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NGUYNTICHUNG
GVTHPTCHUYNHNGVNG,GIALAI
Mc lc
Li ni u
3
1.1 Mt s phng php sng tc v gii cc bi ton v phng trnh, h
phng trnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.1.1
Xy dng mt s phng trnh c gii bng cch a v h

phng trnh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
S dng cng thc lng gic sng tc cc phng trnh a

thc bc cao. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
S dng cc ng nht thc i s c xut s t cc hm lng

gic hypeblic sng tc cc phng trnh a thc bc cao. . .
14
1.1.4
Sng tc mt s phng trnh ng cp i vi hai biu thc . .
17
1.1.5
Xy dng phng trnh t cc ng thc. . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
1.1.6
Xy dng phng trnh t cc h i xng loi II. . . . . . . . .
27
1.1.7
Xy dng phng trnh v t da vo tnh n iu ca hm s.
30
1.1.8
Xy dng phng trnh v t da vo cc phng trnh lng gic. 35
1.1.9
S dng cn bc n ca s phc sng to v gii h phng

trnh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
40
1.1.10 S dng bt ng thc lng gic trong tam gic sng to ra

cc phng trnh lng gic hai n v xy dng thut gii. . . .
47
1.1.11 S dng hm ngc sng tc mt s phng trnh, h phng

trnh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
56
1.1.2
1.1.3
Li ni u
Chng 1
1.1
Mt s phng php sng tc v gii cc bi ton v

phng trnh, h phng trnh
Nh chng ta bit phng trnh, h phng trnh c rt nhiu dng v phng php
gii khc nhau. Ngi gio vin ngoi nm c cc dng phng trnh v cch gii
chng hng dn hc sinh cn phi bit xy dng ln cc ton lm ti liu
cho vic ging dy. Bi vit ny a ra mt s phng php sng tc, quy trnh xy
dng nn cc phng trnh, h phng trnh. Qua cc phng php sng tc ny ta
cng rt ra c cc phng php gii cho cc dng phng trnh, h phng trnh
tng ng. Cc quy trnh xy dng ton c trnh by thng qua nhng v d,
cc bi ton c t ngay sau cc v d . a s cc bi ton c xy dng u
c li gii hoc hng dn. Quan trng hn na l mt s lu sau li gii s gip ta
gii thch c "v sao li ngh ra li gii ny".
1.1.1
Xy dng mt s phng trnh c gii bng cch a v h phng

trnh.
V d 1. Xt h i xng loi hai

x = 2 3y 2
2 2
.
2 x = 2 3 2 3x
y = 2 3x
Ta c bi ton sau
Bi ton 1 (THTT, s 250, thng 04/1998). Gii phng trnh

2
x + 3 2 3x2 = 2.
Gii. t y = 2 3x2 . Ta c h

x = 2 3y 2 (1)
x + 3y 2 = 2
y = 2 3x2 (2)
y = 2 3x2
3
Nguyn Ti Chung-Gio Vin THPT Chuyn Hng Vng-Gia Lai.
CHNG 1.
Ly (1) tr (2) ta c
x y = 3(x2 y 2)
xy =0
3(x + y) = 1
"
y=x
1 3x
y=
.
3
Vi y = x, thay vo (1) ta c
2
3x + x 2 = 0 x
Vi y =
2
1,
3
1 3x
, thay vo (2) ta c
3
1 3x
1 21
2
2
= 2 3x 9x 3x 5 = 0 x =
.
3
6
Phng trnh cho c bn nghim
1 21
1 + 21
2
,x=
.
x = 1, x = , x =
3
6
6
Lu . T li gii trn ta thy rng nu khai trin (2 3x2 ) th s a phng trnh
cho v phng trnh a thc bc bn, sau bin i thnh
2
(x + 1)(3x 2)(9x2 3x 5) = 0.
Vy nu khi xy dng bi ton, ta c lm cho phng trnh khng c nghim hu
t th phng php khai trin a v phng trnh bc cao, sau phn tch a v
phng trnh tch s gp nhiu kh khn.
V d 2. Xt mt phng trnh bc hai c c hai nghim l s v t
5x2 2x 1 = 0 2x = 5x2 1.
Do ta xt
Ta c bi ton sau
2
2
5x 1
2y = 5x2 1
1
2x = 5
2x = 5y 2 1
2
Bi ton 2. Gii phng trnh 8x 5 (5x2 1) = 8.

2
Gii. t 2y = 5x2 1. Khi

2y = 5x2 1 (1)
2y = 5x2 1
2x = 5y 2 1. (2)
8x 5.4y 2 = 8
4
CHNG 1.
Ly (1) tr (2) theo v ta c

2(y x) = 5(x2 y 2)
yx=0
2 = 5(x + y)
"
y=x
y=
5x + 2
.
5
1 6
5x 2x 1 = 0 x =
.
5
2
Vi y =
5x + 2
, thay vo (1) ta c
5
10x + 4
5 50
2
2
= 5x 1 25x + 10x 1 = 0 x =
.
5
25
1 6 1 2
,
.
Phng trnh cho c bn nghim
5
5
V d 3. Xt mt phng trnh bc ba
3
3
8x3 6x = 3 6x = 8x3 3
4x 3x =
2
Do ta xt

!3
8x3 3
3
6

3
1296x + 216 3 = 8 8x3 3

3
3
162x + 27 3 = 8x 3 .
6y = 8x3 3
6x = 8
6x = 8y 3 3
Ta c bi ton sau
3
Bi ton 3. Gii phng trnh 162x + 27 3 = 8x3 3 .
Gii. t 6y = 8x3 3. Ta c h

3
6y = 8x3
3
6y
=
8x
3 (1)
162x + 27 3 = 216y 3
6x = 8y 3 3 (2)

6(y x) = 8(x3 y 3) (x y) 8 x2 + xy + y 2 + 6 = 0.
5
(3)
CHNG 1.
V x2 + xy + y 2 0 nn 8 (x2 + xy + y 2) + 6 > 0. Do t (3) ta c x = y. Thay

vo (1) ta c
3
5
3
3
6x = 8x 3 4x 3x =
4x3 3x = cos
(4)
2
6
S dng cng thc cos = 4 cos3 3 cos , ta c

3
3
5
5
5
cos
= 4 cos3
3 cos ,
6
18
18
17
17
3 17
cos
= 4 cos
3 cos
,
6
18
18
7
7
7
= 4 cos3
3 cos .
cos
6
18
18
17
7
5
, x = cos
l tt c cc nghim ca phng trnh (4)
Vy x = cos , x = cos
18
18
18
v cng l tt c cc nghim ca phng trnh cho.
Lu . Php t 6y = 8x3 3 c tm ra nh sau : Ta t ay + b = 8x3 3 (vi

a, b s tm sau). Khi t PT cho c h

3
ay + b = 8x
3
3 3
162x + 27 3 = a y + 3a2 by 2 + 3ab2y + b3.
Cn chn a v b sao cho

8
b+ 3
a
b=0
= 3 =
3
162
a
27
3
b
a = 6.
2
3a b = 3ab2 = 0
Vy ta c php t 6y = 8x3 3.
V d 4. Ta s xy dng mt phng trnh v t c t nht mt nghim theo mun.

Xt x = 3. Khi
do x=3
2x 5 = 1 (2x 5)3 = 1 = x 2.
Ta mong mun c mt phng trnh cha (ax + b)3 v cha 3 cx + d, hn na phng

trnh ny c gii bng cch a v h "gn" i xng loi hai (ngha l khi tr theo
v hai phng trnh ca h ta c tha s (x y)). Vy ta xt h

(2y 5)3 = x 2
(2x 5)3 = x + 2y 2.
Nu c php t 2y 5 = 3 x 2, th sau khi thay vo phng trnh

(2x 5)3 = x + 2y 2
6
ta c
8x3 60x2 + 150x 125 = x +
Ta c bi ton sau
CHNG 1.
3
x 2 + 5 2.
Bi ton 4. Gii phng trnh
3
x 2 = 8x3 60x2 + 151x 128.
Gii.
Cch 1. Tp xc nh R. Phng trnh vit li
3
x 2 = (2x 5)3 + x 3.
t 2y 5 = 3 x 2. Kt hp vi (1) ta c h

(2y 5)3 = x 2
(2)
(2x 5)3 = x + 2y 2 (3)
(1)

2 (x y) (2x 5)2 + (2x 5) (2y 5) + (2y 5)2 = 2(y x)

xy =0
(4)
2
2
(2x 5) + (2x 5) (2y 5) + (2y 5) + 1 = 0. (5)
Ta c (4) y = x. Thay vo (2) ta c
(2x 5)3 = x 2 8x3 60x2 + 149x 123 = 0
(x 3)(8x2 36x + 41) = 0 x = 3.

2

3B 2
B
0 nn (5) khng th xy ra.
+
Do A2 + AB + B 2 = A +
2
4
Phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 3.
Do phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 3 nn ta ngh n phng php s dng tnh
n iu ca hm s nh sau
Cch 2. Tp xc nh R. t y = 3 x 2. Ta c h
3
8x 60x2 + 151x 128 = y
x = y3 + 2
Cng v theo v hai phng trnh ca h ta c
8x3 60x2 + 152x 128 = y 3 + y + 2
8x3 60x2 + 150x 125 + 2x 5 = y 3 + y

7
(2x 5)3 + (2x 5) = y 3 + y.
CHNG 1.
(*)
Xt hm s f(t) = t3 + t. V f 0 (t) = 3t2 + 1 > 0, t R nn hm f ng bin trn R.

Do () vit li
f(2x 5) = f(y) 2x 5 = y.
Bi vy
(2x 5) =
x 2 (2x 5)3 = x 2
8x3 60x2 + 149x 123 = 0
(x 3)(8x2 36x + 41) = 0 x = 3.

Phng trnh c nghim duy nht x = 3.
V d 5. Xt mt phng trnh bc ba no , chng hn xt 4x3 + 3x = 2. Phng
trnh ny tng ng
8x3 + 6x = 4 8x3 = 4 6x 2x = 3 4 6x.

Ta "lng ghp" phng trnh cui vo mt hm n iu nh sau
(2x3 ) + 2x = 3 4 6x + 4 6x 8x3 + 8x 4 = 3 4 6x.

Ta c bi ton sau
8x3 + 8x 4 =
3
4 6x.
Gii. Tp xc nh ca phng trnh l R.

Cch 1. Phng trnh cho tng ng
(2x)3 + 2x = 3 4 6x + 4 6x.
(1)
Xt hm s f(t) = t3 + t, t R. V f 0 (t) = 3t2 + 1 > 0, t R nn hm s f(t) ng

bin trn R. M PT (1) vit li f 3 4 6x = f(2x) nn n tng ng
3
(2)
4 6x = 2x 8x3 + 6x = 4 4x3 + 3x = 2.
V hm s g(x) = 4x3 + 3x c g 0 (x) = 12x2 + 3 > 0, x R nn PT (2) c khng qu
mt nghim. Xt

1
1
3
3 (3 )2 43 1 3 = 2 5.
2=
2
CHNG 1.

p
1
1
3
3
Do , nu t = 2 + 5 th 2 =
3 . Ta c
2

3

1
1
1
1
1
1
3
.
3 =3
+4

p

1
1 p
1
3
3
=
2 + 5 + 2 5 l nghim duy nht ca PT (2) v
Vy x =
2
2
cng l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh cho.
Cch 2. Phng trnh vit li
(2x)3 = 3 6x + 4 8x + 4.
t 2y = 3 4 6x. Ta c h
3
3
(a)
8y = 6x + 4
8y = 4 6x
3
3
8x = 2y + 4 8x. (b)
8x + 8x 4 = 2y
Ly PT (b) tr PT (a) theo v ta c
8(x3 y 3) = 2(y x) (x y)[4(x2 + xy + y 2 ) + 1] = 0 y = x.
Thay y = x vo (a) ta c
8x3 = 6x + 4 4x3 + 3x = 2.
n y lm ging cch 1.
Bi ton 6 (Chn i tuyn tp H Ch Minh d thi quc gia nm hc
2002-2003). Gii phng trnh
3
3x 5 = 8x3 36x2 + 53x 25.
Gii. Tp xc nh R. Phng trnh vit li
3
3x 5 = (2x 3)3 x + 2.
t 2y 3 = 3 3x 5. Kt hp vi (1) ta c h

(2)
(2y 3)3 = 3x 5
3
(2x 3) = x + 2y 5 (3)

2 (x y) (2x 3)2 + (2x 3) (2y 3) + (2y 3)2 = 2(y x)
9
(1)
CHNG 1.
xy =0
(4)
(2x 3)2 + (2x 3) (2y 3) + (2y 3)2 + 1 = 0. (5)
Ta c (4) y = x. Thay vo (2) ta c

(2x 3)3 = 3x 5 8x3 36x2 + 54x 27 = 3x 5
x=2
(x 2)(8x2 20x + 11) = 0
5 3
.
x=
4
2

3B 2
B
2
2
Do A + AB + B = A +
0 nn (5) khng th xy ra.
+
2
4
5 3
.
Phng trnh c ba nghim x = 2, x =
4
Bi ton 7 ( ngh OLYMPIC 30/04/2006). Gii phng trnh
3
6x + 1 = 8x3 4x 1.
Gii. Tp xc nh ca phng trnh l R. t 3 6x + 1 = 2y. Ta c h

3
3
8x = 4x + 2y + 1 (1)
8x 4x 1 = 2y
3
8y 3 = 6x + 1.
6x + 1 = 8y
(2)
8(x3 y 3) = 2(y x) (x y)[4(x2 + xy + y 2 ) + 1] = 0 y = x.
Thay y = x vo (2) ta c
(3)
8x3 6x = 1 4x3 3x = cos .
3
S dng cng thc cos = 4 cos3 3 cos , ta c

3
3
cos = 4 cos3 3 cos ,

3
9
9
7
7
7
= 4 cos3
3 cos ,
cos
3
9
9
5
5
5
cos
= 4 cos3
3 cos .
3
9
9
5
7
l tt c cc nghim ca phng trnh (3) v
Vy x = cos , x = cos , x = cos
9
9
9
cng l tt c cc nghim ca phng trnh cho.
Lu . Ta cn c th gii cch khc nh sau : Phng trnh vit li
(3)
6x + 1 + 3 6x + 1 = (2x)3 + 2x.
10
CHNG 1.
Xt hm s f(t) = t3 + t, t R. V f 0 (t) = 3t2 + 1 > 0, t R nn hm s f(t) ng

bin trn R. M PT (2) vit li f 3 6x + 1 = f(2x) nn n tng ng
1.1.2
1
6x + 1 = 2x 8x3 6x = 1 4x3 3x = .
2
S dng cng thc lng gic sng tc cc phng trnh a thc

bc cao.
V d 6. T cng thc
cos 6 = 32 cos6 48 cos 4 + 18 cos 2 1,
ly cos = x ta c
Chn =
cos 6 = 32x6 48x4 + 18x2 1.
ta c
3
1
32x6 48x4 + 18x2 1 = .
2
Ta c bi ton sau
64x6 96x4 + 36x2 3 = 0.
Gii. Ta c
2
cos 6 = 2 cos2 3 1 = 2 4 cos3 3 cos 1
= 32 cos 6 48 cos4 + 18 cos2 1.
(1)
Phng trnh cho tng ng

32x6 48x4 + 18x2 1 =
1
32x6 48x4 + 18x2 1 = cos .
2
3
T cng thc (1) suy ra (2) c 6 nghim l

k2
x = cos
, k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.
+
3.6
6
V d 7. T cng thc
cos 5 = 16 cos 5 20 cos3 + 5 cos ,
11
(2)
CHNG 1.
x
t cos = ta c
2 3
20x3
5x
x5
5x3
5x
16x5
+ = +
288 3 24 3 2 3
18 3 6 3 2 3
5
3
x 15x + 45x
=
.
18 3
cos 5 =
Chn 5 =
ta c
6
3
x5 15x3 + 45x
=
x5 15x3 + 45x 27 = 0.
2
18 3
Ta c bi ton sau
Bi ton 9. Gii phng trnh x5 15x3 + 45x 27 = 0.
Gii. Tp xc nh R. t x = 2 3t, thay vo phng trnh cho ta c
288 3t5 360 3t3 + 90 3t 27 = 0

2 16t5 20t3 + 5t = 3 16t5 20t3 + 5t = cos .

6
(1)
Mt khc ta c
cos 5 + cos = 2 cos 3 cos 2

cos 5 = 2 4 cos3 3 cos 2 cos2 1 cos

cos 5 = 2 8 cos5 10 cos3 + 3 cos cos
cos 5 = 16 cos5 20 cos3 + 5 cos .
(2)

k2
+
, k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
t = cos
6.5
5
Phng trnh cho c 5 nghim l

k2
+
, k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
x = 2 3 cos
30
5
Lu . Trong li gii trn, php t x = 2 3t c tm ra nh sau : Do cng thc

cos 5 = 16 cos 5 20 cos3 + 5 cos ,
12
CHNG 1.
nn ta t x = at, vi a s tm sau. Thay x = at vo phng trnh cho ta c

a5t5 15a3 t3 + 45at 27 = 0.
Ta tm a tho mn iu kin
a5
45a
15a3
a4
3a2
=
=
=
= 9 a = 2 3.
16
20
5
16
4
Vy ta c php t x = 2 3t.
V d 8. T cng thc
sin 5 = 16 sin5 20 sin3 + 5 sin ,
ly sin = 2x ta c
sin 5 = 512x5 160x3 + 10x.
, ta c
3
3
= 512x5 160x3 + 10x 1024x5 320x3 + 20x 3 = 0.
2
Ta c bi ton sau
Chn 5 =

1024x5 320x3 + 20x
3 = 0.
t
Gii. t x = , thay vo phng trnh cho ta c
2
32t5 40t + 10 = 3 16t5 20t3 + 5t = sin .

3
Ta c
sin 5 + sin = 2 sin 3 cos 2

sin 5 = 2 3 sin 4 sin3 1 2 sin2 sin

sin 5 = 2 8 sin5 10 sin3 + 3 sin sin
sin 5 = 16 sin5 20 sin3 + 5 sin .

k2
t = sin
, k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
+
3.5
5
Phng trnh cho c 5 nghim l

1
k2
x = sin
, k = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4.
+
2
15
5
13
(1)
(2)
1.1.3
CHNG 1.
S dng cc ng nht thc i s c xut s t cc hm lng gic

hypeblic sng tc cc phng trnh a thc bc cao.
S dng cc ng nht thc i s c xut s t cc hm lng gic hypeblic ta c

th sng tc c mt s phng trnh a thc bc cao c cch gii c th.
V d 9. Xt ng nht thc

1
1
5
a 5 = 2 4m3 + 3m 1 + 2m2 m = 16m5 + 20m3 + 5m,
2
a

x
1
1
a
. t m = , khi
trong m =
2
a
2 2

16x5
1
20x3
5x
x5
10x3
20x
1
5
a 5 =
+
+
=
+ + .
2
a
128 2 16 2 2 2
8 2 8 2 8 2

1
9
1
Ly
a5 5 = , ta c bi ton sau
2
a
4 2
x5 + 10x3 + 20x 18 = 0.
Gii. Ta thy rng

2
1
x x2 + 8
2a xa 2 = 0 a =
.
x = 2 a
a
2 2

1
. Khi
Do ta c quyn t x = 2 a
a

10
5
1
3
5
5
+ 3 5
x = 4 2 a 5a + 10a
a
a
a

3
1
10x3 = 20 2 a3 3a + 3
a a

1
20x = 20 2 a
.
a
Thay vo phng trnh cho ta c

1
5
4 2 a 5 18 = 0 4 2(a5)2 18a5 4 2 = 0
a
14
CHNG 1.
9
+
113
5
a = 42
9 113
4 2
5
a =
=
.
4 2
9 + 113
Phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht

s
113
4 2
5
5 9 +
x = 2
4 2
9 + 113

1
Lu . Trong li gii trn, php t x = 2 a
c tm ra nh sau : Do cng
a
thc

1
1
5
a 5 = 2 4m3 + 3m 1 + 2m2 m = 16m5 + 20m3 + 5m,
2
a

1
1
trong m =
a
. nn ta t x = pm, vi p s tm sau. Thay x = pm vo
2
a
phng trnh cho ta c
p5 m5 + 10p3 m3 + 20pm 18 = 0.
Ta tm p tho mn iu kin
10
20
2 =
p
16 p2 = 8 p = 22.
20
5
=
p4
16

1
.
Vy ta c php t x = 2 a
a
V d 10. T ng nht thc

1
1
5
a + 5 = m + 2(4m3 3m)(2m2 1) = 16m5 20m3 + 5m,
2
a

1
1
trong m =
a+
. Ly m = x ta c
2
a

1
1
5
a + 5 = 16x5 20x3 + 5x.
2
a

1
1
Ly
a5 + 5 = 7 ta c phng trnh
2
a
16x5 20x3 + 5x + 7 = 0.
15
CHNG 1.
T phng trnh ny ta c phng trnh

(x 1)(16x5 20x3 + 5x + 7) = 0.
Vy ta c bi ton sau
16x6 16x5 20x4 + 20x3 + 5x2 + 2x 7 = 0.
(1)
Gii. Ta c
(1)
x=1
16x5 20x3 + 5x + 7 = 0
x=1
16x5 20x3 + 5x = 7 (2)
Tip theo ta gii phng trnh (2).

Nu |x| 1 th t x = cos t, vi t [0; ]. Thay vo (2) ta c
6 cos5 t 20 cos3 t + 5 cos t = 7 cos 5t = 7 (v nghim).
Nu |x| > 1 th xt phng trnh

1
1
x=
a+
a2 2xa + 1 = 0.
2
a
(3)
V |x| > 1 nn 0 = x2 1 > 0, suy ra (3) lun c hai nghim phn bit a1 v a2 (gi
s a1 < a2). t f(a) = a2 2xa + 1.
Nu x > 1 th f(1) = 2 2x = 2(1 x) < 0 v f(0) = 1 > 0. M a1 a2 = 1 nn suy ra
0 < a1 < 1 < a2 .
Nu x < 1 th f(1) = 2 + 2x = 2(1 + x) < 0 v f(0) = 1 > 0. M a1 a2 = 1 nn suy
ra a1 < 1 < a2 < 0.
Vy (3) c nghim a duy nht tho
|a| >1. Tm li khi |x| > 1 th c duy nht s
1
1
thc a tho mn |a| > 1 v x =
a+
. Ta c
2
a

5

1
1
1
5
10
1
5
3
5
(3)
=
a+
a + 5a + 10a +
+ 3+ 5
16x = 16
2
a
2
a
a
a

3

5
1
1
1
3
3
3
20x = 20
(4)
=
a+
a + 3a + + 3
2
a
2
a a

5
1
5x =
a+
.
(5)
2
a
Suy ra

1
1
5
a + 5 .
16x 20x + 5x =
2
a
5
16
(6)
CHNG 1.
T (6) v (2) ta c

2
1
1
5
a + 5 = 7 a5 + 14a5 + 1 = 0
2
a
"
p
5
5
a = 7 48
a = p7 48
5
a5 = 7 + 48
a = 7 + 48.
Vy (2) c nghim duy nht x =

cho c hai nghim

1 p
5
5
7 48 + 7 + 48 . Do phng trnh
2
1
x = 1, x =
2
1.1.4
q
5
7 48 +
q
5
7 +
48 .
Sng tc mt s phng trnh ng cp i vi hai biu thc
Ta bit rng nu mt phng trnh ng cp bc k i vi hai biu thc P (x) v Q(x)

P (x)
th c gii bng cch chia c hai v cho [P (x)]k (hoc [Q(x)]k ), sau t t =
Q(x)
Q(x)
(hoc t =
), a v phng trnh a thc bc k theo t. Vn dng iu ny ta c
P (x)
mt phng php n gin to ra nhiu phng trnh th v.
V d 11. Xt mt phng trnh bc hai
7t2 + 13t 2 = 0.
Ly t =
x2
x1
ta c
+x+1
2

x1
x1
2 = 0.
+ 13. 2
7.
2
x +x+1
x +x+1
Quy ng b mu ta c bi ton sau

2(x2 + x + 1)2 7(x 1)2 = 13(x3 1).
Gii. Tp xc nh R. Do x2 + x + 1 > 0 nn chia c hai v phng trnh cho
(x2 + x + 1)2 > 0 ta c
2

x1
x1
=
13.
.
2 7.
x2 + x + 1
x2 + x + 1
17
t t =
x2
CHNG 1.
x1
. Khi
+x+1
2 7t2 = 13t 7t2 + 13t 2 = 0
"
t = 2
1
t= .
7
Khi t = 2 ta c
x1
= 2 2x2 + 3x + 1 = 0
2
x +x+1
Khi t =
"
x = 1
1
x= .
2
x=2
x = 4.
1
ta c
7
1
x1
= x2 6x + 8 = 0
2
x +x+1
7
1
Phng trnh cho c bn nghim x = 1, x = , x = 2, x = 4.
2
Lu . Phng trnh ny c nhiu hn mt nghim, v cc nghim ca phng trnh
ny u l s nguyn v s hu t, do ta c th gii nhanh chng bng cch khai
trin a v phng trnh bc bn, sau nhm nghim, a v phng trnh tch.
V d 12. Xt mt phng trnh bc hai c nghim
Ly t =
2t2 7t + 3 = 0.
x2 + x + 1
ta c
x1
r
x2 + x + 1
x2 + x + 1
7
+ 3 = 0.
2
x1
x1
Quy ng b mu ta c
p
2(x2 + x + 1) + 3(x 1) = 7 (x 1)(x2 + x + 1).
Ta c bi ton sau
Bi ton 14 ( ngh OLYPIC 30/04/2007). Gii phng trnh
2x2 + 5x 1 = 7 x3 1.
p s. x = 4 6.
Gii. iu kin x 1.
p
(1) 3(x 1) + 2(x2 + x + 1) = 7 (x 1)(x2 + x + 1).
18
(1)
(2)
CHNG 1.
V x = 1 khng phi l nghim nn chia c hai v ca (2) cho x 1 > 0 ta c

r
x2 + x + 1
x2 + x + 1
(3)
3+2
=7
.
x1
x1
r
x2 + x + 1
t t =
x2 + (1 t2)x + 1 + t2 = 0. iu kin ca t l
x1

q
t0
t 3 + 2 3.
2
4
x = t 6t 3 0

1
2
Phng trnh (3) tr thnh 2t 7t + 3 = 0 t 3,
. Kt hp vi iu kin ca
2
t ta c t = 3. Vy
r
x2 + x + 1
= 3 9x 9 = x2 + x + 1 x2 8x + 10 = 0 x = 4 6.
x1
Kt hp vi iu kin ta c x = 4 6 l tt c cc nghim ca phng trnh (1).

Lu . Gi Q(x) = x 1, P (x) = x2 + x + 1. Mu cht ca li gii l phn tch v tri
ca PT (1) thnh
V T = 2P (x) + 3Q(x).
Tinh ta s thy 2 l h s ca x2 trong v tri ca (1). Cng t suy ra 3. Tuy
nhin d dng tm c cc s 2 v 3 bng phng php h s bt nh
2x2 + 5x 1 = p(x2 + x + 1) + q(x 1)
2x2 + 5x 1 = px2 + (p + q)x + p q.
ng nht h s ta c

p=2
p=2
p+q =5
q = 3.
p q = 1
V d 13. Xt x = 2. Khi
(x2 + 2x + 2) = 10, x + 1 = 3,
3(x2 + 2x + 2) 8(x + 1) = 6,
(x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 2) = 30,
(x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 2) = x3 + 3x2 + 4x + 2.
Vy vi x = 2 th
3(x2 + 2x + 2) 8(x + 1) =
6
6 3
30. =
x + 3x2 + 4x + 2
30
30
Ta c bi ton sau
19
CHNG 1.

6 3
3x2 2x 2 =
x + 3x2 + 4x + 2
30
Gii. iu kin
x3 + 3x2 + 4x + 2 0 (x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 2) x 1.
Phng trnh cho vit li
6 p
3(x2 + 2x + 2) 8(x + 1) =
(x + 1)(x2 + 2x + 2).
30
D thy x = 1 khng l nghim ca (1).

Tip theo xt x 6= 1. Chia c hai v ca (1) cho x + 1 > 0 ta c
r
x2 + 2x + 2
6
x2 + 2x + 2
8 =
.
3.
x+1
x+1
30
r
x2 + 2x + 2
> 0. Khi
t t =
x+1
6
6
3t2 8 = t 3t2 t 8 = 0 3 30t2 6t 8 30 = 0.
30
30
r
10
. Vy
Nhn xt rng t l nghim dng ca phng trnh (3), hay
3
"
r
r
x=2
x2 + 2x + 2
10
2
2
=
3x + 6x + 6 = 10x + 10
x= .
x+1
3
3
(1)
(2)
(3)
Kt hp vi iu kin ta thy x = 2 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh cho.

2
x 3x + 1 =
3 4
x + x2 + 1.
3
Gii. Tp xc nh R. V
x4 + x2 + 1 = (x2 + 1)2 x2 = (x2 + x + 1)(x2 x + 1)
nn
3p 2
(x + x + 1)(x2 x + 1)
(1) 2(x x + 1) (x + x + 1) =
3
2
20
(1)
CHNG 1.
r
x2 x + 1
3 x2 x + 1
1=
.
2 2
x +x+1
3
x2 + x + 1
t t =
Vy
x2 x + 1
> 0. Khi
x2 + x + 1
t=
3
t = 0 2 3t2 + t 3 = 0
2t2 1 +
3
3
t = (loi)
2 3
r
x2 x + 1
1
2x2 4x + 2 = 0 x = 1.
=
2
x +x+1
3
Phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht x = 1.
Bi ton 17. Gii phng trnh 2(x2 3x + 2) = 3 x3 + 8.

Gii. iu kin : x > 3. Phng trnh tng ng
p
2(x2 2x + 4) 2(x + 2) = 3 (x + 2)(x2 2x + 4)
r
x+2
x+2
2 2. 2
=3
.
2
x 2x + 4
x 2x + 4
r
x+2
0. Khi
t t =
2
x 2x + 4
"
1
t=
2 2t2 = 3t 2t2 + 3t 2 = 0
2
t = 2 (loi).
Vy

1
x+2
x
=
3
13
= x2 6x 4 = 0
2
x = 3 + 13.
x 2x + 4
2
Phng trnh cho c hai nghim x = 3 13 v x = 3 + 13.

r
x2 + x 6 + 3 x 1 3x2 6x + 19 = 0.
x2 + x 6 0
Gii. iu kin
x1 0
x 2. Phng trnh tng ng
2
3x 6x + 19 0
x2 + x 6 + 3 x 1 = 3x2 6x + 19
21
CHNG 1.
p
x2 + x 6 + 6 (x2 + x 6)(x 1) + 9x 9 = 3x2 6x + 19
p
3 (x 2)(x + 3)(x 1) = x2 8x + 17
p
3 (x2 + 2x 3)(x 2) = (x2 + 2x 3) 10(x 2)
(1)
r
x2 + 2x 3
x2 + 2x 3
=
10.
(2)
3
x2
x2
r
x2 + 2x 3
(Do x = 2 khng l nghim ca (2)). t t =
0. Thay vo (2) ta c
x2

t = 2 (loi)
2
2
3t = t 10 t 3t 10 = 0
t = 5.
Vy
r
x2 + 2x 3
23 341
2
.
= 5 x 23x + 47 = 0 x =
x2
2
Kt hp vi iu kin ta thy phng trnh cho c hai nghim x =
23
341

x4 + 2x3 + 2x2 2x + 1 = x3 + x
1 x2
.
x
(1)
Gii. Do x4 + 2x3 + 2x2 2x + 1 = x2(x + 1)2 + (1 x)2 > 0, x R nn nu x l

nghim ca (1) th
(
x>0
0 < x < 1.
1 x2
>0
x
Vi iu kin th
p
(1) x2 (x + 1)2 + (1 x)2 = (x2 + 1) (1 x)[x(1 + x)].
(2)
t u = x(1 + x), v = 1 x (iu kin u > 0, v > 0). Khi u + v = x2 + 1. Vy (2)

tr thnh

u 2
u u
u
2
2
+
u + v = (u + v) uv
(3)
.
+1=
v
v v
v
u
t t = , thay vo (3) ta c
v
t4 + 1 = t3 + t (t 1)(t3 1) = 0 t = 1.
22
CHNG 1.
u
Vy = 1 u = v. Do
v
x = 1 + 2
x(1 + x) = 1 x x + 2x 1 = 0
x = 1 2 (loi)
Phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht x = 1 + 2.

5x2 + 14x + 9 x2 x 20 = 5 x + 1.
(1)
Gii. iu kin
(x + 1)(5x + 9) 0
5x2 + 14x + 9 0
(x + 4)(x 5) 0 x 5.
x2 x 20 0
x+10
x+10
Ta c
5x2 + 14x + 9 = x2 x 20 + 5 x + 1
p
2x2 5x + 2 = 5 (x + 4)(x 5)(x + 1)
p
2(x2 4x 5) + 3(x + 4) = 5 (x2 4x 5)(x + 4).
(1)
Vi iu kin x 5, chia c hai v ca (2) cho x + 4 > 0 ta c

r
x2 4x 5
x2 4x 5
+3=5
2.
x+4
x+4
r
x2 4x 5
t t =
0, thay vo (3) ta c
x+4
"
t=1
2
3
2t 5t + 3 = 0
t= .
2
Khi t = 1, ta c
x2 4x 5
5 6
2
= 1 x 5x 9 = 0 x =
.
x+4
2
r
3
x2 4x 5
3
Khi t = , ta c
= , ngha l
2
x+4
2
"
x=8
7
4(x2 5x 5) = 9x + 36 4x2 35x 56 = 0
x= .
4
r
23
(2)
(3)
CHNG 1.
Kt hp vi iu kin ta c cc nghim ca phng trnh cho l
5 + 61
x = 8, x =
.
2
1.1.5
Xy dng phng trnh t cc ng thc.
Xut pht t mt ng thc no , chng ta c th xy dng ln cc phng trnh

v t. Chng hn t hng ng thc
(a + b + c)3 = a3 + b3 + c3 + 3(a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
ta c
3
(a + b + c) = a3 + b3 + c3 (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) = 0.
Bng cch chn a, b, c sao cho (a + b + c)3 = a3 + b3 + c3 ta x to ra c phng

trnh v t cha cn bc ba.
V d 14. Cho
a=
3
3
3
7x + 1, b = x2 x 8, c = x2 8x 1
th a3 + b3 + c3 = 8. Ta c bi ton sau
3
3
3
7x + 1 x2 x 8 + x2 8x 1 = 2.
Gii. Tp xc nh R. t
3
3
a = 3 7x + 1, b = x2 x 8, c = x2 8x 1.
Khi
a3 + b3 + c3 = 8 (1)
a+b+c = 2
(2)
Mt khc ta c hng ng thc
(a + b + c)3 = a3 + b3 + c3 + 3(a + b)(b + c)(c + a).

Thay (1), (2) vo (3) ta c
a = b
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) = 0 b = c
c = a.
24
(3)
CHNG 1.
Vy
3
3
2x8
+
1
=
7x
x
7x + 1 = x2 x 8
3
3
x2 x 8 = x2 8x 1 x2 x 8 = x2 8x 1
3
x2 8x 1 = 7x 1
x2 8x 1 = 3 7x + 1
2
x = 1
x 8x 9 = 0
x=9
7x = 7
x=1
x2 x = 0
x = 0.
Thay cc gi tr 1, 0, 1, 9 vo phng trnh cho thy tho mn. Vy phng trnh

c 4 nghim 1, 0, 1, 9.
V d 15. Cho
3
3
a = 3x2 x + 2001, b = 3x2 7x + 2002, c = 3 6x 2003
th a3 + b3 + c3 = 2002. Ta c bi ton sau

3
3
3
3x2 x + 2001 3x2 7x + 2002 3 6x 2003 = 2002.
Hng dn. t
3
3
a = 3x2 x + 2001, b = 3x2 7x + 2002, c = 3 6x 2003.
Khi
(a + b + c)3 = a3 + b3 + c3 (a + b)(b + c)(c + a) = 0.
Vic gii phng trnh cho c quy v gii

3
2 x + 2001 = 3 3x2 7x + 2002
3x
3 3x2 7x + 2002 = 3 6x 2003
3
6x 2003 = 3 3x2 x + 2001.
V d 16. Cho
a=
3
1945x + 1975, b = 3 60x + 15, c = 3 15 x
th a3 + b3 + c3 = 2004x + 2005. Ta c bi ton sau

Bi ton 23 (HSG Tnh Gia Lai nm hc 2004-2005). Gii phng trnh
3
1945x + 1975 + 3 60x + 15 + 3 15 x 3 2004x + 2005 = 0.
25
CHNG 1.
Gii. Tp xc nh R. t
a = 3 1945x + 1975, b = 3 60x + 15, c = 3 15 x.

Khi a3 + b3 + c3 = 2004x + 2005. Thay vo PT cho ta c
3
3
a + b + c a 3 + b 3 + c3 = 0 a + b + c = a 3 + b 3 + c3
(a + b + c)3 = a3 + b3 + c3
(1)
Mt khc ta c hng ng thc

(a + b + c)3 = a3 + b3 + c3 + 3(a + b)(b + c)(c + a).
(2)
T (1) v (2) suy ra
a = b
(a + b)(b + c)(c + a) = 0 b = c
c = a.
Vy
1990
2005
1945x + 1975 = 60x 15
30
60x + 15 = x 15
x=
59
15 x = (1945x + 1975)
1990
x=
.
1944
1990
30
1990
Vy PT c ba nghim x =
,x= ,x=
.
2005
59
1944
V d 17. Cho a = 3 3x + 1, b = 3 5 x, c = 3 2x 9 th a3 + b3 + c3 = 4x 3. Ta
c bi ton sau
x=
3
3x + 1 + 3 5 x + 3 2x 9 3 4x 3 = 0.
V d 18. T hng ng thc
a3 + b3 ab(a + b) = (a + b)(a b)2,
ly a = 3 x + 1, b = 3 x + 2. Khi
a3 + b3 ab(a + b)

3
=x + 1 x 2 + x2 + 3x + 2 3 x + 1 3 x + 2

3
= 1 + x2 + 3x + 2 3 x + 1 3 x + 2 .
Bng cch cho a3 + b3 ab(a + b) = 0 ta c bi ton sau

26
CHNG 1.

3
x2 + 3x + 2 3 x + 1 3 x + 2 = 1.
Gii. Tp xc nh R. Phng trnh vit li

3
3
3
2
(x + 1) + (x 2) + x + 3x + 2
x + 1 x + 2 = 0.
t a = 3 x + 1, b = 3 x + 2. Thay vo (*) ta c

a=b
3
3
2
a + b ab(a + b) = 0 (a + b)(a b) = 0
a = b.
(*)
Vy

3
3
3
x
x
x + 1 = x 2
+
1
=
+
2
x= .
3
3
=
1
(v)
0x
x+1= x+2
2
3
3
Thay x = vo PT cho thy tho mn. Vy x = l nghim duy nht ca
2
2
PT.
1.1.6
Xy dng phng trnh t cc h i xng loi II.
Xt h phng trnh

T (2) suy ra

(x + )2 = ay + b (1)
(y + )2 = ax + b (2)
ax + b
ax + b
y + =
y =
y + = ax + b
ax + b
.
y=
Thay vo (1) ta c
a ax + b a
+ b ()
(x + ) =
a ax + b a
2
(x + ) =
+ b.
n y bng cch chn , , a, b ta s xy dng c cc phng trnh v t. Cch
gii cc phng trnh dng ny l t y + = ax + b (hoc ax + b) a v

h i xng loi II trn bit cch gii. By gi ta s i xy dng mt s phng
trnh dng ny
27
CHNG 1.
V d 19. Cho = 3, = 2, a = 3, b = 8 thay vo () ta c
(3x + 2)2 = 3x + 8 + 6.
Ta c bi ton sau
Bi ton 26 (HSG tp H Ch Minh nm hc 2004-2005). Gii phng trnh
9x2 + 12x 2 = 3x + 8.
8
Gii. iu kin x . Phng trnh vit li
3
(3x + 2)2 6 = 3x + 8.
t 3y + 2 = 3x + 8, suy ra (3y + 2)2 = 3x + 8. Kt hp vi (1) ta c h

(3x + 2)2 = 3y + 8 (2)
(3y + 2)2 = 3x + 8. (3)
x, y tho mn (1) v (2) th x
(1)
8
8
v y . Ly (2) tr (3) ta c
3
3
3(x y)(3x + 3y + 4) = 3(y x) (x y)(3x + 3y + 5) = 0

xy =0
y=x
3x + 3y + 5 = 0
3y = (3x + 5).
1
(nhn)
x=
3
(3x + 2)2 = 3x + 8 9x2 + 9x 4 = 0
4
x=
(loi).
3
Vi y = (3x + 5), thay vo (2) ta c
5 + 21
(loi)
x=
6
(3x + 2)2 = 3x + 3 9x2 + 15x + 1 = 0
5 21
x=
(nhn).
6
1
5 21
.
Cc nghim ca phng trnh cho l x = v x =
3
6
Lu . C mt phng php tm ra cch t 3y + 2 = 3x + 8 nh sau : Ta s
t my + n = 3x + 8, vi m, n s chn sau sao cho h hai n x, y thu c l h i
xng loi hai. T my + n = 3x + 8 v t phng trnh cho ta c h

2 2

(my + n)2 = 3x +8
m y + 2mny + n2 = 3x + 8
9x2 + 12x 2 = my + n.
9x2 + 12x 2 = 3x + 8
28
l h i xng loi hai th

2mn
3
8 n2
m2
=
=
=
9
12
m
n
m=3
n = 2.
3
1
V d 20. Cho = 1, = 1, a = , b = thay vo () ta c
2
2
r
x 3
r
+
x 3
1 3
2 2
2
2
+ 2 (x + 1) =
+ + 2.
(x + 1) =
2
2 2
2 2
Ta c bi ton sau
2x + 4x =
x+3
.
2
V d 21. Cho = 2, = 1, a = 8000, b = 1 thay vo () ta c
(2x 1)2 = 4000 8000x + 1 + 4001

Ta c bi ton sau
x2 x 1000 8000x + 1 = 1000

Nu xt h

(x + )3 = ay + b
(y + )3 = ax + b.
T phng trnh di ta c
y + =
ax + b y =
ax + b
.
Thay vo phng trnh trn ca h :
a 3 ax + b a
+ b.
(x + ) =
V d 22. Chn = 1, = 1, a = 3, b = 5, ta c
(x + 1)3 = 3 3 3x + 5 + 2.
Ta c bi ton sau
29
CHNG 1.
CHNG 1.
x3 + 3x2 3 3 3x + 5 = 1 3x.
Gii. Tp xc nh R. Phng trnh cho tng ng
(x + 1)3 = 3 3 3x + 5 + 2.
t y + 1 = 3 3x + 5. Ta c h

(x + 1)3 = 3y + 5 (1)
(y + 1)3 = 3x + 5 (2)
(1)

(x + 1)3 (y + 1)3 = 3(x y)
(x y)[(x + 1)2 + (x + 1)(y + 1) + (y + 1)2 + 3] = 0

x = y do (x + 1)2 + (x + 1)(y + 1) + (y + 1)2 0 .
Thay vo (1) ta c
(x + 1) = 3x + 5 x + 3x 4 = 0
x=1
x = 2.
Phng trnh cho c hai nghim l x = 1 v x = 2.
V d 23. Cho = 2, = 0, a = 4004, b = 2001 ta c
(2x)3 = 2002 3 4004x 2001 2001.

Ta c bi ton sau
1.1.7
8x3 + 2001
2002
3
= 4004x 2001.
Xy dng phng trnh v t da vo tnh n iu ca hm s.
Da vo kt qu "Nu hm s y = f(x) n iu th f(x) = f(y) x = y" ta c th

xy dng c nhiu phng trnh, h phng trnh.
V d 24. Xt hm s f(t) = t3 +t ng bin trn R. Cho f(x+1) = f( 3 7x2 + 9x 4)

ta c
2(x + 1)3 + (x + 1)2 + 1 = 2(3x 1) 3x 1 + 3x 1 + 1.
Ta c bi ton sau
30
CHNG 1.
Bi ton 31 (HSG tp H Ch Minh nm hc 2004-2005). Gii phng trnh
3
x3 4x2 5x + 6 = 7x2 + 9x 4.
Gii. Tp xc nh R. t y = 3 7x2 + 9x 4. Ta c h
3
x 4x2 5x + 6 = y (1)
(2)
7x2 + 9x 4 = y 3
Cng (1) v (2) theo v ta c
x3 + 3x2 + 4x + 2 = y 3 + y (x + 1)3 + (x + 1) = y 3 + y.
(3)
Xt hm s f(t) = t3 + t. V f 0 (t) = 3t2 + 1 > 0, t R nn hm s f ng bin trn

R. Do (3) vit li
f(x + 1) = f(y) x + 1 = y.
Bi vy
7x2 + 9x 4 = x + 1 7x2 + 9x 4 = (x + 1)3
x3 4x2 6x + 5 = 0 (x 5)(x2 + x 1)
x=5
1 5
x=
.
2
V d 25. Xt hm s f(t) = t3 + 2t ng bin trn R. Cho

3
2
3
x + 9x 19x + 11 = f(x 1).
f
ta c
3
x3 + 9x2 19x + 11 + 2 x3 + 9x2 19x + 11 = (x 1)3 + 2(x 1).
Khai trin v rt gn ta c bi ton sau
3
x3 6x2 + 12x 7 = x3 + 9x2 19x + 11.
Gii. t y = 3 x3 + 9x2 19x + 11. Ta c h

3
3
y = x3 + 9x2 19x + 11
y = x3 + 9x2 19x + 11
2y = 2x3 12x2 + 24x 14

y = x3 6x2 + 12x 7
Cng hai phng trnh vi nhau ta c
y 3 + 2y = x3 3x2 + 5x 3 y 3 + 2y = (x 1)3 + 2(x 1).
31
(*)
CHNG 1.
Xt hm s f(t) = t3 + 2t. Vi mi t1 6= t2 , ta c

2
t2
3t2
f(t1 ) f(t2 )
2
2
+ 2 + 2 > 0.
= t1 + t1 t2 + t2 + 2 = t1 +
t1 t2
2
2
Vy hm s f(t) ng bin trn R. Do
() f(y) = f(x 1) y = x 1
3
x3 + 9x2 19x + 11 = x 1
x3 + 9x2 19x + 11 = x3 3x2 + 3x 1
x3 6x2 + 11x 6 = 0 x {1, 2, 3} .

Phng trnh cho c ba nghim x = 1, x = 2, x = 3.
V d 26. Xt hm s f(t) = 2t3 + t2 + 1 n iu trn [0; +). Cho

3x 1
f(x + 1) = f
ta c
2(x + 1)3 + (x + 1)2 + 1 = 2(3x 1) 3x 1 + 3x 1 + 1.
Ta c bi ton sau
2x3 + 7x2 + 5x + 4 = 2(3x 1) 3x 1.
1
Gii. iu kin x . t y = 3x 1, y 0. Ta c h
3
3
2x + 7x2 + 5x + 4 = 2y 3
3x 1 = y 2.
Cng theo v hai phng trnh trn ta c
2x3 + 7x2 + 8x + 3 = 2y 3 + y 2 2(x + 1)3 + (x + 1)2 = 2y 3 + y 2 .
(*)
Xt hm s f(t) = 2t3 + t2. V f 0 (t) = 6t2 + 2t 0, t 0 nn hm s f ng bin

trn [0; +). Do
() f(x + 1) = f(y) x + 1 = y x + 1 = 3x 1

x
1
x=0
x+10
x=0
2
x = 1.
3x + 1 = x + 2x + 1
x=1
Kt hp vi iu kin ta c x = 1 l nghim duy nht ca PT cho.
32
CHNG 1.
V d 27. Xt hm s f(t) = t3 + t n iu trn R. Nu cho f(2x) = f( 3 6x + 1)

th c
8x3 + 2x = 6x + 1 + 3 6x + 1 3 6x + 1 = 8x3 4x 1.
Ta c bi ton sau
3
6x + 1 = 8x3 4x 1.

V d 28. Xt hm s f(t) = t 1 + t2 + 2 . Ta c
t2
t2 + 2 +
> 0, t R.
t2 + 2
Vy hm s f(t) = t 1 + t2 + 2 ng bin trn R. Cho f(2x + 3) = f(3x) ta c

(2x + 3) 1 + 4x2 + 12x + 11 = 3x 1 + 9x2 + 2 .

f 0 (t) = 1 +
Ta c bi ton

2
2
(2x + 3) 4x + 12x + 11 + 3x 1 + 9x + 2 = 5x 3.
V d 29. Xt hm s ng bin trn khong (0; +) l
f(t) = log2 t 2t + t2, t > 0.

1
Cho f
ta c
x+2 =f 2+
x

2
1
1
1
2 2+
+ 2+
log2 x + 2 2 x + 2 + x + 2 = log2 2 +
x
x
x
2

1
1
2x + 1
+ 1+
log2(x + 2) + x + 3 = log2
+ 2 x + 2.
2
x
x
Ta c bi ton sau
Bi ton 36 (HSG i hc Vinh nm hc 2009-2010). Gii phng trnh

2
2x + 1
1
1
+ 2 x + 2.
log2 (x + 2) + x + 3 = log2
+ 1+
2
x
x
Gii. iu kin

x (2;
+)
1
1
(0; +) .
x 2;
(0; +)
x ;
2
2
33
CHNG 1.
Khi phng trnh vit li

2
1
1
1
.
2 2+
+ 2+
log2 x + 2 2 x + 2 + x + 2 = log2 2 +
x
x
x
(1)
Xt hm s f(t) = log2 t 2t + t2 , t > 0. Ta c

r
r
1
1
2
0
+ 2t 2 2
.2t 2 = 2
2>0
f (t) =
t. ln 2
t. ln 2
ln 2
Vy hm s f(t) ng bin trn khong (0; +), do

1
1
(2)
x+2= 2+ .
x+2 = f 2+
(1) f
x
x

1
Vi iu kin x 2;
(0; +), bnh phng hai v phng trnh (2) ta c
2
x = 1
4
1
3
2
x + 2 = 4 + + 2 x 2x 4x 1 = 0
3 13
x x
.
x=
2
3 + 13
Kt hp vi k, ta thy PT cho c hai nghim x = 1 v x =
.
2

x
5
V d 30. Xt hm s ng bin trn khong R l f(t) = t + t. Cho f
= f(y)
y
ta c
5
x
x
+ = y 5 + y x5 + xy 4 = y 10 + y 6.
y
y
Mt khc do f(t) ng bin trn R nn

x
x
f
= f(y) = y x = y 2 .
y
y
Ly x = 1, khi
4x + 5 +
x + 8 = 6.
Vy ta c bi ton sau
Bi ton 37 (HSG Bnh nh nm hc 2009-2010). Gii h phng trnh
5
(1)
y 10 + y 6
x + xy 4 = p
2
4x + 5 + y + 8 = 6. (2)
34
CHNG 1.
5
Gii. iu kin 4x + 5 0 x .
4
Xt y = 0. T (1) suy ra x = 0 v phng trnh (2) khng c tho mn.
Xt y 6= 0. Chia c hai v ca (1) cho y 5 ta c
5
x
x
+ = y 5 + y.
y
y
(3)
Xt hm s f(t) = t5 + t, t R. Ta c
f 0 (t) = 5t4 + 1 > 0, t R.
Vy hm f(t) ng bin trn R. Do

x
x
(3) f
= f(y) = y x = y 2 .
y
y
Thay vo (2) ta c
(4)
x + 8 = 6.
5
Xt hm s g(x) = 4x + 5 + x + 8, x . V
4
1
5
2
g 0 (x) =
+
> 0, x
4
4x + 5 2 x + 8

5
nn hm s g(x) ng bin trn ; + . Hn na g(1) = 6. Vy x = 1 l nghim
4
duy nht ca (4). Suy ra y 2 = 1 y = 1. Vy h c hai nghim l
4x + 5 +
(x; y) = (1; 1), (x; y) = (1; 1).

1.1.8
Xy dng phng trnh v t da vo cc phng trnh lng gic.
T mt phng trnh lng gic n gin no , kt hp vi cc php bin i lng

gic th s tm ra cc phng trnh v t hay.
V d 31. T phng trnh cos 3t = sin t, vi t [0; ], ta thy phng trnh ny
tng ng vi
4 cos3 t 3 cos t = 1 cos2 t.
t x = cos t ta c bi ton sau
Bi ton 38 ( ngh Olympic 30/04/2003-ton 10). Gii phng trnh
4x3 3x = 1 x2.
35
Nu thay x bi x 1 ta c bi ton kh hn.
Bi ton 39. Gii phng trnh 4x3 12x2 + 9x 1 =
CHNG 1.
2x x2.
t
V d 32. T phng trnh cos 3t = cos , vi t [0; ], ta thy phng trnh ny
2
tng ng vi
p
8 cos3 t 6 cos t = 2(1 + cos t).
t x = 2 cos t ta c bi ton sau
x3 3x = x + 2.
Gii. iu kin x 2. Nu x > 2 th
x3 3x = x + x(x2 4) > x >
(1)
2x = x + x > x + 2.
Vy x > 2 khng tho mn (1), do gii PT (1), ch cn xt 2 x 2. Khi

t x = 2 cos t, iu kin t [0; ]. Thay vo (1) ta c
p
t
8 cos3 t 6 cos t = 2 (1 + cos t) 4 cos3 t 3 cos t = cos
2
t
k4
t=
3t = + k2
t
2
5
cos 3t = cos
t
k4 (k Z) .
2
3t = + k2
t=
2
7
Do t [0; ] nn ch ly cc nghim t = 0, t =
nghim
x = 2, x = 2 cos
4
4
,t=
. Phng trnh cho c ba
5
7
4
4
, x = 2 cos .
5
7
V d 33. T phng trnh sin 3t = cos t,vi t [0; ], ta thy phng trnh ny tng
ng vi

3 sin t 4 sin3 t = cos x sin t 3 4 sin2 t = cos t

1 cos2 t 4 cos2 t 1 = cos t
cos t
1 cos2 t =
.
4 cos2 t 1
Ly x = cos t ta c bi ton sau
1 x2 =
36
x
.
1
4x2
CHNG 1.
1
1
v x 6= , ta t
2
2
2
x = cos t, t [0; ] , x 6= , x 6=
.
3
3
Gii. T iu kin |x| 1, x 6=

cos t
2 t 4 cos2 t 1 = cos t
cos
1 cos2 t =
1
4 cos2 t 1

2
sin t 4 4 sin t 1 = cos t sin t 3 4 sin2 t = cos t

t
3 sin t 4 sin3 t = cos x sin 3t = cos t sin 3t = sin
2
k
3t = t + k2
t= +
2

2 (k Z).
8
t + k2
3t =
t = + k
2
4
Trn on [0; ], ta nhn c cc nghim t1 =
phng trnh cho l
, t2 =
, t3 = . Nghim ca
8
8
4
cos , cos , cos .

8
8
4
V d 34. Ta c cng thc

sin 5 = 16 sin5 20 sin3 + 5 sin .
T phng trnh sin 5t = cos t,vi t [0; ], ta thy phng trnh ny tng ng vi
16 sin5 t 20 sin3 t + 5 sin t = cos t

sin t 16 sin4 t 20 sin2 t + 5 = cos t
i
h
2

sin t 16 1 sin2 t 12 1 sin2 t + 1 = cos t

sin t 16 cos4 t 12 cos2 t + 1 = cos t
cos t
.
1 cos2 t =
4
16 cos t 12 cos2 t + 1

1 x2 =
16x4
x
.
12x2 + 1
Hng dn. T iu kin |x| 1 v 16x4 12x2 + 1 6= 0, ta t

x = cos t, t [0; ] , iu kin 16 cos4 t 12 cos2 t + 1 6= 0.
37
CHNG 1.
cos t
1 cos2 t =
2
16 cos4 t 12 cos
t+1
4
2
sin t 16 cos t 12 cos t + 1 = cos t
h
i
2

2
2
sin t 16 1 sin t 12 1 sin t + 1 = cos t

sin t 16 sin4 t 20 sin2 t + 5 = cos t
16 sin5 t 20 sin3 t + 5 sin t = cos t sin 5t = cos t

t = 12 + 3
t
sin 5t = sin
k (k Z).
2
t= +
8
2
V d 35. T phng trnh sin 5t = cos 3t,vi t [0; ], ta thy phng trnh ny
tng ng vi
16 sin5 t 20 sin3 t + 5 sin t = cos 3t

sin t 16 sin4 t 20 sin2 t + 5 = 4 cos3 t 3 cos t
h
i
2

2
2
sin t 16 1 sin t 12 1 sin t + 1 = 4 cos3 t 3 cos t

sin t 16 cos4 t 12 cos2 t + 1 = 4 cos3 t 3 cos t

1 cos2 t = 16 cos4 t 12 cos2 t + 1 = 4 cos3 t 3 cos t.

1 x2 (16x4 12x2 + 1) = 4x3 3x.
Hng dn. T iu kin |x| 1, ta t x = cos t, t [0; ]. Thay vo phng trnh

cho ta c

1 cos2 t 16 cos4 t 12 cos2 t + 1 = 4 cos3 t 3 cos t

sin t 16 cos 4 t 12 cos 2 t + 1 = 4 cos3 t 3 cos t
h
i
2

sin t 16 1 sin2 t 12 1 sin2 t + 1 = cos 3t

sin t 16 sin4 t 20 sin2 t + 5 = cos 3t
16 sin5 t 20 sin3 t + 5 sin t = cos 3t sin 5t = cos 3t
k

+
t=
16
4 (k Z).
3t
sin 5t = sin
2
t = + k
4
38
CHNG 1.

V d 36. T phng trnh sin 3t
= sin t +
, vi t [0; ], ta thy phng
4
4
trnh ny tng ng vi

sin 3t cos 3t = sin t + cos t
3 sin t 4 sin3 t 4 cos3 t + 3 cos t = sin t + cos t
2 cos t + 3 sin t 4 sin3 t = 4 cos3 t + sin t

2 cos t + sin t 3 4 sin2 t = 4 cos3 t + sin t

2 cos t + sin t 4 cos2 t 1 = 4 cos3 t + sin t

2 cos t + 1 cos2 t 4 cos2 t 1 = 4 cos3 t + 1 cos2 t.

2x + (4x2 1) 1 x2 = 4x3 + 1 x2 .
Hng dn. T iu kin |x| 1, ta t x = cos t, t [0; ]. Thay vo phng trnh
cho ta c

2 cos t + 4 cos2 t 1 1 cos2 t = 4 cos3 t + 1 cos2 t

2 cos t + 4 cos2 t 1 sin t = 4 cos3 t + sin t

sin t 4 cos2 t 2 = 4 cos3 t 2 cos t

sin t 2 cos2 t 1 = cos t 2 cos2 t 1

cos 2t = 0
2
2 cos t 1 (sin t cos t) = 0
sin t = cos t
"
k
t= +
k
2t = + k
2 t= +
.
2
4
4
2
tan t = 1
t = + k
4
39
1.1.9
CHNG 1.
S dng cn bc n ca s phc sng to v gii h phng trnh.
Cho s phc z = r (cos + i sin ) , r > 0. Khi cc cn bc n ca z l

+ 2k
+ 2k
n
zk = r cos
+ i sin
, k = 0, 1, 2, . . . , n 1.
n
n
Cc cn bc hai ca s phc z = r (cos + i sin ) , r > 0 l

z0 = r cos + i sin
, z1 = r cos + i sin
.
2
2
2
2
Cc cn bc ba ca s phc z = r (cos + i sin ) , r > 0 l

,
z0 = 3 r cos + i sin
3
3

+ 2
+ 2
3
+ i sin
,
z1 = r cos
3
3

+ 4
+ 4
3
z2 = r cos
+ i sin
.
3
3
Mt phng trnh nghim phc f(z) = 0, vi z = x + iy, ta bin i thnh

h(x, y) = 0
h(x, y) + ig(x, y) = 0
g(x, y) = 0.
Ngha l mt phng trnh nghim phc, bng cch tch phn thc v phn o lun
c th a v h phng trnh.
1. Sng tc cc h phng trnh bng cch lu tha ba mt s phc cho
trc.
tm cn bc ba ca s phc 1 + i, ta tm s phc z = x + iy, x R, y R sao cho
(x + iy)3 = 1 + i x3 + 3x2yi + 3xy 2i2 + y 3i3 = 1 + i
3
x 3xy + (3x y y )i = 1 + i
x3 3xy 2 = 1
3x2 y y 3 = 1.
Gii h ny ta tm c x v y, t c z. Tuy nhin, c th tm z bng cch khai

cn bc ba ca 1 + i nh sau : Ta c

1 + i = 2 cos + i sin
.
4
4
Vy cc cn bc ba ca 1 + i l
q

3
6
+ i sin
+ i sin
= 2 cos
,
2 cos
z0 =
12
12
12
12
40
CHNG 1.

+ 2
3
3
6
+ i sin
z1 =
2 cos
= 2 cos
,
3
4
4

q
+ 4
17
17
3
6
4
4
2 cos
= 2 cos
.
+ i sin
z2 =
3
12
12
3
x 3xy 2 = 1
l
T y, ngc li ta tm c nghim ca h
3x2 y y 3 = 1
x = 6 2 cos
x = 6 2 cos 17
x = 6 2 cos 3
12 ;
4
12
3 ;
17
6
6
y = 6 2 sin
y = 2 sin
y = 2 sin
.
12
4
12
!

3
1

+
i . Gi s x + yi l s
V d 37. Xt s phc z = 5 cos + i sin
=5
3
3
2
2
q
3
+ 2
+ i sin
3
+ 4
+ i sin
3
phc tho mn iu kin
!
5
3
3
5
1
+
i x3 + 3x2yi + 3xy 2i2 + y 3 i3 = +
i
(x + yi)3 = 5
2
2
2
2
3
2x 6xy 2 = 5
3
2
2
3
2x 6xy + (6x y 2y )i = 5 + 5 3i
6x2y 2y 3 = 5 3.
Ta c bi ton sau
Bi ton 45. Gii h phng trnh
2x3 6xy 2 = 5 (1)

6x2 y 2y 3 = 5 3 (2).
Gii.
Nhn hai v ca (2) vi i ri cng vi (1) ta c
2x3 6xy 2 + (6x2 y 2y 3 )i = 5 + 5 3i
5 5 3
3
2
2
3
x 3xy + (3x y y )i = +
i
2
2
5 5 3
i
x3 + 3x2 yi + 3xy 2 i2 + y 3i3 = +
2
2
!
1
3
3
+
i .
(x + yi) = 5
2
2
Vy x + yi l mt cn bc ba ca s phc
!

1

3
z=5
+
i = 5 cos + i sin
.
2
2
3
3
41
M z c cc cn bc ba l

3
,
z0 = 5 cos + i sin
9
9

+ 2
3
z1 = 5 cos 3
+ i sin
3

+ 4
3
z2 = 5 cos 3
+ i sin
3
CHNG 1.

+ 2
7
7
3
= 5 cos
,
+ i sin
3
9
9

+ 4
13
13
3
+ i sin
= 5 cos
.
3
9
9
Vy cc nghim ca h phng trnh l
3
3
x = 3 5 cos 13
x = 5 cos
x = 5 cos
9 ;
9
9
7 ;
13
y = 3 5 sin
y = 3 5 sin
y = 3 5 sin
.
9
9
9
2. Sng tc cc h phng trnh t hai s phc cho trc.
V d 38. Xt hai s phc z1 v z2 nh sau

z1 + z2 =7
z1 =
7 5i
z1z2 = 7 5i + 5
z2 = 5i
Vy z1 v z2 l nghim ca phng trnh
5 + 7 5i
=0
z 7z + 5 + 7 5i = 0 z 7 +
z
5z 7 5iz
5 7 5i
=7z+
+
=7
z+ +
z
z
zz
zz
2
Gi s z = x + yi vi x, y R. Khi phng trnh trn vit li
5(x yi) 7 5(xi + y)

+
=7
x + yi + 2
x + y2
x2 + y 2
5x + 7 5y 7 5x 5y
+
i=7
x + yi +
x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2
!
5x + 7 5y
7 5x 5y
x +
i=0
7+ y+
x2 + y 2
x2 + y 2
5x + 7 5y
x+
7=0
2 + y2
x
7 5x 5y
y+
= 0.
x2 + y 2
Ta c bi ton sau
42
CHNG 1.
5x
+
7
5y
x+
=7
2
2
x +y
7 5x 5y
y+
= 0.
x2 + y 2
Hng dn. T cch xy dng h phng trnh ta thy ngay h c hai nghim l

0
x=
x=7
v
y = 5.
y= 5
3x y
x+ 2
=3
2
x
+
y
x + 3y
y
= 0.
x2 + y 2
Gii. iu kin x2 + y 2 6= 0. Xt s phc z = x + iy. Khi

iz = ix y, x2 + y 2 = |z|2 = z.z
H phng trnh cho vit li
3x y
x+ 2
=3
(1)
x + y2
x + 3y
yi
i = 0. (2)
x2 + y 2

x yi +
3(x + yi)
x + 3y
y xi
3x y
+ 2
i = 3 x yi + 2
2
= 3.
2
2
2
2
x +y
x +y
x +y
x + y2
Hay
iz
i
z
1
2
+
= 3 z + 3 + = 3 (z) 3z + 3 + i = 0.
z.z z.z
z z
Ta c = 9 4(3 + i) = 3 4i. Xt s phc a + bi tho mn iu kin
( 2
2
a b2 = 3
2
a
=
b
3
2
2
3 4i = (a + bi)
2ab = 4
b= .
a
z+3
Khi
4
= 3 a4 + 3a2 4 = 0 a2 = 1 a = 1.
2
a
Vy (a; b) = (1; 2) ; (a; b) = (1; 2) . Do = 3 4i c hai cn bc hai l
(1 2i). Suy ra
3 + (1 2i)
= 2i
z=
2
3 (1 2i)
= 1 + i.
z=
2
a2
43
CHNG 1.
Ngha l

(x; y) = (2; 1)
x yi = 2 i
(x; y) = (1; 1).

x yi = 1 + i

x=2
x=1
Vy h PT cho c hai nghim l
v
y=1
y = 1.

V d 39. Xt hai s phc

z1 = 2 i
z1 + z2 = 3 2 + i
z1z2 = 6.
z2 = 2 2 + 2i
Khi z1 v z2 l hai nghim ca phng trnh

6z
6
2
= 3 2 + i.
z 3 2+i z+6 =0 z+ =3 2+iz+
z
z.z
Gi s z = u + vi, khi phng trnh vit li
6(u vi)
u + vi + 2
= 3 2+i
2
u +v

6v
6u
=
3
v
+
2+i
u + 2
u + v2
u2 + v 2

6u
2
=
3
u+
u 1+ 2
2
=
3
u + v2
u2 + v 2

6v
6
=1
= 1.
v 1 2
2
2
u +v
u + v2
Ly u = x, v = y, ta c

x
6
= 2
1+
3
x + y
6
= 1.
y 1
x+y
Ta c bi ton sau

6
x
= 2
1+
3
x + y
6
= 1.
y 1
x+y
Bi ton 49 (HSG quc gia-1996). Gii h phng trnh

=2
3x 1 +
x + y

= 4 2.
7y 1
x+y
44
CHNG 1.
Gii. iu kin x > 0 v y > 0. t u = x, v = y. H phng trnh tr thnh

1
2
=
u 1+ 2
u + v2
3

2
1
4
v 1 2
=
2
u +v
7
V u2 + v 2 l bnh phng ca mun ca s phc z = u + iv nn ta bin i h phng

trnh thnh
u
2
2
u
(1)
=
=
u+ 2
u+ 2
2
2
u +v
u +v
3
3
v
iv
4 2
4 2i
(2)
=
=
v 2
iv 2
2
2
u +v
u +v
7
7
Cng (1) v (2) theo v ta c
u iv
2
4 2i
u + iv + 2
= + .
u + v2
3
7
z
z
u iv
1
= 2 =
= nn (3) vit li
2
2
u +v
z.z
z
|z|
1
2
4 2i
z + = + z2 2
z
3
7
Ta c
0 =
!
1
2 2i
+
z + 1 = 0.
3
7
!2
1 8 4 2i
1
2 2i
38 4 2i
+
1= + 1= + .
3 7
21
3
7
21
21
Xt s phc a + bi tho mn iu kin
Khi
38
a 2 b2 =
38 4 2i
21
= (a + bi)2
+
4 2
21
21
2ab =
21
19 + 23
4
38
8
21a4 + 38a2 8 = 0 a2 =
= .
=
a2
2
21a
21
21
21

2
2
Vy (a; b) = ; 2 ; (a; b) = ; 2 . Do
21
21
!

1
2
2 2
+ 2 i.
z = u + iv =
3
21
7
45
(3)
(4)
CHNG 1.
1
2
u= +
21
3
Do
V u > 0 v v > 0 nn
2
2
v = + 2.
7

2
1
2
4
11
+
=
x = 3 + 21
21 3 7
!2
2 2
8
22
+ .
y= + 2 =
7
7
7
H phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l
11
4
+
x=
21 3 7
22
8
y=
+ .
7
7
Bi ton 50 (HSG Quc gia nm hc 2006-2007). Gii h phng trnh

12
1
x=2
y + 3x

12
y = 6.
1+
y + 3x
Gii. iu kin x 0, y 0, y + 3x 6= 0. t u = 3x 0, v = y 0. Thay vo

h ta c

u
12
12u
=2
1 2
u
=
2
3 (1)
2
u +v 3
u2 + v 2

12v
12
v+
= 6.
(2)
v=6
1+ 2
2
2
u + v2
u +v
Nhn PT (2) vi i, sau cng vi PT (1) ta c
u + vi
12(u vi)
=
2
3 + 6i.
u2 + v 2
Xt s phc z = u + vi, vi u 0, v 0. Khi (3) vit li
12z
12
z
= 2 3 + 6i z
= 2( 3 + 3i)
z.z
z
2
z 2( 3 + 3i)z 12 = 0.
Ta c
0 = ( 3 + 3i)2 + 12 = 6 + 6 3i + 12 = 6 + 6 3i
46
(3)
(4)
= 12
CHNG 1.
!

3
1
+
i = 12 cos + i sin
.
2
2
3
3
Vy 0 c hai cn bc hai l

= 12
12 cos + i sin
6
6
T (4) ta c

!

3 1
+ i = 3 + 3i .
2
2
z = 3 + 3i + 3 + 3i = 3 + 3 + 3 + 3 i
z = 3 + 3i 3 3i = 3 3 + 3 3 i.
Do u 0 v v 0 nn
2
3+3
u = 3 + 3
x = 4 + 2 3
=
x
3 2
v = 3+3
y = 3 4+2 3 .
3+3
y=

x = 4 + 2 3
H cho c nghim duy nht
y =3 4+2 3 .

1.1.10
S dng bt ng thc lng gic trong tam gic sng to ra

cc phng trnh lng gic hai n v xy dng thut gii.
Trong thi vo i hc Nng nghip 1, nm 1995 c bi ton sau

9
sin2 x + sin2 y + sin2 (x + y) = .
4
(1)
Phng trnh ny khin ta lin tng n mt bt ng thc c bn trong tam gic :

Vi mi tam gic ABC ta c
9
sin2 A + sin2 B + sin2 C ,
(2)
4
du bng xy ra khi v ch khi A = B = C = .

3
Trong v tri ca bt ng thc (2), ly A = x, B = y, C = (x + y), ta thu c
v tri ca phng trnh (1). Li gii ca phng trnh (1) cng thu c da trn c
s php chng minh bt ng thc lng gic (2).
Gii. Ta c
9
cos 2x + cos 2y
+ sin2(x + y) =
(1) 1
2
4
47
1 cos(x + y) cos(x y) + 1 cos2 (x + y) =

cos2 (x + y) + cos(x y) cos(x + y) +
1
= 0.
4
CHNG 1.
9
4
Phng trnh (3) l phng trnh bc hai i vi cos(x + y), ta c

= cos2 (x y) 1 0.
V cos2 (x y) 1 nn phng trnh c nghim th cos2 (x y) = 1. Do
(
(
x y = k2
cos(x y) = 1
2
(4)
1
cos(x y)
+ l2
x+y =
=
y)
+
cos(x
(
2
2
3

cos(x y) = 1
x y = + k2
2
(5)
cos(x y)
1
x + y = + l2.
=
cos(x + y) =
2
2
3
Ta c
(4)
(
(5)

x = + k + l
3

y = + l k

+ k + l
=
x
y = + l k.
3

x = + k + l
12
5

y=
+ l k
12
x=
+ k + l
12
y=
+ l k.
12
x y = k2
2
x+y =
+ l2
3
x y = k2
2
+ l2
x+y =
3
x y = + k2
2
x + y = + l2
3
x y = + k2
2
x + y = + l2
3
Cch khc (tip ni t (3)). Ta c

2

1
1
(3) cos(x + y) + cos(x y) + sin2(x y) = 0
2
4
(
1
cos(x + y) + cos(x y) = 0
2
sin(x y) = 0
(
1
cos(x + y) + cos(x y) = 0
2
cos(x y) = 1
48
(3)
CHNG 1.
cos(x y) = 1
1
cos(x + y) =
( cos(x y) = 1
1
cos(x + y) = .
2
(
Theo trn ta suy ra mt hng sng tc mt lot cc phng trnh lng gic hai
n kh th v l : T mt bt ng thc c bn trong tam gic, trong bt ng thc
cha cc gc A, B, C ca mt tam gic, ta ln lt ly
A = f(x, y), B = g(x, y), C = [f(x, y) + g(x, y)],
v thay du bt ng thc bi du ng thc, ta s c mt phng trnh lng gic
hai n x v y tng ng. Cn vic gii phng trnh th thng c tin hnh tng
t nh hai cch gii trnh by trn. Ch rng cch lm nh trn khng phi lc
no cng thnh cng, c th ta xy dng c nhng phng trnh lng gic hai n
nhng ta li khng gii c nhng phng trnh m ta va xy dng nn. Tuy nhin
y l mt phng php sng tc bi ton rt ng quan tm, n cho ta nhiu phng
trnh th v c bi ln li gii.
V d 40. Xt bt ng thc
3
cos A + cos B + cos C , ABC,
2
du bng xy ra khi v ch khi A = B = C = . Ly A = x, B = y, C = (x + y),

3
ta c bi ton sau
3
cos x + cos y cos(x + y) = .
2
Hng dn. Phng trnh cho tng ng

3
xy
x+y
2 x+y
cos
2 cos
1 =
2 cos
2
2
2
2
x
x
1
x
+
+
y
y
y
2 cos
cos
+ =0
2 cos2
2
2
2
2
y
y
y
+
+
x
x
x
1
cos2
cos
cos
+ =0
2
2
2
4

2
xy
1
x+y 1
xy
cos
+ sin2
cos
=0
2
2
2
4
2
49
CHNG 1.
cos x + y = 1 cos x y
cos x + y = 1 cos x y
2
2
2
2
2
2
cos x y = 1
sin x y = 0
2
2

x
y
cos
=1
2

1
x+y
cos 2 = 2
cos x y = 1
cos x + y = 1 .
2
2
V d 41. Cng xt bt ng thc
3
2
du bng xy ra khi v ch khi A = B = C = . Ly

3

y 3y
y
3y
A=x , B = , C = x
+
= (x + y),
2
2
2
2
ta c bi ton sau

y
3y
3
cos x
+ cos
cos(x + y) = .
2
2
2

x 2y
x+y
3
2 x+y
cos
2 cos
1 =
2 cos
2
2
2
2
x 2y 1
x+y
x+y
2 cos2
2 cos
cos
+ =0
2
2
2
2
x
x
1
+
y
2y
x
+
y
cos
cos
+ =0
cos2
2
2
2
4

2
x 2y
x 2y
1
x+y 1
cos
cos
=0
+ sin2
2
2
2
4
2
cos x + y = 1 cos x 2y
cos x + y = 1 cos x 2y
2
2
2
2
2
2
x 2y
x 2y
cos
sin
=0
= 1
2
2
50
cos x 2y = 1
2
x+y
1
cos
=
2
2
CHNG 1.
cos x 2y = 1
2
hoc
1
x+y
cos
= .
2
2
B
C
3
A
+ sin + sin , ABC,
2
2
2
2
du bng xy ra khi v ch khi A = B = C = . Ly A = 2x, B = 2y, C = (2x+2y),

3
ta c bi ton sau
sin

3
sin x + sin y + cos(x + y) = .
2
x+y
xy
3
x+y
cos
+ 1 2 sin2
=
2
2
2
2
x
x
1
x
+
+
y
y
y
2 sin2
2 sin
cos
+ =0
2
2
2
2
x
1
x
x
+
y
+
y
y
sin
cos
+ =0
sin2
2
2
2
4
2

1
xy
xy
x+y 1
+ sin2
cos
=0
sin
2
2
2
4
2
sin x + y = 1 cos x y
sin x + y = 1 cos x y
2
2
2
2
2
2
sin x y = 0
cos x y = 1
2
2
x
y
x
cos
cos
=1
= 1
2
2
hoc
sin x + y = 1
sin x + y = 1 .
2
2
2
2
2 sin
A
9
B
C
+ cos2 + cos2 , ABC,
2
2
2
4

3
ta c bi ton sau
cos2
51
CHNG 1.

9
cos2 x + cos2 y + sin2 (x + y) = .
4
1+
9
cos 2x + cos 2y
+ sin2 (x + y) =
2
4
1 + cos(x + y) cos(x y) + 1 cos2 (x + y) =
9
4
1
cos2 (x + y) cos(x y) cos(x + y) + = 0
4
2

1
1
cos(x + y) cos(x y) + sin2 (x y) = 0
2
4
(
1
cos(x + y) cos(x y) = 0
2
sin(x y) = 0
(
cos(x y) = 1
(
1
1
=
y)
+
cos(x
cos(x + y) = cos(x y) = 0
2
2
( cos(x y) = 1
cos(x y) = 1
1
cos(x + y) = .
2
V d 44. Quan st cc bin i trn ta thy c th xy dng nn mt s phng trnh
c li gii tng t. Chng hn bi ton sau
cos2 x + cos2 y + cos2(x y) =
3
4

1+
3
cos 2x + cos 2y
+ cos2 (x y) =
2
4
1 + cos(x + y) cos(x y) + cos2 (x y) =
3
4
1
cos2(x + y) + cos(x y) cos(x + y) + = 0
4

2
1
1
cos(x + y) + cos(x y) + sin2 (x y) = 0
2
4
52
(
(
1
cos(x y) = 0
2
sin(x y) = 0
CHNG 1.
cos(x + y) +
cos(x y) = 1
1
cos(x + y) =
cos(x + y) = cos(x y)
2
2
( cos(x y) = 1
cos(x y) = 1
1
cos(x + y) = .
2
A
B
C
1
sin sin , ABC,
2
2
2
8

3
ta c bi ton sau
sin

1
sin x. sin y. cos(x + y) = .
8
4 cos(x + y) [cos(x y) cos(x + y)] = 1
4 cos2(x + y) 4 cos(x + y) cos(x y) + 1 = 0

2
[2 cos(x + y) cos(x y)] + sin2 (x y) = 0

2 cos(x + y) = cos(x y)
cos(x y) = 1
sin(x y) = 0
(
(
cos(x y) = 1
cos(x y) = 1
1 hoc
1
cos(x + y) =
cos(x + y) = .
2
2
V d 46. Cng xt bt ng thc
B
C
1
A
sin sin , ABC,
2
2
2
8

3
sin
A = 2x y, B = 3y, C = [(2x y) + 3y] = 2(x + y),

ta c bi ton sau
53
Bi ton 58.
sin
CHNG 1.
1
y 2x
3y
sin
cos(x + y) = .
2
2
8
Gii. Phng trnh tng ng

4 [cos(x + y) cos(2y x)] cos(x + y) = 1
4 cos2 (x + y) 4 cos(x + y) cos(2y x) + 1 = 0
[2 cos(x + y) cos(2y x)]2 + sin2 (2y x) = 0

2 cos(x + y) = cos(2y x)
2 cos(x + y) = cos(2y x)
sin(2y x) = 0
cos(2y x) = 1
(
(
cos(2y x) = 1
cos(2y x) = 1
1
1 hoc
cos(x + y) = .
cos(x + y) =
2
2
1
cos A cos B cos C , ABC,
8

3
A = x, B = y, C = (x + y),
ta c bi ton sau
1
cos x. cos y. cos(x + y) = .
8
4 cos(x + y) [cos(x + y) + cos(x y)] = 1
4 cos2(x + y) + 4 cos(x + y) cos(x y) + 1 = 0
[2 cos(x + y) + cos(x y)]2 + sin2 (x y) = 0

sin(x y) = 0
cos(x y) = 1
(
(
cos(x y) = 1
cos(x y) = 1
1
1
hoc
cos(x + y) = .
cos(x + y) =
2
2
54
CHNG 1.
3
2

3
A = x, B = y, C = (x + y),
ta c phng trnh
3
cos x + cos y cos(x + y) = .
2
(1)
Ly
A = 2x y, B = 2y x, C = [(2x y) + (2y x)] = (x + y)
ta c phng trnh
3
cos(2x y) + cos(2y x) cos(x + y) = .
2
(2)
Cng (1) v (2) ta c bi ton sau

cos x + cos y + cos(2x y) + cos(2y x) = 3 + 2 cos(x + y).
[cos x + cos(2y x)] + [cos y + cos(2x y)] = 3 + 2 cos(x + y)
2 cos y cos(x y) + 2 cos x cos(x y) = 3 + 2 cos(x + y)
2 cos(x y) (cos x + cos y) = 3 + 2 cos(x + y)

x+y
xy
x+y
4 cos(x y) cos
cos
= 3 + 4 cos2
2
2
2
2
xy
x+y
x+y
4 cos(x y) cos
cos
+1=0
4 cos2
2
2
2

2
xy
xy
x+y
cos(x y) cos
= 0.
2 cos
+ 1 cos2(x y) cos2
2
2
2
xy
0 nn
2
2 cos x + y cos(x y) cos x y = 0

2
2
(1)
1 cos2 (x y) cos2 x y = 0
2
V 1 cos2 (x y) cos2
55
(1)
CHNG 1.
x+y
xy
2 cos
cos(x y) cos
=0
2
2
1 + cos(x y)
1 cos2 (x y)
=0
2
(
xy
x+y
cos(x y) cos
=0
2 cos
2
2
cos2 (x y) + cos3(x y) = 2
(
cos(x y) = 1
x+y
xy
2 cos
= cos
2
2
(2)
xy
xy
1 = 1 cos2
= 1 nn
2
2
(
(
(
cos(x y) = 1
cos(x y) = 1
cos(x y) = 1
x+y
1
1
x+y
x+y
(2)
= 1
2 cos
=
=
cos
cos2
2
2
2
2
4
(
(
cos(x y) = 1
cos(x y) = 1
1
1
1 + cos(x + y) =
cos(x + y) = .
2
2
V cos(x y) = 1 2 cos2
1.1.11
S dng hm ngc sng tc mt s phng trnh, h phng

trnh.
Gi s hm s y = f(x) c hm s ngc l y = g(x). Nu v th ca hai hm s

trn cng mt h trc to -cc vung gc th hai th y i xng nhau qua
ng phn gic th nht. Do nu hm s y = f(x) c hm s ngc l y = g(x) th
vic gii phng trnh f(x) = g(x) quy v gii phng trnh f(x) = x (hoc g(x) = x).
Tm li, trong mt s trng hp ta s dng mnh sau
Mnh . Cho y = f(x) l hm ng bin (hoc nghch bin), c hm ngc y =
f 1 (x). Ta c php bin i sau

f(x) = x
1
(1)
f(x) = f (x)
x Df Df 1
hoc
f(x) = f
(x)
f 1 (x) = x
x Df Df 1
(2)
Nh vy vic gii PT f(x) = f 1 (x) ta thay th c bi cc h phng trnh tng

ng (1) hoc (2).
56
CHNG 1.
2
V d 49. Xt
r hm s y = f(x) = 2x + 4x 1 trn (1; +). Hm s ngc ca
x+3
f(x) l y =
1 xc nh trn (3; +). Khi
2
r
r
x
x+3
+
3
2x2 + 4x 1 =
1 2x2 + 4x =
.
2
2
Ta c bi ton sau
r
x+3
, vi x 1.
2x2 + 4x =
2
Gii. iu kin x 1 (gi thit).
Cch 1. Xt hm s
r
x+3
y=
1, x [1; +) .
2
Khi
y+1=
x+3
y 1
x+3
y + 2y + 1 =
2
2
y 1
x = 2y 2 + 4y 1.
r
x+3
1 trn
2
[1; +). Mt khc hm s y = 2x2 + 4x 1 ng bin trn [1; +) nn
3 + 17
r
x+3
x=
4
1 2x2 + 4x 1 = x
2x2 + 4x 1 =
3 17
2
x=
.
4
3 + 17
Kt hp vi iu kin suy ra x =
l nghim duy nht ca PT cho.
4
r
x+3
Cch 2. t y + 1 =
, iu kin y 1. Ta c h
2
(
2
x+3
2y + 4y = x + 1 (1)
(y + 1)2 =
2
2x2 + 4x = y + 1. (2)
2x2 + 4x = y + 1
Suy ra hm s y = 2x2 + 4x 1 l hm s ngc ca hm s y =

2(y 2 x2 ) + 4(y x) = x y 2(y x)(y + x) + 3(y x) = 0
57
yx = 0
2(y + x) + 3 = 0
"
CHNG 1.
y=x
3 2x
y=
.
2
Khi y = x, thay vo (2) ta c
3 + 17
x=
4
2x2 + 4x = x + 1 2x2 + 3x 1 = 0
3 17
x=
(loi).
4
3 + 2x
Khi y =
, thay vo (2) ta c
2
5 21
(loi)
x=
4
4x2 + 10x + 1 = 0
5 + 21
.
x=
4
5 + 21
ta c
Vi x =
4
3 + 2x
1 + 21
y=
=
< 1 (khng tho mn y 1)
2
4
3 + 17
Kt hp vi iu kin suy ra x =
l nghim duy nht ca PT cho.
4
r
r
x+3
x+3
Lu . Cch t y + 1 =
c tm nh sau : Ta t ay + b =
(vi a
2
2
v b s tm sau). Khi c h
(

x+3
2ay 2 + 4aby = x + 3 2b2
ay 2 + 2aby + b2 =
2
2x2 + 4x = ay + b
2x2 + 4x = ay + b
Ta cn chn a v b sao cho h trn l h i xng loi hai, mun vy th

4ab
1
3 2b2
2a
a=1
=
= =
b = 1.
2
4
a
b
r
x+3
Do ta t y + 1 =
.
2

3
2
; + . Hm s ngc ca f(x) l
V d 50. Xt hm s y = f(x) = x 3x trn
2

9
3 + 9 + 4x
xc nh trn ; + . Khi
y=
2
4
3 + 9 + 4x
= x2 3x 9 + 4x = 2x2 6x 3.
2
58
CHNG 1.
Ta c bi ton sau
9 + 4x = 2x2 6x 3.
9
3
Gii. iu kin x . t 2y 3 = 9 + 4x, iu kin y . Ta thu c h
4
2

2y 2 6y = 2x (1)
4y 2 12y = 4x
(2y 3)2 = 9 + 4x
2
2
2x2 6x = 2y (2)
2x 6x = 2y
2y 3 = 2x 6x 3
2(y 2 x2 ) 6y + 6x = 2x 2y 2(y 2 x2 ) + 4(x y) = 0

y=x
(y x)(y + x 2)
y = 2 x.
Khi y = x, thay vo (1) ta c
2
2x 6x = 2x x 4x = 0
Khi x = 0 th y = 0 (loi). Khi x = 4 th y = 4.

Khi y = 2 x, thay vo (2) ta c
2
x 3x = 2 x x 2x 2 = 0
x=0
x = 4.
x = 1 3
x = 1 + 3.
Khi x = 1 + 3 th y = 1 3, khng tho mn iu kin.
Khi x = 1 3 th th vo phng trnh thy khng tho mn.

Phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht x = 4.
Lu . Theo cch xy dng bi ton trn th phng trnh cho tng ng vi
( 2
x 3x = x
3
x=4
x
2
v tng ng vi
(
( 2
3 + 9 + 4x = x
4x 16x = 0
9 + 4x = 2x 3
2
3
x = 4.
3
x
x
x 3
2
2
2
V d 51. Hm s y = 3 x + 3 l hm s ngc ca hm s y = x3 3 trn R. Do

ta c bi ton sau
59
CHNG 1.
3
x + 3 = x3 3
Gii.
Tp xc nh R. t y = 3 x + 3. Khi ta c h
3
y = x + 3 (1)
x3 = y + 3 (2)
x3 y 3 = y x x3 + x = y 3 + y.
(3)
Xt hm s f(t) = t3 + t. V f 0 (t) = 3t2 + 1 > 0, t R nn

(3) f(x) = f(y) x = y.
Do
x3 = x + 3 x3 x = 3
(4)
Gi s x = pt, thay vo (4) ta c
p3 t3 pt = 3 t3
Ta cn chn p sao cho
3
1
t = 3.
2
p
p
(5)
4
2
3
1
= p2 = p = .
2
p
4
3
3
Khi (5) vit li
3.3 3
3
9 3
3
4t 3t =
.
t t=
4
8
2
9 3
> 1. t
cho gn, k hiu m =
2

q
1
1
3
3
3
2
+ 3 hay = m m 1 = m m2 1.
m=
2
Ch cn chn
=
1
rng =
q
3
m + m2 1 =
s
s
r
3
239
3 + 239
3 9
3 9
+
=
.
2
4
2
3 239
3 9
v
2

3

1
1
1
1
1
1
3
3
+ 3 =4
+
+
.
2
60
(6)
Vy
t0 =
1
2
13
2
9 3 + 239
+
2
s
3
CHNG 1.
9 3 239
2
l mt nghim ca PT (6). Ta s chng minh t0 l nghim duy nht ca PT. Ta c

|t0 | > 1 v
4t3 3t = 4t30 3t0 (t t0 )(4t2 + 4t0t + 4t20 3) = 0.
rng phng trnh 4t2 + 4t0x + 4t20 3 = 0 v nghim do
0 = 4t20 4(4t20 3) = 12 12t20 = 12(1 t20) < 0 (v t20 > 1).

p
1 p
3
3
Vy t =
m + m2 1 + m m2 1 l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh
2
(6). Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht l
s
s
1
3 9
3 9
3 + 235
3 235
+
.
x=
2
2
3
Bi ton 64. Cho trc s thc a. Gii phng trnh (n l x)
2011
a2011 + x =
a x2011.
Gii. Tp xc nh R. Ta xem a nh n s. Khi ta xt hm s y = f(a) = a2011 + x.

Ta c
y = a2011 + x a2011 = y x a = 2011 y x.
Vy hm s y = 2011 a x l hm ngc ca hm y = a2011 + x, a R. Mt khc v

0
a2011 + x = 2011a2010 0, a R
nn y = a2011 + x l hm ng bin trn R, do
2011
a
+x=a
2011
2011
+x=
a
x = a a2011.
a x2011
aR
Vy phng trnh cho c nghim duy nht x = a a2011.
x
1
V d 52. Hm s y = log 1 x l hm s ngc ca hm s y =
trn (0; +).
4
4
Do ta c bi ton sau
61
y
1
x=
4 x
1
y=
4
Gii. Ta c
CHNG 1.
(1)
x
x
1
1
y=
y=
x 4
(3)
(1)
4
1
y = log 1 x.
= log 1 x.
4
4
4
x
1
, do th ca hai hm
Hm s g(x) = log 1 x l hm ngc ca hm f(x) =
4
4
ny i xng nhau qua ng phn gic ca gc phn t th nht y = x. Bi vy
(x, y) l nghim ca (3) khi v ch khi x = y, ngha l
y=x
x
1
1
x=y= .
(3)
x=
2
4
62

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Xy dng mt s phng trnh c gii bng cch a v h

S dng cng thc lng gic sng tc cc phng trnh a

S dng cc ng nht thc i s c xut s t cc hm lng

Sng tc mt s phng trnh ng cp i vi hai biu thc . .

Xy dng phng trnh t cc ng thc. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Xy dng phng trnh t cc h i xng loi II. . . . . . . . .

Xy dng phng trnh v t da vo tnh n iu ca hm s.

Xy dng phng trnh v t da vo cc phng trnh lng gic. 35

S dng cn bc n ca s phc sng to v gii h phng

1.1.10 S dng bt ng thc lng gic trong tam gic sng to ra

1.1.11 S dng hm ngc sng tc mt s phng trnh, h phng

Mt s phng php sng tc v gii cc bi ton v

Xy dng mt s phng trnh c gii bng cch a v h phng

V d 1. Xt h i xng loi hai

Bi ton 1 (THTT, s 250, thng 04/1998). Gii phng trnh

Nguyn Ti Chung-Gio Vin THPT Chuyn Hng Vng-Gia Lai.

Phng trnh cho c bn nghim

Bi ton 2. Gii phng trnh 8x 5 (5x2 1) = 8.

Gii. t 2y = 5x2 1. Khi

Nguyn Ti Chung-Gio Vin THPT Chuyn Hng Vng-Gia Lai.

Ly (1) tr (2) theo v ta c

Bi ton 3. Gii phng trnh 162x + 27 3 = 8x3 3 .

Nguyn Ti Chung-Gio Vin THPT Chuyn Hng Vng-Gia Lai.

V x2 + xy + y 2 0 nn 8 (x2 + xy + y 2) + 6 > 0. Do t (3) ta c x = y. Thay

S dng cng thc cos = 4 cos3 3 cos , ta c

Lu . Php t 6y = 8x3 3 c tm ra nh sau : Ta t ay + b = 8x3 3 (vi

V d 4. Ta s xy dng mt phng trnh v t c t nht mt nghim theo mun.

Ta mong mun c mt phng trnh cha (ax + b)3 v cha 3 cx + d, hn na phng

Nu c php t 2y 5 = 3 x 2, th sau khi thay vo phng trnh

Nguyn Ti Chung-Gio Vin THPT Chuyn Hng Vng-Gia Lai.

Bi ton 4. Gii phng trnh

Ly (3) tr (2) theo v ta c

(x 3)(8x2 36x + 41) = 0 x = 3.

8x3 60x2 + 150x 125 + 2x 5 = y 3 + y

Nguyn Ti Chung-Gio Vin THPT Chuyn Hng Vng-Gia Lai.

(2x 5)3 + (2x 5) = y 3 + y.

Xt hm s f(t) = t3 + t. V f 0 (t) = 3t2 + 1 > 0, t R nn hm f ng bin trn R.

8x3 60x2 + 149x 123 = 0

(x 3)(8x2 36x + 41) = 0 x = 3.

8x3 + 6x = 4 8x3 = 4 6x 2x = 3 4 6x.

(2x3 ) + 2x = 3 4 6x + 4 6x 8x3 + 8x 4 = 3 4 6x.

Gii. Tp xc nh ca phng trnh l R.

Xt hm s f(t) = t3 + t, t R. V f 0 (t) = 3t2 + 1 > 0, t R nn hm s f(t) ng

bin trn R. M PT (1) vit li f 3 4 6x = f(2x) nn n tng ng

Nguyn Ti Chung-Gio Vin THPT Chuyn Hng Vng-Gia Lai.

Nguyn Ti Chung-Gio Vin THPT Chuyn Hng Vng-Gia Lai.

Ta c (4) y = x. Thay vo (2) ta c

Gii. Tp xc nh ca phng trnh l R. t 3 6x + 1 = 2y. Ta c h

S dng cng thc cos = 4 cos3 3 cos , ta c

cos = 4 cos3 3 cos ,

Nguyn Ti Chung-Gio Vin THPT Chuyn Hng Vng-Gia Lai.

Xt hm s f(t) = t3 + t, t R. V f 0 (t) = 3t2 + 1 > 0, t R nn hm s f(t) ng

bin trn R. M PT (2) vit li f 3 6x + 1 = f(2x) nn n tng ng

S dng cng thc lng gic sng tc cc phng trnh a thc

cos 6 = 32x6 48x4 + 18x2 1.

Phng trnh cho tng ng

T cng thc (1) suy ra (2) c 6 nghim l

Nguyn Ti Chung-Gio Vin THPT Chuyn Hng Vng-Gia Lai.

Gii. Tp xc nh R. t x = 2 3t, thay vo phng trnh cho ta c

288 3t5 360 3t3 + 90 3t 27 = 0

2 16t5 20t3 + 5t = 3 16t5 20t3 + 5t = cos .

cos 5 + cos = 2 cos 3 cos 2