cc dy dn truyn t xa
phc tp
Tng i khng phc tp i hi thit b tng i phc tp .Mt khc vic a thng ip i trn tuyn l n gin, v ch c 1 con ng, trm pht ch cn bit a ch ca trm nhn , cc thng tin dn ng khc th khng cn thit Rt tt di ti thp c th C hiu qu trong trng gim hiu sut rt mau khi hp lng lu thng cao ti tng v kh n nh nh s tng chm thi gian tr v s xung cp so vi cc
Hiu sut
Tt cho trng hp ti va tuy nhin kch thc v kh nng , suy ra hiu sut ca mng ph thuc trc tip vo sc mnh ca thit b
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mng khc Tng ph Tng i thp c bit do nhiu thit b pht trin ha chnh v bn sm phm th trng .S d tha knh truyn c khuyn gim bt nguy c xut hin s c trn mng Mt trm b hng khng nh hng n c mng. Tuy nhin mng s c nguy c b tn hi khi s c trn ng dy dn chnh hoc c vn vi tuyn. Vn trn rt kh xc nh c li rt d sa cha Vic thm v nh hnh li mng ny rt d.Tuy nhin vic kt ni gia cc my tnh v thit b ca cc hng khc nhau kh c th v chng phi c th nhn cng a ch v d liu Phi d tr gp i ngun lc hoc phi c 1 phng thc thay th khi 1 nt khng hot ng nu vn mun mng hot ng bnh thng
trung tm. Tng ph rt cao khi lm nhim v ca thit b trung tm, thit b trung tm khng c dng vo vic khc .S lng dy ring cng nhiu.
Nguy c
Mt trm b hng c th nh hng n c h thng v cc trm phc thuc vo nhau. Tm 1 repeater hng rt kh ,v li vic sa cha thng hay dng mu mo xc nh im hng trn mng c a bn rng rt kh Tng i d thm v bt cc trm lm vic m khng phi ni kt nhiu cho mi thay i Gi thnh cho vic thay i tng i thp
tin cy ca h thng ph thuc vo thit b trung tm, .nu b hng th mng ngng hot ng S ngng hot ng ti thit b trung tm thng khng nh hdng n ton b h thng .
Kh nng m rng
Kh nng m rng hn ch, a s cc thit b trung tm ch chu ng ni 1 s nht nh lin kt. S hn ch v tc truyn d liu v bng tn thng c i hi mi ngi s dng. Cc hn ch ny gip cho cc chc nng x l trung tm khng b qu ti bi tc thu np ti ti cng truyn v gi thnh mi cng truyn ca thit b trung tm thp .
Bng V-5 Bng so snh tnh nng gia cc cu trc ca mng LAN
II.4. Mng dng kt hp

Kt
hp hnh sao v tuyn (star/Bus Topology)
Cu hnh mng dng ny c b phn tch tn hiu (spitter) gi vai tr thit b trung tm, h thng dy cp mng c th chn hoc Ring Topology hoc Linear Bus Topology. Li im ca cu hnh ny l mng c th gm nhiu nhm lm vic cch xa nhau, ARCNET l mng dng kt hp Star/Bus Topology. Cu hnh dng ny a li s uyn chuyn trong vic b tr ng dy tng thch d dng i vi bt c to nh no.
Kt
hp hnh sao v vng (Star/Ring Topology)

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Cu hnh dng kt hp Star/Ring Topology, c mt "th bi" lin lc (Token) c chuyn vng quanh mt ci HUB trung tm. Mi trm lm vic (workstation) c ni vi HUB l cu ni gia cc trm lm vic v tng khong cch cn thit.
Chng VI
(WAN)
Cc dch v ca mng din rng
Hin nay trn th gii c nhiu dch v dnh cho vic chuyn thng tin t khu vc ny sang khu vc khc nhm lin kt cc mng LAN ca cc khu vc khc nhau li. c c nhng lin kt nh vy ngi ta thng s dng cc dch v ca cc mng din rng. Hin nay trong khi giao thc truyn thng c bn ca LAN l Ethernet, Token Ring th giao thc dng tng ni cc LAN thng thng da trn chun TCP/IP. Ngy nay khi cc dng kt ni c xu hng ngy cng a dng v phn tn cho nn cc mng WAN ang thin v truyn theo n v tp tin thay v truyn mt ln x l. C nhiu cch phn loi mng din rng, y nu phn loi theo phng php truyn thng tin th c th chia thnh 3 loi mng nh sau: Mng chuyn mch (Circuit Swiching Network) Mng thu bao (Leased lines Network) Mng chuyn gi tin (Packet Switching Network)
I. Mng chuyn mch (Circuit Swiching Network)

thc hin c vic lin kt gia hai im nt, mt ng ni gia im nt ny v im nt kia c thit lp trong mng th hin di dng cuc gi thng qua cc thit b chuyn mch.
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Hnh VI-37: M hnh mng chuyn mch Mt v d ca mng chuyn mch l hot ng ca mng in thoi, cc thu bao khi bit s ca nhau c th gi cho nhau v c mt ng ni vt l tm thi c thit lp gia hai thu bao. Vi m hnh ny mi ng u c th mt ng bt k khc, thng qua nhng ng ni v cc thit b chuyn dng ngi ta c th lin kt mt ng tm thi t ni gi ti ni nhn mt ng ni vt l, ng ni trn duy tr trong sut phin lm vic v ch gii phng sau khi phin lm vic kt thc. thc hin mt phin lm vic cn c cc th tc y cho vic thit lp lin kt trong c vic thng bo cho mng bit a ch ca nt nhn. Hin nay c 2 loi mng chuyn mch l chuyn mch tng t (analog) v chuyn mch s (digital) Chuyn mch tng t (Analog): Vic chuyn d liu qua mng chuyn mch tng t c thc hin qua mng in thoi. Cc trm s dng mt thit b c tn l modem, thit b ny s chuyn cc tn hiu s t my tnh sao tn hiu tun t c tr truyn i trn mng in thoi v ngc li.
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Hnh VI-38: M hnh chuyn mch tng t Khi s dng ng truyn in thoi truyn s liu th cc chun ca modem v cc tnh cht ca n s quyt nh tc ca ng truyn. Cng vi cc k thut chuyn i tn hiu cc tnh nng mi nh nn tn hiu cho php nng tc truyn d liu ln rt cao. Loi Bell 212A CCITT V22 CCITT V22 bis CCITT V32 CCITT V32 bis
Bng VI-6: Bng k thut modem
Tc (bps) 1200 1200 2400 9600 14400
Loi nn
Tc thc t (bps)
MNP Class 5 MNP Class 5, V42 bis MNP Class 5, V42 bis
2400 - 3600 9600 - 19200 14400 - 33600
Cc k thut nn thng dng l MNP Class 5 v V42 bis, MNP Class 5 cho php nn vi t l 1.5:1 v V42 bis nn vi t l 2:1. Tuy nhin trn thc t t l nn c th thay i da vo dng d liu c truyn. Chuyn mch s (Digital): ng truyn chuyn mch s ln u tin c AT&T thiu vo cui 1980 khi AT&T gii thiu mng chuyn mch s Acnet vi ng truyn 56 kbs. Vic s dng ng chuyn mch s cng i hi s dng thit b phc v truyn d liu s (Data Service Unit - DSU) vo v tr modem trong chuyn mch tng t. Thit b phc v truyn d liu s c nhim v chuyn cc tn hiu s n chiu (unipolar) t my tnh ra thnh tn hiu s hai chiu (bipolar) truyn trn ng truyn.
Hnh VI-39: M hnh chuyn mch s Mng chuyn mch s cho php ngi s dng nng cao tc truyn ( y do khc bit gia k thut truyn s v k thut truyn tng t nn hiu nng ca truyn mch s cao hn nhiu so vi truyn tng t cho d cng tc ), an ton.
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Vo nm 1991 AT&T gii thiu mng chuyn mch s c tc 384 Kbps. Ngi ta c th dng mng chuyn mch s to cc lin kt gia cc mng LAN v lm cc ng truyn d phng.
II. Mng thu bao (Leased line Network)

Vi k thut chuyn mch gia cc nt ca mng (tng t hoc s) c mt s lng ln ng dy truyn d liu, vi mi ng dy trong mt thi im ch c nhiu nht mt phin giao dch, khi s lng cc trm s dng tng cao ngi ta nhn thy vic s dng mng chuyn mch tr nn khng kinh t. gim bt s lng cc ng dy kt ni gia cc nt mng ngi ta a ra mt k thut gi l ghp knh.
Hnh VI-40: M hnh ghp knh M hnh c m t nh sau: ti mt nt ngi ta tp hp cc tn hiu trn ca nhiu ngi s dng ghp li truyn trn mt knh ni duy nht n cc nt khc, ti nt cui ngi ta phn knh ghp ra thnh cc knh ring bit v truyn ti cc ngi nhn. C hai phng thc ghp knh chnh l ghp knh theo tn s v ghp knh theo thi gian, hai phng thc ny tng ng vi mng thu bao tun t v mng thu bao k thut s. trong thi gian hin nay mng thu bao k thut s s dng k thut ghp knh theo thi gian vi ng truyn T ang c s dng ngy mt rng ri v dn dn thay th mng thu bao tun t. 1. Phng thc ghp knh theo tn s s dng phng thc ghp knh theo tn s gia cc nt ca mng c lin kt bi ng truyn bng tn rng. Bng tn ny c chia thnh nhiu knh con c phn bit bi tn s khc nhau. Khi truyn d liu, mi knh truyn t ngi s dng n nt s c chuyn thnh mt knh con vi tn s xc nh v c truyn thng qua b ghp knh n nt cui v ti y n c tch ra thnh knh ring bit truyn ti ngi nhn. Theo cc chun ca CCITT c cc phng thc ghp knh cho php ghp 12, 60, 300 knh n. Ngi ta c th dng ng thu bao tun t (Analog) ni gia my ca ngi s dng ti nt mng thu bao gn nht. Khi my ca ngi s dng gi d liu th knh d liu c ghp vi cc knh khc v truyn trn ng truyn ti nt ch v c phn ra thnh knh ring bit trc khi gi ti my ca ngi s dng. ng ni gia my trm ca ngi s dng ti nt mng thu bao cng ging nh mng chuyn mch tun t s dng ng dy in thoi vi cc k thut chuyn i tn hiu nh V22, V22 bis, V32, V32 bis, cc k thut nn V42 bis, MNP class 5. 2. Phng thc ghp knh theo thi gian:
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Khc vi phng thc ghp knh theo tn s, phng thc ghp knh theo thi gian chia mt chu k thi gian hot ng ca ng truyn trc thnh nhiu khong nh v mi knh tuyn d liu c mt khong. Sau khi ghp knh li thnh mt knh chung d liu c truyn i tng t nh phng thc ghp knh theo tn s. Ngi ta dng ng thu bao l ng truyn k thut s ni gia my ca ngi s dng ti nt mng thu bao gn nht. Hin nay ngi ta c cc ng truyn thu bao nh sau : ng T1 vi tc 1.544 Mbps n bao gm 24 knh vp tc 64 kbps v 8000 bits iu khin trong 1 giy.
III. Mng chuyn gi tin (Packet Switching NetWork)

Mng chuyn mch gi hot ng theo nguyn tc sau : Khi mt trm trn mng cn gi d liu n cn phi ng d liu thnh tng gi tin, cc gi tin c i trn mng t nt ny ti nt khc ti khi n c ch. Do vic s dng k thut trn nn khi mt trm khng gi tin th mi ti nguyn ca mng s dnh cho cc trm khc, do vy mng tit kim c cc ti nguyn v c th s dng chng mt cch tt nht. Ngi ta chia cc phng thc chuyn mch gi ra lm 2 phng thc: Phng thc chuyn mch gi theo s ri rc. Phng thc chuyn mch gi theo ng i xc nh.
1. Phng thc chuyn mch gi theo s ri rc: cc gi tin c chuyn i trn mng mt cch c lp, mi gi tin u c mang a ch n i gi v ni nhn. Mi nt trong mng khi tip nhn gi tin s quyt nh xenm ng i ca gi tin ph thuc vo thut ton tm ng ti nt v nhng thng tin v mng m nt c. Vic truyn theo phng thc ny cho ta s mm do nht nh do ng i vi mi gi tin tr nn mm do tuy nhin iu ny yu cu mt s lng tnh ton rt ln ti mi nt nn hin nay phn ln cc mng chuyn sang dng phng chuyn mch gi theo ng i xc nh.
Hnh VI-41: V d phng thc s ri rc. 2. Phng thc chuyn mch gi theo ng i xc nh:
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Trc khi truyn d liu mt ng i (hay cn gi l ng i o) c thit lp gia trm gi v trm nhn thng qua cc nt ca mng. ng i trn mang s hiu phn bit vi cc ng i khc, sau cc gi tin c gi i theo ng thit lp ti ch, cc gi tin mang s hiu c ng o c th c nhn bit khi qua cc nt. iu ny khin cho vic tnh ton ng i cho phin lin lc ch cn thc hin mt ln.
Hnh VI-42: V d phng thc ng i xc nh
IV. Mng X25

c CCITT cng b ln u tin vo 1970 lc lnh vc vin thng ln u tin tham gia vo th gii truyn d liu vi cc c tnh: X25 cung cp quy trnh kim sot lung gia cc u cui em li cht lng ng truyn cao cho d cht lng ng dy truyn khng cao. X25 c thit k cho c truyn thng chuyn mch ln truyn thng kiu im ni im. c quan tm v tham gia nhanh chng trn ton cu.
Trong X25 c chc nng dn knh (multiplexing) i vi lin kt logic (virtual circuits) ch lm nhim v kim sot li cho cc frame i qua. iu ny lm tng phc tp trong vic phi hp cc th tc gia hai tng k nhau, dn n thng lng b hn ch do tng ph x l mi gi tin tng ln. X25 kim tra li ti mi nt trc khi truyn tip, iu ny lm cho ng truyn ch cht lng rt cao gn nh phi li. Tuy nhin do vy khi lng tch ton ti mi nt kh ln, i vi nhng ng truyn ca nhng nm 1970 th iu l cn thit nhng hin nay khi k thut truyn dn t c nhng tin b rt cao th vic tr nn lng ph
V. Mng Frame Relay

Mi gi tin trong mng gi l Frame, do vy mng gi l Frame relay. c im khc bit gia mng Frame Relay v mng X25 mng Frame Relay l ch kim tra li ti hai trm gi v trm nhn cn trong qu trnh chuyn vn qua cc nt trung gian gi tin s khng c kim li na. Do vy thi gian x l trn mi nt nhanh hn, tuy nhin khi c li th gi tin phi c pht li t trm u. Vi an ton cao ca ng truyn hin nay th chi ph vic pht li ch chim mt t l nh nu so vi khi lng tnh
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ton c gim i ti cc nt nn mng Frame Relay tit kim c ti nguyn ca mng hn so vi mng X25. Frame relay khng ch l mt k thut m cn l th hin mt phng php t chc mi. Vi nguyn l l truyn mch gi nhng cc thao tc kim sot gia cc u cui gim ng k K thut Frame Relay cho php thng lung ti a t ti 2Mbps v hin nay n ang cung cp cc gii php tng ni cc mng cc b LAN trong mt kin trc xng sng to nn mi trng cho ng dng multimedia.
VI. Mng ATM (Cell relay)

Hin nay k thut Cell Relay da trn phng thc truyn thng khng ng b (ATM) c th cho php thng lng hng trm Mbps. n v d liu dng trong ATM c gi l t bo (cell). cc t bo trong ATM c di c nh l 53 bytes, trong 5 bytes dnh cho phn cha thng tin iu khin (cell header) v 48 bytes cha d liu ca tng trn. Trong k thut ATM, cc t bo cha cc kiu d liu khc nhau c ghp knh ti mt ng dn chung c gi l ng dn o (virtual path). Trong ng dn o c th gm nhiu knh o (virtual chanell) khc nhau, mi knh o c s dng bi mt ng dung no ti mt thi im. ATM kt hp nhng c tnh tt nht ca dng chuyn mch lin tc v dng chuyn mch gi, n c th kt hp di thng linh hot v kh nng chuyn tip cao tc v c kh nng qun l ng thi d liu s, ting ni, hnh nh v multimedia tng tc. Mc tiu ca k thut ATM l nhm cung cp mt mng dn knh, v chuyn mch tc cao, tr nh dp ng cho cc dng truyn thng a phng tin (multimecdia) Chuyn mch cell cn thit cho vic cung cp cc kt ni i hi bng thng cao, tnh trng tt nghn thp, h tr cho lp dch v tch hp lu thng d liu m thanh hnh nh. c tnh tc cao l c tnh ni bt nht ca ATM. ATM s dng c cu chuyn mch c bit: ma trn nh phn cc thnh t chuyn mch (a matrix of binary switching elements) vn hnh lu thng. Kh nng v hng (scalability) l mt c tnh ca c cu chuyn mch ATM. c tnh ny tng phn trc tip vi nhng g din ra khi cc trm cui c thm vo mt thit b lin mng nh router. Cc router c nng sut tng c nh c chia cho cc trm cui c kt ni vi chng. Khi s lng trm cui gia tng, nng sut ca router tng thch cho trm cui thu nh li. Khi c cu ATM m rng, mi thit b thu trm cui, bng con ng ca chnh n i qua b chuyn mch bng cch cho mi trm cui bng thng ch nh. Bng thng rng c ch nh ca ATM vi c tnh c th xc nhn khin n tr thnh mt k thut tuyt ho dng cho bt k ni no trong mng cc b ca doanh nghip. Nh tn gi ca n ch r, k thut ATM s dng phng php truyn khng ng b (asynchronouns) cc t bo t ngun ti ch ca chng. Trong khi , tng vt l ngi ta c th s dng cc k thut truyn thng ng b nh SDH (hoc SONET). Nhn thc c v tr cha th thay th c (t nht cho n nhng nm u ca th k 21) ca k thut ATM, hu ht cc hng khng l v my tnh v truyn thng nh
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IBM, ATT, Digital, Hewlett - Packard, Cisco Systems, Cabletron, Bay Network,... u ang quan tm c bit n dng sn phm hng n ATM ca mnh tung ra th trng. C th k ra y mt s sn phm nh DEC 900 Multiwitch, IBM 8250 hub, Cisco 7000 rounter, Cablectron, ATM module for MMAC hub. Nhn chung th trng ATM si ng do nhu cu thc s ca cc ng dng a phng tin. S nhp cuc ngy mt ng ca cc hng sn xut lm gim ng k gi bn ca cc sn phm loi ny, t cng m rng thm th trng. Ngay Vit Nam, cc d n ln v mng tin hc u c thit k vi h tng chp nhn c vi cng ngh ATM trong tng lai.
Chng VII CC DCH V MNG THNG DNG I. DCH V WEB

I.1. Mt s thut ng c bn. - HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol): l giao thc cho php cc my tnh giao tip qua Web v kt ni vi nhau qua cc siu lin kt hyperlink. - HTML (Hypertext Markup Language): l ngn ng nh dng dng to ra cc trang Web gip ngi dng c th c v truy cp t bt k my no trn mng, dng bt k h iu hnh no. - WebPage: l mt trang t liu Web. - WebSite: l tp hp cc trang Web ca mt t chc, mt cng ty, mt web site c th c nhiu Web Server. - Home page: l trang Web u tin ca mt Web Site hoc trang Web xut hin u tin khi khi ng Web Browser, ng thi trang ny cha cc lin kt tiu biu n cc trang Web cn li. - HyperLink (link): l cc mi lin kt gia cc t liu. Thng thng, trong mt trang Web, cc mi lin kt c mu xanh dng v c gch di. Ngoi ra, bt k mt hnh nh, vn bn no khi di chuyn con tr chut ti chuyn sang hnh u l cc lin kt (link).
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- URL (Uniform Resource Locator): l ng dn ch ti mt tp tin trong mt my ch trn Internet. Chui URL thng bao gm: tn giao thc, tn my ch v ng dn n tp tin trong my ch . V d: http://www.mait.vn/index.htm c ngha l: giao thc s dng http:// (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), tn my ch: www.mait.vn, ng dn v tn tp tin: index.htm. Lu : ng dn s dng du "/" thay cho du "\". - IXP (Internet Exchange Provider): l nh cung cp ng truyn v cng truy cp Internet. - ISP (Internet Service Provider): l nh cung cp dch v Internet cho ngi dng trc tip qua mng in thoi nh l cp quyn truy cp Internet, cung cp cc dch v nh Web, E-mail, Chat, Telnet - ICP (Internet Content Provider): l nh cung cp thng tin ln Internet, thng tin c cp nht nh k hay thng xuyn v thuc nhiu lnh vc nh th thao, kinh t gio dc, chnh tr, qun s Cc hot ng chnh trn Web. - Duyt Web tm kim thng tin nh s in thoi, a ch nh, tin tc, tin d bo thi tit, bng gi chng khon, cc phn mm min ph - Gii tr nh nghe nhc,xem phim, chi game trn mng. - Trao i E-mail. - Truy xut v download cc tp tin. - Trao i thng tin (forum). - Sp xp cc chuyn i du lch nh t v my bay, ng k phng khch sn... - Giao dch mua bn hng qua mng.
Hnh VII-43 Minh ha truy cp trang Web tm kim thng tin.
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Hnh VII-44 : Minh ha mt trang Web dng o to trc tuyn.
- Hi tho t xa. - Qung co sn phm.
Hnh VII-45 Minh ha Website gii thiu sn phm
I.2. Gii thiu m hnh hot ng ca Web. Dch v World Wide Web (vit tt l www hoc Web) l mt dch v cung cp thng tin trn h thng mng. Cc thng tin ny c lu tr di dng siu vn bn (hypertext)
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v thng c thit k bng ngn ng HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). Siu vn bn l cc t liu c th l vn bn (text), hnh nh tnh (image), hnh nh ng (video), m thanh (audio)...., c lin kt vi nhau qua cc mi lin kt (link) v c truyn trn mng da trn giao thc HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), qua ngi dng c th xem cc t liu c lin quan mt cch d dng. M hnh hot ng:
Web server: l mt ng dng c ci t trn my ch trn mng vi chc nng l tip nhn cc yu cu dng HTTP t my trm v ty theo yu cu ny my ch s cung cp cho my trm cc thng tin web dng HTML. Web Client: l mt ng dng ci trn my trm (my ca ngi dng u cui) gi l Web Browser gi yu cu n Web Server v nhn cc thng tin phn hi ri hin ln mn hnh gip ngi dng c th truy xut c cc thng tin trn my Server. Mt trong nhng trnh duyt Web (Web Browser) ph bin nht hin nay l Internet Explorer.
II. DCH V FTP

II.1. M hnh hot ng ca FTP FTP (File Transfer Protocol) l mt dch v cho php ta truyn ti file gia hai my tnh xa dng giao thc TCP/IP. FTP cng l mt ng dng theo m hnh client-server, ngha l my lm FTP Server s qun l cc kt ni v cung cp dch v tp tin cho cc my trm. Ni tm li FTP Server thng l mt my tnh phc v cho vic qung b cc tp tin cho ngi dng hoc l mt ni cho php ngi dng chia s tp tin vi nhng ngi dng khc trn Internet. My trm mun kt ni vo FTP Server th phi c Server cp cho mt account c y cc thng tin nh: a ch my Server (tn hoc a ch IP), username v password. Phn ln cc FTP Server cho php cc my trm kt ni vo mnh thng qua account anonymous (account anonymous thng c truy cp vi password rng). Cc my trm c th s dng cc lnh ftp tch hp sn trong h iu hnh hoc phn mm chuyn dng khc tng tc vi my FTP Server.
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Hnh VII-46: M hnh hot ng ca FTP Server.
II.2. Tp hp cc lnh FTP Lnh ! ? Append Chc nng Chy chng trnh command dos trn my tnh cc b Hin th gip ca cc lnh Ftp, lnh ny ging vi lnh Help. Chn ni dung ca mt tp tin trn my tnh cc b vo cui ca mt tp tin trn my tnh xa (my FTP Server), dng nh dng tp tin hin ti. t loi nh dng truyn file l ASCII, gi tr ny l mc nh khi khi to kt ni FTP. Bt trng thi chung l on/off. Nu l on th sau mi ln lnh truyn file hon thnh th my pht ra ting chung. Mc nh trng thi ny l off. t loi nh dng truyn file l binary. Tt kt ni vi my tnh xa v thot khi chng trnh FTP. Thay i th mc hin thnh trn my xa(Server). Ngng phin giao dch vi my tnh xa v tr v dng lnh ca chng trnh ftp. Bt trng thi Debugg on/off. Nu l on th mi lnh gi n my tnh xa th chng trnh s in ra cc thng bo. Mc nh l trng thi l off. Xo tp tin trn my tnh xa. Hin th danh sch cc tp tin v th mc con trong th mc hin ti. Tt kt ni vi my tnh xa v tr v dng lnh FTP. Chp mt tp tin t my tnh xa v my tnh cc b, dng nh dng truyn file hin ti. Hin th gip ca cc lnh Ftp. Thay i th mc hin trn my tnh cc b. Mc nh l th mc ang lm vic trn my tnh cc b. Hin th danh sch cc tp tin v th mc con trong th mc hin ti. Xa nhiu tp tin cng trn mt my tnh xa. Chp nhiu tp tin t my tnh xa v my tnh cc b dng nh dng truyn file hin ti. To th mc trn my tnh xa. Chp nhiu tp tin my tnh cc b ln my tnh xa dng
Ascii Bell
Binary Bye Cd Close Debug
Delete Dir Disconnect Get Help Lcd Ls Mdelete Mget mkdir Mput
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nh dng truyn file hin ti. open Put Pwd Quit Recv Rename Rmdir Send Status M mt kt ni n my FTP Server. Chp mt tp tin my tnh cc b ln my tnh xa dng nh dng truyn file hin ti. Hin th th mc hin hnh trn my tnh xa. Tt kt ni vi my tnh xa v thot khi chng trnh FTP. Chp mt tp tin t my tnh xa v my tnh cc b, dng nh dng truyn file hin ti. Tng t nh lnh i tn tp tin, th mc trn my tnh xa. Xa mt th mc xa. Chp mt tp tin my tnh cc b ln my tnh xa dng nh dng truyn file hin ti. Tng t nh Put. Hin th cc trng thi la chn ca kt ni FTP.
III. E-MAIL.
III.1. M hnh hot ng E-mail (electronic mail) l th in t, l mt hnh thc trao i th t nhng thng qua mng Internet. Dch v ny c s dng rt ph bin v khng i hi hai my tnh gi v nhn th phi kt ni online trn mng.. Ti mi Mail Server thng thng gm hai dch v: POP3 (Post Office Protocol 3) lm nhim v giao tip mail gia Mail Client v Mail Server, SMTP (Simple E-mail Transfer Protocol) lm nhim v giao tip mail gia cc my Mail Server.
Hnh VII-47 : M hnh hot ng ca Mail Server.
s dng E-mail, ngi dng cn c mt account mail do nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP) cp bao gm cc thng tin sau: a ch mail (v d: nvteo@hcm.vnn.vn), username, password v a ch ca Mail Server m mnh ng k. Sau chn mt chng trnh Mail Client (Outlook Express, Eudora, Netscape...) v cu hnh cc thng s trn vo chng trnh . T bn c th s dng chng trnh ny son tho v gi nhn mail mt cch d dng.
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III.2. Cc loi mail. Thng thng c hai loi mail thng dng l WebMail v POP Mail. Webmail l loi mail m hnh thc giao dch mail gia Client v Server da trn giao thc Web (http), thng thng Webmail l min ph. Cn POP Mail l loi mail m cc Mail Client tng tc vi MAIL SERVER bng giao thc POP3. Mail loi ny tin li v an ton hn nn thng thng l phi ng k thu bao vi nh cung cp dch v. III.3. S dng WebMail. Bn mun c mt a ch mail Internet giao dch vi bn b trn th gii, bn c th n nh cung cp dch v Internet ng k hoc t to cho mnh mt a ch mail min ph trn cc Website ni ting nh Yahoo, Hotmail, Fpt, Vnn...
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Giao Trinh Nhap Mon Mang May Tinh

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Giao Trinh Nhap Mon Mang May Tinh

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Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin

Trung Cp Kinh T K Thut Quang

Chng I Nhng khi nim c bn ca mng my tnh ...........5

V. Cc li ch ca mng my tnh ...............................................................11

VI. Cc dch v ph bin trn mng my tnh ............................................12

Chng II M hnh truyn thng...............................................14

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin

Trung Cp Kinh T K Thut Quang

IV. Qu trnh chuyn vn gi tin...................................................................23

V. Phng thc truyn tn hiu.....................................................................26 VI. M hnh TCP/IP......................................................................................26

VII. Cc giao thc truy cp ng truyn trn mng LAN..........................29

VIII. Cc phng tin kt ni mng lin khu vc (WAN)...........................30

Chng III a ch IP..................................................................32

III. Mt s khi nim v thut ng lin quan................................................36

IV. Giao thc iu khin truyn d liu TCP...............................................38

V. Giao thc UDP (User Datagram Protocol)...............................................43 VI. a ch IPv4............................................................................................45

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin

Trung Cp Kinh T K Thut Quang

Chng IV Thit b mng...........................................................50

II. ng cp truyn mng ..........................................................................51

III. ng truyn v tuyn............................................................................54

IV. Cc k thut bm cp mng....................................................................55 V. Cc thit b lin kt mng.........................................................................56

Chng V M hnh mng..........................................................66

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin

Trung Cp Kinh T K Thut Quang

Chng VI Cc dch v ca mng din rng (WAN) .............70

Chng VII CC DCH V MNG THNG DNG ...........77

II. DCH V FTP..........................................................................................80

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin

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Nhng khi nim c bn ca mng my tnh

I. nh ngha mng my tnh

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin

Trung Cp Kinh T K Thut Quang

II. Phn loi mng my tnh

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin

Trung Cp Kinh T K Thut Quang

Hnh I-4 Mng chuyn mch knh

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin

Trung Cp Kinh T K Thut Quang

Hnh I-6 Mng chuyn mch gi

III. So snh gia mng cc b v mng din rng

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin

Trung Cp Kinh T K Thut Quang

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin

Trung Cp Kinh T K Thut Quang

IV. Cc thnh phn ca mng my tnh

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin

Trung Cp Kinh T K Thut Quang

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin

Trung Cp Kinh T K Thut Quang

VI. Cc dch v ph bin trn mng my tnh

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin

Trung Cp Kinh T K Thut Quang

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin

Trung Cp Kinh T K Thut Quang

M hnh truyn thng

I. S cn thit phi c m hnh truyn thng

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin

Trung Cp Kinh T K Thut Quang

Hnh II-7 M hnh phn tng

II. Cc nhu cu v chun ha i vi mng

Khoa Cng Ngh Thng Tin

Trung Cp Kinh T K Thut Quang