Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Microwave
ATM
2G/3G
HSDPA HSPA/LTE
Eth
MSC
Ethernet
Ethernet
4G
Evolved Base Station (eNodeB or WiMax BTS) GTP or MobileIP Tunnels Access Gateway (S-Gwy or ASN Gwy) GTP or MobileIP Tunnels Subscriber Gateway (P-Gwy or Home Agent)
Description
There is a large group of applications that may warrant better than best effort treatment, but are going untreated and sometimes even dropped in todays mobile infrastructure. Providers need the ability to detect and classify new forms of applications without sacricing data plane performance. Providers need a consistent, end-to-end view of the network. Since the 3G backhaul is segmented and individual subscriber ows are aggregated into PSN tunnels, it is difcult to apply consistent QoS treatment. Moreover, operators may have different strategies for dealing with congestion over a network, which is often a combination of owned and leased lines. They may use adaptive microwave links to ofoad data trafc. Any solution must ensure consistent QoS treatment across a variety of backhaul infrastructure. 3G mobile backhaul can be complex. As cell site links are aggregated into hub nodes and further into aggregation nodes, providers need to know a large number of elements and links in advance to manage trafc intelligently. They need a complete network view and provisioned capacity on each managed link before they can make decisions on how to prioritize trafc. When treating trafc ows in an intelligent, application-aware manner, it is not sufcient to assign priority or QoS to ows based on content. Operators may want to assure fair usage on their network, offer tiered data plans or prioritize based on a subscribers paid services. This subscriber-specic knowledge is also necessary to treat trafc in mobile networks intelligently. Network conditions in mobile backhaul are uid. Congestion can appear rapidly, and recover just as quickly. It is necessary to monitor current network conditions and respond dynamically to live network events.
II. IuPS-to-IuB ow mapping Providers can easily map Tellabs SmartCore platform markers on IP packet ows (IuPS) in the mobile core to per subscriber bearer ows (IuB) in the mobile backhaul. Because the markings are standardsbased IP DiffServ markings, the RNC which performs this correlation honors the markings and passes them on to the mobile user plane.
Iur User Plane Iub User Plane Transport Network Control Plane Iub Control Plane IUR FP IUB FP UDP TBD IP DATA LINK NBAP SCTP RTP/RTCP UDP IP DATA LINK Iur Control Plane
IUB
Iu User Plane Uu User Plane Uu Control Plane
IUR
Iu Control Plane
PDCP
RRC
UDP
UU
RNC Application
IU-CS IU-PS
Whenever possible, the highest layer marking (Layer 3: IP DiffServ) should be congured to allow maximum transparency at the RNC. This may be done in the SmartCore platform conguration. The Iu protocol user plane (used in the mobile core side of the RNC), uses GTP-U as the encapsulation protocol while the Iub user plane (used in the access side of the RNC) uses plain UDP to transport IP ows. GTP is UDP based. The RNC application managing IP transport within the RNC copies GTP UDP packets arriving on UDP ports of IuPS interface to UDP packets on corresponding UDP ports of the IuB interface. The IP DiffServ markings made on the IuPS (core) network thus remain intact when copied over into the IuB (backhaul) network. This IuPS-to-IuB ow mapping is a key piece in solving the end-toend consistent QoS puzzle. The Tellabs 8600 system and Tellabs 8800 MSR series can learn these markings and apply Per Hop Behavior (PHB) in the backhaul as described below. III. Backhaul QoS engine Once ow classiers and the corresponding treatment have been marked (or signaled out-of-band), backhaul network routers can then police, queue and shape trafc ows according to the classication. Providers can control PHB for Best Effort (BE) forwarding, Expedited Forwarding (EF), Assured Forwarding (AF) and various sub-classes within AF. Operators can control the PHB using industry-standard QoS techniques such as: ingress and egress policers (e.g., single or dual Leaky Bucket, two-rate Three Color Marker, etc.), queuing and scheduling techniques (e.g., Strict, WFQ), and packet discard mechanisms (e.g., Tail drop, WRED, RED). Both the Tellabs 8600 system and Tellabs 8800 MSR series offer these advanced QoS mechanisms, thus forming a very efcient QoS engine.
SC 9100
GGSN
Once it detects an application type (usually the rst few packets on each ow), providers can assign trafc management actions at line rate to upstream and downstream ows. An administrator can easily dene rules for identifying application types, group them into classes of service and assign trafc management and QoS actions by using a simple scripting language called Wichorus Content Language (WCL). WCL enables administrators to easily program the Tellabs SmartCore platform and select appropriate QoS markings (e.g., MPLS EXP, IP DiffServ or Ethernet P-bits). For upstream ows, the Tellabs SmartCore platform can signal the classiers and their corresponding treatment to backhaul routers, such as the Tellabs 8600 Managed Edge System and Tellabs 8800 Multiservice Router (MSR) series through an out-of-band mechanism.
3G 4G
8600
Ethernet
8600/8800
Cell Site
Classification Marker Control, pbit & EXP 7, CS7 Control, pbit & EXP 6, CS7 VBRnrt (CLPO), FR (DEO), pbit & EXP 5 & 4, AF4 1842 UBR (CLPO), pbit & EXP 8, BE QoS Class Control Real Time Premium Out of control Best Effort Queuing Tail Drop Drop 0 Q0 Max 34ms Tail Drop Drop 0 Q1 Max 2.5ms WRED (Max 5ms) Drop 0 Drop 1 Q2 Max 34ms RED Drop 0 Q3 Max 50ms
Pseudowire LSPs
Scheduling Strict
Committed Information Rate (CIR)
Switching Office
Policing Shaping
Strict
90
Excess rate/burst
Committed Information Rate (CIR)
WFQ 95
An example of the powerful effect of this consistent and end-toend QoS ability is shown below. In a mobile network with Adaptive Microwave backhaul infrastructure owned by the operator, this solution works even in frequently changing microwave link conditions. The Tellabs 8600 system of routers maps the original Diff-Serv Code Point (DSCP) markings from the Tellabs SmartCore platform to Ethernet layer P-bits or Class-of-Service (CoS) markings. The Ethernet-based microwave backhaul device can transparently make drop decisions on packets with low-priority ows as determined by the Tellabs SmartCore platform. In mobile networks where leased infrastructure is in place, Ethernet may not be the only Layer-2 protocol available. TDM, ATM, SDH and xWDM links are often present in the leased network. Both the Tellabs 8600 system and Tellabs 8800 MSR series of routers can map original DSCP markings to MPLS EXP bits. MPLS-capable routers and switches in the leased infrastructure can use the MPLS EXP markings to guide them in prioritizing trafc over various Layer 2 transports. Therefore, Tellabs smart backhaul offers a cascading effect of transferring application intelligence further and deeper into mobile backhaul segments achieving consistent and end-to-end QoS from cell site to core.
IV. Trafc Engineering Database (TED) Tellabs solutions often help providers engineer their mobile networks top-down, with an end-to-end network view designed in the Tellabs 8000 Intelligent Network Management Systems Trafc Engineering Database. The trafc engineering database serves as a repository of information such as network conguration, router conguration, fault logs, performance history and much more. For example, the network conguration table in the Tellabs 8000 Intelligent Manager database contains addressing information to look up any node in the mobile backhaul network, such as area, region, location, node, sub-rack, unit, port and even VLAN. The router conguration table contains information for the congured capacity and throughput of interface links and tunnels. The performance history table contains various performance metrics and counters collected at different frequency; some counters are collected every 15 minutes while others are collected daily. This comprehensive and up-to-date network view of Tellabs smart backhaul elements enables more informed decisions about perapplication treatment in the packet core. For example, an administrator can access the Tellabs 8000 Intelligent Manager database to learn about congured link capacities in frequently congested areas of the network before making the decision to assign specic trafc classes to application types in the Tellabs SmartCore platform. In real time, the Tellabs SmartCore platform itself can learn about changing network conditions and re-mark the application ows accordingly.
BSC/ RNC
Cell Site
Cell Site
8605
Hub Site
Aggregation Site
Adaptive Microwave
V. Putting it all together With integrated DPI technology and the ability to classify and mark trafc ows based on application type, the Tellabs SmartCore platform serves as an impressive mobile QoS anchor. Combined with the Tellabs 8000 Intelligent Manager trafc engineering database, and the Tellabs mobile solution serving as the Backhaul QoS engine, Tellabs smart backhaul can achieve consistent and end-to-end QoS that adapts to changing network conditions and keeps pace with application and smartphone proliferation.
8000 DB Network Config Router Config Faults Tellabs 8000 iNMS Database Server Performance History Other tables
and the advanced QoS support in all the components of the solution allows Tellabs smart backhaul to bring 4G intelligence to todays 3G networks. In doing so, Tellabs smart backhaul paves the way towards an orderly 4G evolution while addressing present day challenges. Smarter networks are the ultimate answer to smartphone-generated demand.
Acknowledgements References
n
3GPP TS 23.207 V5.8.0, Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS); End-to End QoS Concept and Architecture, December 2000 3GPP TS 23.107 V5.5.0, Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS); QoS Concept and Architecture, March 2001 3GPP TR 25.933 V5.4.0, IP transport in UTRAN, January 2004 F. Le Faucheur, et al, Multi-Protocol Label Switching (MPLS) Support of Differentiated Services. RFC 3270, May 2002 Quality of Service in the Wireless Backhaul, Tellabs White Paper Quality of Service in the Tellabs 8600 Managed Edge System, Tellabs White Paper Tellabs 8800 MSR Quality of Service: Architecture and Services, Tellabs Technical Note RNC3810 Ericssons rst WCDMA radio network controller, Ericsson, 2002 Mobile Internet Report Morgan Stanley, December 2009
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Summary
The reality of multi-generational mobile infrastructure means that the advantages of 4G networks cannot be realized without making existing backhaul technology smarter. Bringing 4G network intelligence into 3G networks requires a comprehensive approach, addressing both mobile core and mobile backhaul network elements. The knowledge about network topology, provisioned link capacity and performance history of network elements in backhaul, the unique content inspection and application classication ability,
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Node B Rel 5/6 Node B Rel 4 GSM IP BTS GSM BTS LMU TDMA BTS
AAA HLR
8600
QoS Engine
8600/8800
PCRF
SC 9100
GGSN QoS Anchor Billing/ Charging
Cell Site
Switching Office
Mobile Core
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