Giao Trinh QLCTRDT-2011

TRNG I HC VN LANG
KHOA CNG NGH V QUN L MI TRNG

GIO TRNH MN HC

QUN L CHT THI RN TH

GVC. TS. Trn Th M Diu

TP. H Ch Minh, thng 9 nm 2011

MC LC

Chng 1 GII THIU CHUNG
1
1.1 Mt s khi nim v nh ngha c bn 2
1.2 Cht thi rn th v cc vn mi trng 3
1.3 Tng quan v h thng qun l cht thi rn th

Chng 2 NGUN PHT SINH, KHI LNG, THNH PHN V TNH CHT
CHT THI RN TH

2.1 Cc ngun pht sinh cht thi rn th 5
2.2 Khi lng, tc pht sinh cht thi rn th 5
2.2.1 La chn n v biu din khi lng, tc pht sinh cht thi rn 5
2.2.2 Phng php kho st xc nh tc pht sinh cht thi rn 7
2.2.3 Phng php d on khi lng v tc pht sinh cht thi rn 20
2.3 Thnh phn cht thi rn th v phng php xc nh 23
2.3.1 Thnh phn cht thi rn th 23
2.3.2 Phng php phn tch thnh phn cht thi rn 24
2.4 Tnh cht l hc, ha hc, sinh hc ca cht thi rn th 25
2.4.1 Tnh cht l hc 25
2.4.2 Tnh cht ha hc 31
2.4.3 Tnh cht sinh hc 36

Chng 3 QUN L CHT THI RN TH TI NGUN

3.1 Lu tr cht thi rn ti ngun 38
3.1.1 nh hng ca vic lu tr n cc thnh phn cht thi 38
3.1.2 Loi thng cha 41
3.1.3 V tr t thng cha 41
3.1.4 Sc khe cng ng v m quan 42
3.2 X l cht thi ti ngun 42

Chng 4 H THNG THU GOM CHT THI RN

4.1 H Thng thu gom cht thi rn t cc ngun pht sinh c khi lng
nh
44
4.1.1 Hnh thc thu gom 44
4.1.2 Phng tin thu gom 45
4.1.3 Phn tch tuyn thu gom, tnh ton trang thit b v nhn cng 46
4.2 H thng thu gom cht thi rn t cc ngun pht sinh tp trung 51
4.2.1 Hnh thc thu gom 51
4.2.2 Phng tin thu gom 52
4.2.3 Phn tch tuyn thu gom, tnh ton trang thit b v nhn cng 52
4.3 Vch Tuyn Thu Gom 54
4.3.1 Nguyn tc vch tuyn 54
4.3.2 Cc bc vch tuyn thu gom 55

Chng 5 TRUNG CHUYN V VN CHUYN

5.1 S cn thit ca trm trung chuyn 57
5.1 Phn loi trm trung chuyn 57
5.4 Nhng yu cu thit k trm trung chuyn 61
5.3 Phng tin v phng php vn chuyn 61

ii
Chng 6 CNG NGH TI CH CHT THI

6.1 Lon nhm 65
6.2 Giy v carton 65
6.3 Nha 66
6.4 Thy tinh 68
6.5 St v thp 69
6.6 Kim loi mu 69
6.7 Cao su 69
6.8 Pin gia dng 69
6.9 Rc thc phm

Chng 7 CNG NGH X L CHT THI RN TH

7.1 Gii thiu chung 71
7.2 Phng php c hc 71
7.3 Cng ngh sinh hc x l k kh 72
7.4 Cng ngh sinh hc x l hiu kh 80
7.5 Cng ngh x l nhit 94

Chng 8 BI CHN LP HP V SINH

8.1 Phng php chn lp cht thi rn 97
8.2 Phn loi, loi hnh v phng php chn lp 102
8.3 Kim sot nc r rc 105
8.4 Kim sot kh bi chn lp 110

CHNG 1

GII THIU CHUNG

1.1 MT S KHI NIM V NH NGHA C BN

Cht thi c hiu nh quy nh ti iu 2 ca Lut Bo V Mi Trng nm 2005:
cht thi l vt cht dng rn, lng, kh, mi hoc cc dng khc thi ra t sinh hot,
sn xut, kinh doanh, dch v hoc cc hot ng khc ca con ngi.

Cht thi rn l tt c cc cht thi, pht sinh t cc hot ng ca con ngi v ng
vt, thng dng rn v b b v khng s dng c hoc khng c mong mun
na.

Cht thi rn sinh hot l cht thi rn sinh ra t cc khu nh (bit th, h gia nh
ring l, chung c,), khu thng mi (ca hng, nh hng, ch, siu th, vn phng,
khch sn, nh ngh, trm dch v, ca hng s xe,), c quan (trng hc, vin nghin
cu, trung tm, bnh vin, nh t, cc trung tm hnh chnh nh nc,) khu dch v
cng cng (qut ng, cng vin, gii tr, ta cy xanh,) v t cng tc no vt cng
rnh thot nc. Cht thi rn sinh hot bao gm c cht thi nguy hi sinh ra t cc
ngun trn.

Cht thi rn cng nghip l cht thi rn sinh ra trong qu trnh sn xut ca cc khu
cng nghip, nh my, x nghip, cc c s sn xut va v nh.

Cht thi rn cng nghip khng bao gm cht thi rn sinh hot ca cn b, cng nhn
thi ra t cc khu cng nghip, nh my, x nghip, cc c s sn xut va v nh.

Cht thi rn sinh hot v cng nghip cng cn c chia lm hai loi: (1) cht thi rn
khng nguy hi v (2) cht thi rn nguy hi.

Cht thi rn nguy hi l cht thi rn hoc hp cht ca cc cht thi rn, do khi
lng, nng hoc do tnh cht vt l, ha hc hoc ly nhim c th:

(a) gy hoc gp phn ng k lm tng s lng t vong hoc lm tng cc bnh nguy
him
(b) gy nguy hi n sc khe con ngi hoc mi trng khi khng c x l, lu tr,
vn chuyn, b hoc qun l khng hp l.

Cht thi nguy hi l cc loi cht thi (rn, bn, lng v cc loi kh ng bnh) tr cc
cht thi phng x (v ly nhim), do hot tnh ha hc ca chng hoc tnh cht c hi,
chy n, n mn, hoc cc tnh cht khc, gy nn mi nguy him hoc tng t n sc
khe hoc mi trng, d n c hay tip xc vi cc cht thi khc.

Nh vy, cht thi nguy hi l cht thi c mt trong bn tnh cht chy (ignitable), n
mn (corrosive), phn ng (reactive), hoc c hi (toxic):

Chng 1 - Gii thiu chung

2
- Cht n mn: l cc cht lng c pH < 2 hoc >12,5 hoc c kh nng n mn thp
ln hn 0,25 inches/nm (6,35 mm/nm).
- Cht thi chy l cc cht lng c nhit chp chy nh hn 60
o
C hoc cht rn c
kh nng gy chy nhit v p sut tiu chun.
- Cht thi phn ng thng l cc cht khng n nh, phn ng mnh lit vi nc
hoc khng kh, hoc to thnh hn hp c kh nng n vi nc.
- Cht thi c tnh c hi l cc cht thi c kh nng thot ra vi khi lng ng k
trong nc nng ng k.

Cht thi rn th bao gm cht thi rn sinh hot t cc khu dn c, t cc c s
cng nghip (khu cng nghip, khu ch xut, nh my, c s sn xut va v nh), t cc
khu vc xy dng v p ph (x bn), khu vc nh my x l (nh my x l nc,
nc thi sinh hot), l t cht thi rn th.

1.2 CHT THI RN TH V CC VN MI TRNG

Cht thi rn sinh ra cha c thu gom v x l trit l ngun gy nhim c ba mi
trng: t, nc v khng kh. Ti cc bi rc, nc r rc v kh bi rc l mi e da
i vi ngun nc mt v nc ngm trong khu vc. Khi lng cht thi rn ca cc
khu th ngy cng gia tng nhanh chng theo tc gia tng dn s v pht trin kinh
t x hi. Lng cht thi rn nu khng c x l tt s dn n hng lot cc hu qu
mi trng khng th lng trc c. Cc vn mi trng do cht thi rn gy ra
thng l hu qu ca vic khng qun l hp l cht thi rn t ngun pht sinh n ni
thi b cui cng. X thi ba bi cht thi rn xung knh rch lm nhim ngun
nc mt nhiu khu vc. Chn lp cht thi rn khng hp v sinh gy nhim mi
trng t, nc mt, nc ngm v khng kh hu ht cc khu vc c bi rc. l
cha k n cc s c mi trng khc nh ln, trt bi chn lp, trn nc r rc ra
mi trng xung quanh, mi hi thi nh hng trn din rng, pht sinh rui mui v
cc loi cn trng,

Ch bng cch t chc, vn hnh v qun l mt cch hiu qu cht thi rn t ngun
pht sinh n ni thi b cui cng mi c th gim c chi ph cng nh hn ch cc
vn mi trng do rc gy ra. Khi tng khu trong h thng qun l cht thi rn
th c t chc hp l v cc khu trong h thng ny c phi hp vn hnh mt cch
nhp nhng, rc s khng cn l vn nn mi trng cho con ngi. Nhng ni dung
trng tm trong tnh ton, thit k v vn hnh h thng qun l cht thi rn th s
c trnh by xuyn sut gio trnh ny.

1.3 TNG QUAN V H THNG QUN L CHT THI RN TH

Qun l cht thi rn l s kt hp kim sot ngun thi, tn tr, tho gom, trung chuyn
v vn chuyn, x l v cht thi rn theo phng thc tt nht nhm m bo khng
nh hng n sc khe cng ng, tha mn cc yu t v kinh t, k thut, bo tn ti
nguyn thin nhin, gi gn cnh quan th v hn ch tt c cc vn mi trng lin
quan. Qun l thng nht cht thi rn l vic la chn v p dng k thut, cng ngh v
chng trnh qun l thch hp nhm hon thnh mc tiu c bit qun l cht thi rn.
Gio trnh Qun l cht thi rn th

3
Mt cch tng qut, s h thng k thut qun l cht thi rn th c trnh by
tm tt trong Hnh 1.1.

Ngun pht sinh. Ngun ch yu pht sinh cht thi rn th bao gm: (1) t cc khu
dn c (cht thi rn sinh hot), (2) cc trung tm thng mi, (3) cc cng s, trng
hc, cng trnh cng cng, (4) dch v th, sn bay, (5) cc hot ng cng nghip, (6)
cc hot ng xy dng th, (7) cc trm x l nc thi v t cc ng cng thot
nc ca thnh ph.

Hnh 1.1 S tng qut h thng qun l cht thi rn th (Tchobanoglous v cng s,
1993).

Tn tr ti ngun. Cht thi rn pht sinh c lu tr trong cc loi thng cha khc
nhau ty theo c im ngun pht sinh rc, khi lng rc cn lu tr, v tr t thng
cha, chu k thu gom, phng tin thu gom, Mt cch tng qut, cc phng tin thu
cha rc thng c thit k, la chn sao cho tha mn cc tiu chun sau: (1) chng
s xm nhp ca sc vt, cn trng, (2) bn, chc, p v khng b h hng do thi tit,
(3) d c ra khi cn thit.

Thu gom. Rc sau khi c tp trung ti cc im quy nh s c thu gom v vn
chuyn n trm trung chuyn/trm x l hoc bi chn lp. Theo kiu vn hnh, h
thng thu gom c phn loi thnh: (1) h thng thu gom kiu thng cha di ng: loi
c in v loi trao i thng cha v (2) h thng thu gom kiu thng cha c nh. Ty
theo c im ca phng tin thu gom vn chuyn, lng rc v on ng vn
chuyn, sau khi thu gom, rc s c chuyn n cc trm trung chuyn/im hn
chuyn sang xe c ti trng ln hn hoc c vn chuyn thng n bi chn lp. Rc
cng c th c chuyn n khu ti ch, x l thu hi nhng thnh phn c gi tr,
phn cn li sau mi c vn chuyn n bi chn lp.

Trung chuyn v vn chuyn. Cc trm trung chuyn c s dng ti u ha nng
sut lao ng ca i thu gom v i xe. Trm trung chuyn c s dng khi: (1) xy ra
hin tng cht thi rn khng ng quy nh do khong cch vn chuyn qu xa, (2)
v tr thi b qu xa tuyn ng thu gom (thng ln hn 16 km), (3) s dng xe thu
gom c dung tch nh (thng nh hn 15 m
3
), (4) khu vc phc v l khu dn c tha
tht, (5) s dng thng cha tng i nh thu gom cht thi t khu thng mi. Hot
Ngun pht sinh
Tn tr ti ngun
Thu gom
Trung chuyn v
vn chuyn
Ti ch v
x l
Bi chn lp
Chng 1 - Gii thiu chung

4
ng ca mi trm trung chuyn bao gm: (1) tip nhn cc xe thu gom rc, (2) xc nh
ti trng rc a v trm, (3) hng dn cc xe n im rc, (4) a xe thu gom ra
khi trm, (5) x l rc (nu cn thit), (6) chuyn rc ln xe vn chuyn a n bi
chn lp. i vi mi trm trung chuyn cn xem xt: (1) s lng xe ng thi trong
trm, (2) khi lng v thnh phn rc c thu gom v trm, (3) bn knh hiu qu kinh
t i vi mi loi xe thu gom, (4) thi gian xe thu gom i t v tr ly rc cui cng
ca tuyn thu gom v trm trung chuyn.

Ti ch v x l. Rt nhiu thnh phn trong rc thi c kh nng ti ch nh: giy,
carton, ti nilon, nha, cao su, da, g, thy tinh, kim loi, Cc thnh phn cn li, ty
theo phng tin k thut hin c s c x l bng cc phng php khc nhau nh:
(1) sn xut phn compost, (2) sn xut kh sinh hc (biogas), (3) t thu hi nng lng
hay (4) ra bi chn lp.

Bi chn lp hp v sinh. Bi chn lp hp v sinh l phng php x l v tiu hy
cht thi rn n gin nht v chp nhn c v mt mi trng. Ngay c khi p dng
cc bin php gim lng cht thi, ti s dng v ti ch, vic thi b phn cht thi cn
li ra bi chn lp vn l mt khu quan trng trong h thng qun l thng nht cht thi
rn. Mt bi chn lp cht thi rn th c gi l bi chn lp hp v sinh khi c
thit k v vn hnh sao cho gim n mc thp nht cc tc ng n sc khe cng
ng v mi trng. Bi chn lp hp v sinh c thit k v vn hnh c lp lt y,
cc lp che ph hng ngy v che ph trung gian, c h thng thu gom v x l nc r
rc, h thng thu gom v x l kh thi, c che ph cui cng v duy tu, bo tr sau khi
ng bi chn lp.

Mi khu trong h thng qun l ny s c ln lt trnh by chi tit trong cc chng
tip theo ca gio trnh ny.


5
CHNG 2

NGUN PHT SINH, KHI LNG,
THNH PHN V TNH CHT CHT THI RN TH

2.1 CC NGUN PHT SINH CHT THI RN TH

Cng vi s liu v thnh phn v tc pht sinh, ngun v loi cht thi rn l nhng
thng s c bn cn thit thit k v vn hnh cc khu lin quan trong h thng qun
l cht thi rn.

Ngun pht sinh cht thi rn ca mt khu th thay i ty theo mc ch s dng t
v cch phn vng. Mc d c nhiu cch phn loi ngun pht sinh cht thi rn th
(CTRT) khc nhau, vic phn loi CTRT theo cc ngun pht sinh sau y thng
c s dng nht: (1) h gia nh; (2) khu thng mi (nh hng, khch sn, siu th,
ch,); (3) cng s (c quan, trng hc, trung tm v vin nghin cu, bnh vin,);
(4) khu xy dng; (5) khu cng cng (nh ga, bn tu, sn bay, cng vin, khu vui chi
gii tr, ng ph,); (6) trm x l cht thi (trm x l nc thi sinh hot,...); (7)
nh my, x nghip trong khu dn c v (8) vng nng nghip. Trong nhng ngun pht
sinh cht thi rn k trn, CTRT l tt c cc loi cht thi rn pht sinh t khu th
ngoi tr CTR t sn xut cng nghip (CTR cng nghip). Tuy nhin, cht thi rn y t
c qun l theo h thng ring, do , trong chng trnh hc ny khng cp n
cht thi rn cng nghip v cht thi rn y t.

2.2 KHI LNG, TC PHT SINH CHT THI RN TH

2.2.1 La chn n v biu din khi lng, tc pht sinh cht thi rn

Khi lng cht thi rn sinh ra v thu gom c c ngha c bit quan trng trong
vic la chn thit b, vch tuyn thu gom, la chn cng ngh v thit k h thng thit
b thu hi, x l cng nh thi b CTRT mt cch hp v sinh. V d vic thit k mt
loi xe c bit thu gom ring cc thnh phn cht thi c phn loi ti ngun s
ph thuc vo khi lng ca tng thnh phn cht thi ny. Quy m, cng sut ca h
thng ti ch cht thi ph thuc vo khi lng cht thi thu gom c cng nh s
thay i khi lng cht thi theo thi gian. Cng tng t nh vy, din tch bi chn
lp hp v sinh s ph thuc vo lng cht thi cn li sau khi tch ring nhng
thnh phn c kh nng ti ch v ti s dng.

Ty theo mc ch qun l, gim st hay tnh ton thit k cho tng hng mc c th
trong h thng qun l CTRT m thng s khi lng CTRT pht sinh hay thu gom
s c biu din theo nhng cch khc nhau nh sau:

- i vi mt khu dn c (c th l mt thnh ph, qun, huyn, th trn hay mt cm
dn c ang xt n nh lng, x, phng, khm, t dn ph,), khi lng CTR pht
sinh hay thu gom c biu din bng khi lng CTR/thi gian nh: tn/ngy;
tn/thng; tn/nm. Trong trng hp gi tr ny rt nh, c th biu din bng
kg/ngy; kg/thng; kg/nm. Bn cnh , cng c th s dng thng s th tch biu
Chng 2 Ngun pht sinh, khi lng, thnh phn v tnh cht

6
din lng CTR pht sinh hay thu gom tnh (th tch CTR/thi gian) bng m
3
/ngy;
m
3
/thng; m
3
/nm. Tuy nhin, cn lu rng vic s dng thng s th tch xc
nh lng CTR c th gy nhm ln v 1 m
3
CTR trong thit b lu tr ti ngun (khi
cha b nn p) s c khi lng khc vi 1 m
3
CTR c p trong xe thu gom v
c hai gi tr ny s khc vi khi lng ca 1 m
3
CTR tip tc c p bi chn lp.
Do , thng s m
3
CTR/thi gian ch c ngha khi c biu din cng vi mc
nn p hay khi lng ring ca CTR trong iu kin lu tr tng ng. V vy,
trnh nhm ln, lng CTR pht sinh hay thu gom t mt khu dn c nn c biu
din di dng khi lng CTR/thi gian. Khi lng l thng s biu din chnh
xc nht lng CTR v c th cn trc tip m khng cn k n mc nn p. Biu
din bng khi lng cng cn thit trong qu trnh vn chuyn v lng CTR c
php chuyn ch trn ng (theo ti trng xe) thng c quy nh bi gii hn
khi lng hn l th tch.

- so snh mc pht sinh CTR gia cc khu dn c khc nhau trong cng mt
thnh ph, gia cc thnh ph khc nhau trong cng mt quc gia hay gia cc quc
gia khc nhau trong cng mt khu vc, vic s dng thng s khi lng CTR/thi
gian cha cung cp thng tin v do c th dn n s so snh khp khing. V d
s liu A tn CTR/ngy ca khu dn c A so vi B tn CTR/ngy ca khu dn c B ch
cho bit trong mt ngy, mi khu dn c ny thi ra mt lng CTR tng ng l A
v B tn. Tuy nhin, c th so snh mc pht sinh CTR gia hai khu dn c ny
cn phi xem xt thm cc yu t v: dn s, mt dn s (v din tch), khu dn c
thuc vng nng thn hay thnh th, s liu ny c thng k vo ma no trong
nm, Do , thun tin hn trong vic so snh (cng nh c tnh khi lng
CTR pht sinh ca mt khu dn c trong tng lai), n v khi lng CTR pht sinh
hay thu gom/ngi.ng (kg/ngi.ng) thng c s dng.

- Ty theo tng ngun pht sinh CTR khc nhau, tc pht sinh hay thu gom CTR s
c biu din sao cho c th so snh, nh gi v c tnh khi lng CTR c d
dng v chnh xc nht.

+ i vi CTR pht sinh t cc khu thng mi (nh ch, siu th,), cch biu din
hp l phi th hin c mi lin quan gia khi lng CTR pht sinh hay thu gom
vi s lng khch hng, s lng sn phm hoc gi tr bn c, hay mt s n
v tng t nh kg CTR/khch hng.ng; kg CTR/triu ng gi tr sn phm bn
ra.ng. Bng cch ny cho php so snh cc s liu cc khu thng mi khc nhau
trong c nc.

+ Cht thi rn pht sinh t cc x nghip cng nghip phi c biu din trn n v
sn phm nh kg/xe i vi c s lp rp xe hoc kg/ca i vi c s ng gi. S
liu ny cho php so snh gia c s c hot ng sn xut tng t trong c nc.

+ Hu ht s liu v cht thi rn sinh ra t hot ng nng nghip c biu din da
trn n v sn phm nh kg phn/kg b v kg cht thi/tn sn phm.


7
2.2.2 Phng php kho st xc nh tc pht sinh cht thi rn

Kho st xc nh tc pht sinh cht thi rn t h gia nh

Cch thc t chc kho st, o c, ly mu xc nh tc pht sinh t h gia nh
s thay i ty theo mc ch s dng s liu thu thp c cng nh phng n quy
hoch qun l CTRT ca khu vc trong tng lai. n gin v d hiu, trong phn
ny s trnh by phng php kho st cho hai trng hp: (1) khng thc hin phn loi
CTR ti h gia nh trc khi thu gom v (2) CTR t h gia nh s c phn loi thnh
hai thnh phn (rc thc phm v phn cn li) trc khi thu gom.

Trng hp 1- Khng thc hin phn loi cht thi rn t h gia nh

Cng tc kho st, ly mu xc nh tc pht sinh CTR t h gia nh c th c tin
hnh theo cc bc sau y:

- Bc 1 Thu thp s liu c s. Thu thp nhng thng tin chung v khu dn c cn
kho st bao gm: bn hnh chnh khu vc kho st, din tch, s h gia nh, dn
s, mt dn s, s phn b dn c trn a bn (c th xc nh n gin bng thng
s bao nhiu phng/qun, s khu ph/phng, s t dn ph/khu ph), khu trung tm,
khu nh chut, nh chung c, nh bit th, c im pht trin kinh t x hi trong
khu vc. Cc thng s ny gip vic xy dng mng li ly mu c ng u v
th hin tnh c trng ca khu dn c kho st.

- Bc 2 - Xy dng mng li kho st ly mu. Mng li kho st ly mu phi
c phn b ng u trong ton khu vc kho st v cho php xc nh gi tr c
trng theo phng php xc sut thng k. Do , ty theo thi gian v kinh ph cho
php, s lng mu kho st cng nhiu, chnh xc ca kt qu thu c cng cao.

Da trn tng s h gia nh hin c trong khu vc, xc nh s h gia nh cn kho
st. Nu tnh theo gi tr ph hp v mt xc sut, s lng h gia nh kho st phi
chim khong 30% tng s h hin c trong khu vc. Tuy nhin, cng cn lu rng,
i vi nhng khu dn c ln vi tng s h dn ln n vi chc ngn h (v d
35.000 h), ch cn kho st 10% tng s h ny, s lng h gia nh cn kho st
cng rt ln (trong v d ny l 3.500 h). l cha k, i vi mi h gia nh,
vic kho st ly mu cn phi c trng cho cc thi im khc nhau trong tun, gia
cc tun khc nhau trong thng, gia cc thng khc nhau trong nm v c bit vo
cc dp l tt. V vy, mi khu dn c, s lng h gia nh kho st nu c th b tr
t 500-1.000 h l t yu cu.

Vi tng s h gia nh phi kho st chn, xc nh s h gia nh phi kho st
cho tng khu vc trong khu dn c, c th: s h/phng, s h/khu ph, s h/t dn
ph. Nu khng quan tm n c im nh (nh thp tng, nh cao tng, chung c,
bit th, nh ng ph chnh, nh cc ng hm, nh gn knh rch,) hay thu
nhp (h c thu nhp thp, trung bnh v cao), cc h gia nh kho st s c chn
ngu nhin. Nu quan tm n nhng c im k trn, h gia nh kho st tng khu
vc phi c thit k sao cho c th ly mu c trng vi cc c im lit k. V
tr ca cc h gia nh kho st s c chn mt cch tng i da vo mng li

8
ng ph th hin trn bn v xc nh li a ch chnh xc khi trin khai kho st
thc t.

- Bc 3-Xc nh chu k kho st ly mu. Khi lng rc pht sinh tng h gia
nh s thay i theo sinh hot ca gia nh gia cc ngy khc nhau trong tun, trong
thng v nm. Do , khng th c s liu c trng khi ch tin hnh ly mu phn
tch mt ln. Chu k kho st ly mu phi th hin c cc yu t nh hng n tc
pht sinh CTR ca h gia nh, c th nh sau:

+ Sinh hot ca ngi dn gia cc ngy khc nhau trong tun khng ging nhau.
Nhng ngy lm vic (t th hai n th su) thng khng c nhiu thi gian t
chc hp mt gia nh, gp g bn b, nu nng cc mn n c bit, trong khi ,
iu ny thng xy ra vo nhng ngy ngh cui tun (th by v ch nht). y l
mt trong nhng l do lm cho khi lng rc mt s h gia nh vo nhng ngy
ngh cui tun s cao hn nhng ngy khc. Tuy nhin, cng c trng hp, cc gia
nh t chc i chi xa hoc v qu thm b m, ng b, nn vo ngy cui tun
li khng c rc. Bn cnh , cng cn lu rng mt s cn b, cng nhn, vn
phi lm vic sng th by hay c ngy th by nn nhiu h gia nh cc hot
ng ny ch tp trung vo ngy ch nht. V vy, khi lng rc pht sinh t cc
h gia nh phi c kho st gia ngy lm vic v ngy ngh cui tun. Chu k
kho st c th thc hin nh sau: mt ngy lm vic (c th chn mt trong cc
ngy t th hai n th su) v hai ngy cui tun (c th by v ch nht). Nh
vy, vi yu t ny, s mu ly mi h gia nh l 3 mu.

+ Gia cc thng ma h (ma nng) v cc thng ma ma, khi lng CTR pht
sinh t h gia nh cng khc nhau, c bit vo nhng thng l ma ca mt loi
tri cy no hay vo ma thu hoch thy hi sn. Vo cc thng ma ma, cc
loi thc phm ti sng cng khc v mt phn do thi tit mi th u tr nn t
hn, k c rc. Trong trng hp ny, khi lng rc tnh trn h gia nh trong
ngy c th ln hn so vi cc ngy trong ma kh, nhng ch yu l m cao
hn. Vi nhng c im ny, chu k kho st ly mu phi c trng cho cc ma
c bit trong nm, t nht l hai ma: ma kh v ma ma. Nu k hn c th
kho st theo cc ma tri cy v thu hoch thy hi sn.

+ Vo nhng thng c l c bit (nh ma ging sinh, l Pht n, quc khnh, quc
t lao ng,) hoc tt (tt nguyn n, tt nguyn tiu, tt oan ng, dng lch)
thng l dp cc gia nh t chc hp mt gia nh, by mm c c bit. Trong
nhng ngy gip l, tt, gia nh thng tng v sinh, sa sang nh ca, vn
tc, nn khi lng CTR pht sinh t h gia nh trong nhng ngy l tt u rt
cao so vi ngy thng. l cha k, trong nhng ngy tt c truyn ca dn tc,
rc phi c lu li h gia nh t mng 1 tt n ht ngy mng 3 tt, nn khi
phi thu gom sau tt, khi lng CTR/h gia nh s cn cao hn nhiu. Do ,
c c nhng gi tr c trng cho trng hp ny, vic kho st ly mu cng cn
c thc hin trong nhng ngy gip l tt v ngy thu gom u tin sau tt. Trong
trng hp ny c th chn cho ba trng hp: dp noel, gip tt nguyn n v
ngy thu gom u tin sau tt nguyn n.


9
+ Vic kho st ly mu xc nh tc pht sinh CTR t cc h gia nh nn c
thc hin thng xuyn (hng nm) s liu c tnh thng k v c trng c
cho tng giai on pht trin kinh t, x hi. Tuy nhin, ty theo kinh ph v thi
gian c thc hin kho st m gii hn chu k kho st ly mu cho ph hp vi
tng giai on thc hin d n.

- Bc 4 - Xc nh thi gian ly mu. Trong trng hp CTR khng c tch ring
nhng thnh phn d thi ra (rc thc phm) vi cc thnh phn khc, kh c th tn
tr rc trong nh lu hn mt ngy. Do , thi gian gi ti nilon ng mu v thi
gian ly mu phi c b tr sao cho c trng c lng rc sinh ra t h gia nh
l 1 ngy. Trong trng hp c phn loi CTR ti h gia nh, thi gian gi ti nilon
v ly mu c th lu hn 1 ngy, ty theo phng n phn loi chn.

- Bc 5 - Tp hun v chun b dng c kho st. Trc khi tin hnh ly mu thc
t, nhn vin kho st cn c tp hun nm r yu cu kho st, chun b y
dng c v xc nh c nhng thng tin cn thu thp nh sau:

+ Bn kho st;
+ S h gia nh cn kho st ti khu vc do mnh m trch;
+ Mng li ly mu;
+ Chu k ly mu;
+ Ni dung cn ghi li tng h gia nh kho st: (1) a ch (ghi r s nh, tn
ng, phng/khm, qun), (2) c im nh (mt tin, hm, cao tng, thp tng,
chung c, bit th), (3) s ngi/h (nn xc nh r s ngi di 18 tui, t 18
n 55 tui v trn 55 tui), (4) nu c th nn hi thm thu nhp ca gia nh, (5)
th-ngy-thng-nm v gi gi ti nilon ng mu, (6) th-ngy-thng-nm v gi
ly li ti nilon cha CTR v (7) ghi ch ngy ly mu (ma kh, ma ma, ma
tri cy, l, tt,). Trong cc thng tin s (1), (3), (5) v (6) l nhng thng tin
bt buc;
+ Chun b ti nilon gi cho cc h gia nh v ghi ch trn tng ti khi h gia
nh ng hp tc thc hin vic kho st;+
+ Nu khng phi mang mu v phng th nghim hay n ni tp trung phn tch
thnh phn (ch cn xc nh khi lng CTR/h gia nh.ng hay khi lng
CTR/ngi.ng), mi nhm kho st phi mang theo cn (khong 10-15 kg) cn
ti ch ti cha rc ly t cc h gia nh (v CTR sau khi cn ln xe thu gom).
Trong trng hp phi xc nh thnh phn CTR, khng cn mang theo cn, ly tt
c mu vi y nhng thng tin cn thit ghi ch trn ti nilon cha mu,
mang v phng th nghim, tin hnh cn v phn tch thnh phn ti phng th
nghim.

- Bc 6 - Lin h vi c quan qun l hnh chnh a phng. Trong trng hp
cn thit (khi ngi dn khng chu hp tc vi nhn vin kho st), nhm kho st
phi lin h vi y ban Nhn dn Phng ni d kin kho st trnh by k hoch,
xin giy gii thiu n tip xc cc t dn ph. Cc t trng v t ph t dn ph s
gip nhn vin kho st tip cn ngi dn c d dng hn. Tuy nhin, nhng kho
st thc hin cho thy a s ngi dn ng h cc nghin cu ci thin cht lng
mi trng nn cng khng my kh khn trong vic tip xc vi ngi dn.


10
Hnh 2.1 Kho st tc pht sinh rc ti cc h
gia nh.
Trong trng hp ch cn xc nh khi lng CTR/h gia nh (khng cn xc nh
khi lng CTR/ngi.ng), cch n gin nht l i theo xe thu gom, ly rc ca h
gia nh, cn trc tip v ln xe. Khi , nhn vin kho st nn lin h vi cng
nhn v sinh ca cc t thu gom trc nm r thi gian, tuyn thu gom v c s
ng ca cng nhn thu gom.

- Bc 7 - Tin hnh kho st. Sau khi thc hin y cc bc 1-6 ni trn, tin
hnh gi ti nilon ng mu cho cc h gia nh. Trong thc t s c mt s h gia
nh t chi lu tr mu ngay t u v cng c trng hp ng , nhn ti nhng do
thi quen hng ngy, h khng cha CTR vo ti gi m vt vo ni cha rc
chung ca khu ph, xung knh rch, ao h cnh nh hoc giao cho ngi thu gom khi
nhn vin kho st cha kp n ly mu. Do , bo m s lng mu d
kin, s h gia nh thc s phi kho st
(gi ti) nn nhiu hn con s tnh
ton khong 10-20%. Khi gi ti nilon
cha mu h gia nh no, nhn vin
kho st cn ghi li a ch v thi gian
hn ly mu (trnh trng hp qun ni
gi ti n ly mu v trong trng
hp t xut khng th n ly mu,
nhn vin kho st c th nh ng
nghip i ly h khi c a ch r rng v
thi gian c th). Tt nht, nn gi mu
vo thi im h gia nh va b rc cho
cng nhn thu gom v ly mu vo thi
im trc gi thu gom rc ca ngy
hm sau, c nh vy mi bo m ng
lng rc cha trong ti gi l lng rc ca mt ngy.

- Bc 8 - Phn tch s liu. Vi khi lng CTR pht sinh/h gia nh.ng v s
ngi/h, kt qu kho st cho php xc nh tc pht sinh CTR t h gia nh tnh
bng kg CTR/ngi.ng, c trng cho ngy thng, ngy cui tun, ngy l tt, cc
ma trong nm cng nh gi tr trung bnh cho tt c cc trng hp. Vi hng ngn s
liu kho st, c th s dng gi tr ny trong tnh ton thit k h thng qun l
CTRT cho khu vc, cn phn tch v chn s liu phc v thit k. Phng php
phn tch s liu chnh c p dng cho trng hp ny l phng php xc sut
thng k, trong cc thng s cn phn tch bao gm:

+ Gi tr trung bnh mean;
+ lch chun;
+ H s dao ng;
+ Tn sut xut hin cc gi tr tc pht sinh CTR tnh bng kg/ngi.ng.

Trn c s phn tch cc s liu thu thp c theo phng php xc sut thng k, la
chn gi tr tc pht sinh CTR t h gia nh tnh bng kg/ngi.ng c tn sut
xut hin cao nht vi lch chun v h s dao ng thp nht l gi tr phc v cho
cc tnh ton thit k hay so snh, nh gi tng ng (xem v d 2.1).


11
V d 2.1 Phn tch s liu kho st theo phng php xc sut thng k

Kt qu kho st tc pht sinh CTR t cc h gia nh trn a bn Qun A c trnh
by trong Bng 2.1. Hy xc nh thng s tc pht sinh CTR t h gia nh phc
v cho cc tnh ton thit k sau ny.

Bng 2.1 Kt qu thng k khong gi tr tc pht sinh rc (kg/ngi.ng) trn a bn Qun
A v tn sut xut hin cc gi tr ny

Tc pht sinh rc
(kg/ngi.ng), x
i
S ln xut
hin, f
i
Tn sut xut
hin (%), f
i

Tc pht sinh rc
(kg/ngi.ng), x
i

S ln xut
hin, f
i

Tn sut xut
hin (%), f
i
0,02-0,10 28 3,83 1,71-1,80 4 0,55
0,11-0,20 95 12,98 1,81-1,91 5 0,68
0,21-0,30 103 14,07 1,91-2,00 0 0,00
0,31-0,40 118 16,12 2,01-2,10 0 0,00
0,41-0,50 91 12,43 2,11-2,20 4 0,55
0,51-0,60 68 9,29 2,21-2,30 2 0,27
0,61-0,70 42 5,74 2,31-2,40 0 0,00
0,71-0,80 44 6,01 2,41-2,50 2 0,27
0,81-0,90 23 3,14 2,51-2,60 1 0,14
0,91-1,00 32 4,37 2,61-2,70 0 0,00
1,01-1,10 16 2,19 2,71-2,80 1 0,14
1,11-1,20 7 0,96 2,81-2,90 0 0,00
1,21-1,30 9 1,23 2,91-3,00 0 0,00
1,31-1,40 10 1,37 3,01-3,10 0 0,00
1,41-1,50 15 2,05 3,11-3,20 0 0,00
1,51-1,60 3 0,41 3,31-3,40 0 0,00
1,61-1,70 7 0,96 3,41-3,50 2 0,27

Bi gii

- Da trn s liu trnh by trong Bng 2.1, v biu s phn b tn sut khong gi
tr tc pht sinh CTRSH (kg/ngi.ng) t h gia nh trn a bn Qun A (Hnh
2.2).

Kt qu kho st v phn tch s liu cho thy tc pht sinh rc h gia nh trn a
bn Qun A tnh theo kg/ngi.ng dao ng t 0,02-3,50 kg/ngi.ng. Nu tnh theo
cc khong gi tr nh trnh by trong Hnh 2.2, tc pht sinh rc trn a bn Qun A
mc 0,30-0,40 kg/ngi.ng. y l nhng khong gi tr c tn sut xut hin cao
nht trong tp s liu kho st (118 ln so vi 732 ln kho st, chim 16,12%). Nu tnh
trung bnh (mean), gi tr tc pht sinh rc t h gia nh trn a bn Qun A l:

Mean =
n
x f
x
i i
= = 0,567 ~ 0,57 kg/ngi/ng


12

0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
0
.
0
2
-
0
.
1
0
.
2
1
-
0
.
3
0
.
4
1
-
0
.
5
0
.
6
1
-
0
.
7
0
0
.
8
1
-
0
.
9
1
.
0
1
-
1
.
1
0
1
.
2
1
-
1
.
3
0
1
.
4
1
-
1
.
5
0
1
.
6
1
-
1
.
7
0
1
.
8
1
-
1
.
9
1
2
.
0
1
-
2
.
1
0
2
.
2
1
-
2
.
3
0
2
.
4
1
-
2
.
5
0
2
.
6
1
-
2
.
7
0
2
.
8
1
-
2
.
9
0
3
.
0
1
-
3
.
1
3
.
3
1
-
3
.
4
0
kg/ngi/ngy
T
n

s
u
t

(
%
)

13
Hnh 2.2 S phn b tn sut khong gi tr tc pht sinh CTRSH (kg/ngi.ng) t h gia
nh trn a bn Qun A.

Trong , f
i
l tn sut xut hin gi tr x
i.

lch chun

( )
46 , 0
1 732
94 , 152
1
2
=

=
n
x x f
s
i i
kg/ngi/ng

H s dao ng

% 80
57 , 0
46 , 0 100 100
=
=
x
s
CV

Gi tr lch chun (standard deviation) s = 0,46 kg/ngi/ng v h s dao ng
(coefficient of variation) CV = 80% cho thy tr s kho st c dao ng rt ln. iu
ny cho thy cn c nhiu yu t khch quan nh hng n kt qu kho st m cha
c kim sot. Cc gi tr ny, mt ln na cho thy cn xc nh cc iu kin bin c
th khi tin hnh kho st v nh gi kt qu thu thp. Khi tin hnh kho st khi lng
rc pht sinh t cc h gia nh, nhm kho st ly mu ngu nhin nhng h gia
nh c giao rc cho ngi thu gom hay ng cho cn rc. Do , tp s liu thu thp
c khng th hin r cc yu t nh hng nh (1) mc thu nhp ca gia nh, (2)
t l rc pht sinh so vi rc giao li cho ngi thu gom (do t, chn, thng rc dc
ng, bn ph liu v khng bn ph liu,), (3) cc trung hp c bit nh c t
chc tic tng, tng v sinh nh ca,

14
Trng hp 2- Cht thi rn t h gia nh c phn loi thnh hai thnh phn

Trong trng hp vic kho st xc nh tc pht sinh CTR t h gia nh (tnh theo
kg/ngi.ng) phc v cho quy hoch, tnh ton thit k h thng qun l CTRT theo
chng trnh phn loi CTRT ti ngun (PLCTRTTN), phng php kho st ly
mu s c mt s im khc vi trng hp 1. Trnh t thc hin kho st ly mu vn
phi tun theo 7 bc k trn. Trong cc bc 1, 2, 3, 5, 6 v 8 s ging nh trng
hp 1. Ring bc 4 v bc 7 s phi thay i cho ph hp vi hnh thc phn loi.

- Bc 4 - Xc nh thi gian ly mu. Trong trng hp CTR ti h gia nh c
phn loi thnh 2 thnh phn: rc thc phm v phn cn li, cn c 2 ti cha rc
ring cho mi thnh phn. Nu ch gi mt ti cha rc hn hp, sau mang mu
v phng th nghim mi tin hnh phn loi xc nh khi lng ca tng thnh phn,
kt qu s khng chnh xc. Nguyn nhn chnh l do khi cha rc hn hp, cc thnh
phn rc kh nh giy, bo, vi, g, ti nilon, tro, s b thm nc t rc thc phm
v dnh nhng mu vn rc thc phm. Do , khi phn loi thnh 2 thnh phn (rc
thc phm v phn cn li) v cn xc nh khi lng, khi lng cc thnh phn
cn li s c gi tr cao hn gi tr thc ca chng. l cha k cc phn tch v
m, khi lng ring v t l phn trm ca tng thnh phn c trong rc cng khng
c chnh xc. Do , thit k h thng qun l CTR theo hng PLCTRTTN,
khi kho st s liu phc v cho tnh ton thit k, phi gi t nht 2 ti nilon cha mu
rc t nht thnh 2 thnh phn ring bit. Thi gian gi ti, ly mu 2 thnh phn ny
cng s khc nhau ty thuc nhng yu t sau:

+ Ty theo phng n thu gom la chn (thu gom 1 ln/ngy i vi c 2 thnh phn
hoc ch thu gom 1 ln/ngy i vi rc thc phm v 3 ln/ngy i vi phn cn
li). i vi rc thc phm - thnh phn d thi ra nn chu k thu gom vn phi
thu gom theo chu k 1 ln/ngy (c bit nhng nc thuc vng kh hu nhit
i, nng m nh Vit Nam. Tuy nhin, cng cn lu cc nc c kh hu n
i, thnh phn rc thc phm thng cha tp trung c thu gom theo chu k di
hn, c th 1 ln/tun). Nh vy ti nilon gi h gia nh ly mu rc thc
phm s c sp xp c th ly mu c trng l lng rc thc phm pht sinh
t h gia nh trong mt ngy. i vi thnh phn cn li, do tnh cht kh phn
hy hn, kh ro hn nn t gy mi hi thi hn so vi rc thc phm. Thm vo
, thnh phn ny c khi lng t hn nn thng khng cn thit thu gom mi
ngy mt ln. Cch tt nht l chn thi gian gi ti v ly mu bng thi gian ca
chu k thu gom s c thit k (v d 2 ngy/ln hay 3 ngy/ln).

+ Ty theo khi lng v c tnh ca lng rc phn loi chn thi gian ph
hp. Khng k thnh phn rc thc phm (v nc ta, thnh phn ny bt buc
phi thu gom mi ngy mt ln), thnh phn rc cn li thng rt t v khc nhau
rt nhiu gia cc ngy khc nhau. Do , mu thu c c khi lng ln,
cho php cn xc nh khi lng v thnh phn, thi gian gi ti ly mu h gia
nh nn t 2-3 ngy. Tuy nhin cng cn lu rng do phn rc cn li khng hon
ton kh nn nu lu tr lu trong nh vn to mi hi kh chu. Nhng t kho st
thc hin cho thy ngi dn khng thch lu tr phn rc cn li lu hn 2 ngy.
y cng l yu t cn lu trong tnh ton thit k.


15
- Bc 7 - Tin hnh kho st. Sau khi thc hin y cc bc 1-6, tin hnh gi
ti nilon ng mu cho cc h gia nh. i vi ti cha rc thc phm, sau 1 ngy,
nhn vin kho st n ly ti cha mu, cn trc tip v b rc ln xe thu gom, khng
cn mang v phng th nghim. i vi ti cha thnh phn cn li, sau 2 (hoc 3
ngy), nhn vin kho st n ly ti cha mu v mang v phng th nghim (hoc
ni tp trung) xc nh khi lng v phn tch xc nh thnh phn phn trm ca
tng loi.

Kho st xc nh tc pht sinh cht thi rn t trng hc

Cht thi rn t trng hc pht sinh do hai ngun chnh: (1) rc t lp hc (ch yu l
giy nhp ca hc sinh, sinh vin) v sn trng (l cy) v (2) rc t cntin ca trng.
Vic kho st tc pht sinh CTR t trng hc cn c tin hnh vi cc i tng
sau: (1) nh tr; (2) trng mm non; (3) trng tiu hc, trung hc c s (cp 1, 2); (4)
trng trung hc ph thng (cp 3), (5) trng cao ng, trung hc chuyn nghip v i
hc, (6) trung tm ngoi ng/tin hc v (7) c s dy ngh. Cng tc kho st, ly mu
xc nh tc pht sinh CTR c th c tin hnh theo cc bc sau y:

- Bc 1 Thu thp s liu c s. Thu thp nhng thng tin chung v s lng, a
ch, quy m, loi hnh ca cc trng hc hin c trong khu vc. Cc thng s ny
gip vic xy dng mng li ly mu c ng u v th hin tnh c trng ca
cc trng hc trong khu vc kho st.

- Bc 2 - Xy dng Mng li ly mu. Da trn s trng (theo tng loi hnh) hin
c trong khu vc, xc nh s trng cn kho st. mi qun/huyn, tng s trng
hc thng mc hng trm tr xung. Do , s lng kho st c th ly 30% tng
s trng hin c. Trong trng hp s lng ny khng nhiu (khong vi chc
trng), nn tin hnh kho st cho tt c cc trng.

- Bc 3 - Xc nh chu k kho st. Khi lng CTR pht sinh s thay i theo c
im ca tng trng. Do , khng th c s liu c trng khi ch tin hnh ly mu
phn tch mt ln. Chu k kho st ly mu phi th hin c cc yu t nh hng
n tc pht sinh CTR ca tng i tng trng hc, c th nh sau:

+ Ty theo tng loi trng m s lng hc sinh, sinh vin n hc ti trng s thay
i theo cc ngy khc nhau trong tun. nhng trng mm non, mu gio, thi
gian hot ng ca trng thng t 6-7 gi sng n 4-5 gi chiu, t th hai n
th su hng tun, th by v ch nht trng ngh v s lng tr em c gi
y l c nh. Nh vy, khi lng CTR pht sinh nhng dng trng ny s
tng i n nh gia cc ngy lm vic trong tun v ch khc vo ngy cui tun.
Trong khi , cc trng tiu hc, trung hc c s, trung hc ph thng, k c
nhng trng cao ng, trung hc chuyn nghip v i hc, ngoi gi hc chnh
ca hc sinh, sinh vin trong trng (theo hai bui sng v chiu), vo bui ti v
ngy ch nht, cc c s ny thng cho thu a im dy ngoi ng, vi tnh,
luyn thi i hc, v thut hoc cc kha hc khc. S lng hc vin n trng s
khc nhau gia cc ngy khc nhau trong tun. y l mt trong nhng yu t lm
cho khi lng CTR pht sinh cc trng s khc nhau. Do , chu k kho st
nn thc hin nh sau: hai ngy lm vic (c th chn mt trong cc ngy t th hai

16
n th su) v hai ngy cui tun (th by v ch nht). Nh vy, vi yu t ny,
s mu ly mi trng l 4 mu.

+ Gia cc thng ca hc k v cc thng ma h, s lng hc sinh, sinh vin n
trng s rt khc nhau. Do , khi lng CTR pht sinh cc trng cng s
khc nhau, nht l nhng trng hc bn tr. Vi c im ny, chu k kho st ly
mu phi c trng cho t nht hai giai on: mt trong hai hc k chnh v ma h.

+ mi trng, phi xc nh khi lng CTR t lp hc, sn trng v khi lng
CTR t cc cntin trong trng.

+ Vic kho st ly mu xc nh tc pht sinh CTR t trng hc cng nn c
thc hin thng xuyn (hng nm) s liu c tnh thng k v c trng c
cho tng giai on pht trin ca trng. Tuy nhin, ty theo kinh ph v thi gian
c thc hin kho st m gii hn chu k kho st ly mu cho ph hp vi tng
giai on thc hin d n.

- Bc 4 - Xc nh thi gian ly mu. i vi CTR t cntin trong trng, thi gian
gi ti v ly mu c thc hin tng t nh trng hp kho st CTR t h gia
nh khi khng cng nh c phn loi CRT ti ngun (tc l 1 ngy i vi mu CTR
hn hp hay mu rc thc phm v 2-3 ngy i vi phn rc cn li). i vi rc t
lp hc v sn trng, ch yu ch c giy vn, l cy, cng nh ti nilon, v hp
ng thc ung, chai pet, c cha trong cc thng rc cng cng xung quanh
trng vi khi lng mi ngy tng i nhiu, nn thi gian gi ti v ly mu c
th thc hin trong 1 ngy (cho c hai trng hp c v khng PLCTR ti ngun).

- Bc 5 - Tp hun v chun b dng c kho st. Trc khi tin hnh ly mu thc
t, nhn vin kho st cn c tp hun nm r yu cu kho st, chun b y
dng c v xc nh nhng thng tin cn thu thp sau y:

+ Bn kho st;
+ S trng hc cn kho st ti khu vc do mnh m trch;
+ Mng li ly mu;
+ Chu k ly mu;
+ Ni dung cn ghi li tng trng kho st: (1) a ch (ghi r s, tn ng,
phng/khm, qun), (2) loi hnh (nh tr, mm non, tiu hc, trung hc c s,
trung hc ph thng, cao ng, trung hc chuyn nghip, i hc, trung tm ngoi
ng/tin hc, c s dy ngh), (3) c im (trng hc 2 ca, 3 ca, bn tr, khng bn
tr, c hc cui tun v ban m), (4) s hc sinh/sinh vin/hc vin n trng
trong mt ngy m (nu c th, xc nh r s hc sinh, sinh vin chnh thc hc
ca ngy v s hc vin hc ca m v ch nht), (5) s lng cn b cng nhn
vin lm vic ti trng, (6) s cntin c trong trng, (7) th-ngy-thng-nm v
gi gi ti nilon ng mu, (7) th-ngy-thng-nm v gi ly li ti nilon cha
CTR v (8) ghi ch ngy ly mu (hc k 1, hc k 2, ma h).
+ Chun b ti nilon gi cho cn-tin ca trng (1 hoc 2 loi ti ty phng n
khng hoc c PLCTR ti ngun) cng nh ti nilon c kch thc ph hp i vi
tt c cc thng cha rc cng cng xung quanh trng v ghi ch trn tng ti
trnh nhm ln.

17
+ Nu khng phi mang mu v phng th nghim hay n ni tp trung phn tch
thnh phn (ch cn xc nh khi lng CTR/trng.ng hay khi lng CTR/hc
sinh.ng), mi nhm kho st phi mang theo cn (khong 15-20 kg) cn ti ch
ti cha rc ly t trng (v CTR sau khi cn ln xe thu gom). Trong trng
hp phi xc nh thnh phn CTR, khng cn mang theo cn, ly tt c mu vi
y nhng thng tin cn thit ghi ch trn ti nilon cha mu, mang v phng
th nghim, tin hnh cn v phn tch thnh phn ti phng th nghim.

- Bc 6 - Lin h vi c quan qun l hnh chnh a phng. Nhm kho st nn
lin h vi S Gio dc nm r tnh hnh ca cc trng trn a bn kho st, trnh
by k hoch thc hin v xin gii thiu n lm vic vi tng trng trc khi tin
hnh kho st.

Trong trng hp ch cn xc nh tng khi lng CTR/trng (khng cn xc nh
khi lng CTR/hc sinh.ng), cch n gin nht l i theo xe thu gom, cng ly rc,
cn trc tip v ln xe. Khi , nhn vin kho st nn lin h vi cng nhn v
sinh ca cc t thu gom trc nm r thi gian, tuyn thu gom v c s ng
ca cng nhn thu gom.

- Bc 7 - Tin hnh kho st. Sau khi thc hin y cc bc 1-6 ni trn, tin
hnh gi ti nilon ng mu cho cntin v n cc thng cha rc cng cng ca tng
trng. Ly mu v phn tch tng t nh trng hp CTR pht sinh t h gia nh
trnh by trn.

- Bc 8 - Phn tch s liu. Phn tch s liu tng t nh trng hp CTR pht sinh
t h gia nh v tnh thnh n v khi lng CTR pht sinh/trng.ng v khi
lng CTR/hc sinh (sinh vin).ng.

Kho st xc nh tc pht sinh cht thi rn t cng s

Cc bc tin hnh kho st xc nh tc pht sinh CTR t cng s c thc hin
tng t nh i vi CTR t h gia nh. Tuy nhin, i vi bc 5 cn lu cc ni
dung sau y:

- Ni dung cn ghi li tng cng s kho st: (1) a ch (ghi r s, tn ng,
phng/khm, qun), (2) c im (c cn-tin, khng c cntin), (3) s cn b cng
nhn vin lm vic ti cng s, (7) th-ngy-thng-nm v gi gi ti nilon ng mu,
(7) th-ngy-thng-nm v gi ly li ti nilon cha CTR v (8) ghi ch ngy ly
mu (ngy trong tun, ngy th by).

- Chun b ti nilon gi cho cntin (1 hoc 2 loi ti ty phng n khng hoc c
PLCTR ti ngun) cng nh ti nilon cha CTR vn phng v ghi ch trn tng ti
trnh nhm ln.

Kho st xc nh tc pht sinh cht thi rn t ch

Tm bc tin hnh kho st xc nh tc pht sinh cht thi rn t ch s c trin
khai tng t nh i vi trng hp CTR pht sinh t h gia nh. Tuy nhin, trong
trng hp ny cn lu nhng im sau y:

18

- S lng ch c trn a bn mt qun khng nhiu (so vi cc ngun pht sinh CTR
khc) v ch c th xc nh bng tng khi lng CTR/ngy (khng th quy i theo
s sp, theo s lng hng ha bn ra hoc tng doanh thu v ph thuc vo nhiu
thnh phn tham gia bun bn ti ch), do , phng php n gin nht l kho st
ti im tp trung CTR chung ca ch.

- i vi cc ch bn cc mt hng lng thc, thc phm, hot ng bun bn vo
ngy cui tun (th by, ch nht) v nhng dp l, tt cng nh ma tri cy s nhiu
hn nhng ngy thng. Do , chu k kho st phi c trng cho:

+ Ngy thng v ngy cui tun (th by, ch nht);
+ Cc dp l, tt;
+ Cc ma tri cy.

- Phng php kho st chnh l theo xe thu gom, vn chuyn CTR ca ch n ni xe
rc ( trm trung chuyn hoc bi chn lp) c th xc nh khi lng ti trm
cn.

- i vi cc ch bn cc mt hng in, in t, ch vi, nhng ch khng c im
tp trung CTR, lng CTR pht sinh khng nhiu nh cc ch bn hng lng thc,
thc phm, do phi gi ti nilon ly mu cho tng sp trong ch ly mu xc
nh khi lng.

Kho st xc nh tc pht sinh cht thi rn t siu th

Tm bc tin hnh kho st xc nh tc pht sinh cht thi rn t siu th s c
trin khai tng t nh i vi trng hp CTR pht sinh t h gia nh. Tuy nhin,
trong trng hp ny cn lu nhng im sau y:

- S lng siu th c trn a bn mt qun khng nhiu (so vi cc ngun pht sinh
CTR khc), nhiu thnh phn CTR c kh nng ti sinh, ti ch c lu tr ring
bn li, cn li l CTR t khu vc bn hng n ung. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp ca
siu th, c th thu thp c thng tin v tng gi tr mt hng bn ra mi ngy (tnh
bng VND/ngy) nn kt qu kho st c th tnh bng n v tn/gi tr bn ra/ngy.
Trn c s c th so snh hoc c tnh cho cc siu th khc.

- Tng t nh ch, hot ng bun bn cc siu th s tp trung nhiu hn vo nhng
ngy cui tun v dp l tt. Do , chu k kho st phi c trng cho:

+ Ngy thng v ngy cui tun (th by, ch nht);
+ Cc dp l, tt.

- Nhn vin kho st cn lin h vi ban qun l siu th nm c khi lng v
thnh phn CTR c th ti ch v ti s dng c thu gom v lu tr ring. i
vi phn CTR cn li, phng php kho st chnh l cn ti ni tp trung rc ca siu
th.


19
Kho st xc nh tc pht sinh cht thi rn t nh hng

Cc bc tin hnh kho st xc nh tc pht sinh CTR t nh hng c thc hin
dung sau y:

- Ni dung cn ghi li tng nh hng kho st: (1) a ch (ghi r s, tn ng,
phng/khm, qun), (2) c im (qun n, nh hng), (3) s lt khch n nh
hng mi ngy, (4) s nhn vin phc v ti nh hng;

- Chun b ti nilon gi cho nh hng (1 hoc 2 loi ti ty phng n khng hoc
c PLCTR ti ngun).

Kho st xc nh tc pht sinh cht thi rn t khch sn

Cc bc tin hnh kho st xc nh tc pht sinh CTR t khch sn c thc hin
dung sau y:

- Ni dung cn ghi li tng khch sn kho st: (1) a ch (ghi r s, tn ng,
phng/khm, qun), (2) c im (nh tr, khch sn thng, khch sn 3 sao, khch
sn 4 sao, khch sn 5 sao, (3) s phng c trong khch sn (loi 1 ging, 2 ging, 3
ging) v s khch c mt ti khch sn mi ngy (tnh trung bnh), (4) s nhn vin
phc v ti khch sn.

- Chun b ti ph hp gi ti phng ca khch v ti khu cn-tin. Ly mu mi ngy
1 ln (phng n khng hoc c PLCTR ti ngun).

Kho st xc nh tc pht sinh cht thi rn ng ph

Cht thi rn ng ph pht sinh do l cy dc ng v rc do ngi i ng thi b
(khng phi rc do cc h gia nh b ra trc nh). Do , trong trng hp ny, kt qu
kho st xc nh tc pht sinh CTR ng ph ph thuc rt nhiu vo hnh thc
qut v thu gom CTR ng ph cng nh cch thc ngi dn s dng cc thng cha
CTR t cc h ph. Nu da trn s liu khi lng CTR t t qut ng cng nh
t cc thng cha rc dc ng ph nh hin nay, kt qu thu c s b sai s rt ln.
Do , c th kho st chnh xc khi lng CTR t ngun pht sinh ny, bc u
tin cn thc hin l chn khu vc th im (khng b rc trc nh vo gi qut rc
ng) v khng b rc t h gia nh vo thng cha rc dc ng ph. Khi , 8
bc hnh kho st s tng t nh trnh by trn, tuy nhin:

- Khi lng CTR t qut ng ph s c o theo tng khi lng cha trong xe
thu gom sau khi qut sch mt din tch ng nht nh (tnh cho tt c cc ln qut
cng din tch ng ny trong ngy). Nh vy tc pht sinh CTR t qut ng
c tnh bng kg CTR/m
2
.ng;

- i vi CTR do khch i ng b vo cc thng cha dc ng s c xc nh
bng cch cn khi lng CTR t xe thu gom rc ca cc thng cha dc ng ny.

20
Tc pht sinh CTR s c tnh bng tn CTR/m l ng.ng. Cng cn lu
rng kt qu kho st trong trng hp ny ch c th so snh c khi mt thng
cha CTR dc cc tuyn ng c b tr nh nhau trn ton a bn kho st.

Kho st xc nh tc pht sinh cht thi rn ca mt khu dn c

Trong trng hp khng quan tm n khi lng hay tc pht sinh CTR t cc
ngun khc nhau (ch cn xc nh tc pht sinh CTR chung ca mt khu/cm dn
c), phng php kho st s n gin hn rt nhiu.

Bc 1 - Xc nh tt c nhng ni tip nhn CTR ca khu dn c. Nhng ni tip
nhn CTR sau khi thu gom ca khu dn c ch yu l bi chn lp (hay khu lin hp x
l CTR), cng c th c trm phn loi tp trung hay nh my ch bin compost khi CTR
c phn loi ti ngun.

Bc 2 - Lin h vi n v qun l cc im tip nhn CTR. Nhm kho st s phi
lin h trc vi ban qun l cc im tip nhn CTR k trn nm c nhng thng
tin chung sau y:

- CTR c thu gom trn a bn no;
- Thi gian CTR c vn chuyn n ni tip nhn;
- Tng khi lng CTR trung bnh a v mi ngy;
- Xin s liu thng k v xin c kho st trong mt khong thi gian nh.

Bc 3 - Xc nh chu k kho st. Vic kho st nn c thc hin cho th hin c
tt c cc yu t nh hng n tc pht sinh CTR ca khu dn c nh phn tch
trn:

- Gia cc ngy khc nhau trong tun (ngy lm vic v ngy cui tun th by v
ch nht);
- Ma nng v ma ma;
- Ma tri cy c bit;
- Dp l, tt.

Bc 4 - Tp hun. Nhn vin kho st s c tp hun nm r nhng ni dung cn
thu thp sau y:

- Ghi r, th, ngy-thng-nm, gi, loi xe, bin s xe v khi lng cn xe vo v ra
bi chn lp/trm phn loi/nh my ch bin compost;
- Thi gian kho st trong ngy l thi gian xe vn chuyn mang CTR n bi chn
lp/trm phn loi/nh my ch bin compost;
- Ghi ch c im ca ngy kho st (ngy nng, ma, ngy l, tt,).

Bc 5 - Phn tch s liu. Ni dung bc ny c thc hin tong t nh Bc 8-
Trng hp kho st tc pht sinh CTR t h gia nh. Kt qu kho st s c tnh
bng tn CTR/ng.


21
2.2.3 Phng php d on khi lng v tc pht sinh cht thi rn

Phng php d on khi lng (hay tc pht sinh) CTR ca mt khu dn c trong
tng li c c tnh da trn s liu thng k khi lng (hay tc pht sinh) CTR
trong nhng nm trc . Tuy nhin, cn lu rng thng s liu thng k hin c
cc c quan qun l ch th hin c khi lng CTR thu gom c (trong mt n v
thi gian) ch khng phi lng CTR thc s pht sinh. Ty theo nng lc thu gom CTR
ca tng a phng m mc sai khc gia tc pht sinh v tc thu gom s khc
nhau kh nhiu, c bit l nhng khu nh ven knh rch, sng, o v vng nng thn.
Nu c c tp s liu thng k qua cc nm cho tng ngun pht sinh CTR khc nhau,
vic d on khi lng v tc pht CTR i vi tng ngun trong tng lai s thc
hin c. Tri li, ch c th d on tng khi lng (hay tc pht sinh CTR tng
cng) ca ton khu vc v da trn t l CTR do tng ngun pht sinh gy ra (so vi
tng lng CTR ca c khu vc) nm hin ti c tnh. n gin, trong Mc
2.2.3 ch trnh by phng php d on khi lng (tc pht sinh) CTR chung ca
mt khu dn c. Cc bc thc hin bao gm:

Bc 1 Thu thp s liu

Cc s liu cn thu thp bao gm:

- Thng k dn s trong khu vc qua cc nm (tt nht l trong vng 10 nm gn nm
hin ti nht);
- Thng k tc pht sinh CTR ca khu vc (tnh bng tn/ng) trong vng 10 nm;
- Quy hoch pht trin dn s, kinh t, x hi ca khu vc trong tng lai (n nm d
kin tnh ton, t nht l 10 nm).

Bc 2 D on dn s ca khu vc trong tng lai

Hin nay c nhiu phng php c tnh dn s ca mt khu vc trong tng lai. Mi
phng php u c thc hin vi gi thit ring v chu sai s nht nh. Do , sau
khi tnh ton, cn so snh, la chn phng n ph hp (t sai s nht) s dng s liu
c tnh lm thng s thit k.

Phng php 1 - Gi s tc gia tng dn s l hng s

t k l hng s tc gia tng dn s, P l dn s (ngi), t l thi gian (nm), phng
trnh tc gia tng dn s ca mt khu vc c biu din nh sau:

k
dt
dP
= hay dP = k.dt

Ly tch phn hai v phng trnh trn theo thi gian, ta c:

} }
=
=
t
t
P
P
dt k dP
t
0
0 0
. hay P
t
P
0
= k.(t t
0
) hay P
t
= P
0
+ kt


22
Da trn s liu thng k dn s qua cc nm, v ng biu din P
t
= P
0
+ kt xc
nh h s k v P
0
. Vi hai gi tr ny c th c tnh dn s nm th t bt k trong
tng lai. Tuy nhin, phng php ny c nhc im l khng quan tm n t l t,
n cc iu kin pht trin kinh t, x hi cng nh quy hoch ca khu vc trong tng
lai.

Phng php 2 - Gi s tc gia tng dn s t l thun vi dn s hin ti

t k l hng s tc gia tng dn s, P l dn s (ngi), t l thi gian (nm), phng
trnh tc gia tng dn s ca mt khu vc trong trng hp ny c biu din nh
sau:
P k
dt
dP
. = hay dt k
P
dP
. =


} }
=
=
t
t
P
P
dt k
P
dP
t
0
0 0
. hay lnP
t
lnP
0
= k.(t t
0
) hay lnP
t
= lnP
0
+ kt

Da trn s liu thng k dn s qua cc nm, v ng biu din lnP
t
= lnP
0
+ kt xc
nh h s k v P
0
. Vi hai gi tr ny c th c tnh dn s nm th t bt k trong
tng lai. Tuy nhin, phng php ny c nhc im l khng quan tm n quy hoch
ca khu vc trong tng lai.

tg = k
P (ngi)
t (nm)
P
0

tg = k
LnP
Thi gian (nm)
lnP
0


23
Phng php 3 - Gi s tc gia tng dn s t l thun vi dn s hin ti v c
xem xt n quy hoch trong tng lai

t k l hng s tc gia tng dn s, P l dn s (ngi), P
s
l dn s ti a (theo quy
hoch ca khu vc trong tng lai), t l thi gian (nm), phng trnh tc gia tng dn
s ca mt khu vc trong trng hp ny c biu din nh sau:

) .( . P P P k
dt
dP
s
= hay
( )
dt k
P P P
dP
s
.
.
=

Tng t, ly tch phn hai v phng trnh trn theo thi gian xc nh h s tc
gia tng dn s v t c th c tnh dn s mt nm bt k trong tng lai.

Phng php 4 c tnh dn s trong tng lai theo t l gia tng dn s r

Dn s mt nm bt k trong tng lai cn c th c tnh theo t l tng dn s r, s
dng phng trnh sau:

P
n
= P
0
.(1 + r)
n

Trong , P
n
l dn s nm th n k t nm chn lm gc (nm 0), P
0
l dn s nm chn
lm gc, r l t l tng dn s v n s nm tnh ton (so vi nm chn lm gc).

Bc 3 D on khi lng (tc pht sinh) CTR trong tng lai

Phng php 1 - Gi s tc gia tng khi lng CTR/nm l hng s

Gi thit ny khng k n nh hng ca s gia tng dn s cng nh iu kin pht
trin kinh t x hi, quy hoch ca khu vc trong tng lai. Nu gi k l hng s tc
gia tng khi lng CTR, m l khi lng CTR/nm, t l thi gian (nm), phng trnh
tc gia tng khi lng CTR ca mt khu vc c biu din nh sau:

'
k
dt
dm
= hay dm = k
.dt

} }
=
=
t
t
m
m
dt k dm
t
0
,
0 0
. hay m
t
m
0
= k
.(t t
0
) hay m
t
= m
0
+ k
t

Da trn s liu thng k khi lng CTR ca khu vc qua cc nm, v ng biu din
m
t
= m
0
+ k
t xc nh h s k
v m
0
. Vi hai gi tr ny c th c tnh khi lng
CTR ca khu vc nm th t bt k trong tng lai.

Cng vi s liu c tnh dn s ca khu vc qua cc nm, c th d on tc pht
sinh CTR tnh bng kg/ngi.ng nhng nm trong tng lai. Hoc ngc li, da trn
s liu thng k v dn s v khi lng CTR ca cc nm trc, tnh tc pht sinh
CTR (kg/ngi.ng) v s dng s liu ny c tnh tc pht sinh CTR theo

24
kg/ngi.ng nhng nm trong tng lai. Ly gi tr kg CTR/ngi.ng nhn vi dn
s d on nm tng ng c tnh tng khi lng CTR ca khu vc.

Phng php 2 - Gi s tc gia tng khi lng CTR/nm t l vi khi lng CTR
ca nm hin ti

Vi gi thit ny, phng php 2 c xem xt n c im ca nm hin ti d
on lng CTR s pht sinh ca nhng nm k tip. Nu gi k l hng s tc gia
tng khi lng CTR, m l khi lng CTR/nm, t l thi gian (nm), phng trnh tc
gia tng khi lng CTR ca mt khu vc c biu din nh sau:

m k
dt
dm
.
'
= hay dt k
m
dm
.
'
=


} }
=
=
t
o t
m
m
dt k
m
dm
t
0
0
.
'
hay ln(m
t
) ln(m
0
) = k
. (t-t
0
) hay ln(m
t
)
=
ln(m
0
) + k
.t

Da trn s liu thng k khi lng CTR ca khu vc qua cc nm, v ng biu din
ln(m
t
) = ln(m
0
) + k.t xc nh h s k
v m
0
. Vi hai gi tr ny c th c tnh khi
lng CTR ca khu vc nm th t bt k trong tng lai.

Tng t nh phn tch trn, bng phng php ny kt hp vi s liu d on dn
s c th c tnh tc pht sinh CTR theo kg/ngi.ng hay ngc li da trn s liu
thng k tc pht sinh CTR (kg/ngi.ng) c tnh khi lng CTR ca khu vc
trong tng lai (tn/nm).

2.3 THNH PHN CHT THI RN TH

Bn cnh thng s khi lng, thnh phn CTR l mt trong nhng thng s c ngha
quan trng trong vic la chn phng n cng ngh thu gom, x l v thi b hp v
sinh CTR ca mt khu vc. Thnh phn v phng php phn tch thnh phn CTRT
l ni dung chnh c gii thiu trong phn ny.

2.3.1 Thnh phn cht thi rn th

Trong cht thi rn th c cha nhiu thnh phn khc nhau, thng thng gm c :
rc thc phm, giy loi, bao b carton, ti nilon, nha, vi, cao su, da, g, thy tinh v,
snh s, cc loi chai l bng thy tinh hoc bng nha, lon hp, lon nc, Ty
theo mc ch v phng n k thut qun l cht thi rn t ngun pht sinh n ni
thi b cui cng, thnh phn cht thi rn c th c biu din t rt n gin (ch gm
2 thnh phn chnh: (1) rc thc phm v (2) phn cn li) hoc rt chi tit (gm tng
thnh phn ring bit nh k trn hoc chi tit hn). i vi cc nc Chu , rc thc
phm (hoc thnh phn cht hu c c kh nng phn hy sinh hc) l thnh phn
thng chim t l cao nht (thng dao ng trong khong 50-70% tnh theo khi lng

25
t) trong CTRT. Thnh phn CTRT thay i rt nhiu theo c im vn ha, iu
kin kinh t, x hi v c im h thng qun l cht thi rn hin ti ca a phng.

2.3.2 Phng php phn tch thnh phn cht thi rn

V thnh phn CTR c tnh bng % khi lng t (so vi tng khi lng ca hn
hp phn tch), nn gi tr % ny s thay i rt nhiu ty theo m ca tng thnh
phn trong mu. Vi cc mu CTR hn hp (cha chung trong thng hoc ti nilon), cc
thnh phn giy, vi, g, tro, rt d b thm nc t rc thc phm v lm cho khi
lng t ca tng thnh phn ny cao hn so vi khi lng thc ca chng. Do , khi
ly mu phn tch thnh phn CTR cn lu yu t ny.

i vi nhng ngun pht sinh cht thi rn c khi lng nh

Nhng ngun pht sinh CTR c khi lng nh bao gm t h gia nh, cng s, trng
hc, nh hng, khch sn. Khi lng CTR pht sinh t nhng ngun ny mi ngy
khng nhiu (tnh bng kg/ngun.ngy). Do , mu c ly ring, phn tch ring cho
tng i tng v tt nht l gi ti nilon cha ring rc thc phm (thnh phn c
m) v cc thnh phn cn li. Chu k ly mu, xy dng mng li ly mu v phn tch
s liu tng t nh trnh by trong phn kho st xc nh khi lng (tc pht
sinh) CTR Mc 2.2.2. Thng thng, vic kho st khi lng v thnh phn c
thc hin cng mt lc. Do , sau khi ly mu xc nh khi lng CTR pht sinh
trong mt n v thi gian nht nh, mu ny c tip tc phn tch thnh phn cng
nh cc c tnh l hc, ha hc v sinh hc khc.

Mu CTR ly t h gia nh Tch ring tng thnh phn

Hnh 2.3 Xc nh thnh phn CTR t h gia nh.

Rc thc phm c cha ring s gip cng tc phn tch cc thnh phn cn li c
n gin, d thc hin hn v cho kt qu chnh xc hn. i vi rc thc phm ch cn
cn xc nh khi lng. Mu cha cc thnh phn cn li c phn loi (bng tay)
ring tng thnh phn nh giy, carton, nilon, nha, vi, cao su, da, g, thy tinh, kim
loi, lon hp, snh s, tro, Ty theo mc ch xc nh thnh phn CTR m mc
phn loi c th k hn. V d, i vi giy c th phi phn bit giy bo, tp ch, giy
tp hc sinh, giy vn phng, giy gi hng, hay nha phi phn loi thnh nha PE,

26
PVC, PS, HDPE, LDPE, Sau khi phn loi, tin hnh cn khi lng v tnh t l
ca tng thnh phn so vi tng khi lng CTR ca ngun kho st.

Hnh 2.4 Mt s thnh phn CTR phn loi.

i vi nhng ngun pht sinh cht thi rn tp trung

Nhng ngun pht sinh CTR tp trung bao gm ch, nh my hay ti nhng im tp
trung CTR nh trm trung chuyn, bi chn lp, CTR c hn hp, do , phi
ly mu hn hp phn tch. Nh vy kt qu s rt sai lch do nhiu thnh phn CTR
b nhim bn v ht m bi rc thc phm. Trong trng hp ny, mu phn tch c
khi lng cng ln cng tt, t nht t 100-200 kg/mu. Tng t nh trnh by trn,
thnh phn CTR c phn loi bng tay v cn xc nh khi lng ca tng loi ring
bit: rc thc phm, giy, carton, nha cng, nilon, vi, cao su, da, kim loi,... Thnh
phn phn trm ca tng loi c tnh ton da trn khi lng ca tng loi so vi
tng khi lng mu phn tch.

2.4 TNH CHT L, HA, SINH CA CHT THI RN TH

2.4.1 Tnh cht l hc

Khi lng ring

Khi lng ring c nh ngha l khi lng CTR trn mt n v th tch, tnh bng
kg/m
3
. Khi lng ring ca CTRT s rt khc nhau ty theo phng php lu tr: (1)


27
t nhin khng cha trong thng, (2) cha trong thng v khng nn, (3) cha trong
thng v nn. Do , s liu khi lng ring ca CTRT ch c ngha khi c ghi
ch km theo phng php xc nh khi lng ring. Khi lng ring ca CTRT s
rt khc nhau ty theo v tr a l, ma trong nm, thi gian lu tr, Do , khi chn
gi tr khi lng ring cn phi xem xt c nhng yu t ny gim bt sai s ko theo
cho cc php tnh ton.

Phng php phn tch khi lng ring ca CTRT

Mc d khi lng ring c nh ngha l khi lng CTR tnh trn mt n v th tch
ca CTR. Tuy nhin do th tch khi CTR b nh hng rt ln bi iu kin nn p v
lu tr, nn khng th p dng chung mt cch o c cho tt c cc trng hp. tnh
ton thit b lu tr, thu gom, vn chuyn hay bi chn lp, phng php xc nh khi
lng ring cho mi trng hp s khc nhau. V vy, trc khi tin hnh phn tch khi
lng ring ca CTR cn xc nh r vic phn tch khi lng ring nhm mc ch g?

Khi lng ring ca CTR cha trong cc thng cha CTR ti h gia nh c xc nh
bng cch cn xc nh khi lng CTR ti a c th cha trong thng v o th tch ca
thng cha. Khi lng ring c tnh bng khi lng chia cho th tch o c (tnh
theo kg/m
3
). i vi tng thnh phn CTR ring bit, phng php xc nh khi lng
ring cng c thc hin mt cch tng t. Vic xc nh khi lng ring ca tng
thnh phn c trong CTRT l c s c tnh khi lng ring ca mt hn hp CTR
bt k (xem v d 2.2). V d v kt qu xc nh khi lng ring ca cc thnh phn
CTR t khu dn c (khng nn) do Tchobanoglous v cng s (1993) nghin cu c
trnh by trong Bng 2.10.

Bng 2.10 Khi lng ring ca cc thnh phn c trong CTR (khng nn) t khu dn c

Loi cht thi
Khi lng ring (kg/m
3
)
Khong dao ng c trng
Thc phm 130 - 480 290
Giy 41 - 130 89
Carton 41 - 80 50
Nha 41 - 130 65
Vi 41 - 101 65
Cao su 101 - 202 130
Da 101 - 261 160
Rc vn 59 - 225 101
G 130 - 320 237
Thy tinh 160 - 480 196
Lon thic 50 - 160 89
Nhm 65 - 240 160
Cc kim loi khc 130 - 1.151 320
Bi, tro, 320 - 1.000 480
Tro 650 - 830 745
Rc 89 - 181 130
Ngun: Tchobanoglous v cng s, 1993.

xc nh khi lng ring ca CTR trong cc xe thu gom (660 L hoc xe y tay) cn
phi xc nh khi lng v th tch tng ng ca CTR cha trong loi xe thu gom.
Khi lng CTR trong xe thu gom c th xc nh ti trm trung chuyn c trm cn

28
bng cch cn khi lng xe cha CTR i vo trm (m
1
) v khi lng xe khng i ra
khi trm (m
2
). Th tch CTR tng ng cha trong xe thu gom c th o bng cch
dng thc o kch thc theo ba chiu: di x rng x cao tnh (V). Da trn kt qu o
c, khi lng ring ca CTR trong xe thu gom c tnh theo cng thc sau:

V
m m
2 1

= (kg/m
3
hay tn/m
3
)

Mt cch tng t, khi lng ring ca CTR trong cc xe vn chuyn phi c xc
nh theo loi xe (d kin) s dng (c p hoc khng p), bng cch xc nh khi
lng (ti a) CTR c th cha trong dung tch ca xe. Khi lng CTR trong xe vn
chuyn c th xc nh ti trm cn vo bi chn lp (BCL) bng cch cn khi lng xe
cha CTR i vo BCL (m
1
) v khi lng xe khng i ra khi BCL (m
2
). Th tch CTR
tng ng cha trong xe chnh l dung tch ca xe (thng s c tnh xe s dng, gi tr
ny sn c, V). Da trn kt qu o c, khi lng ring ca CTR trong xe thu gom
c tnh theo cng thc sau:

'
'
2
'
1
V
m m
= (kg/m
3
hay tn/m
3
)

Khi lng ring ca CTR trong BCL kh c th xc nh chnh xc nht v cc lp
pha y BCL, CTR c nn nhiu hn nn khi lng ring s ln hn cc lp pha
trn. Thm vo , CTR cc lp di b phn hy nhiu hn cc lp trn (mi chn)
nn mc b nn p cng khc nhau v do khi lng ring cng s khc nhau.
Thit b s dng nn CTR ti BCL cng l yu t gy nh hng n khi lng ring
ca CTR trong BCL. Tuy nhin, c gi tr tnh ton thit k, c th s dng s liu o
c ti cc BCL v ang vn hnh a phng tnh khi lng ring ca CTR
trong BCL. Theo cch ny cn xc nh tng khi lng CTR chn lp (theo khi
lng cn ti trm cn ca BCL) v o th tch chn lp CTR (di x rng x chiu cao
chn lp, khng k th tch chim ch ca vt liu che ph hng ngy v che ph trung
gian). Khi lng ring ca CTR trong BCL s bng tng th tch CTR chn lp chia
cho th tch chn lp CTR (tnh bng kg/m
3
hay tn/m
3
).

V CTR c tnh khng ng nht v thnh phn khng ging nhau gia nhng ngy khc
nhau, nn xc nh khi lng ring cn tin hnh nhiu ln ly gi tr trung bnh
v tt nht l c c tp s liu ln xc nh gi tr c tn sut xut hin cao nht
theo xc sut thng k.

Phng php c tnh khi lng ring ca mt hn hp CTR bt k

Khi lng ring ca mt hn hp CTR bt k c th c c tnh da trn kt qu xc
nh khi lng ring ca tng thnh phn CTR. Cch thc tnh ton c trnh by chi
tit trong V d 2.2.


29
V d 2.2 c tnh khi lng ring

Tnh khi lng ring ca mu CTR c thnh phn nh trnh by trong Bng 2.11, s
dng s liu khi lng ring ca tng thnh phn CTR trong Bng 2.10.

Bng 2.11 Thnh phn ca mu CTR cn xc nh khi lng ring

Thnh phn T l (%)
Thc phm 78
Giy 8
Carton 3
Nha 4
Vi 1
Cao su 1
Da 1
Rc vn 2
G 2
Tng cng 100

Bi Gii

Gi s khi lng ca mu CTR cn xc nh khi lng ring l 100 kg. Khi lng v
th tch ca tng thnh phn cng nh ca mu CTR c trnh by trong Bng 2.12.

Bng 2.12 Khi lng v th tch ca tng thnh phn cng nh ca mu CTR

Thnh phn T l % Khi lng (kg) Khi lng ring (kg/m
3
) Th tch (m
3
)
Thc phm 78 78 290 0,269
Giy 8 8 89 0,090
Carton 3 3 50 0,060
Nha 4 4 65 0,062
Vi 1 1 65 0,015
Cao su 1 1 130 0,008
Da 1 1 160 0,006
Rc vn 2 2 101 0,020
G 2 2 237 0,008
Tng cng 100 100 0,538

Khi lng ring ca mu CTR cn xc nh l

186
538 , 0
100
= = =
V
m
(kg/m
3
)

m

m ca CTR thng c biu din theo mt trong hai cch: tnh theo thnh phn
phn trm khi lng t v thnh phn phn trm khi lng kh. Trong lnh vc qun
l CTR, phng php khi lng t thng dng hn. Theo cch ny, m ca CTR c
th biu din di dng phng trnh nh sau:

100
=
w
d w
M

30
Trong :

- M: m (%);
- w: Khi lng ban u ca mu CTR (kg);
- d: Khi lng ca mu CTR sau khi sy kh n khi lng khng i 105
0
C (kg).

Phng php phn tch m ca CTRT

m ca CTR c th phn tch trong phng th nghim bng cch sy kh mu
105
o
C. Khi phn tch m ca CTR, lng mu s dng cng nhiu cng tt. Khi
lng mu ti thiu phi c 100 g. Trnh t phn tch m ca mu CTR nh sau:

- Sy a ng mu 105
o
C trong 1 gi, sau lm ngui trong bnh ht m 1 gi, cn
xc nh khi lng a (m
0
);
- Cho mu CTR t vo a ( sy v cn), cn khi lng a v mu CTR trc khi
sy (m
1
);
- Sy mu nhit 105
o
C cho n khi t khi lng khng i. Sau mi ln sy, lm
ngui mu trong bnh ht m 1 gi trc khi cn. Lp li qu trnh sy v cn mu cho
n khi gi tr khi lng gia cc ln cn khng lch nhau qu 5%. Khi lng ca
a v mu CTR sau khi sy l m
2
.
- m ca mu CTR (M (%)) c tnh theo cng thc sau:

100
0 1
2 1
=
m m
m m
M

- Khi phn tch m ca mu CTR cng phi th nhiu mu ly gi tr trung bnh.

Phng php c tnh m ca mt hn hp CTR bt k

m ca mt hn hp CTR bt k c th c c tnh da trn kt qu xc nh
m ca tng thnh phn CTR. V d v kt qu xc nh m ca cc thnh phn CTR t
khu dn c (khng nn) theo Tchobanoglous v cng s (1993) c trnh by trong
Bng 2.13. Cch thc tnh ton m ca hn hp CTR bt k da trn m ca tng
thnh phn CTR c trnh by chi tit trong V d 2.3.

Bng 2.13 m ca cc thnh phn c trong CTR (khng nn) t khu dn c

Loi cht thi
m (%)
Khong dao ng c trng
Thc phm 50-80 70
Giy 4-10 6
Carton 4-8 5
Nha 1-4 2
Vi 6-15 10
Cao su 1-4 2
Da 8-12 10
Rc vn 30-80 60
G 15-40 20
Thy tinh 1-4 2
Lon thic 2-4 3

31
Nhm 2-4 2
Cc kim loi khc 2-4 3
Bi, tro 6-12 8
Tro 6-12 6
Rc 5-20 15

V d 2.3 c tnh m

Tnh m ca mu CTR c thnh phn nh trnh by trong Bng 2.11, bit m ca
tng thnh phn CTR c gi tr nh trong Bng 2.13.

Bi gii

Gi s mu CTR cn xc nh m c khi lng 100 kg. Khi lng t v kh ca
tng thnh phn cng nh ca mu CTR c trnh by trong Bng 2.14.

Bng 2.14 Khi lng t v kh ca tng thnh phn cng nh mu CTR cn xc nh m

Thnh phn T l (%) m (%) Khi lng t (kg) Khi lng kh (kg)
Thc phm 78 70 78 23,40
Giy 8 6 8 7,52
Carton 3 5 3 2,85
Nha 4 2 4 3,92
Vi 1 10 1 0,90
Cao su 1 2 1 0,98
Da 1 10 1 0,90
Rc vn 2 60 2 0,80
G 2 20 2 1,60
Tng cng 100 100 42,87

m ca mu CTR cn xc nh l

% 13 , 57 100
100
87 , 42 100
=
= M

Kh nng tch m

Kh nng tch m ca CTR l tng lng m m cht thi c th tch tr c. y l
thng s c ngha quan trng trong vic xc nh lng nc r rc sinh ra t BCL.
Phn nc d vt qu kh nng tch m ca CTR s thot ra ngoi thnh nc r rc.
Kh nng tch m thay i ty theo iu kin nn p v trng thi phn hy ca cht thi.
Kh nng tch m ca CTRT trong trng hp khng nn c th dao ng trong khong
50-60%.

Tnh dn nc (hydraulic conductivity) ca CTR nn l thng s vt l quan trng
khng ch s vn chuyn ca nc r r v kh trong BCL. H s thm thu c th biu
din theo phng trnh sau:

k Cd K = =
2


32
Trong :

- K = H s thm thu;
- C = Hng s v th nguyn hay h s hnh dng;
- d = Kch thc l trung bnh;
- = Khi lng ring ca nc;
- = nht ng hc ca nc;
- k = thm thu.

Thng s Cd
2
l thm thu thc, ch ph thuc vo tnh cht ca CTR, k c s phn
b kch thc l rng, b mt v xp. Gi tr thm thu c trng i vi CTR
nn trong BCL thng dao ng trong khong 10
-11
n 10
-12
m
2
theo phng thng ng
v khong 10
-10
m
2
theo phng ngang.

Qu trnh chuyn ha l hc

Nhng bin i l hc c bn c th xy ra trong qu trnh vn hnh h thng qun l
CTR bao gm (1) phn loi, (2) gim th tch c hc, (3) gim kch thc c hc. Nhng
bin i l hc khng lm chuyn pha (v d t pha rn sang pha kh) nh cc qu trnh
bin i ha hc v sinh hc.

Phn loi cht thi. Phn loi cht thi l qu trnh tch ring cc thnh phn c
CTRT, nhm chuyn cht thi t dng hn tp sang dng tng i ng nht. Qu
trnh ny cn thit thu hi nhng thnh phn c th ti sinh ti ti s dng c trong
CTRT, tch ring nhng thnh phn mang tnh nguy hi v nhng thnh phn c kh
nng thu hi nng lng.

Gim th tch c hc. Phng php nn, p thng c p dng gim th tch cht
thi. Xe thu gom thng c lp t b phn p nhm tng khi lng rc c th thu
gom trong mt chuyn. Giy, carton, nha v lon nhm, lon thic thu gom t CTRT
c ng kin gim th tch cha, chi ph x l v chi ph vn chuyn. tng thi
gian s dng BCL, CTR thng c nn trc khi ph t.

Gim kch thc c hc. Gim kch thc cht thi nhm thu c cht thi c kch
thc ng nht v nh hn so vi kch thc ban u ca chng. Cn lu rng gim
kch thc cht thi khng c ngha l th tch cht thi cng phi gim. Trong mt s
trng hp, th tch ca cht thi sau khi gim kch thc s ln hn th tch ban u ca
chng.

2.4.2 Tnh cht ha hc

Cng thc phn t ca cht thi rn

Cc nguyn t c bn trong CTRT cn phn tch bao gm C (carbon), H (Hydro), O
(Oxy), N (Nit), S (Lu hunh) v tro. Cc nguyn t thuc nhm halogen cng c
xc nh do cc dn xut ca clo thng tn ti trong thnh phn kh thi khi t rc. Kt
qu xc nh cc nguyn t c bn ny c s dng xc nh cng thc ha hc ca
thnh phn cht hu c c trong CTRT cng nh xc nh t l C/N thch hp cho qu

33
trnh lm phn compost. S liu v cc nguyn t c bn ca tng thnh phn cht thi
chy c c trong CTR ca khu dn c theo nghin cu Tchobanoglous v cng s
(1993) c trnh by trong Bng 2.15. Cc bc tnh ton xc nh cng thc phn t
ca mt mu CTR bt k da s liu cc nguyn t c bn c trong tng thnh phn CTR
c trnh by chi tit trong V d 2.4.

Bng 2.15 Thnh phn cc nguyn t ca cc cht chy c c trong CTR t khu dn c

Thnh phn
Phn trm khi lng kh (%)
Carbon Hydro Oxy Nit Lu hunh Tro
Cht hu c
Cht thi thc phm 48,0 6,4 37,6 2,6 0,4 5,0
Giy 43,5 6,0 44,0 0,3 0,2 6,0
Carton 44,0 5,9 44,6 0,3 0,2 5,0
Nha 60,0 7,2 22,8 - - 10,0
Vi 55,0 6,6 31,2 4,6 0,15 2,5
Cao su 78,0 10,0 - 2,0 - 10,0
Da 60,0 8,0 11,6 10,0 0,4 10,0
Rc vn 47,8 6,0 38,0 3,4 0,3 4,5
G 49,5 6,0 42,7 0,2 0,1 1,5
Cht v c
Thy tinh
(1)
0,5 0,1 0,4 < 0,1 - 98,9
Kim loi
(1)
4,5 0,6 4,3 < 0,1 - 90,5
Bi, tro, 26,3 3,0 2,0 0,5 0,2 68,0
(1)
Nng lng c t lp ph, nhn hiu v nhng vt liu nh km

V d 2.4 Xc nh cng thc phn t ca mu CTR

Xc nh cng thc phn t ca mu CTR c thnh phn nh trnh by trong Bng 2.11.

Bi gii

Gi s mu CTR cn xc nh cng thc phn t c khi lng l 100 kg. Gi tr thnh
phn phn trm, m, khi lng kh cng nh thnh phn % ca cc nguyn t c bn
c trong tng thnh phn CTR c trnh by tm tt trong Bng 2.16.

Bng 2.16 Thnh phn, m, khi lng kh, thnh phn % cc nguyn t c bn

Thnh phn
T l
(%)
m
(%)
Khi lng
kh (kg)
%C %H %O %N %S %tro
Thc phm 78 70 23,40 48,0 6,4 37,6 2,6 0,4 5,0
Giy 8 6 7,52 43,5 6,0 44,0 0,3 0,2 6,0
Carton 3 5 2,85 44,0 5,9 44,6 0,3 0,2 5,0
Nha 4 2 3,92 60,0 7,2 22,8 - - 10,0
Vi 1 10 0,90 55,0 6,6 31,2 4,6 0,15 2,5
Cao su 1 2 0,98 78,0 10,0 - 2,0 - 10,0
Da 1 10 0,90 60,0 8,0 11,6 10,0 0,4 10,0
Rc vun 2 60 0,80 47,8 6,0 38,0 3,4 0,3 4,5
G 2 20 1,60 49,5 6,0 42,7 0,2 0,1 1,5
Tng cng 100 42,87


34
Khi lng (kh) ca cc nguyn t c bn c trong tng thnh phn cng nh ca mu
CTR c tnh ton t s liu Bng 2.16 v trnh by trong Bng 2.17.

Bng 2.17 Khi lng (kh) cc nguyn t c bn c trong tng thnh phn ca mu CTR

Thnh phn Khi lng
kh (kg)
Khi lng (kg)
C H O N S Tro
Thc phm 23,40 11,2320 1,4976 8,7984 0,6084 0,0936 1,1700
Giy 7,52 3,2712 0,4512 3,3088 0,0226 0,0150 0,4512
Carton 2,85 1,2540 0,1682 1,2711 0,0086 0,0057 0,1425
Nha 3,92 2,3520 0,2822 0,8938 - - 0,3920
Vi 0,90 0,4950 0,0594 0,2808 0,0414 0,0014 0,0225
Cao su 0,98 0,7644 0,0980 - 0,0196 - 0,0980
Da 0,90 0,5400 0,0720 0,1044 0,0900 0,0036 0,0900
Rc vun 0,80 0,3824 0,0480 0,3040 0,0272 0,0024 0,0360
G 1,60 0,7920 0,0960 0,6832 0,0032 0,0016 0,0240
Tng cng 42,87 21,0830 2,7726 15,6445 0,8209 0,1233 2,4262

- Cng thc phn t ca mu CTR trong trng hp c S: C
x
H
y
O
z
N
t
S
u

32
:
14
:
16
:
1
:
12
: : : :
S N O H C
m m m m m
u t z y x =

32
1233 , 0
:
14
8209 , 0
:
16
6445 , 15
:
1
7726 , 2
:
12
0830 , 21
: : : : = u t z y x

x : y : z : t : u = 1,757 : 2,773 : 0,978 : 0,059 : 0,004 = 439 : 693 : 245 : 15 : 1
Vy cng thc ca mu CTR kh trong trng hp c S l C
439
H
693
O
245
N
15
S

- Cng thc phn t ca mu CTR kh trong trng hp khng c S: C
x
H
y
O
z
N
t

14
:
16
:
1
:
12
: : :
N O H C
m m m m
t z y x =

14
8209 , 0
:
16
6445 , 15
:
1
7726 , 2
:
12
0830 , 21
: : : = t z y x

x : y : z : t = 1,757 : 2,773 : 0,978 : 0,059 = 30 : 47 : 17 : 1

Vy cng thc phn t ca mu CTR kh trong trng hp khng c S l C
30
H
47
O
17
N

- i vi mu CTR t, khi lng ca nguyn t H v O s khc trng hp mu CTR
kh do c s tham gia ca H
2
O (m trong CTR). Khi lng H
2
O trong mu CTR
phn tch l

m(H
2
O) = khi lng CTR t khi lng CTR kh = 100 42,87 = 57,13 kg hay
3,17 kmol (H
2
O)

Khi lng H v O do nc c trong CTR to nn l

35

M
H
(H
2
O) = 6,340 kg v M
O
(H
2
O) = 50,720 kg

Khi lng C, H, O, N, S trong mu CTR t ln lt l

+ m
C
= 21,0830 kg
+ m
H
=

2,7726 + 6,340 = 9,1123 kg
+ m
O
= 15,6445 + 50,720 = 66,3645 kg
+ m
N
= 0,8209 kg
+ m
S
= 0,1233 kg

Bng cch tnh tng t nh trn, cng thc phn t ca mu CTR t trong trng
hp c v khng c S ln lt l: C
439
H
2278
O
1037
N
15
S v C
30
H
154
O
70
N

Nng lng cha trong cc thnh phn cht thi rn

Nng lng v phn cht tr c trong cc thnh phn ca CTR t khu dn c theo nghin
cu ca Tchobanoglous v cng s (1993) c trnh by trong Bng 2.18. Cc gi tr
nng lng trnh by trong Bng 2.18 c th chuyn i sang nng lng tnh trn khi
lng kh theo phng trnh sau:

Trong trng hp tnh theo khi lng kh v khng k thnh phn tro, phng trnh
tnh ton tng ng nh sau:

Nng lng ca tng thnh phn cht thi cng c th c tnh ton mt cch gn ng
theo phng trnh sau (y l phng trnh c xy dng trn c s phng trnh
Dulong) (Tchobanoglous v cng s, 1993):

Trong :

- C : Carbon, % khi lng;
- H
2
: Hydro, % khi lng;
- O
2
: Oxy, % khi lng;
- S : Lu hunh, % khi lng;
- N : Nit, % khi lng;
- Btu/lb x 2,326 = KJ/kg.

Trong tha s (H
2
- 1/8 O
2
) tnh cho phn hydro phn ng vi oxy, v thnh phn ny
khng tham gia to nng lng ca cht thi.
Nng lng KJ/kg
(Tnh theo khi lng kh)
Nng lng KJ/kg
(Tnh theo khi lng t)
=
x
100
100 m (%)

Nng lng KJ/kg
(Theo khi lng kh, khng tro)
Nng lng KJ/kg
(Tnh theo khi lng t)
=
x
100
100 m (%) tro (%)
N S O H C lb Btu + + |
.
|
\
|
+ = 10 40
8
1
610 145 /
2 2

36

Bng 2.18 Nng lng v phn cht tr c trong CTR t khu dn c

Thnh Phn
Phn cht tr
(1)
(%) Nng lng
(2)
(KJ/kg)
Khong dao ng c trng Khong dao ng c trng
Cht hu c
Cht thi thc phm 2-8 5,0 3.489 - 6.978 4.652
Giy 4-8 6,0 11.630 - 18.608 16.747
Carton 3-6 5,0 13.956 - 17.445 16.282
Nha 6-20 10,0 27.912 - 37.216 32.564
Vi 2-4 2,5 15.119 - 18.608 17.445
Cao su 8-20 10,0 20.934 - 27.912 23.260
Da 8-20 10,0 15.119 - 19.771 17.445
Rc vn 2-6 4,5 2.326 - 18.608 6.513
G 0,6-2 1,5 17.445 - 19.771 18.608
Cht hu c khc - - - -
Cht v c
Thy tinh

96-99 98,0 116 - 233
(3)
140
Lon thic

96-99 98,0 233 - 1163
(3)
698
Nhm 90-99 96,0 - -
Kim loi khc 94-99 98,0 233 - 1163
(3)
698
Bi, tro, 60-80 70,0 2.326 - 11.630 6978
CTRT 9.304 - 13.956 11.630
(4)
(1) Sau khi chy hon ton
(2) Theo thnh phn thu gom c
(3) Nng lng c t lp ph, nhn hiu v nhng vt liu nh km
(4) Gi tr nng lng trong bng ny ln hn cc gi tr tng ng trnh by Bng 4-10, ch yu do (1) lng
cht thi thc phm b gim v (2) thnh phn phn trm nha gia tng (7% thay v 4%) i vi CTR ly t khu
dn c.

Qu trnh chuyn ha ha hc

Bin i ha hc ca CTR bao hm c qu trnh chuyn pha (t pha rn sang pha lng, t
pha rn sang pha kh, ). gim th tch v thu hi cc sn phm, nhng qu trnh
chuyn ha ha hc ch yu s dng trong x l CTRT bao gm (1) t (qu trnh oxy
ha ha hc), (2) nhit phn, v (3) kh ha.

t (Oxy ha ha hc). t l phn ng ha hc gia oxy v cht hu c c trong CTR
to thnh cc hp cht b oxy ha cng vi s pht sng v ta nhit. Nu khng kh
c cp d v di iu kin phn ng l tng, qu trnh t cht hu c c trong
CTRT c th biu din theo phng trnh phn ng sau:

Cht hu c + Khng kh (d) CO
2
+ H
2
O + khng kh d + NH
3
+ SO
2
+ NO
x
+ Tro +
Nhit

Lng khng kh c cp d nhm m bo qu trnh chy xy ra hon ton. Sn phm
cui ca qu trnh t chy CTRT bao gm kh nng cha CO
2
, H
2
O, khng kh d (O
2
v N
2
) v phn khng chy cn li. Trong thc t, ngoi nhng thnh phn ny cn c
mt lng nh cc kh NH
3
, SO
2
, NO
x
v cc kh vi lng khc ty theo bn cht ca
cht thi.


37
Nhit phn. V hu ht cc cht hu c u khng bn nhit, chng c th b ct mch
qua cc phn ng cracking nhit v ngng t trong iu kin khng c oxy, to thnh
nhng phn kh, lng v rn. Tri vi qu trnh t l qu trnh ta nhit, qu trnh nhit
phn l qu trnh thu nhit. c tnh ca 3 phn chnh to thnh t qu trnh nhit phn
CTRT nh sau: (1) dng kh sinh ra cha H
2
, CH
4
, CO, CO
2
v nhiu kh khc ty
thuc vo bn cht ca cht thi em nhit phn, (2) hc n v/hoc du dng lng iu
kin nhit phng cha cc ha cht nh acetic acid, acetone v methanol v (3) than
bao gm carbon nguyn cht cng vi nhng cht tr khc. Qu trnh nhit phn
cellulose c th biu din bng phng trnh phn ng sau:

3(C
6
H
10
O
5
) 8H
2
O + C
6
H
8
O + 2CO + 2CO
2
+ CH
4
+ H
2
+ 7C

Trong phng trnh ny, thnh phn hc n v/hoc du thu c chnh l C
6
H
8
O.

Kh ha. Qu trnh kh ha bao gm qu trnh t chy mt phn nhin liu carbon to
thnh kh nhin liu chy c giu CO, H
2
v mt s hydrocarbon no, ch yu l CH
4
.
Kh nhin liu chy c sau c t chy trong ng c t trong hoc ni hi.
Nu thit b kh ha c vn hnh iu kin p sut kh quyn s dng khng kh lm
tc nhn oxy ha, sn phm cui ca qu trnh kh ha s l (1) kh nng lng thp cha
CO
2
, CO, H
2
, CH
4
, v N
2
, (2) hc n cha C v cc cht tr sn c trong nhin liu v (3)
cht lng ngng t c ging nh du pyrolic.

2.4.3 Tnh cht sinh hc

c tnh sinh hc quan trng nht ca thnh phn cht hu c c trong CTRT l hu
ht cc thnh phn ny u c kh nng chuyn ha sinh hc to thnh kh, cht rn hu
c tr v cc cht v c. Mi v rui nhng sinh ra trong qu trnh thi ra cht hu c
(rc thc phm).

Kh nng phn hy sinh hc ca cc thnh phn cht hu c. Hm lng cht rn bay
hi (VS), xc nh bng cch nung nhit 550
o
C, thng c s dng nh gi
kh nng phn hy sinh hc ca cht hu c trong CTRT. Tuy nhin, vic s dng ch
tiu VS biu din kh nng phn hy sinh hc ca phn cht hu c c trong CTRT
khng chnh xc v mt s thnh phn cht hu c rt d bay hi nhng rt kh b phn
hy sinh hc (v d giy in bo v nhiu loi cy king). Cng c th s dng hm lng
lignin c trong cht thi xc nh t l cht hu c c kh nng phn hy sinh hc theo
phng trnh sau (Tchobanoglous v cng s, 1993):

BF = 0,83 - 0,028 LC

Trong :

- BF : phn c kh nng phn hy sinh hc biu din di dng VS;
- 0,83 : hng s thc nghim;
- 0,028 : hng s thc nghim;
- LC : hm lng lignin c trong VS tnh theo % khi lng kh.


38
S hnh thnh mi. Mi sinh ra khi tn tr CTR trong thi gian di gia cc khu thu
gom, trung chuyn v ra BCL, nht l nhng vng kh hu nng, do kh nng phn
hy k kh nhanh cc cht hu c d b phn hy c trong CTRT. V d, trong iu
kin k kh, sulfate c th b kh thnh sulfide (S
2-
), sau sulfide kt hp vi hydro to
thnh H
2
S. Qu trnh ny c th biu din theo cc phng trnh sau:

2 CH
3
CHOHCOOH + SO
4
2-
2 CH
3
COOH + S
2-
+ H
2
O + CO
2

Lactate Sulfate Acetate Sulfide
4H
2
+ SO
4
2-
S
2-
+ 4H
2
O
S
2-
+ 2H
+
H
2
S

Ion Sulfide c th kt hp vi mui kim loi sn c, v d mui st, to thnh sulfide kim
loi:

S
2-
+ Fe
2+
FeS

Mu en ca CTR phn hy k kh BCL ch yu l do s hnh thnh cc mui
sulfide kim loi. Nu khng to thnh cc mui ny, vn mi ca BCL s tr nn
nghim trng hn.

Cc hp cht hu c cha lu hunh khi b kh s to thnh nhng hp cht c mi hi
nh methyl mercaptan v aminobutyric acid.

CH
3
SCH
2
CH
2
CH(NH
2
)COOH CH
3
SH + CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
(NH
2
)COOH
Methionine Methyl mercaptan Aminobutyric acid

Methylmercaptan c th b thy phn to thnh methyl alcohol v hydrogen sulfide:

CH
3
SH + H
2
O CH
4
OH + H
2
S

Cc qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc

Cc qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc phn cht hu c c trong CTRT c th p dng
gim th tch v khi lng cht thi, sn xut phn compost dng b sung cht dinh
dng cho t v sn xut kh methane. Nhng vi sinh vt ch yu tham gia qu trnh
chuyn ha sinh hc cc cht thi hu c bao gm vi khun, nm, men v antinomycetes.
Cc qu trnh ny c th c thc hin trong iu kin hiu kh hoc k kh, ty theo
lng oxy sn c. Nhng im khc bit c bn gia cc phn ng chuyn ha hiu kh
v k kh l bn cht ca cc sn phm to thnh v lng oxy thc s cn phi cung cp
thc hin qu trnh chuyn ha hiu kh. Nhng qu trnh sinh hc ng dng
chuyn ha cht hu c c trong CTRT bao gm qu trnh lm phn compst hiu kh,
qu trnh phn hy k kh v qu trnh phn hy k kh vi nng cht rn cao.

+2H
CHNG 3

QUN L CHT THI RN TH TI NGUN

3.1 LU TR CHT THI RN TI NGUN

Cc yu t quan trng cn phi xem xt i vi vic lu tr cht thi rn ti ngun bao gm (1)
loi thng cha s dng, (2) v tr t thng cha, (3) nh hng ca vic lu tr n c tnh
ca cht thi v (4) sc khe cng ng v m quan khu vc.

3.1.1 Loi thng cha

Loi v dung tch thng cha s dng ph thuc vo c tnh v loi cht thi thu gom, loi h
thng thu gom, chu k thu gom v din tch sn c t thng cha. Mt s dng thng cha
cht thi ti ngun hin ang s dng Vit Nam v cc nc trn th gii c th hin trong
Hnh 3.1 v Hnh 3.2.

(a) Thng cha cht thi rn ti h gia nh.

(b) Thng cha cht thi rn khu cng cng.


39

(c) Thng cha cht thi rn dc ng ph.

Hnh 3.1 Cc dng thng cha cht thi rn ti ngun Vit Nam.

(b) Thng cha cht thi rn cm h gia nh
Wageningen H Lan.
(a) Thng cha cht thi rn khu k tc x
sinh vin Wageningen H Lan.
(c) Thng cha cht thi rn khu k tc x sinh vin AIT- Bangkok Thi Lan.
Chng 3 Qun l cht thi rn th ti ngun

40

(f) Thng cha cht thi rn khu siu th
Wageningen H Lan.
(g) Thng cha cht thi rn dc ng ph Paris Php.
(e) Thng cha cht thi rn khun vin Vin
Cng Ngh Chu AIT Thi Lan.
(d) Khu cha rc tp trung khun vin Vin
Cng Ngh Chu AIT Thi Lan.

41

Hnh 3.2 Mt s dng thng cha cht thi rn ti ngun cc nc trn th gii.

3.1.2 V tr t thng cha rc

V tr t thng cha rc ph thuc vo c im ca ngun pht sinh cht thi (nh , trng
hc, cng s, khu thng mi, x nghip,), khng gian sn c v li vo v tr thu gom. Ti hu
ht cc tnh thnh nc ta, CTR c tp trung trc nh trc thi gian thu gom. Cng c
ni, mi khu ph, t dn ph hay chung c c mt im tp trung rc chung. Thng thng, v
tr v loi thng cha cht thi ti ngun phi c la chn trn c s ph hp vi yu cu s
dng ca ni pht sinh cht thi v thun tin cho cng tc thu gom.

3.1.3 nh hng ca vic lu tr n c tnh cht thi

Nhng yu t quan trng cn xem xt khi lu tr cht thi rn ti ngun l nhng nh hng ca
chnh vic lu tr cht thi n c tnh ca cht thi do (1) qu trnh phn hy sinh hc, (2) s
hp thu cht lng v (3) s nhim bn ca cc thnh phn cht thi.

Qu trnh phn hy sinh hc. Cht thi thc phm v nhng cht thi khc trong cc thng
cha ti ngun hu nh u d b phn hy sinh (thng gi l s thi ra) do s pht trin ca
vi sinh vt v nm. Nu cht thi c lu tr trong thng cha trong mt khong thi gian di,
rui s sinh si ny n v gy mi hi thi. V d, trong iu kin k kh, sulfate c the b kh
thnh sulfide (S
2-
), sau sulfide kt hp vi hydro to thnh H
2
S. Qu trnh ny c th biu
din theo cc phng trnh sau (Tchobanoglous v cng s, 1993):

2 CH
3
CHOHCOOH + SO
4
2-
2 CH
3
COOH + S
2-
+ H
2
O + CO
2

4H
2
+ SO
4
2-
S
2-
+ 4H
2
O
S
2-
+ 2H
+
H
2
S

Cc hp cht hu c cha lu hunh khi b kh s to thnh nhng hp cht c mi hi nh
methyl mercaptan v aminobutyric acid.

CH
3
SCH
2
CH
2
CH(NH
2
)COOH CH
3
SH + CH
3
CH
2
CH
2
(NH
2
)COOH
Methionine Methyl mercaptan Aminobutyric acid

Methylmercaptan c th b thy phn to thnh methyl alcohol v hydrogen sulfide:
(h) Thng cha cht thi rn khu nh ngh ca vn ng vin Bangkok Thi Lan.
+2H
Chng 3 Qun l cht thi rn th ti ngun

42
CH
3
SH + H
2
O CH
4
OH + H
2
S

Hp thu cht lng. Do cc thnh phn ca CTR c m ban u khc nhau, qu trnh thit lp
li cn bng m s xy ra khi cc cht thi ny c cha chung trong cng thng cha. Khi
cha cc cht thi khc nhau trong cng thng cha, giy s hp thu nc t cht thi thc phm
v rc vn m t. Mc hp thu ty thuc vo thi gian lu tr cho n khi cht thi c
thu gom. Nu cc cht thi c lu tr ti ngun hn 1 tun trong thng cha kn, m s
phn b u cho tt c cc thnh phn c trong thng cha. Nu khng dng thng cha kn,
cht thi cng c th hp thu nc ma ri vo thng.

S nhim bn ca cc thnh phn cht thi. Yu t c bit quan trng i vi vic lu tr
cht thi ti ngun l s nhim bn cht thi. Nhng thnh phn cht thi chnh c th b nhim
bn bi mt lng nh cc cht thi nguy hi nh du xe, cht ty ra v sn, do lm gim
kh nng ti sinh vt liu. Trong khi s nhim bn ti ngun ny lm gim gi tr ca tng thnh
phn cht thi, nhiu tranh lun cho rng iu ny cng mang li li ch khi b cc cht thi
ny ra bi chn lp bi v nng ca cc cht nhim gim ng k khi cc thnh phn cht
thi c phn tn v p trong qu trnh chn lp.

3.1.4 nh hng ca vic lu tr cht thi n sc khe cng ng v m quan

Yu t lin quan n sc khe cng ng u tin l s sinh si ny n cc loi cn trng, vi
sinh vt mang mm bnh trong khu vc cha cht thi. Bin php tt nht hn ch chut b
v rui l gi v sinh khu vc mt cch hp l bng cch dng thng cha c np y kn, ra
thng cha cng nh lm v sinh khu vc cha cht thi theo nh k v chuyn cc cht thi c
kh nng phn hy sinh hc n ni thi b theo quy nh. Vn m quan khu vc thng lin
quan n s hnh thnh mi v cnh quan khng p mt do khng duy tr iu kin v sinh ph
hp. Mi c th c khng ch bng cch dng thng cha kn v duy tr chu k thu gom hp
l. Nu vn pht sinh mi, c th s dng cht kh mi nh mt gii php tm thi. duy tr
m quan khu vc, cc thng cha phi c lau chi v ra nh k.

3.2 X L CHT THI TI NGUN

Qu trnh x l cht thi c p dng (1) gim th tch, (2) thu hi vt liu c th ti s dng
c, hoc (3) thay i hnh dng vt l ca cht thi. Cc hnh thc x l cht thi ti ngun
thng c p dng bao gm (1) phn loi cht thi, (2) p, (3) phn hu c v (4) t.

Phn loi cht thi

Vic phn loi cht thi rn ti ngun l mt trong nhng phng thc hiu qu nht c th
thu hi v ti s dng vt liu t cht thi rn.

p

p, ng kin cc loi ph liu phn loi nh carton, giy, lon, l hnh thc kh thng dng
cc khu thng mi, cc nh my, x nghip, Vic s dng my p cht thi c th gim th
tch ban u ca cht thi t 20-60% nhng khi lng cht thi hon ton khng thay i. Vic
thu hi cht thi s khng th thc hin c tr khi cht thi ng kin c tho bung ra tr
li. Nu bc x l tip theo l t, cht thi p cng phi c lm vn ra trnh lm chm
qu trnh t v trnh lm tng phn vt liu khng b t chy hon ton. Tt c nhng yu t
ny phi c xem xt cn thn khi quyt nh s dng my p cht thi ti ngun pht sinh.


43
phn hu c

Vo nhng nm 1970, ch bin phn hu c (compost) ti cc h gia nh l phng php ti
ch cht thi hu c c ng dng rng ri. y l phng php gim th tch v bin i
thnh phn vt l ca cht thi mt cch hiu qu ng thi to ra sn phm ph hu dng.
Nhiu phng php lm phn compost khc nhau c ng dng ty thuc vo khng gian sn
c v cht thi dng lm phn compost.

Sn xut compost sn nh. sn xut compost sn nh, ngi dn cn nm c mt s
phng php lm phn bng l cy, c v cc mu vn cy ci b ct xn. Bi cy, gc cy v g
cng c th lm phn compost c. Phng php n gin nht l vt liu lm phn
compost thnh ng, ti nc v o trn theo chu k cung cp m v oxy cn thit cho
vi sinh vt sng v pht trin. Trong qu trnh phn compost, cc vt liu s b phn hy di
tc dng ca vi sinh vt v nm cho n khi ch cn li mn (humus). Vt liu phn compost sau
khi n nh sinh hc c th dng lm cht b sung dinh dng cho t hoc lm vt liu che
ph.

Lp ph bi c. Nhng dng lm phn compost khc nh thi c trn cc bi c mi xn. Nu
cc mu c xn ny nh, chng c th ph thnh mt lp trn mt t. Theo thi gian, lp
c ny s c chuyn thnh phn compost. Hnh thc ny khng nhng gip lm gim lng
cht thi sinh ra ti ngun m cn cho php ti sinh dinh dng.

t

t cht thi trong vn nh cng l mt trong nhng hnh thc x l cht thi rn ti ngun.
Tuy nhin, bin php ny ch c th p dng nhng vng nng thn, nhng khu dn c tha
tht. Hin nay, cc nc, vic t cht thi sn nh b cm, nht l cc khu th. y
cng chnh l nguyn nhn lm tng ng k lng giy, carton, v rc vn trong thnh phn
cht thi rn thu gom.

CHNG 4

H THNG THU GOM

4.1 H THNG THU GOM CHT THI RN T CC NGUN PHT SINH C
KHI LNG NH

4.1.1 Hnh thc thu gom

Cc ngun pht sinh c khi lng nh bao gm h gia nh, vn phng, cng s, cc ca hng
tp ha, cc qun n, nh hng, khch sn, trng hc, nm trong khu dn c, trong c
trng nht l h gia nh. Cng c mt s nh hng, khch sn, trng hc c quy m ln (khi
lng CTR pht sinh mi ngy ln hn khi lng cha c trong 1 xe thu gom 660 L, khong
350 kg). Tuy nhin, s lng cc ngun ny khng nhiu v thng nm ri rc trong khu dn
c, nn tin cho vic t chc tuyn thu gom, cc ngun ny vn c xem l ngun pht sinh
c khi lng nh.

nc ta, khu dn c cha c quy hoch mt cch ng b, cc khu ph rt khc nhau gia
cc qun trong cng thnh ph v gia cc cm dn c trong cng mt qun. Nu nh cc
qun trung tm thng tp trung cc ng ph ln, c phn lung giao thng r rng, cc
qun khc t l ng hm s nhiu hn, c on thuc ng 1 chiu v c on l ng 2
chiu. Do , hot ng thu gom CTR t cc ngun pht sinh c khi lng nh ny cng s
khc nhau ty theo tng a bn v c im ng giao thng ca khu vc.

Mt cch tng qut, hot ng thu gom cht thi rn t cc ngun pht sinh c khi lng nh
c thc hin theo hnh thc thu gom tng nh mt (door-to-door) v ht nh ny n nh kia
trn cng mt tuyn, c th nh sau:

- Trn cc tuyn ng giao thng ln, mt xe ng, lu thng mt chiu hay hai chiu,
hnh thc thun tin nht l thu gom CTR mt bn l ng v ln lt t nh ny n nh
kia. Cng nhn thu gom s y xe thu gom rng t ni tp trung, n h gia nh (hay cng
s, qun n, nh hng, gi chung l h gia nh v y l ngun pht sinh chim t l cao
nht trong nhm ngun pht sinh c khi lng nh) u tin ca tuyn thu gom, ly CTR,
sau y xe sang h gia nh k tip v c nh th cho n khi xe y (khng th cha thm
CTR na). Sau khi thu gom y xe, cng nhn s y xe cha y CTR n im tp kt
(c th l im hn, trm p kn, trm trung chuyn, hay trm phn loi,) i, chuyn giao
CTR v ly xe rng thc hin chuyn thu gom tip theo cho n khi hon tt cng tc thu
gom ca mt ngy. Hnh thc thu gom ny c m t nh trn Hnh 4.1.

- i vi nhng tuyn ng giao thng nh hay ng hm, hnh thc thu gom thun tin
nht l ly rc hai nh i din v ln lt qua cc cp nh trn cng tuyn ng. mt
s a phng, xe thu gom c s dng l xe ti (khng phi thng 660 L hay xe y tay).
Do , xe s u mt v tr thun tin trn ng hoc chy rt chm, trong khi , cng
nhn thu gom s n trc tng h gia nh ly rc cho vo gi cn x, n khi y gi,
cng nhn mi chuyn rc ln xe vn chuyn ly gi khng tip tc thu gom rc. Cng
vic c c tip tc cho n khi xe thu gom khng th cha thm rc na. Trong trng hp
ny, cng nhn thng ly rc hai nh i din tn cng di chuyn. Hnh thc thu
gom ny c m t nh trn Hnh 4.2.


45

Hnh 4.1 Hnh thc thu gom CTR t cc ngun pht sinh c khi lng nh: thu gom mt bn ng.

Hnh 4.2 Hnh thc thu gom CTR t cc ngun pht sinh c khi lng nh: thu gom hai bn ng.

cc khu nh dn thuc vng o, ng i dc, trn trt, khng th y xe thu gom n tng
nh, cng nhn thu gom cng phi mang cn x n tng h gia nh ly rc v chuyn xung
xe thu gom. Trong trng hp ny khng th thu gom theo tng tuyn ng nh m t
trn. Cng nhn thu gom s ly rc theo tng cm h gia nh, t trn cao xung thp sao cho
thun tin cho vic chuyn rc xung pha di.

4.1.2 Phng tin thu gom

Phng tin thu gom CTR t cc ngun pht sinh c khi lng nh, vi ng ph nh hp v
cc h gia nh b rc ring l (tng nh mt, khng tp trung ti mt im) nh nc ta,
phng tin thu gom phi t cc yu cu k thut sau y:

- Cha rc thu gom, khng gy ri vi rc v r r nc rc trong qu trnh thu gom v trn
ng vn chuyn v im tp kt;
- Xe phi c kt cu v kch c ph hp cho vic di chuyn trn cc tuyn ng nh hp v
ng c;
- Nu phi dng sc ngi y, xe phi c sc cha va phi vi kh nng y xe cha y
rc ca 1 hoc 2 cng nhn thu gom.

Cc phng tin thu gom hin ang s dng nc ta c th k n gm thng 660 L, xe y
tay, xe bagc, xe lam v xe ti (c bit thu gom x bn) (Hnh 4.3).

Trm Xe
im tp
kt
H gia
nh 1
H gia
nh 2
H gia
nh 3
H gia
nh 4
H gia
nh n
..
n tuyn tip
theo
Xe y
Xe rng
Cc h gia nh
ny nm hai
bn ca mt
tuyn ng
H gia
nh 1
H gia
nh 2
H gia
nh 3
H gia
nh 4
H gia
nh n
..
H gia
nh m
H gia
nh m

Trm Xe im tp
kt
H gia
nh 1
H gia
nh 2
H gia
nh 3
H gia
nh 4
H gia
nh n
H gia
nh 1
..
n tuyn tip
theo
Xe y
Xe rng
Cc h gia nh
ny nm cng
mt bn ng

Chng 4 H thng thu gom

46

Hnh 4.3 Cc phng tin thu gom CTR t cc ngun pht sinh c khi lng nh.

4.1.3 Phn tch tuyn thu gom, tnh ton trang thit b v nhn cng thu gom

Phn tch tuyn thu gom

thun tin cho vic tnh ton trang thit b thu gom, s vng quay xe thu gom, s nhn cng,
nhng hot ng chnh hon tt mt chuyn thu gom CTR (hay mt tuyn thu gom) c
phn thnh cc cng on nh sau:

- y xe rng t trm xe (hay ni tp trung xe thu gom);
- Ly CTR t mi h gia nh (ly rc mt bn ng) hay hai h gia nh (ly rc hai nh i
din) v y xe gia hai nh k tip hay gia hai cp nh k tip cho n ht tuyn (n khi
xe thu gom y);
- y xe y n ni tp kt (im hn, trm p kn, trm trung chuyn, trm phn loi,);
- i v chuyn giao CTR ti im tp kt;
- y xe rng n v tr ly rc u tin ca tuyn tip theo.

Cc hot ng ny c th quy i theo thi gian cn thit hon tt mt chuyn (hay mt tuyn
thu gom), bao gm:

- Thi gian ly rc l thi gian cng nhn thu gom n ly rc tt c cc h gia nh cng nh
y xe t h gia nh ny n h gia nh kia, tnh t khi bt u ly rc h gia nh th
nht cho n khi xe y rc. Thi gian ly rc c k hiu l T
ly rc
.
- Thi gian vn chuyn l thi gian cng nhn thu gom y xe rng t im tp kt rc n v
tr u tin ca tuyn thu gom v thi gian y xe cha y rc v tr cui cng ca tuyn
thu gom n im tp kt. Thi gian vn chuyn c k hiu l T
vn chuyn
.
- Thi gian ti ni tp kt rc sau khi thu gom l thi gian ch v chuyn giao rc thu gom,
c k hiu l T
tp kt
.

Xe y tay ci tin Thng 660L Xe bagc y
Xe bagc my Xe lam Xe ti (ch x bn)

47
Thm vo , i vi mt ngy lm vic, cng nhn thu gom cn tn thi gian y xe rng t
trm xe n v tr thu gom u tin ca tuyn thu gom th nht ca ngy lm vic (thi gian ny
c k hiu l t
1
) cng nh thi gian y xe rng sau t im tp kt rc v li trm xe, kt
thc mt ngy lm vic (thi gian ny c k hiu l t
2
). l cha k thi gian cng nhn cn
ngh gia ca, ngh n tra. Thi gian ny c xem l thi gian khng thu gom v thng c
tnh bng h s tnh n thi gian khng thu gom W. H s W c tnh khng qu 15% thi
gian ca mt ngy lm vic (8 gi/ngi lao ng/ngy v c th ln hn i vi thit b thu
gom).

Nh vy thi gian hon tt mt chuyn (hay mt tuyn) thu gom (T
chuyn
) CTR t cc ngun
pht sinh c khi lng nh c th c biu din nh sau:

T
chuyn
= T
ly rc
+ T
vn chuyn
+ T
tp kt
(4-1)

Thi gian ly rc. Nu hot ng ly rc c thc hin tun t t h gia nh ny n h gia
nh kia (i vi ly rc mt bn ng) hay t cp h gia nh ny n cp h gia nh kia
(i vi ly rc hai bn ng), vic c tnh thi gian ly rc s rt thun tin v tng i
chnh xc gia s liu tnh ton thit k v thc t vn hnh. Tnh ton ny s gp sai s rt ln
nu nh trn thc t cng nhn khng ly rc ln lt t h ny n h kia m ch ly rc
nhng h gia nh c k hp ng thu gom rc (hnh thc da beo nh thc t hin nay).

xc nh thi gian ly rc, cn kho st xc nh thi gian ly ti cha rc t h gia nh b
vo xe thu gom (T
LR-HG
) v thi gian y xe gia hai h gia nh k cn (T
LR-X
). Gi s thi
gian thc hin cc hot ng ny l nh nhau tt c cc h gia nh. Nu gi n l s h gia nh
c ly rc ca mt chuyn hay mt tuyn thu gom, thi gian ly rc s c tnh nh sau:

T
ly rc
(pht/chuyn) = n x T
LR-HG
+ (n 1) x T
LR-X
(4-2)

Thi gian vn chuyn. Thi gian vn chuyn l thi gian cn y xe thu gom rng t im
tp kt n v tr ly rc u tin ca tuyn thu gom cng vi thi gian y xe thu gom y t v
tr kt thc tuyn thu gom n im tp kt. Thi gian ny s thay i theo on ng i v vn
tc y xe (hay chy xe, nu l xe my). Thng thng on ng phi y xe ca cc tuyn s
rt khc nhau, do thun tin khi tnh ton thit k, gi thit rng on ng i v v l
bng nhau, c ly trung bnh v gii hn theo on ng xa nht m cng nhn thu gom c
th y xe rc y v im tp kt. Nu gi on ng y xe l h, vn tc y xe rc rng l
v
XR
v vn tc y xe rc y l v
X
, thi gian vn chuyn c tnh ton nh sau:

h h
T
vn chuyn
(pht/chuyn) = ----- + ----- (4-3)
v
XR
v
X

Nh vy, mun tnh ton thi gian vn chuyn, cn xc nh v tr im tp kt sau khi thu gom.
Hay ni cch khc, mng li im hn, v tr trm trung chuyn/trm phn loi/x l phi c
quy hoch trc khi tnh ton thi gian thc hin mt chuyn (hay mt tuyn thu gom). Hnh
thc v phng tin thu gom cng phi c la chn trc lm c s cho vic tnh ton s
lng trang thit b cn u t v s nhn cng cn o to. Kt qu tnh ton thit k ny ch
Thi gian ly ti cha rc
ca tt c cc h gia nh
trn tuyn thu gom
Thi gian y xe qua
cc h gia nh trn
tuyn thu gom
Thi gian y xe rng t
im tp kt n v tr ly rc
u tin ca tuyn thu gom
Thi gian y xe y t v tr
ly rc cui cng ca tuyn
thu gom n im tp kt

48
ph hp vi mt loi trang thit b la chn. Do , nu c s thay i trang thit b, cn phi
tnh ton li t u.

Thi gian ti ni tp kt. Thi gian ti ni tp kt gm thi gian ch v thi gian chuyn giao
rc (chuyn rc sang xe trung chuyn hoc xe vn chuyn; rc xung khu vc tp trung; xe
rc vo container,). Thi gian ny thay i ty theo phng thc hot ng ca ni tip nhn
rc. Thng thng thi gian tn nhiu nht l thi gian ch i do tp trung qu nhiu xe thu
gom v mt lc hay do xe vn chuyn n mun, Do , khi thit k v vn hnh im tp kt
rc sau thu gom, cn hn ch n mc thp nht thi gian xe thu gom phi ch rc.

Nu thay cc gi tr trong phng trnh (4-2) v (4-3) vo phng trnh (4-1), thi gian cn thit
hon tt 1 chuyn (hay 1 tuyn) thu gom CTR t cc ngun pht sinh c khi lng thp c
th c biu din nh sau:
h h
T
chuyn
= n x T
LR-HG
+ (n 1) x T
LR-X
+ ----- + ----- + T
tp kt
(4-4)
v
XR
v
X

Tnh ton thit b thu gom cn u t

Vic tnh ton trang thit b thu gom cn u t c thc hin theo cc bc sau:

Bc 1: Xc nh cc thng s ban u phc v tnh ton thit k

Cc thng s ban u phc v vic tnh ton thit k bao gm:

- Xc nh hnh thc thu gom (mt bn l ng hay hai nh i din);

- La chn nhng loi thit b thu gom d kin s dng. Vi mi loi phi thc hin tt c cc
bc tnh ton nh trnh by mc ny. Da trn s lng thit b cn u t, thi gian s
dng ( tnh khu hao), tnh ton vn u t cn cho mi loi, t so snh v chn loi thit
b va p ng yu cu k thut va c li v mt kinh t.

- Xc nh cc c tnh k thut ca xe bao gm:

(1) Dung tch xe (m
3
);
(2) Khi lng ring ca CTR trong xe (tn/m
3
) hay h s hu dng ca xe. Cch tt nht l
phi xc nh c khi lng ring ca CTR trong xe thu gom. Trong trng hp khng
xc nh c khi lng ring, c th s dng h s hu dng f. i vi xe khng p,
khng c php ch y hn ming xe, h s hu dng f = 0,80-0,95. i vi xe p, h
s hu dng s ph thuc vo mc nn p, c th dao ng trong khong 1,5-2,0 ty xe.
Khi lng ring ca CTR trong xe thu gom phi c xc nh theo cch thc trnh
by trong Chng 2.
(3) Xe c vn hnh th cng (y) hay c gii (xe my);
(4) Thi gian khu hao thng (nm).

- Xc nh thi gian ly rc ti mi ngun (v d h gia nh), thi gian y xe gia hai ngun
(hai h gia nh k cn);

- Xc nh v tr cc im tp kt CTR sau thu gom c tnh on ng vn chuyn (h);

- Xc nh vn tc y xe rng v xe cha y rc;

- Xc nh tng khi lng CTR cn phi thu gom trn a bn trong mt n v thi gian;

- Xc nh chu k thu gom (1 ln/ngy, 1 ln/tun,);

49

- Khi lng CTR pht sinh t mi ngun (v d khi lng CTR t mt h gia nh). Khi
lng CTR t mi h gia nh c th xc nh da trn tc pht sinh CTR tnh bng
kg/ngi.ng v s ngi/h gia nh;

- Thi gian ca mt ngy lm vic quy nh i vi cng nhn thu gom (thng tnh bng 8
gi/ngy).

Bc 2: Tnh ton s lng thit b cn u t

Tnh ton s lng thit b cn u t c tin hnh theo cc bc sau:

- S h gia nh (hay s ngun) thu gom c trong mt chuyn (h/chuyn)

- Thi gian hon tt mt chuyn (hay mt tuyn) thu gom

h h
T
chuyn
= n x T
LR-HG
+ (n 1) x T
LR-X
+ ----- + ----- + T
tp kt

v
XR
v
X

- S chuyn thu gom ca mi xe thu gom/ngy (s vng quay xe) (chuyn/ngy)

- Tng s chuyn cn thu gom ton b CTR ca khu vc trong ngy

- Tng s xe thu gom cn u t
Sc cha ca xe thu gom x Khi lng ring ca rc trong xe thu gom
S ngi/h x Tc pht sinh CTR tnh theo kg rc/ngi.ng
m
3
/chuyn x kg/m
3
Ngi/h x kg rc/ngi.ng
= h/chuyn
Thi gian thu gom/ngy
Thi gian thc hin 1 chuyn thu gom
N
d
=

8 h/ngy thi gian khng thu gom rc
N
d
=

Tng khi lng CTR cn thu gom/ngy
Khi lng CTR thu gom/chuyn
N =

Dung tch xe x khi lng ring CTR trong xe
N =

Tng s chuyn cn thu gom/ngy
S chuyn/xe/ngy
m =


50
- Tng t tnh ton tng s xe thu gom cn cho tng nm

- Tnh ton s lng xe cn u t qua tng nm.

Bc 3: So snh chi ph u t

- Vi s lng thit b cn u t tnh ton bc 2, c tnh tng vn u t, chi ph sa
cha ln v sa cha nh (nu cn);

- So snh chi ph cho tng loi thit b v la chn.

V d 4.1 Tnh s lng xe thu gom cn u t thu gom cht thi rn t h gia nh

Tnh s lng xe thu gom cn u t thu gom CTR t cc h gia nh ca Qun A, bit rng:

- Hnh thc ly rc l mt bn l ng;
- S dng thng 660 L thu gom, cng nhn thu gom phi y xe;
- Khi lng ring ca cht thi rn cha trong thng thu gom l 250 kg/m
3

- Thi gian s dng thng l 3 nm;
- Thi gian ly rc ti mt h gia nh l 0,5 pht/h;
- Thi gian di chuyn gia hai h gia nh l 0,5 pht;
- on ng phi y xe t im hn n ni ly rc l 3,5 km;
- Vn tc y xe rng l 5 km/h v xe y l 4 km/h;
- Thi gian ch v chuyn giao CTR l 6 pht/chuyn;
- Tng khi lng CTR cn thu gom trn a bn Qun nm 2004 l 258 tn/ng;
- Chu k thu gom l 1 ln/ngy;
- Mi h gia nh trong khu vc c 5 ngi;
- Tc pht sinh CTR ca mi ngi l 0,65 kg/ngi.ng;
- Thi gian lm vic ca cng nhn thu gom l 8 gi/ngy;
- H s tnh n thi gian khng lm vic l W = 0,05

Bi gii

1. Xc nh s h thu gom c trong mt chuyn

2. Thi gian hon tt mt chuyn (hay mt tuyn) thu gom

h h
T
chuyn
= n x T
LR-HG
+ (n 1) x T
LR-X
+ ----- + ----- + T
tp kt

v
XR
v
X

51 x 0,5 + (51 1) x 0,5 3,5 3,5 6
T
chuyn
= --------------------------------- + ------ + ----- + ----- = 2,52 h/chuyn
60 5 4 60

3. S chuyn thu gom ca mi xe thu gom/ngy (s vng quay xe) (chuyn/ngy)
Sc cha ca xe thu gom x Khi lng ring ca rc trong xe thu gom
S ngi/h x Tc pht sinh CTR tnh theo kg rc/ngi.ng
0,66 m
3
/chuyn x 250 kg/m
3
5 ngi/h x 0,65 kg/ngi.ng
= 51 h/chuyn

51

4. Tng s chuyn cn thu gom ton b CTR ca khu vc trong ngy

5. Tng s xe thu gom cn u t

Tnh tng t cho nhng nm trong tng lai, t xc nh s lng xe cn u t cho mi
nm.

Tnh ton nhn cng thu gom

S lng nhn cng thu gom cn thit s thay i ty theo ch lm vic, hnh thc qun l
thit b thu gom v hot ng ca h thng thu gom:

- Thi gian lm vic trong ngy (8 gi/ngy) v trong tun (40 gi/tun).

- S lng thit b thu gom m mi cng nhn c qun l (1 xe thu gom/cng nhn; 2 xe thu
gom/cng nhn, 3 xe thu gom/cng nhn,). Vi thit b sn c, cng nhn s khng phi
ch i chuyn rc ti ni tp kt nn c th thc hin nhiu chuyn thu gom hn, nh
s gim c s cng nhn cn thit v ngc li.

- Vi khi lng CTR cn thu gom trn mt a bn, s lng cng nhn cn hon tt cng
tc ny s thay i theo khong thi gian quy nh c php thu gom v chuyn CTR n
ni tp kt.

4.2 H THNG THU GOM CHT THI RN T CC NGUN PHT SINH TP
TRUNG

4.2.1 Hnh thc thu gom

Cc ngun pht sinh CTR tp trung l nhng ngun c khi lng CTR ln ( ln thu gom
v chuyn thng n bi chn lp bng xe vn chuyn). Nhng ngun ny thng l ch, cc nh
my nm trong khu dn c, Trong trng hp ny, xe thu gom cng chnh l xe vn chuyn.
T trm xe, xe vn chuyn s n ni cn thu gom, chuyn rc ln y xe v ch thng n bi
N
d
=

N
d
=

8 x (1 W)
T
chuyn

=
8 x (1 0,05)
2,52
= = 3 chuyn/thng.ngy
N =

258 tn/ng x 10
3
kg/tn
0,66 m
3
/chuyn x 250 kg/m
3
N =

= 1564 chuyn/ngy
Tng s chuyn thu gom/ngy
S chuyn/xe/ngy
m =

1564 chuyn/ngy
3 chuyn/xe/ngy
m =

= 514 xe (thng 660 L)

52
chn lp hoc trm x l. Cng c trng hp, xe phi ly hai hoc ba v tr mi y xe. Tuy
nhin s lng v tr ly rc m xe phi n s rt t so vi trng hp thu gom CTR t cc
ngun pht sinh c khi lng t. Hnh thc thu gom CTR trong trng hp ny c trnh by
trong Hnh 4.4.

Hnh 4.4 Hnh thc thu gom CTR t cc ngun pht sinh tp trung.

4.2.2 Phng tin thu gom

Phng tin thu gom cc ngun pht sinh CTR tp trung l cc xe vn chuyn. i vi rc thc
phm (hay rc hn hp), phng tin s dng l xe p rc cc loi. i vi phn rc cn li (k
c x bn), phng tin vn chuyn l cc loi xe ti.

Hnh 4.5 Phng tin thu gom-vn chuyn CTR t cc ngun pht sinh tp trung hin ang s dng ti
Thnh Ph H Ch Minh.

4.2.3 Phn tch tuyn thu gom, tnh ton trang thit b v nhn cng thu gom

Phn tch tuyn thu gom

thun tin cho vic tnh ton trang thit b thu gom-vn chuyn, s vng quay xe, s nhn
cng, nhng hot ng chnh hon tt mt chuyn thu gom CTR (hay mt tuyn thu gom)
c phn thnh cc cng on nh sau:

- Vn chuyn xe rng t trm xe;
- Ly CTR ti ngun pht sinh;
- Vn chuyn xe y n im tp kt (thng l bi chn lp/trm x l);
- i v chuyn giao CTR ti im tp kt;
- Vn chuyn xe v v tr c, tip tc chuyn th hai hoc n v tr khc ly rc.

Trm Xe
n v tr tip
theo
Xe y
Xe rng
Bi chn lp/
Trm x l
Ngun pht sinh
CTR tp trung
(ch, nh my,)
Xe rng
Xe vn chuyn rc thc phm Xe vn chuyn x bn

53
Cc hot ng ny c th quy i theo thi gian cn thit hon tt mt chuyn (hay mt tuyn
thu gom), bao gm:

- Thi gian ly rc l chuyn rc t ngun pht sinh ln xe tnh t khi bt u cng vic ny
n khi xe y rc. Cng c trng hp xe phi ly rc hai hoc ba v tr (v d 3 ch, hay 1
ch v 1 im hn) mi y xe, khi , thi gian ly rc l thi gian cht y rc ln xe (
tt c cc v tr ly rc) v thi gian vn chuyn gia cc v tr ly rc trn cng tuyn. Thi
gian ly rc c k hiu l T
ly rc
.

- Thi gian vn chuyn l thi gian chy xe y t v tr ly rc n v tr tp kt v t v tr tp
kt tr v v tr ly rc ban u hay n v tr ly rc tip theo. Thi gian vn chuyn c k
hiu l T
vn chuyn
.

- Thi gian ti ni tp kt rc sau khi thu gom l thi gian ch v chuyn giao rc thu gom,
c k hiu l T
tp kt
.

Nh vy thi gian cn thit hon tt mt chuyn (hay mt tuyn thu gom) CTR t cc ngun
pht sinh CTR tp trung cng c tnh tng t nh trng hp thu gom CTR t cc ngun
pht sinh c khi lng t:

T
chuyn
= T
ly rc
+ T
vn chuyn
+ T
tp kt

Tnh ton thit b thu gom cn u t v nhn cng

Cc bc tnh ton s lng trang thit b v nhn cng thu gom-vn chuyn trong trng hp
ny cng tng t nh trng hp thu gom CTR t ngun pht sinh c khi lng t (v thng
n gin hn nhiu). Trong , nhng thng tin cn thu thp trc khi tnh ton bao gm:

- La chn xe thu gom-vn chuyn;
- Xc nh c tnh xe thu gom-vn chuyn: dung tch xe, khi lng ring ca CTR cha trong
xe, thi gian s dng, hnh thc chuyn rc ln xe;
- Thi gian chuyn CTR t ngun pht sinh ln y xe;
- Xc nh v tr im tp kt CTR sau thu gom-vn chuyn;
- Vn tc xe trn tuyn ng vn chuyn t ngun pht sinh n im tp kt v ngc li;
- Xc nh chu k thu gom (1 ln/ngy, 1 ln/tun,);
- Xc nh v tr cc ngun pht sinh CTR tp trung v khi lng CTR cn thu gom;
- Thi gian ca mt ngy lm vic quy nh i vi cng nhn thu gom (thng tnh bng 8
gi/ngy).

V d 4.2 Tnh s lng xe thu gom vn chuyn cht thi rn t ch

Tnh s lng xe thu gom cn u t thu gom CTR t ch A trn a bn Qun B, bit rng:

- CTR t ch c thu gom bng xe p c dung tch 16 m
3
;
- Khi lng ring ca CTR trong xe p l 500 kg/m
3

- Thi gian s dng xe l 10 nm;
- Thi gian cht y CTR ln xe 15 pht/xe;
- on ng t ch A n bi chn lp di 20 km;
- Xe thu gom c php chy vi vn tc 40 km/h;
- Thi gian ch v CTR ti bi chn lp l 12 pht/chuyn;
- Tng khi lng CTR cn thu gom ti ch A nm 2004 l 150 tn/ng;
- Chu k thu gom l 1 ln/ngy;

54
- Thi gian lm vic ca cng nhn thu gom l 8 gi/ngy;
- H s tnh n thi gian khng lm vic l W = 0,05.

Bi gii

1. Thi gian hon tt mt chuyn (hay mt tuyn) thu gom

h h
T
chuyn
= T
LR-CH
+ ----- + ----- + T
tp kt

v
XR
v
X

15 20 20 12
T
chuyn
= ---- + ------ + ----- + ----- = 1,45 h/chuyn
60 40 40 60

3. S chuyn thu gom ca mi xe thu gom/ngy (s vng quay xe) (chuyn/ngy)

4. Tng s chuyn cn thu gom ton b CTR ca ch trong ngy

5. Tng s xe thu gom cn u t

4.3 VCH TUYN THU GOM

4.3.1 Nguyn tc vch tuyn

Cc yu t cn xem xt khi chn tuyn ng thu gom v vn chuyn bao gm:

1. V tr, chu k, thi gian ly rc;
2. Tuyn ly rc phi bt u v kt thc gn ng giao thng chnh (dng bn a hnh
phn chia khu vc ly rc);
3. vng i ni, cao nguyn, tuyn ly rc phi bt u t trn cao xung;
4. V tr ly rc cui cng phi gn ni im tp kt nht;
5. Cc ngun pht sinh CTR tp trung phi phi c ly trc;
N
d
=

N
d
=

8 x (1 W)
T
chuyn

=
8 x (1 0,05)
1,45
= = 5 chuyn/thng.ngy
N =

150 tn/ng x 10
3
kg/tn
16 m
3
/chuyn x 500 kg/m
3
N =

= 19 chuyn/ngy
Tng s chuyn thu gom/ngy
S chuyn/xe/ngy
m =

19 chuyn/ngy
5 chuyn/xe/ngy
m =

= 4 xe p

55
6. Nhng ngun pht sinh CTR c khi lng t phi c thu gom trong cng chuyn hoc
cng ngy ly rc;
7. khu vc d tt nghn giao thng phi t chc ly rc ngoi gi cao im.

4.3.2 Cc bc vch tuyn thu gom

Vch tuyn thu gom c thc hin theo cc bc sau:

- Bc 1: Chun b bn vi nhng thng tin cn thit v ngun pht sinh CTR
- Bc 2: Phn tch s liu v trnh by kt qu tm tt di dng bng s liu
- Bc 3: Vch tuyn s b
- Bc 4: Tnh ton cn bng, nh gi tuyn ng vch v chn phng n vch tuyn.

Bc 1

- Chun b bn ca khu vc ly rc vi nhng thng tin chnh nh sau: v tr, chu k thu
gom, s lng ngun pht sinh cn thu gom.

- Xc nh khi lng CTR cn thu gom t mi ngun pht sinh CTR tp trung. i vi khu
dn c, gi s lng CTR ca h gia nh u nh nhau, ghi li s h trong khu nh cn thu
gom.

- Xc nh s ngun pht sinh c thu gom cho mi tuyn.

Bc 2

- Lp bng s liu gm:

+ Chu k thu gom (ln/ngy hoc ln/tun)
+ S v tr ly rc
+ S chuyn (chuyn/ngy hoc chuyn/tun)
+ Tnh ring cho tng ngy trong tun

- Xc nh tn sut thu gom ca cc ngun pht sinh CTR, bt u bng ngun pht sinh c tn
sut thu gom cao nht.

- Tnh ton v phn chia sao cho khi lng CTR phi thu gom cc tuyn khc nhau trong
ngy v cc ngy khc nhau trong tun phi nh nhau (hoc gn nh bng nhau).

- T nhng thng tin trn, pht ha s b tuyn ng vn chuyn.

Bc 3

- T kt qu ca Bc 2, vch tuyn ng thu gom, bt u t trm xe, ng thu gom phi
qua tt c cc im cn ly rc trong ngy.

- Bin i ng thu gom c bn pht ha th hin c nhng v tr ly rc ph (nu
cn).


56
Bc 4

- Sau khi vch tuyn s b, xc nh li khi lng CTR v on ng thu gom ca mi
tuyn. Nu khi lng CTR v on ng i gia cc tuyn khc nhau lch nhau qu 15%
phi vch tuyn li.

Nh vy, vch tuyn thu gom CTR t cc h gia nh trong khu dn c, nhng thng tin sau
y cn c thu thp:

- Bn qun;
- Dn s v mt dn s;
- Tng s h gia nh;
- S h theo tng tuyn ng;
- Khi lng CTR pht sinh t mi h gia nh;
- Thi gian v chu k thu gom;
- V tr im tp kt CTR sau thu gom (im hn/trm trung chuyn);
- Phng tin thu gom.

vch tuyn thu gom CTR t cc im hn, nhng thng tin sau cn c thu thp:

- Bn qun;
- V tr cc im hn;
- Cng sut (lng CTR cn thu gom) ca tng im hn;
- Thi gian hot ng ca tng im hn;
- Chu k thu gom.
- V tr im tp kt CTR sau thu gom (bi chn lp/trm trung chuyn);
- Phng tin thu gom.

vch tuyn thu gom CTR t cc ngun pht sinh CTR tp trung (v d ch), nhng thng tin
sau y cn c thu thp:

- Bn qun;
- V tr cc ngun pht sinh CTR tp trung (v d ch);
- Lng CTR ca tng ngun pht sinh tp trung;
- Thi gian thu gom ti mi ngun pht sinh CTR tp trung;
- Chu k thu gom;
- V tr im tp kt CTR sau thu gom (bi chn lp/trm trung chuyn);
- Phng tin thu gom-vn chuyn.

CHNG 5

TRUNG CHUYN V VN CHUYN

5.1 S CN THIT CA HOT NG TRUNG CHUYN

Hot ng trung chuyn v vn chuyn cn thit khi on ng vn chuyn n trung
tm x l hoc bi chn lp (BCL) gia tng lm cho vic vn chuyn trc tip khng kinh
t, cng nh khi trung tm x l hoc BCL nm v tr rt xa v khng th vn chuyn
trc tip CTR n bng ng quc l. Trm trung chuyn c s dng khi: (1) xy
ra hin tng CTR khng ng quy nh do khong cch vn chuyn qu xa, (2) v tr
thi b qu xa tuyn ng thu gom (thng ln hn 16 km), (3) s dng xe thu gom c
dung tch nh (thng nh hn 15 m
3
), (4) khu vc phc v l khu dn c tha tht, (5)
s dng h thng thu gom kiu thng cha di ng vi thng cha tng i nh thu
gom cht thi t khu thng mi v (6) s dng h thng thu gom thy lc hoc kh nn.

on ng vn chuyn ln. Trc y, khi xe nga c s dng thu gom cht thi
rn th, thng thng cht thi thu gom c chuyn sang xe ln hn vn chuyn
n ni x l hoc chn lp. Tuy nhin, khi xe ti ra i v sn c nhin liu r tin, hot
ng trung chuyn hu nh khng tn ti na, CTRT sau khi thu gom c vn chuyn
trc tip n ni thi b. Ngy nay, khi chi ph nhn cng, vn hnh v nhin liu gia
tng v khng cn BCL gn ni thu gom, hot ng trung chuyn li tr nn thng dng.

V tr trm x l hoc BCL xa. Khi trm x l hoc BCL nhng ni khng th vn
chuyn bng ng quc l, cn xy dng trm trung chuyn (TTC). Nu cht thi c
vn chuyn bng ng ng, nn xy dng kt hp TTC v trm x l cht thi.

Nh my ti ch/trm trung chuyn. Khuynh hng qun l CTR hin nay l kt hp
gia nh my thu hi, ti ch vt liu vi TTC, ni c th thc hin nhiu hot ng nh
phn loi, ch bin compost, sn xut nhin liu t cht thi v vn chuyn. Vic s dng
mt nh my thu hi, ti ch vt liu kt hp vi TTC ln s tit kim c chi ph v c
th kt hp nhiu hot ng qun l CTR trong mt c s n gin.

Trm trung chuyn BCL. m bo an ton, nhiu nh vn hnh BCL xy dng
cc khu cha tm (gi l TTC BCL) cha cht thi t cc xe vn chuyn nh v
ring l, nh nguy c xy ra tai nn khu vc BCL gim i ng k.

5.2 CC DNG TRM TRUNG CHUYN

TTC c s dng trung chuyn cht thi rn t xe thu gom v nhng xe vn chuyn
nh sang cc xe vn chuyn ln hn. Ty theo phng thc vn hnh c th phn loi
TTC thnh 3 loi nh sau: (1) cht ti trc tip, (2) cht ti-lu tr v (3) kt hp cht ti
trc tip v cht ti thi b (Hnh 5.1). TTC cng c th c phn loi theo cng sut
(lng cht thi c th trung chuyn v vn chuyn) nh sau: loi nh (cng sut < 100
tn/ngy), loi trung bnh (cng sut khong 100 500 tn/ngy) v loi ln (> 500
tn/ngy).

Chng 5 Trung chuyn v vn chuyn

58

Hnh 5.1 S nh ngha cc loi TTC: (a) cht ti trc tip, (b) cht ti-lu tr, (c) kt hp
cht ti trc tip cht ti thi b (Tchobanoglous v cng s, 1993).

5.2.1 Trm trung chuyn cht thi trc tip

Ti TTC cht ti trc tip, cht thi t xe thu gom c chuyn sang xe vn chuyn hoc
chuyn sang thit b p cht thi vo xe vn chuyn hoc p thnh tng kin cht thi
chuyn n BCL (Hnh 5.1 a). Trong mt s trng hp, cht thi c ra b v
sau c y vo xe vn chuyn sau khi tch loi cc vt liu c th ti ch. Th
(a) Trm trung chuyn cht ti trc tip
(b) Trm trung chuyn cht ti lu tr
(c) Trm trung chuyn kt hp

59
tch cht thi c th lu tr tm thi b phn loi ny c gi l cng sut lu tr
khn cp ca TTC (emergency storage capacity of the station).

TTC cht ti trc tip cng sut ln, khng c thit b p rc

Trong cc TTC cht ti trc tip cng sut ln, cht thi t xe thu gom thng c
trc tip ln xe vn chuyn. thc hin c nh vy, TTC loi ny thng c xy
dng theo cu trc hai bc. B thi cht thi c nng ln cao hn c th y cht
thi t b vo xe vn chuyn, hoc xe vn chuyn c th u v tr dc di thp.
mt s TTC cht ti trc tip, cht thi t xe thu gom c th tm thi trn b thi nu
nh xe vn chuyn y hoc ang trn ng vn chuyn cht thi n ni thi b.
Sau , cht thi ny s c y vo xe vn chuyn.

Hot ng ca TTC cht ti trc tip c th tm tt nh sau: khi n TTC, tt c cc xe
thu gom c cn v xc nh v tr cht thi. Sau khi hon tt vic cht thi, cc
xe ny c cn li mt ln na v tnh l ph. Xe vn chuyn c sc cha rc ln hn.
Khi xe vn chuyn cha y cht thi v t ti trng cc i cho php, chng c
chuyn i v vn chuyn n ni thi b. Th tch v khi lng cht thi trn xe vn
chuyn phi c kim tra li trc khi ra khi TTC.

TTC cht ti trc tip cng sut ln, c thit b p rc

Trong trng hp ny, thit b p c dng p trc tip cht thi vo xe vn chuyn
hoc to thnh kin cht thi. Hot ng ca TTC cht ti trc tip c thit b p cht thi
cng tng t nh hot ng ca TTC cht ti trc tip vi xe ti thng, ch khc l
cht thi c p vo xe vn chuyn bng my p c nh.

cc TTC cht ti trc tip c thit b p cht thi thnh nhng kin cht thi ln, cht
thi t xe thu gom c trc tip ln b thi hoc trc tip vo phu ca hm p. Sau
khi phn loi cc vt liu c kh nng ti ch, cht thi c y vo my p. Kin
cht thi p c chuyn sang cc xe c toa ko mt cu (semitrailer) a ra BCL.
Vi cch to thnh kin cht thi c kch thc nh hn kch thc bn trong ca cc xe
vn chuyn c toa ko mt cu mui trn, chi ph vn chuyn c th gim n mc thp
nht.

TTC cht ti trc tip cng sut trung bnh v nh, c thit b p rc

Sau khi cn, xe thu gom i vo TTC v cht thi trc tip vo mt trong cc phu ni
lin vi my p hoc vo mt h cha cht thi hnh ch nht. Mi h c trang b b
phn y cht thi vo phu ca my p t v tr cui ca h. Nu khng c xe vn
chuyn, cht thi s c tm thi trn b thi, sau c y vo phu ca my p.

TTC cht ti trc tip cng sut nh vng nng thn

vng nng thn v ni vui chi gii tr, TTC cng sut nh c thit k sao cho cc
thng cha cht thi c trc tip vo xe thu gom vn chuyn thng n ni thi
b. Khi thit k v b tr loi TTC nh vy, iu ct yu cn xem xt l tnh n gin.
Nhng h thng c kh phc tp khng thch hp nhng ni ny. S lng thng cha
s dng ty thuc vo phm vi khu vc phc v v chu k thu gom.

60
TTC cht ti trc tip cng sut nh bi chn lp

Ti TTC ny, nhng vt liu c kh nng ti ch s c thu hi. Sau khi phn loi,
cht thi c vn chuyn n chn lp bng cc xe chuyn dng.

5.2.2 Trm trung chuyn cht ti lu tr

Trong TTC cht ti-lu tr, cht thi c trc tip vo h cha, t h ny cht thi s
c chuyn ln xe vn chuyn bng nhiu thit b ph tr khc. S khc bit gia TTC
cht ti trc tip v TTC cht ti-lu tr l TTC cht ti lu tr c thit k c th
cha cht thi trong khong t 1 3 ngy.

TTC cht ti lu tr cng sut ln, khng c thit b p rc

Trong TTC ny, tt c cc xe thu gom n trm u c hng dn i theo mt tuyn
nht nh n trm cn. Thm vo , nhng thng tin v tn ca c s thi cht thi, c
im xe thu gom v thi gian n TTC cng c ghi li. Sau , nhn vin ca trm cn
s iu khin li xe i vo TTC v vo h cha cht thi. Khi cht thi, xe thu
gom di chuyn ra khi TTC.

Trong h cha, hai xe i c dng i cht thi v pha phu np liu pha cui ca
mi h. Hai cn trc dng gu xc c khp ni c lp t pha bn kia ca phu dng
tch loi nhng cht thi c th lm h hng xe. Cht thi ri qua phu vo xe vn
chuyn ch sn trn cn v tr thp hn. Khi t khi lng quy nh, nhn vin
vn hnh s ra hiu cho ngi li xe bit v vn chuyn xe ra khi khu vc cht ti.

TTC cht ti lu tr cng sut trung bnh, c thit b x l v thit b p rc

i vi TTC loi ny, cht thi u tin c vo h cha. T h cha, cht thi c
y vo h thng bng ti n my nghin. Sau khi nghin, kim loi c cha st c
tch ring v cht thi cn li c nn vo xe vn chuyn chuyn n v tr thi b.

5.2.3 Trm trung chuyn kt hp cht ti trc tip v cht ti thi b

mt s TTC, c hai phng php cht ti trc tip v cht ti thi b c s dng.
Thng y l nhng TTC c nhiu chc nng, hot ng thu hi vt liu cng c th kt
hp TTC loi ny.

Hot ng TTC dng ny c th m t nh sau: tt c nhng ngi chuyn ch CTR
n TTC u phi qua khu kim tra trm cn. Nhng xe thu gom ln s c cn, sau
cht thi trc tip sang xe vn chuyn, ri tr li trm cn, cn xe v tnh l ph thi
b.

i vi c dn cng nh nhng ngi vn chuyn mt lng ng k rc vn v cht
thi cng knh (t lnh, my git, l si,), khng phi l nhm thu gom dch v, n
TTC, cng u c kim tra ti trm cn, nhng khng phi cn. Ngi s dng TTC
phi tr ph ti trm cn. Nhn vin phc v y s kim tra ti lng cht thi bng
cch quan st xem cht thi ny c cha nhng vt liu c th thu hi khng. Nu c,
nhn vin s hng dn li xe cht thi khu vc ti ch vt liu trc. Nu c th d

61
on c lng vt liu c kh nng ti ch, li xe s c cp giy vo ca min ph.
Sau khi thi b vt liu ti ch, li xe mi tip tc thi b phn cht thi cn li ng
ni quy nh.

Nu khng c vt liu ti ch, li xe s vn chuyn thng n ni cht thi chung. Khu
vc ny tch bit vi khu vc cht ti trc tip dng cho cc xe thu gom dch v, y
c hai ming phu np liu vo xe vn chuyn. Cht thi tch ly y s c y theo
chu k vo xe vn chuyn.

5.2.4 Hot ng trung chuyn-vn chuyn ti nh my thu hi vt liu

Mt cch tng qut, hot ng trung chuyn ti nh my thu hi vt liu bao gm vic
cht ti cc vt liu phn loi, x l v phn cht thi cn li ln cc cc xe vn
chuyn chuyn n BCL. Nu cht thi cha qua x l c chuyn trc tip sang xe
vn chuyn chuyn n BCL, hot ng trung chuyn c phn loi l dng cht ti
trc tip. Tri li nu cht thi x l nh ng thnh kin c cht ln xe vn
chuyn, hot ng trung chuyn ny c xem l cht ti lu tr.

5.3 PHNG TIN V PHNG PHP VN CHUYN

Xe vn chuyn ng b, xe la v tu thy l nhng phng tin ch yu s dng
vn chuyn cht thi rn. Mt cch tng qut, cc xe vn chuyn s dng phi tha mn
nhng yu cu sau: (1) chi ph vn chuyn thp nht, (2) cht thi phi c ph kn
trong sut thi gian vn chuyn, (3) xe phi c thit k vn chuyn trn ng cao
tc, (4) khng vt qu gii hn khi lng cho php, (5) phng php tho d cht thi
phi n gin v c kh nng thc hin c lp.

5.4 NHNG YU CU THIT K TRM TRUNG CHUYN

Khi thit k TTC nhng yu t quan trng sau y cn c xem xt:

- Loi TTC;
- Cng sut TTC;
- Thit b, dng c ph tr;
- Yu cu v v sinh mi trng.

Loi TTC. Vi nhng loi TTC nh trnh by trn, khi thit k cn xc nh r hot
ng ti TTC c gm c cng tc thu hi vt liu ti ch khng. Nu c, din tch TTC
phi ln bo m c th thc hin c chc nng ny.

Cng sut TTC. Lng CTR a v TTC v sc cha ca TTC phi c nh gi mt
cch cn thn trong qu trnh quy hoch v thit k TTC. Lng cht thi a v TTC
phi c tnh ton sao cho cc xe thu gom khng phi ch i qu lu cht thi.
Do kinh ph u t thit b vn chuyn gia tng nn cn phn tch cn bng gia chi ph
TTC v chi ph hot ng vn chuyn bao gm c thit b v nhn cng. V d c th t
hiu qu kinh t hn khi tng sc cha ca TTC v hot ng vi t xe vn chuyn bng
cch tng thi gian lm vic hn l s dng TTC nh hn v mua nhiu xe vn chuyn
hn. i vi TTC cht ti-lu tr, cng sut ca TTC thay i tng ng vi th tch
CTR thu gom trong n 1 ngy. Cng sut ca TTC cng c th thay i theo loi

62
phng tin s dng cht ti ln xe vn chuyn. Tuy vy, thng thng sc cha ca
TTC khng vt qu th tch CTR sinh ra trong 3 ngy.

Yu cu v thit b v cc dng c ph tr. Thit b v cc dng c ph tr s dng
TTC ph thuc vo chc nng ca TTC trong h thng qun l CTR. TTC cht ti trc
tip, mt s thit b cn dng y cht thi vo xe vn chuyn hoc phn b u
cht thi trn cc xe vn chuyn. Chng loi v s lng thit b, dng c yu cu thay
i theo cng sut ca trm. cc TTC cht ti-lu tr, mt hoc nhiu xe i cn thit
p vn v y cht thi vo phu np liu. Mt s dng c khc cn dng phn b
cht thi v lm ng u ti lng trn cc xe vn chuyn.

Cn l dng c khng th thiu c tt c cc TTC va v ln c th gim st hot
ng ca trm v xy dng h thng d liu cng ngh v qun l c ngha. Cn
cng cn thit khi TTC tnh l ph da trn khi lng cht thi. Trm cn cng phi
c trang b in thoi v h thng lin lc hai chiu (intercom) nhn vin iu hnh
trm cn c th lin lc vi li xe.

Yu cu v mi trng. Ti cc TTC cn lp t h thng x l kh thi. i vi cc
TTC cht ti trc tip cn phi xy dng mi che, s dng cc li chn hn ch hin
tng bay cc thnh phn cht thi nh theo gi. Hot ng ca TTC phi c gim st
cht ch, cc cht thi ri vi phi c v sinh ngay khng tch ly lu hn 2 gi.
nhng TTC ln cn xy dng h thng x l s b nc thi trc khi thi b vo h
thng thot nc ca khu vc. nhng vng xa, cn xy dng trm x l nc thi hon
chnh x l nc r rc sinh ra ti TTC.

Vn sc khe v an ton lao ng. gim nng bi trong khu vc cha CTR
TTC cht ti-lu tr, ngi ta s dng bin php phun nc trong khng gian pha trn
h cha. Cc cng nhn lm vic y phi c trang b mt n chng bi. Trong cc
TTC cht ti-lu tr, cc my i lm vic trong h cha phi c cabin kn, c trang b
my iu ha khng kh v cc thit b lc bi. hn ch tai nn, ngi dn khng
c php trc tip cht thi vo h cha cc TTC ln.

5.5 LA CHN V TR TRM TRUNG CHUYN

TTC nn c b tr (1) gn khu vc cn, (2) d dng tip cn vi tuyn ng giao
thng chnh v cc trm iu phi xe, (3) nhng ni c th hn ch n mc thp nht
nhng nh hng n cng ng dn c v mi trng do cc hot ng ca TTC, (4)
nhng ni m vic xy dng v vn hnh TTC s c hiu qu kinh t cao nht. Thm vo
, nu TTC c s dng x l CTR nh thu hi vt liu v sn xut nng lng,
nhng hot ng ny phi c nh gi v kim sot.

V tt c nhng yu t nu trn t khi c tha mn ng thi nn cn phn tch cn
nhc tnh u tin gia nhng yu t ny. Vic phn tch i vi nhng v tr khc nhau
da trn chi ph vn chuyn s c m t di y. Phng php ny c th p dng
trong nhng trng hp cn phi la chn gia mt s v tr kh thi xy dng TTC.

5.5.1 La chn v tr trm trung chuyn da trn chi ph vn chuyn

Vi nhng iu kin l tng, TTC cn t ti nhng ni c chi ph vn chuyn thp
nht. Tuy nhin, vn kh khn cho cc c quan qun l cht thi rn l chi ph vn

63
chuyn ngy cng tr nn t quan trng i vi vic la chn v tr thch hp xy dng
TTC.

5.5.2 La chn v tr trm trung chuyn da tn cc iu kin gii hn

Trong cc trng hp khi hai hoc nhiu TTC v BCL c s dng, vn c t ra
l v tr no s l ti u t mi TTC n mi BCL.

Gi s phi xc nh chi ph thp nht vn chuyn mt lng CTR t mt trong ba
TTC n mt trong ba BCL. S nh ngha trong trng hp ny c trnh by trong
Hnh 5.2. Gi thit rng (1) tng lng cht thi vn chuyn n BCL bng tng lng
cht thi chuyn n TTC (iu kin cn bng vt cht), (2) mi BCL ch tip nhn
mt lng cht thi xc nh (c th do ng vn chuyn n mt BCL cho trc b hn
ch) v (3) lng cht thi vn chuyn t mi TTC ln hn hoc bng 0. Cc vn ny
c th hin di dng cng thc ton hc nh sau:

1. Gi v tr TTC l i;
2. Gi v tr BCL l j;
3. Khi , Xij l lng cht thi vn chuyn t TTC i n BCL j;
4. Cij l chi ph vn chuyn cht thi t TTC i n BCL j;
5. Ri l tng lng cht thi a n TTC i;
6. Dj l tng lng cht thi c th cha BCL j;
7. Nu gi F l hm mc ch th hin tng chi ph vn chuyn l nh nht, th hm s F
c xc nh (F) bi tng cc gi tr nh trnh by di y phi l nh nht i vi
nhng iu kin gii hn:

X
11
C
11
+ X
12
C
12
+ X
21
C
21
+ X
22
C
22
+ X
23
C
23
+ X
31
C
31
+ X
32
C
32
+ X
33
C
33
= F

8. M t di dng cng thc ton hc

Theo cc gii hn sau:

i = 1 3

j = 1 - 3

Xij

0

iu kin gii hn 1 l lng cht thi vn chuyn n BCL phi bng lng cht thi
chuyn n TTC. iu kin gii hn 2 l tng lng cht thi vn chuyn t TTC n
BCL nh hn hoc bng sc cha ca BCL. iu kin gii hn 3 l khi lng cht thi
vn chuyn t TTC phi ln hn hoc bng 0.

3
1
3
1 j i
ij ij
C X F

3
1 j
i ij
R X

3
1 j
ji ij
D X

64

T = Trm trung chuyn
D = Bi chn lp

Hnh 5.2 S xc nh v tr TTC v BCL theo cc iu kin gii hn.

Bi ton xc nh v tr thch hp ca TTC v BCL theo cc iu kin gii hn thng
c gi l bi ton vn chuyn trong lnh vc qun l cht thi rn. gii bi ton ny
c th p dng phng php ti u ha theo quy hoch tuyn tnh.

X
11
T
1
D
1
D
2
X
12
X
31
X
21
X
23
X
33
T
2
T
3 X
32
X
22
X
13
D
3
CHNG 6

TI CH CHT THI

6.1 TI CH LON NHM

So vi nhng thnh phn cht thi c kh nng ti ch nh giy, thy tinh, nha, lon
nhm l loi cht thi c ti ch thnh cng nht. iu ny c th c gii thch l do
nguyn liu sn xut giy, thy tinh v nha kh nhiu v r tin. Trong khi , qung
nhm phi c nhp t nc ngoi nn ch ph cao v tn thi gian ch i. Hn na,
cc nh my sn xut nhm nhn thy rng ngun cung cp nguyn liu trong nc thun
tin hn. Ti ch lon nhm mang li hiu qu kinh t do:

- Vic ti ch to ra ngun nguyn liu trong nc n nh;
- Nng lng cn thit sn xut 1 lon nhm t nhm ti ch t hn so vi t nhm
nguyn cht 5%;
- Lon nhm c ti ch l loi nguyn liu ng nht, c thnh phn xc nh bit
trc v hu nh khng c tp cht;
- Ti ch cho php cc nh my sn xut lon nhm cnh tranh vi cc nh my sn xut
bao b thy tinh v kim loi.

n v thu mua lon nhm u yu cu lon nhm khng b nhim bn bi t, ct v cht
thi thc phm. Lon nhm phi c p v ng thnh kin vi kch thc, khi lng
theo quy nh ca c s sn xut, khng cha nc, cht bn, cc loi lon khc hoc
nhm dng l.

6.2 TI CH GIY V CARTON

Giy l thnh phn thng chim t l kh cao trong cc thnh phn CTRT. Do , vic
thu hi v ti s dng giy s mang li nhiu li ch kinh t nh gim c lng rc
v BCL, ti s dng ngun si sn c, gim tc ng n rng do hn ch do hn ch
vic khai thc g lm giy v gim nng lng tiu th cn thit sn xut giy.

Cc nh my giy thng ti ch li cc sn phm b hng v ph liu t cc nh my sn
xut sn phm giy v ph liu c bit r thnh phn v thng giy cha in nn c th
thay th nguyn liu sn xut giy trc tip. Cc loi giy c th ti ch bao gm:

- Giy bo;
- Thng carton hng;
- Giy cht lng cao;
- Giy loi hn hp.

Giy bo. Giy bo ty mc c dng sn xut n phm mi, giy v sinh v giy
cht lng cao. Phn cn li hu nh c s dng sn xut thng carton v cc sn
phm xy dng (nh carton xp, trn nh, vch ngn,).

Thng carton. Giy carton l mt trong nhng ngun giy ph liu ring bit ti ch.
Ngun pht sinh giy carton ng k nht l t siu th v cc ca hng bn l. Thng
Chng 6 Ti ch cht thi
66
carton c p thnh kin v chuyn n c s ti ch lm vt liu cho lp y hoc lp
gia ca cc dng bao b carton.

Giy cht lng cao. Giy cht lng cao bao gm giy in, giy trng, giy mu t sch
(giy vit, bn nh my v giy t ti chnh khc), gy sch hay phn giy ph liu ct
xn t sch, giy v tranh. Cc loi giy ny c th thay th trc tip bt g hoc c th
ty mc sn xut giy v sinh hoc cc loi giy cht lng cao khc.

Giy ln hn hp. Giy ln hn hp bao gm giy bo, tp ch v nhiu loi giy khc.
Giy hn hp c dng sn xut thng carton v cc sn phm p khc.

Th trng tiu th giy ph liu chu nh hng ng k bi nn kinh t chung ca khu
vc v phn ln giy cht lng thp c s dng sn xut cc sn phm xy dng
v thng cha hng tiu dng. Cc nh my ti s dng giy ph liu yu cu giy khng
b nhim bn cc thnh phn khc nh ct, t, kim loi, thy tinh, cht thi thc
phm, Mt s c s khc bt buc phi phn loi ring giy in laser vi cc loi giy in
khc v mc in laser khng th ty sch c. Bn cnh , giy phi c p ng thnh
kin gim th tch.

6.3 TI CH NHA

Cc sn phm nha ngy cng chim lnh th trng v chng c kh nng thay th cc
sn phm ch to t kim loi, thy tinh v giy. Do c tnh nh nn chi ph vn chuyn
cc sn phm nha bao gi cng r tin hn so vi kim loi v thy tinh. Sn phm nha
a dng v hnh dng, thch hp vi cc loi thc phm t cng nh s dng trong cc
l vi ba. Cng vi s pht trin cc mt hng tiu dng bng nha, nha ph thi, c bit
l nilon ngy cng chim t trng ng k trong thnh phn CTRT.

Hu ht cc nh sn xut cc sn phm bao b nha hin nay u k hiu sn phm ca
h theo s th t t 1 n 7, c trng cho hu ht cc loi nha sn xut to iu kin
thun li cho vic phn loi v ti ch.

Bng 6.1 Phn loi, k hiu v ngun s dng nha

Vt liu K hiu Ngun s dng
Polyethylene terephathlate 1-PETE Chai nc gii kht, bao b thc phm
High-density polyethylene 2-HDPE Chai sa, bnh ng x phng, ti xch,
Vinyl/polyvinyl chloride 3-PVC Hp ng thc n trong gia nh, ng dn,
Low-density polyethylene 4-LDPE Bao b nilon, tm tri bng nha,
Polypropylene 5-PP Thng, st, hp, r,
Polystyrene 6-PS Ly, a
Cc loi nha khc 7-loi khc Tt c cc sn phm nha khc

Polyethylene Terephthalate (PETE). PETE c ti ch u tin sn xut cc loi si
polyester dng trong sn xut ti ng, gi, chn v qun o ma ng. Sau ny, PETE
cn c s dng ch to thm, cc sn phm c, bng chuyn, bao b thc phm v
cc sn phm khc, nha k thut cn dng trong cng nghip sn xut t.
High density Polyethylene (HDPE). c tnh ca HDPE thay i rt nhiu ty thuc vo
sn phm cn ch to. Cc bnh sa thng c sn xut t loi nha c nng chy
67
thp. Trong khi , HDPE cng c nng chy cao nn cho php nha chy d dng
vo cc khun c. Tnh cht ca HDPE dng ht ph thuc rt nhiu vo nguyn liu
ban u. Do , kim sot cht lng ca nha ht ti ch, cc nh sn xut khng
trn ln nhng loi nha khc nhau hoc khng trn cng loi nha nhng khc nng
chy vi nhau. HDPE ti ch thng dng sn xut can cha bt git v thng cha
du nht. Cc loi thng cha ny thng c ba lp, trong lp gia c ch to bng
nguyn liu ti ch. HDPE ti ch cn c dng ch to cc loi khn ph, ti cha
hng ha, ng dn, thng cha nc v chi tr em.

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC). PVE c s dng rng ri lm bao b thc phm, dy in,
cht cch in v ng nc. Mc d PVC l loi nha c cht lng cao hu nh khng
cn pha trn ph gia, hin nay rt t cc ph liu PVC c ti ch v chi ph thu gom v
phn loi kh cao. Cc sn phm t nha PVC ti ch bao gm bao b hng tiu dng,
mn ca, tm lt xe ti, thm tri phng th nghim, tm lt sn nh, l hoa, chi tr
em, ng nc,

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE). Cc bao nha c phn loi bng tay, tch cc tp
cht bn v ti ch. Tuy nhin, mt trong nhng kh khn l do mc in trang tr trn cc
bao b c khng tng thch vi mu ca ht nha ti ch. Do , gii php thch hp l
dng nha ti ch sn xut cc sn phm c mu sm.

Polyethylene (PP). PP thng c dng sn xut pin t, np thng cha, nhn hiu
ca chai l v mt phn nh sn xut bao b thc phm. Nhn v np chai PP thng
c ti ch cng vi cc sn phm t nha PE. Phn ln PP c dng ch to
nhng dng ngoi tri, hp th, tng ro. Cc nh my sn xut pin cng thu hi
PP sn xut cc pin mi.

Polystyrene (PS). Cc sn phm quen thuc ca PS bao gm bao b thc phm, a, khay
ng tht, ly ung nc, bao b ng gi sn phm, dng nh bp, hp ng yogurt,
PS ti ch c dng sn xut vn phng phm, khay thc n, cht cch in v
chi.

Cc loi nha khc. Cc nh sn xut s dng nha hn hp ti ch thnh loi ht
nha dng sn xut cc mt hng khng yu cu kht khe v c tnh nha s dng
chng hn nh bn gh ngoi sn, ch u xe, hng ro, V khng cn phn loi ring
ph liu nha nn cc nh sn xut d dng thu mua c loi ph liu ny vi chi ph
thp. Tuy nhin, cc loi ph liu PETE phi c tch ring hn hp nha ny v chng
c nhit nng cao hn cc loi nha khc.

Cc loi nha ph liu sau khi thu gom c phn loi bng tay theo mu sc v loi b
cc thnh phn nha khng t yu cu. Quy trnh cng ngh thu hi v ti ch nha
c trnh by tm tt trong Hnh 6.1. Ph liu nha c phn loi thnh tng loi nh
PE, PP, PS, , sau c lm sch bng nhiu cch ty theo loi ph liu. Sau , ph
liu c xay, bm, ra sch v phi kh. Ty theo yu cu sn phm, cc mu nha sau
khi phi kh s c trn mu v a vo my to ht to thnh ht nha nguyn liu
nha.

Nha ph
liu
Phn loi (PE, PP,...) Lm sch
Xay/bm
Ra
Thnh phm To ht Lm kh
68

Hnh 6.1 Quy trnh ti ch pha ph liu.

V mt mi trng, cc c s ti ch nha lun thi ra mi hi do nha b nu chy.
Ngoi ra, trong qu trnh to ht, nha do phi i qua mt v lc v v lc ny lun b bt
kn bi cht bn (thng hai ting phi thay mt v tit kim, cc c s ny thng tp
trung cc v ny li v t cho chy ht phn cht bn, vic t v ny to ra nhng lung
khi y bi v kh c. Bn cnh kh thi, cc c s ny thng lm tc nghn h thng
thot nc do hot ng xay ra ph liu. Do cn c bin php qun l cht ch.

Mt cch tng qut, cc c s ti ch nha yu cu nha ph liu phi c phn loi
trc theo tiu chun quy nh ca c s, khng c ln cc cht bn, nc v phi
c ng thnh kin theo kch thc v khi lng quy nh. Nu khng tha mn cc
tiu chun trn, gi thu mua ph liu s b gim.

6.4 TI CH THY TINH

Trong thnh phn CTRT ti cc h gia nh, thy tinh chim khong 0-0,4%. Trong ,
ch yu l ming chai. Cc loi chai l nguyn hu nh c ngi dn bn li cho
nhng ngi thu mua ph liu. Nhng li ch ca vic thu hi v ti ch thy tinh c th
k n bao gm ti s dng nguyn liu, tit kim nng lng, gim din tch chn lp
cn thit v trong mt s trng hp c th, lm phn compost c cht lng tt hn
(sch hn), thy tinh cn l thnh phn lm tng cht lng nhin liu sn xut t cht
thi.

Hu ht thy tinh c dng sn xut cc loi chai l thy tinh mi, mt phn nh
dng ch to bng thy tinh hoc cht cch in bng si thy tinh, vt liu lt ng
v vt liu xy dng nh gch, lt tng, lt sn nh v btng nh.

Cc c s sn xut chai thy tinh dng ming chai cng vi cc nguyn liu khc (nh
ct, soda, vi) v nhit nu chy c th c gim ng k. Do , cc c s ny
ng tr gi ming chai cao hn so vi nguyn liu th v c th tit kim c nng
lng v tng tui th ca l nu thy tinh. iu bt li khi s dng ming chai lm
nguyn liu l hu nh cc loi ming chai u b nhim bn nn gy nh hng n cht
lng v mu sc ca sn phm.

Cc nh my ch bin si thy tinh cng s dng mt phn ming chai trong quy trnh
ch bin nh do yu cu cht lng nguyn liu kht khe hn nn hu ht ming chai s
dng c thu mua t cc c s sn xut thy tinh khc.

Cc loi ph liu thy tinh khng th phn loi theo mu c dng sn xut vt liu
lt ng v cc vt liu xy dng khc. Tuy nhin, vic ti s dng ming chai sn
xut vt liu lt ng cng gp tr ngi v chi ph vn chuyn v sn xut cao. Hn na
sn phm mi ny cng khng c cht lng cao hn so vi sn phm sn xut t nguyn
liu c in.
6.5 TI CH ST V THP

69
St, thp thu hi t CTRT ch yu l cc dng lon thic v st ph liu. Cc lon thp
hoc bao b thp (thng gi l lon thic v c trng mt lp thic bn ngoi chng
g) c phn loi ring, p v ng thnh kin trc khi chuyn n cc c s ti ch.
Cc lon, v hp ny u tin c ct vn to iu kin cho qu trnh tch thc phm
tha v giy nhn bng qu trnh ht chn khng. Nhm v nhng kim loi mu khc
c phn loi bng phng php t tnh. Thp sau khi lm sch cc tp cht ni trn
c kh thic bng cch gia nhit trong l nung lm ha hi thic hoc bng qu
trnh ha hc s dng NaOH v tc nhn oxy ha. Thic c thu hi t dung dch bng
qu trnh in phn to thnh thic dng thi.

Thp kh thic c dng sn xut thp mi. Cc ph liu c kh thic bng
phng php gia nhit khng thch hp sn xut thic v qu trnh gia nhit lm cho
mt phn thic khuch tn vo thp v lm cho thp mi khng tinh khit.

6.6 TI CH KIM LOI MU

Nhng ph liu kim loi mu c thu hi t dng ngoi tri, dng nh bp,
thang xp, dng c, my mc, t cht thi xy dng (dy ng, mng nc, ca, ). Hu
nh ph liu kim loi mu u c ti ch nu chng c phn loi v tch cc tp
cht khc nh nha, cao su, vi,

6.7 TI CH CAO SU

Cao su c thu hi ti ch lp xe, lm nhin liu v nha ri ng. Cng nh cc
thnh phn ph liu khc, cao su sau khi phn loi cng c p thnh kin gim th
tch trc khi chuyn n c s ti ch. Quy trnh ti ch c trnh by trong Hnh 6.2.

Hnh 6.2 Quy trnh ti ch cao su ph thi.

6.8 TI CH PIN GIA DNG

Hu nh nhng ngi tiu dng u khng nhn thc rng pin gia dng l mt ngun
cht thi c hi. Vic ti ch pin gia dng rt kh v hu nh c t cng ty c cng ngh
thch hp ti ch pin gia dng. Thm vo , pin tiu (c bit l loi ng h eo tay,
pin vit ch bng,) rt kh phn loi v c th gy c do hi thy ngn. Cc loi pin
kim v carbon-km khng th ti ch c v v c cha thy ngn nn chng phi
c thi b theo quy nh i vi cht thi nguy hi. Ch c pin Ni-Cd hoc pin oxyt
thy ngn v oxt bc mi c th ti ch c.

6.9 TI CH RC THC PHM

Rc thc phm c th c phn loi sn xut phn compost hoc thu hi kh
methane. Trong thnh phn CTRT, rc thc phm thng chim t l cao nht khong
50% tr ln. Do , nu c th ti s dng ton b lng rc thi ny, cc vn nan gii
v din tch chn lp v nhng kh khn trong gii quyt cc vn mi trng ti cc
BCL s hu nh khng ng k. Hu ht cc h thng sn xut phn compost u bt u
t vic phn loi cc vt liu c kh nng ti ch, kim loi, nhng cht c hi, sau
Cao su
ph thi
Nghin Tch vi, b Trn cht ph gia
c Lu ha
70
nghin nh n kch thc thch hp v tch cc thnh phn tp cht khc (nu cn). Sn
phm ca qu trnh composting thng dng lm cht ci to t. Tuy nhin, do qu trnh
phn loi khng trit , trong thnh phn rc thc phm lm phn compost thng ln
thy tinh v nilon lm sn phm km gi tr. mt s ni, sn phm compost thng
c dng lm vt liu che ph BCL.

Methane c sn xut t rc thc phm nh qu trnh phn hy k kh trong iu kin
khng kim sot cht ch ti cc BCL hp v sinh hay trong iu kin kim sot ca cc
thit b k kh. Kh methane c a chung v l loi nhin liu sch v c th lu tr
c. Phn cht rn cn li trong cc thit b phn hy k kh ny c th dng sn xut
phn compost hoc vt liu che ph BCL.

CHNG 7

X L CHT THI RN TH

Mc ch ca x l cht thi rn l lm gim hoc loi b cc thnh phn khng mong
mun trong cht thi v tn dng ti a vt liu v nng lng sn c trong cht thi. Khi
la chn phng php x l cht thi rn cn xem xt cc yu t sau:

- Thnh phn, tnh cht cht thi rn;
- Tng lng cht thi rn cn x l;
- Kh nng thu hi sn phm v nng lng;
- Yu cu bo v mi trng.

Cc phng php c th p dng x l cht thi rn bao gm:

- Phng php c hc nh phn loi, nn, p, nghin, ct, bm,...
- Phng php sinh hc (ch bin phn compost, sn xut biogas)
- Phng php ha hc nh t.

7.1 X L C HC

7.1.1 Phn loi

Phn loi cht thi rn cn thit thu hi cc vt liu c gi tr ti ch (thu hi ti
nguyn) v to iu kin thun li cho cc qu trnh chuyn ha hoc thu hi nng lng
sinh hc. Qu trnh phn loi cht thi rn c th thc hin ti nhng khu khc nhau
trong h thng qun l CTRT nh:

- Ngay ti ngun pht sinh (h gia nh, khu thng mi, khu cng cng,...);
- Ti trm trung chuyn;
- Ti trm x l hay trm phn loi tp trung.

Cc thnh phn c th phn loi t CTRT bao gm giy, carton, ti nilon, nha, g,
kim loi, v lon hp, thy tinh,... Cc thnh phn ny c th tch loi bng phng
php th cng hay c gii. Cc thit b c kh c th s dng cho mc ch phn loi rc
bao gm:

- Qut gi. Phng php ny c s dng phn loi cc cht thi rn kh, c trng
lng khc nhau. Qut gi hot ng to lung kh, cun theo cc vt nh nh giy,
ti nilon, nh tch c cc thnh phn ny ra khi cht thi hn hp.

- Sng. Sng c dng phn loi cc thnh phn cht thi c kch thc khc nhau.

- Phn loi bng t. Thit b phn loi bng t c s dng thu hi st vn t cht
thi rn.

Chng 7 Cng ngh x l

72
7.1.2 Nn p

p (nn) rc l mt khu quan trng trong qu trnh x l cht thi rn. Hin nay, cc
phng tin vn chuyn cht thi rn u c trang b b phn p rc nhm lm tng
sc cha ca xe v hiu sut vn chuyn. Ti cc bi chn lp, rc cng c nn tng
cng sut hay ko di thi gian phc v ca bi chn lp. Cc thit b nn p c th l cc
my nn c nh v di ng hoc cc thit b nn cao p. My p c nh c s dng
cc khu dn c, khu cng nghip, khu thng mi, trm trung chuyn. My p di ng
thng i km vi xe vn chuyn v container.

7.2 CNG NGH X L K KH

7.2.1 nh ngha qu trnh phn hy k kh

Phn hy k kh l qu trnh phn hy cht hu c trong mi trng khng c oxy iu
kin mesophilic (30-40
o
C) hoc thermophilic (50-65
o
C). Sn phm ca qu trnh phn
hy k kh l kh sinh hc, c th s dng nh mt ngun nng lng v bn c n
nh, c th s dng nh ngun b sung dinh dng cho cy trng.

Qu trnh phn hy k kh c chia lm phn hy k kh kh v phn hy k kh t.
Phn hy k kh kh l qu trnh phn hy k kh m vt liu u vo c m 60 65%,
phn hy k kh t l qu trnh phn hy k kh m vt liu u vo c m 85 90%.
Qu trnh phn hy cht hu c trong iu kin k kh xy ra theo phn ng sau:

C
n
H
a
O
b
N
c
S
d
+ xH
2
O yCH
4
+ zCO
2
+ tNH
3
+ uH
2
S

Trong qu trnh phn hy k kh, s phn hy ca cht hu c xy ra qua bn giai on
nh trnh by trong Bng 7.1. C th thit k v vn hnh b phn ng phn hy k kh
theo 1 giai on hoc 2 giai on. Trong thit k hai giai on, giai on 1 gm qu trnh
thy phn v acid ha (khong 1-3 ngy). Giai on 2 gm qu trnh acetate ha v
methane ha. u v nhc im ca phn hy k kh theo 1 giai on v 2 giai on
c trnh by trong Bng 7.2.

Bng 7.1 Cc giai on phn hy cht hu c trong qu trnh k kh

Tn giai on
Giai on 1 Giai on 2 Giai on 3 Giai on 4
Thy phn Acid ha Acetate ha Methane ha
Cc cht ban u ng phc tp,
protein, cht bo
ng n gin, Amino acid,
acid hu c
acetate
Vi sinh vt Vi khun acid
ha
Vi khun
acetate ha
Vi khun
methane ha
Sn phm ng n gin, Amino acid, acid
hu c
acetate
Kh sinh ra CO
2
CO
2
, H
2
CO
2
, NH
4
, H
2
CO
2
, NH
4


73
Bng 7.2 u v nhc im ca phn hy k kh theo 1 giai on v 2 giai on

1 giai on 2 giai on
u im Chi ph u t thp
K thut vn hnh n gin
H thng n nh
C th ti u ha theo tng giai on
S dng thi gian lu v th tch hiu qu
Dit vi khun gy bnh tt (pH thp giai
on 1)
Nhc im Khng th ti u ha h thng
pH khng n nh
Tnh n nh ca h thng thp
Chi ph u t cao
K thut vn hnh phc tp

7.2.2 Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh phn hy k kh

Cng nh cc qu trnh phn hy khc, qu trnh phn hy k kh b nh hng bi cc
yu t nh nhit , m, kim, nng mui, Khong ti u thch hp cho qu
trnh phn hy k kh ca cc yu t ny c trnh by trong Bng 7.3.

Bng 7.3 Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh phn hy k kh

Cc yu t nh hng n v Khong thch hp
Nhit
0
C 30-35 v 50-55
pH - 6,6 - 8
m % > 50
Redox potential mV < -330
kim mgCaCO
3
/l > 2000
Mui g/kg TLK < 20
Ammonium g/l < 1-2,5
Hydrogen sulphide Mmol, %th tch < 3, < 1
Sulphide Mg/l < 100-400
Acid hu c Mg/l < 15000

Ty thnh phn nguyn liu u vo, m thnh phn kh methane trong hn hp kh sinh
hc s dao ng trong khong t 30 - 75%. Bng 7.4 trnh by phn trm kh methane to
thnh t qu trnh phn hy k kh theo tng loi c cht khc nhau.

Bng 7.4 Phn trm kh methane to thnh t qu trnh phn hy k kh

Loi c cht Kh CH
4

(% th tch)
Kh CO
2

(% th tch)
Kh NH
3

(% th tch)
Kh H
2
S
(% th tch)
ng 50 50 - -
Cht bo 71-75 29 - -
Protein 38-50 38 18 6

Vi hn hp kh sinh hc c nng CH
4
trong khong 35-55% th tch v nng CO
2

khong 44% th tch, c th to thnh 3,5 5,5 kwh/m
3
hn hp kh.

Chng 7 Cng ngh x l

74
7.2.3 ng dng qu trnh phn hy k kh thu hi biogas

Trong nhng nm gn y, vic p dng qu trnh phn hy k kh x l cht thi hu c
tr nn ph bin v qu trnh ny khng nhng gim c cc tc ng c hi t cht
thi ti mi trng m cn gip thu hi kh methane v sn phm phn hy s dng
nh cht b sung dinh dng cho t. Cc qu trnh phn hy k kh c p dng
trong thc t nhiu nc trn th gii c trnh by tm tt trong Bng 7.5.

Bng 7.5 Cc qu trnh phn hy k kh

Qu trnh Quc gia Hin trng M t qu trnh
Phn hy k
kh dng m
ni tip
nhau
(SEBAC)
M Th nghim SEBAC l qu trnh gm ba giai on. Trong giai on
u, cht np liu nghin c vi nc r r tun
hon t thit b phn ng ca giai on 3 trng thi
phn hy cui. Cc acid bay hi v cc sn phm ca
qu trnh ln men khc to thnh trong thit b phn ng
giai on 1 c chuyn sang thit b phn ng giai on
2 chuyn ha thnh methane.
Qu trnh
KAMPOGAS
Thuy S Cha pht
trin
KAMPOGAS l qu trnh phn hy k kh mi c p
dng x l cht thi rau qu v rc vn. Thit b
phn ng c dng tr trn t thng ng, c trang b
my khuy thy lc v c vn hnh nng cht
rn cao trong khong nhit thermophilic.
Qu trnh
DRANO
B pht
trin
DRANO c s dng chuyn ha phn cht hu c
c trong CTRSH to thnh nng lng v cc sn
phm dng humus. Qu trnh phn hy xy ra trong thit
b phn ng dng chy tng thng ng khng khay trn
c kh. Nc r r y thit b c tun hon. Thit b
DRANO c vn hnh nng cht rn cao v trong
khong nhit mesophilic.
Qu trnh
BTA
c pht
trin
BTA c pht trin ch yu x l phn cht hu c
c trong CTRSH. Qu trnh x l BTA bao gm: (1) x
l s b cht thi bng phng php c hc, nhit v
phng php ha hc; (2) phn loi cht rn c kh nng
phn hy sinh hc ha tan v khng ha tan; (3) thy
phn k kh cc cht thi rn c kh nng phn hy sinh
hc; (4) Methan ha cht rn c kh nng phn hy sinh
hc ha tan. Qu trnh methane ha xy ra nng
cht rn thp v khong nhit mesophilic (ln men
m). Sau khi tch nc, cht rn khng phn hu, vi
nng tng cng khong 35% c dng nh vt liu
compost.
Qu trnh
VALOGRA
Php pht
trin
Qu trnh VALOGRA bao gm 3 cng on: phn loi,
to kh methan v tinh ch. Thit b ln men k kh hot
ng nng cht rn cao v trong khong nhit
ln men m. Qu trnh xo trn cht hu c trong thit b
c thc hin bng cch tun hon kh sinh hc di p
sut y thit b phn hy.
Qu trnh
BIOCELL
H Lan Cha pht
trin
BIOCELL l h thng hot ng tng m x l cht
thi c phn loi ti ngun (nh rau qu thi, rc
vn,..) v cht thi nng nghip. Thit b s dng c

75
dng hnh tr trn, ng knh 11,25 m v chiu cao 4,5
m. Cht rn np liu c t l thnh phn 30% cht thi
hu c phn loi t CTRSH trn ln vi 70% cht rn
phn hy t m trc .

KOMPOGAS. Kompogas c pht minh Thy S vo cui thp nin 80 bi Walter
Schmid. Ngun ti chnh c chnh ph Thy S cung cp, m hnh Kompogas u tin
c xy dng th nghim Rmlang, Thy S vo nm 1991. Cng ty c 20 m hnh
ang hot ng v 7 m hnh khc ang c ln k hoch xy dng (Kompogas, 2004).

Hu ht nguyn liu cho cc m hnh Kompogas t rc thi th c phn loi ti
ngun. Khi c a vo m hnh, u tin cht thi s c x l c hc loi b kim
loi v nghin nh. Sau nguyn liu c phn loi tip a vo x l nng
(thermal treatment) hay x l sinh hc. Nhng phn hu c cn li c a vo kho
trung chuyn m bo dng n nh (constant flow) cho h thng cp liu, ni to ra
hn hp ng nht (homogenous mixture) c th bm c. Sau khi qua mt h thng
trao i nhit, nguyn liu c a vo bung phn hy, mt hm plug flow nm
ngang trong iu kin nhit thermophilic v trong 15 20 ngy. Nhng vi trng gy
bnh v ht c di s c loi ra trong qu trnh ny. H thng cnh gt quay ngt qung
mt cch chm chp gip dn cht thi qua b , ng nht v tch kh trong khi bn
nho, ng thi gi li thnh phn l lng nng hn. H thng c gim st cht ch
nhm duy tr nng cht rn t 23 28% dng vt liu khng b tc nghn. Do nhu
cu ha hc ca h thng, kch thc ca b phn ng b gii hn. C th tng cng sut
h thng t 5000 n 100.000 tn/nm trong cng din tch bng cch lp t cc b phn
ng song song.

Mt my pht in s dng nhin liu Biogas thu hi m bo cung cp 100% nhu cu
cn thit cho ton b h thng m cn c th c in bn. Trong mt s trng hp,
Biogas c tinh luyn thnh gas thin nhin s dng cho cc loi phng tin hoc
ha vo mng li gas. Nhng trm nhin liu gas thin nhin Thy S cho php gas
c s dng thng xuyn trong lnh vc giao thng, ng thi u tin cho cc phng
tin ca Kompogas. Cc cht sau khi c phn loi thnh phn bn lng v Compost
rn, c 2 u c th tiu th. Sn phm compost c x l thm qua giai on k kh 3
4 tun. Tng cng thi gian cho qu trnh k kh lm compost trong h thng l 6
tun (Kompogas 2004).

DRANCO. T chc qun l cht thi hu c ca B pht trin m hnh phn hy k
kh vo nm 1984 Gent, B. M hnh c tnh cht thng mi u tin c cp
bng sng ch l qu trnh Dranco Brecht, B vi cng xut hng ngy l 20.000 tn.
V hin c 13 m hnh trn th gii s dng qu trnh Dranco.

Chng 7 Cng ngh x l

76

Hnh 7.6 S cng ngh sn xut biogas t cht thi sinh hot DRANCO.

Ngy nay qu trnh Dranco l mt phn ca qu trnh SORDISEP (phn loi, phn hy v
tch loi sau ) cht thi th v cng nghip c th ti s dng v thu hi nng
lng mc ln nht. bc phn loi kh, cc cht c th t, st v nhng kim loi
khc c thu hi. Phn rc cn li sau phn loi s c phi trn vi cc vt liu d
phn hy, theo t l 1:6, hn hp c hm lng cht kh t 15 45%.

Qu trnh phn hy Dranco din ra trong 1 giai on, h thng b ng khuy trn bng
trng lc, cht thi c a vo pha bn trn ca hm v c ly ra bn di m
khng cn phi khuy trn. H thng hot ng p sut thp v nhit thermophilic
vi thi gian lu l t 15 30 ngy. Lng Biogas c to ra nm trong khong t 100
200 m
3
/tn rc.

Bc cui cng l tch t, trong ct, x bn v nhng cht tr c thu hi. Cht rn
sau c tch nc n khong 50% v sau c hiu kh trong vng 2 tun n
nh v lm sch nguyn liu. Biogas c th c lu tr tm thi, lm sch trc khi
em bn.

BTA. Phng php BTA ban u c pht trin bi Biotechnische Abfellverwertung
GmbH v Co.KG vo nm 1986 x l cht thi rn th phn loi ti gia nh, rc nng
nghip v thng mi. Thit b dng trong cng nghip u tin c xy dng
Elsinore, an Mch nm 1990 vi nng sut 20.000 tn/nm (Nichols 2004). Nm 2004
c 22 thit b BTA hot ng v 4 ci ang c xy dng (BTA 2004). C 3 cng ty
c cp giy php cho phng php BTA, bao gm khu lin hp composting Canada
Toronto, cng ty Hitachi Zosen Tokyo v Biotec Sistemi S.r .

Phng php BTA bt u vi tin x l t c hc, nguyn liu v nc tun hon li
c khuy trn thnh bn nho trong my nghin thy lc. Cc tp cht c kch thc
v khi lng ring ln c tch ring, dung dch cht lng s gi li cc cht hu c,
tr thnh bn nho v c nng cht hu c rt cao, kch thc nh hn v d chy
hn. Bng cch , cht hu c tip xc c vi vi sinh vt d dng hn. Khi bn nho
sau c bm vo h thng lc c hc (grit removal system) l mt cyclon thy lc.

DRANCO

THIT B
PHN HY
K KH

3,150m
3

BN CHA
NC THI
THIT B PHN
LOI T TNH
THIT B
NH LNG
BM NP
LIU
MY
NGHIN
MY P
TCH NC
THIT B
TRN
SN CP
LIU
SNG
THNG QUAY
(40mm)
SNG
THNG
QUAY
MY
NGHIN
Biogaz
N NH
HIU KH
MY SNG
RUNG
(10mm)
L HI
THIT B THU
HI GAZ
MY PHT
IN
THIT B
T
<40
THIT B
LY TM
>40
Thi b
vo bi
chn lp
Cht thi vo
bi chn lp
Dung dch
Polymers
Dung dch
Polymers
>40
<40
Mng li in
Cht mn
Trm x l
nc thi
H
i
n
c
Cht thi sinh hot

77
Cyclon thy lc s tch nhng vt liu nh nht nh ct, nh v nhng mnh vn thy
tinh. Kt qu l mt dung dch m c v sch c th c bm vo b .

Mt vi mc ch phn hy sinh hc khc nhau c BTA a ra da theo nng sut ca
thit b v vic s dng Biogas v compost. Mt phng n cho cc n v nh v khng
tp trung l b phn ng mt giai on, tc l ln men bn trong mt b phi trn. Qu
trnh c th hin y trong Hnh 7.7.

Hnh 7.7 S cng ngh sn xut biogas t cht thi sinh hot BTA, mt giai on.

i vi nhng thit b vi cng sut ln hn 50.000 tn/nm, nhng b a giai on
c khai thc. Phng n ny cn phn chia bn thnh pha rn v pha lng bng cch s
dng mt h thng tch nc. Phn cht rn tch nc c pha vi nc sch (fresh
water) tng m v b vo b phn ng thy phn trong 4 ngy. Sau khi thy phn,
phn rn tip tc c tch nc v phn lng c bm vo b phn ng metan cng
vi cht lng t ngun tch nc. Thi gian lu trong b phn ng metan l 2 ngy.
Biogas c sinh ra trong cc thit b BTA cha 60 65% CH
4
v nc. Qu trnh c
thc hin trong iu kin mi trng ti u ca mi giai on phn hy. S qui trnh
cng ngh c th hin trong Hnh 5.27.

VALORGA. Cng ty Php Valogar International SAS c thnh lp nm 2002 do
Steinmuller Valorga Sarl, cng ty ban u c sng lp nm 1981 l mt cng ty x l
cht thi rn th. Thit b th nghim phng php Valorga c xy dng nm 1982
ti c s ca cng ty Montpelier, Php. Nm 1988, cng ty khi cng nh my u tin
trn th gii x l rc thi h gia nh bng cch tin hnh phn hy k kh vi nng
cht rn cao ti Amiens, Php. Hin nay, Valorga vn hnh 11 thit b x l hn hp
MSW, SSOW v gray waste.

Thit b
nghin thy lc
Cht thi hu c
c nh ng
sn tip nhn
Xe p ch rc
sinh hot v rc
cng nghip
Thit b
nghin trc
Tp cht thi vo bi
chn lp
Thit b
kh trng
Thit b
phn loi t tnh
St, kim loi
Khng kh
B lng trung gian
thanh trng

Xe bn ch cht
thi thc phm
Thit b
nghin thy lc 2
Cht thi hu c
c nh ng
sn tip nhn
Xe p ch rc
sinh hot
Thit b
nghin trc
Thit b
nghin thy lc 1
Thit b
tch ct
Tp cht thi
vo bi chn lp
Thit b
kh trng
Modul trm pht
in s dng biogas
Nng lng
nhit
Nng lng
in
Biogas
Thit b phn
hy k kh
Thit b nn kh
Sn hiu kh
Thit b ly tm
Tp cht thi vo bi
chn lp
B cha nc thi
Bn tun hon
B kh ni t
B lng
B cha nc sau x l
Ngun tip
nhn
Compost
B cha nc ly tm
Thit b
thanh trng
Chng 7 Cng ngh x l

78

Hnh 7.8 S cng ngh sn xut biogas t cht thi sinh hot BTA, b nhiu giai on.

Qu trnh tin x l trong phng php Valorga s dng mt my tch t ng chia
rc thnh nhng phn nh, bao gm vt liu c th ln men, giy v carton v cc cht v
c. Rc c trn vi bn c, hm lng TS t 20 35%, v a vo y ca b phn
ng, c th l thermophilic hoc mesophilic. B phn ng mt giai on l mt b ng,
khuy trn c vch ngn dn hng cho vt liu i ln v xoay vng. S khuy trn trong
b c thc hin do mt bm phun Biogas vo y ca b . Thi gian lu trong
bung ln men khong 3 tun. Vt liu sau ln men c chit ra t bn di b v c
tch nc trong iu kin nn ca trng lc. Mt phn ca cht lng chit ra c dng
pha long dung dch trong b, phn cn li c thi vo h thng thot nc. Phn
rn, vi hm lng TS khong 40 % c hiu kh khong 2 tun hon ton n nh.
Nhng vt liu tr c tch ra t compost bng mt sng quay. Biogas c s dng
cho l hi, my pht in hoc c tinh ch thnh gas thin nhin. Sn phm gas
c kh mi bng thit b lc sinh hc (biofilter) trc khi s dng (Valorga 2004).

Qu trnh Valorga khng thch hp cho vt liu ln men c nng cht rn thp v khi
cc ht nng trong hm s lng xung khi nng TS di 20% (Nichols 2004).

Linde-KCA/BRV. Linde-KCA-Dresden GmbH l cng ty con ca Linde AG Wies-
baden, thnh vin nhm u t cng nghip 9 t Euro t ti c. Cng ty Linde-KCA-
Dresden Gmbh tp trung vao cc phng php x l rc thi bng phng php sinh hc
v ha hc. Linde bt u s dng qu trnh phn hy k kh i vi rc thi th vo
nm 1980 v trin khai c hn 70 m hnh nh my x l rc thi bng phng php
sinh-ha khp ni trn th gii. Linde c 2 dng phn hy k kh: dng kh v dng t.
Nhng h thng phn hy k kh t ca Linde dng mt hoc hai giai on c th thc
hin nhit mesophilic hay thermophilic. Nhng m hnh ny p dng phng php
lm nho rc bng nc v loi b cc thnh phn khng mong mun bng song chn
rc. c trng ca h thng Linde l s tun hon khp kn gas trong thit b phn hy,
s dng cc ng ng t trung tm cung cp nhit. Nhiu m hnh thit b phn
hy k kh t cng c th kt hp phn hy bn no vt v phn hm cu, hot ng

79
theo nguyn l ngc dng. Trong phng php phn hy k kh kh, TS t 15 45%, s
dng dng thit b nm ngang hnh ch nht c khuy trn. Qu trnh phn hy k kh
kh c bit thch hp cho vic x l rc thi th v biogas c to ra l 100 m
3
/tn
nguyn liu. Nguyn liu rn sau phn hy c tch nc bng my ly tm v lm
thong bng qu trnh thi kh cng bc, compost hoc cc m hnh compost chuyn
su. Linde c c s chnh c, o v Thy S (Linde-KCA 2004).

Hnh 7.9 S cng ngh sn xut biogas t cht thi sinh hot VALORGA.

Hnh 7.10 S cng ngh sn xut biogas t cht thi sinh hot Linde-KCA/BRV.

X l s b
cht thi Nc cp
Thit b
phn hy k kh Sng thng quay
My
nghin
thy lc
Thnh phn lng
Thnh phn ni
(khi lng ring nh)
B thy phn v
lng trung gian
Thnh phn l lng
Cp
nhit
Tun hon v trao
i nhit
Tch nc
Nc thi
Cht thi
vo bi
chn lp
Biogas
Trm n nh
Flare t kh
Trm hng dn Bng ti np liu
Sng
thng quay
Phn loi
thng quay
Cht thi chn lp
Thu hi kim loi
Thit b
phn hy
k kh
My
trn
Bm np liu
Bm
tun
hon
My
nghin
trc
My p
bng ti
My nn kh
My thi kh
Bn cha
biogas
Nc tun
hon v my
phn loi
Trm pht in
Thit b lc sinh hc

Trm x l kh
Khu vc n nh v tinh ch
VKW

Khu vc tip nhn v s ch
DANO

Phn hy k kh
VALORGA

Nhin liu Biogas
Chng 7 Cng ngh x l

80

Hnh 7.11 S cng ngh sn xut biogas t cht thi sinh hot Linde-KCA/BRV, qu trnh
phn hy k kh t (Linde, 2004).

7.3 CNG NGH X L HIU KH

X l CTR hu c bng phng php sinh hc hiu kh l mt trong nhng ng dng ca
cng ngh sinh hc trong ti ch CTR. Phng php ny gip ti s dng CTR hu c
lm ngun nguyn liu sn xut cht b tr dinh dng cho t trng, cn gi l
compost. Qu trnh ch bin compost v compost c nh ngha nh sau (Haug, 1993):

Qu trnh ch bin compost l qu trnh phn hy sinh hc v n nh ca cht hu c
di iu kin nhit thermorphilic. Kt qu ca qu trnh phn hy sinh hc to ra
nhit, sn phm cui cng n nh, khng mang mm bnh v c ch trong vic ng dng
cho cy trng.

Cht thi sau x l s b Biogas
Thit b iu chnh
Thit b phn hy k kh plug flow
H thng tch
Thit b
kh nc
Nc tun hon
Thnh phn
cht tr

Cht thi rn
(bao b phn hy sinh hc, l /cnh cy,)
My nghin
trc
B nghin
Trng lc
Thit b thu hi gas
Cht thi lng
(bn, cht bo,)
B cha 1 - 4
L hi
Mng tip
nhn
Thanh
trng
B cha
Thanh
trng
Cht thi cn x l
theo qui nh ring
Bn no vt
hm cu, cng thot nc
Thit b ln men
Thit b ln men

B cha
in nng
Trm pht in Thu hi nhit
Bn cha bn sau phn hy
Kh nc
Hnh 7.12 S cng ngh sn xut biogas t cht thi sinh hot Linde-KCA/BRV, qu trnh phn
hy k kh kh (Linde, 2004).

81
Compost l sn phm ca qu trnh ch bin compost, c n nh nh humus,
khng cha cc mm bnh, khng li ko cc cn trng, c th c lu tr an ton, v
c li cho s pht trin ca cy trng.

7.3.1 ng hc qu trnh phn hy sinh hc hiu kh cht thi rn hu c

Qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc hiu kh CTR c th biu din mt cch tng qut theo
phng trnh sau:
Vi sinh vt
Cht hu c + O
2
+ Dinh dng T bo mi + cht hu c kh phn hy
+ CO
2
+ H
2
O + NH
3
+ SO
4
2-
+ ...+ Nhit

Nu cht hu c c trong CTR c biu din di dng C
a
H
b
O
c
N
d
, s to thnh t bo
mi v sulfate khng ng k v thnh phn ca vt liu kh phn hy cn li c c
trng bi C
w
H
x
O
y
N
z
th lng oxy cn thit cho qu trnh n nh hiu kh cc cht hu
c c kh nng phn hy sinh hc ca CTRT c th c c tnh theo phng trnh
phn ng sau:

C
a
H
b
O
c
N
d
+ 0,5(ny + 2s + r c)O
2
nC
w
H
x
O
y
N
z
+ sCO
2
+ rH
2
O + (d nx) NH
3

Trong : r = 0,5[b nx 3(d nx)] v s = a nw

C
a
H
b
O
c
N
d
v C
w
H
x
O
y
N
z
biu din thnh phn phn t thc nghim ca cht hu c ban
u v sau khi kt thc qu trnh. Nu qu trnh chuyn ha xy ra hon ton, phng
trnh biu din c dng nh sau:

C
a
H
b
O
c
N
d
+ O
2
aCO
2
+ H
2
O + dNH
3

Trong nhiu trng hp, ammonia sinh ra t qu trnh oxy ha cc hp cht hu c b
tip tc oxy ha thnh nitrat (qu trnh nitrat ha). Nh vy, trong qu trnh phn hy
sinh hc hiu kh, sn phm to thnh khng c mt CH
4
. Hay ni cch khc, trong
trng hp ny, tc phn hy c xc nh da trn hm lng cht hu c cn li
theo thi gian phn hy v c biu din nh sau:

7.3.2 Cc phn ng ha sinh xy ra trong qu trnh ch bin compost

Qu trnh phn hy cht thi xy ra rt phc tp, theo nhiu giai on v sn phm trung
gian. V d qu trnh phn hy protein bao gm cc bc: protein peptides amino
acids hp cht ammonium nguyn sinh cht ca vi khun v N hoc NH
3
.

i vi carbonhydrates, qu trnh phn hy xy ra theo cc bc nh sau: carbonhydrate
ng n acid hu c CO
2
v nguyn sinh cht ca vi khun. Tht ra,
nhng chuyn ha sinh ha xy ra trong qu trnh ch bin compost vn cha c
nghin cu chi tit. Cc giai on khc nhau trong qu trnh lm compost c th phn bit
theo bin thin nhit nh sau:
4a + b 2c 3d
4
b 3d
2
-k.t
VS
t
VS
0
=
ln
Chng 7 Cng ngh x l

82
1. Pha thch nghi (latent phase) l giai on cn thit vi sinh vt thch nghi vi mi
trng mi.
2. Pha tng trng (growth phase) c trng bi s gia tng nhit do qu trnh phn
hy sinh hc n ngng nhit mesophilic.
3. Pha a nhit (thermophilic phase) l giai on nhit tng cao nht. y l giai
on n nh ha cht thi v tiu dit vi sinh vt gy bnh hiu qu nht. Phn ng
ha sinh ny c c trng cho qu trnh ch bin compost hiu kh c th biu din
nh sau:

COHNS + O
2
+ vi sinh vt hiu kh CO
2
+ NH
3
+ sn phm khc + nng lng

4. Pha trng thnh (maturation phase) l giai on gim nhit v mc mesophilic v
cui cng bng nhit mi trng. Qu trnh ln men ln th hai xy ra chm v
thch hp cho s hnh thnh cht keo mn (l qu trnh chuyn ha cc phc cht hu
c thnh cht mn) v cc cht khong (st, canxi, nit, ) v cui cng thnh mn.
Cc phn ng nitrate ha, trong ammonia (sn phm ph ca qu trnh n nh ha
cht thi) b oxy ha sinh hc to thnh nitrt (NO
2
-
) v cui cng thnh nitrate (NO
3
-
)
cng xy ra nh sau:

Nitrosomonas bacteria
NH
4
+
+ 3/2 O
2
----------------------------> NO
2
-
+ 2H
+
+ H
2
O

Nitrobactor bacteria
NO
2
-
+ O
2
---------------------------> NO
3
-

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
NH
4
+
+ 2O
2
NO
3
-
+ 2H
+
+ H
2
O

V NH
4
+
cng c tng hp trong m t bo, phn ng c trng cho qu trnh tng
hp m t bo nh sau:

NH
4
+
+ 4CO
2
+ HCO
3
-
+ H
2
O C
5
H
7
O
2
N + 5O
2

Phng trnh phn ng nitrate ha tng hp xy ra nh sau:

22NH
4
+
+ 37O
2
+ 4CO
2
+ HCO
3
-
21NO
3
-
+ C
5
H
7
O
2
N + 20H
2
O + 42H
+

Hnh 7.13 Bin thin nhit trong qu trnh phn compost.

0
10
20
30
40
50
60
Thermophilic
Pha
thch
nghi
Pha tng trng
mesophilic
Pha trng thanh
Mesophilic Thi gian
Nhit
0
C

83
7.3.3 Mc ch, li ch v hn ch ca qu trnh ch bin compost

Mc ch v li ch chnh ca qu trnh lm compost bao gm:

1. n nh cht thi. Cc phn ng sinh hc xy ra trong qu trnh lm compost s
chuyn ha cc cht hu c d thi ra sang dng n nh, ch yu l cc cht v c
t gy nhim mi trng khi thi ra t hoc nc.

2. Lm mt hot tnh ca vi sinh vt gy bnh. Nhit ca cht thi sinh ra t qu trnh
phn hy sinh hc c th t khong 60
0
C, lm mt hot tnh ca vi khun gy
bnh, virus v trng giun sn nu nh nhit ny c duy tr t nht 1 ngy. Do ,
cc sn phm ca qu trnh ch bin compost c th thi b an ton trn t hoc s
dng lm cht b sung dinh dng cho t.

3. Thu hi dinh dng v ci to t. Cc cht dinh dng (N, P, K) c trong cht thi
thng dng hu c phc tp, cy trng kh hp th. Sau qu trnh ch bin
compost, cc cht ny c chuyn ha thnh cc cht v c nh NO
3
-
v PO
4
3-
thch
hp cho cy trng. S dng sn phm ca qu trnh che bien compost b sung dinh
dng cho t c kh nng lm gim s tht thot dinh dng do r r v cc cht dinh
dng v c tn ti ch yu di dng khng tan. Thm vo , lp t trng cng
c ci tin nn gip r cy pht trin tt hn.

4. Lm kh bn. Phn ngi, phn ng vt v bn cha khong 80-95% nc, do
chi ph thu gom, vn chuyn v thi b cao. Lm kh bn trong qu trnh phn
compost l phng php li dng nhit sinh ra t qu trnh phn hy sinh hc cht
hu c lm bay hi nc.

5. Tng kh nng khng bnh cho cy trng. c nhiu nghin cu trn th gii chng
minh s tng kh nng khng bnh ca cy c trng trong t bn compost. Cho
n nay, Vit Nam compost cha c ng dng rng ri trong nng nghip. Tuy
nhin cc nghin cu ng dng compost vo nng nghip cho nhng kt qu kh
quan. Vi hm lng dinh dng cao, d hp th v chng loi vi sinh vt a dng,
phn hu c khng nhng lm tng nng sut cy trng m cn gim thiu bnh trn
cy trng. So vi cc loi phn ha hc khc cy trng ch hp th c mt phn
nhng i vi compost cy trng c kh nng hp th hu ht cc cht dinh dng,
ng thi cy trng pht trin tt v c kh nng khng bnh cao.

Nhng hn ch ca qu trnh lm compost c th k n bao gm:

1. Hm lng cht dinh dng trong compost khng tha mn yu cu;

2. Do c tnh ca cht thi hu c c th thay i rt nhiu theo thi gian, kh hu v
phng php thc hin, nn tnh cht ca sn phm cng khc nhau. Bn cht vt liu
ch bin compost thng lm cho s phn b nhit trong ng phn khng ng
u, do , kh nng lm mt hot tnh ca vi sinh vt gy bnh trong sn phm
compost cng khng hon ton.

3. Qu trnh ch bin compost to mi hi, gy mt m quang,

Chng 7 Cng ngh x l

84
4. Hu ht cc nh nng vn thch s dng phn ha hc v khng qu t tin, d s
dng v tng nng sut cy trng mt cch r rng.

7.3.4 Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh ch bin compost

Tc phn hy cht hu c trong qu trnh ch bin compost chu nh hng bi nhiu
yu t nh nhit , pH, vi sinh vt, oxy, cht hu c, m, t l C/N v cu trc cht
thi. Hnh 7.14 m t nhng yu t nh hng n qu trnh ch bin compost.

Hnh 7.14 Nhng yu t nh hng n qu trnh composting (Frank, 2000).

Nhit (Day and Shaw, 2001; Frank, 2000; Hamelers, 2000; Rynk v cng s, 1992)

Nhit l mt yu t quan trng nh hng n hot tnh ca vi sinh vt trong qu trnh
ch bin compost. Hu ht cc nghin cu u cho rng duy tr nhit thermophilic
(55-65
0
C) trong lung compost l thch hp nht, v nhit ny, qu trnh ch bin
compost vn hiu qu v mm bnh b tiu dit. Nhit tng trn ngng ny s c ch
hot ng ca vi sinh vt. Tuy nhin, nhit thp hn thermophilic, compost khng
t tiu chun v mm bnh. Nhit trong lung compost c th c iu chnh
bng nhiu cch khc nhau nh hiu chnh tc thi kh v m c lp khi phn vi
mi trng bn ngoi bng cch che ph hp l.

Vi sinh vt (Day and Shaw, 2001; Frank,2000; Hamelers, 2000; Rynk v cng s, 1992)

Ch bin compost l mt qu trnh phc tp bao gm nhiu loi vi sinh vt khc nhau. Vi
sinh vt trong qu trnh ch bin compost bao gm nm, actinomycetes v vi khun.
Nc
Dinh
dng C/N

pH

Khi lng,
Th tch
Cu trc
xp

Tr lc

Trao i kh

Nng
CO
2
/O
2

Nhit
Hot tnh VSV

85
Nhng loi vi sinh vt ny c sn trong cht thi hu c, c th b sung thm vi sinh vt
t cc ngun khc gip qu trnh phn hy xy ra nhanh v hiu qu hn.

pH (Day and Shaw, 2001; Rynk v cng s, 1992)

Vi sinh vt cn mt khong pH ti u hot ng. pH ti u cho qu trnh ch bin
compost khong 6,5 ti 8,0. Ty thuc vo thnh phn, tnh cht ca cht thi, pH s thay
i trong qu trnh ch bin compost. Rynk v cng s (1992) cho rng cht hu c vi
pH ban u t 5,5 ti 9,0 c th composting mt cch hiu qu.

m (Day and Shaw, 2001; Hamelers, 2000; Haug, 1993; Richard v cng s, 2002;
Rynk v cng s, 1992)

Nc ( m) l mt yu t cn thit cho hot ng ca vi sinh vt trong qu trnh ch
bin compost v nc cn thit cho qu trnh ha tan dinh dng v nguyn sinh cht ca
t bo. m thp hn 20% c th gy c ch nghim trng qu trnh sinh hc. m
qu cao s dn n r r cht dinh dng v vi sinh vt gy bnh cng nh bt li cho qu
trnh thi kh do hin tng bt kn cc khe rng khng cho khng kh i qua v to mi
trng k kh bn trong khi compost. m ti u i vi qu trnh ch bin compost
dao ng trong khong 50-60%. m thp c th c iu chnh bng cch thm
nc vo. Nu m cao, trn thm cc vt liu n c m thch hp.

m ca phn bc, bn v phn ng vt thng cao hn gi tr ti u, do cn b
sung cc cht ph gia gim m n gi tr cn thit. i vi h thng ch bin
compost vn hnh lin tc, m c th c khng ch bng cch tun hon sn phm
compost nh s sau y:

x
c
: tng khi lng t ca c cht lm phn compost np liu trong 1 ngy;
x
p
: tng khi lng t ca sn phm compost trong 1 ngy;
x
r
: tng khi lng t ca sn phm compost tun hon trong 1 ngy;
x
m
: tng khi lng t ca hn hp vt liu lm phn compost trong 1 ngy;
S
c
: hm lng cht rn ca c cht lm phn compost (%);
S
r
: hm lng cht rn ca sn phm compost v phn tun hon (%);
S
m
: hm lng cht rn ca hn hp trc khi lm phn (%);
R
w
: t l tun hon tnh theo khi lng t ca sn phm tun hon v khi lng t
ca c cht lm phn compost;
R
d
: t l tun hon tnh theo khi lng kh ca sn phm tun hon v khi lng kh
ca cht lm phn compost.
Sn phm phn
compost, x
p
, S
r
C cht hu c
t, x
c
, S
c

Hn hp
x
m
, S
m
QU TRNH
COMPOSTING
Tun hon
x
r
, S
r
Khng kh

Kh thi

Chng 7 Cng ngh x l

86
Nh vy tng khi lng (t) ca hn hp l

x
m
= x
c
+ x
r
(1)

Phn cht rn ca hn hp lm phn

S
mxm
= S
cxc
+ S
rxx
(2)

Hay

S
m
(x
c
+ x
r
) = S
cxc
+ S
rxr
(3)

T l tun hon theo khi lng t

(4)

T (4) v (3) ta c:

(5)

T l tun hon kh

(6)

Thay (6) vo (3):

(7)

V d 7.1. Tnh lng sn phm compost c m 20% phi tun hon hn hp
compost t m ti u 60%. Bit rng nguyn liu s dng l bn v tru c hm
lng cht rn ln lt l 10% v 50%, c phi trn theo t l khi lng kh l 1 : 5.

Bi gii

- m ca nguyn liu

- Hm lng cht rn ca c cht S
c
= 1 0,7 = 0,3

- Hm lng cht rn trong hn hp lm phn compost S
m
= 1 0,6 = 0,4
- Hm lng cht rn trong sn phm compost S
p
= S
r
= 1 0,2 = 0,8

- T l tun hon tnh theo khi lng t

c
r
W
x
x
R
m r
c m
W
S S
S S
R
c c
c r
d
x S
x S
R
r
m
c
m
d
S
S
S
S
R
1
1
25 , 0
4 , 0 8 , 0
3 , 0 4 , 0
m r
c m
W
S S
S S
R

87

- Nu s dng 6 kg c cht kh, khi lng c cht t tng ng l 6/0,3 = 20 kg.

- Khi lng sn phm compost t cn tun hon l

x
r
= 0,25 x
c
= 0,25 x 20 = 5 kg.

xp (Epstein, 1997; Hamelers, 2000; Haug, 1993, Leege v cng,1997)

xp l mt yu t quan trng trong qu trnh ch bin compost. xp ti u s thay
i ty theo loi vt liu ch bin compost. Cc ti liu nghin cu trc y cho thy,
nhiu loi vt liu c xp trong khong 35 - 60% c th ch bin compost mt cch
thnh cng. Khong ti u nht l trong khong 32 - 36%. xp thp s hn ch s vn
chuyn oxygen, nn hn ch gii phng nhit v lm tng nhit trong ng compost.
Ngc li, xp cao c th dn ti nhit trong ng compost thp, khng m bo
tiu dit mm bnh. xp c th c iu chnh bng cch s dng vt liu to cu
trc vi t l trn hp l.

Thi kh (Hamelers, 2000; Haug, 1993)

Kh mi trng xung quanh c cung cp ti ng compost vi sinh vt s dng
cho s phn hy cht hu c, cng nh lm bay hi nc v gii phng nhit. Nu kh
khng c cung cp y th c th hnh thnh nhng vng k kh trong ng
compost, gy mi hi. Lng khng kh cung cp cho khi compost c th c thc
hin bng cch:

- o trn;
- Cm ng tre;
- Thi cht thi t tng lu cha trn cao xung thp;
- Thi kh.

Qu trnh o trn cung cp kh khng theo cn bng t lng. iu kin hiu kh ch
tha mn i vi lp trn cng, cc lp bn trong hot ng trong mi trng ty tin
hoc k kh. Do , tc phn hy gim v thi gian cn thit qu trnh lm phn
hon tt b ko di.

Cp kh bng phng php thi kh t hiu qu phn hy cao nht. Tuy nhin, lu lng
kh phi c khng ch thch hp. Nu cp qu nhiu kh s dn n chi ph cao v gy
mt nhit ca khi phn, ko theo sn phm khng m bo an ton v c th cha vi sinh
vt gy bnh. Khi pH ca mi trng trng khi phn compost ln hn 7, cng vi qu
trnh thi kh s lm tht thot N

di dng NH
3
. Tri li, nu thi kh qu t, mi trng
bn trong khi phn tr nn k kh. Vn tc thi kh cho qu trnh compost thng
trong khong 5-10 m
3
kh/tn nguyn liu/gi.

Cht hu c (Frank, 2000; Hamelers, 2000)

Vn tc phn hy dao ng ty theo thnh phn, tnh cht ca cht hu c. Cht hu c
ha tan d phn hy hn cht hu c khng ha tan. Lignin v ligno - cellulosics l
nhng cht phn hy rt chm.
Chng 7 Cng ngh x l

88
Kch thc ht (Day and Shaw, 2001; Hamelers, 2000; Haug, 1993; Rynk v cng s,
1992)

Kch thc ht nh hng ln ti tc phn hy sinh hc. Qu trnh phn hy hiu kh
xy ra trn b mt ht. Ht c kch thc nh s c tng din tch b mt ln nn s tng
s tip xc vi oxy, lm tng tc phn hy. Ht qu nh s c xp thp, nh hng
n qu trnh thi kh v ko theo c ch tc phn hy. Ngc li, ht c kch thc
qu ln s lm cho khi compost c xp cao, to ra cc knh thi kh lm cho s
phn b kh khng ng u, khng c li cho qu trnh ch bin compost. Kch thc
ht ti u cho qu trnh ch bin trong khong ng knh t 3 ti 50 mm. Kch thc
ht ti u c th t c bng cch ct, nghin v sng vt liu th ban u. CTRSH v
cht thi nng nghip phi c nghin n n kch thc thch hp trc khi lm phn.
Phn bc, bn v phn ng vt thng c kch thc ht mn, thch hp cho qu trnh
phn hy sinh hc.

Dinh dng

Thng s dinh dng quan trng nht l t l carbon/nit (C/N). Phospho (P) l nguyn
t quan trng k tip. Lu hunh (S), canxi (Ca) v cc nguyn t vi lng khc cng
ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh trao i cht ca t bo.

Theo bo co ca Alexander (1961), khong 20 40% C ca cht thi hu c (trong cht
thi np liu) cn thit cho qu trnh ng ha thnh t bo mi, phn cn li chuyn ha
thnh CO
2
. Tuy nhin, nhng t bo ny c cha khong 50% C v 5% N theo khi
lng kh. Nh vy, nhu cu N trong nguyn liu lm phn compost chim khong 2-4%
C ban u, hay ni cch khc t l C/N vo khong 25:1.

T l C/N ca cc cht thi khc nhau c trnh by trong Bng 7.6. Tr phn nga v
l khoai ty, t l C/N ca tt c cc cht thi khc u phi c hiu chnh e t gi
tr ti u l 25:1 trc khi tin hnh ch bin compost.

Bng 7.6 T l C/N ca cc cht thi

Cht thi N (% khi lng kh) T l C/N
Phn bc 5,5-6,5 6-10
Nc tiu 15-18 0,8
Mu 10-14 3,0
Phn ng vt - 4,1
Phn b 1,7 18
Phn gia cm 6,3 15
Phn cu 3,8 -
Phn heo 3,8 -
Phn nga 2,3 25
Bn cng thi th 4-7 11
Bn cng thi phn hy 2,4 -
Bn hot tnh 5 6
C ct xn 3-6 12-15
Ch thi rau qu 2,5-4 11-12
C hn hp 2,4 19

89
L khoai ty 1,5 25
Tru la m 0,3-0,5 128-150
Tru yn mch 0,1 48
Mt ca 0,1 200-500
Ngun: Chongrak, 1996.

Trong thc t, vic tnh ton v hiu chnh chnh xc t s C/N ti u gp kh khn v
nhng l do sau:

1. Mt phn cc c cht C nh cellulose v lignin kh b phn hy sinh hc, ch b phn
hy sau mt khong thi gian di.
2. Mt s cht dinh dng cn thit cho vi sinh vt khng sn c.
3. Qu trnh c nh N c th xy ra di tc dng ca nhm vi khun Azotobacter, c
bit khi c mt PO
4
3-
.
4. Phn tch hm lng C kh t kt qu chnh xc.

Hm lng carbon c th xc nh theo phng trnh sau:

% C trong phng trnh ny l lng vt liu cn li sau khi nung nhit 550
o
C trong
1 gi. Do , mt s cht thi cha phn ln nha (l thnh phn b phn hy 550
o
C) s
c gi tr %C cao, nhng a phn khng c kh nng phn hy sinh hc.

Nu t l C/N ca vt liu lm compost cao hn gi tr ti u, s hn ch s pht trin
ca vi sinh vt do thiu N. Chng phi tri qua nhiu chu trnh chuyn ha, oxy ha phn
carbon d cho n khi t t l C/N thch hp. Do , thi gian cn thit cho qu trnh
lm phn compost b ko di hn v sn phm thu c cha t mn hn. Theo nhng
nghin cu ca trng i Hc California, USA (Haug, 1980), nu t l C/N ban u l
20, thi gian cn thit cho qu trnh lm compost l 12 ngy, nu t l ny dao ng
trong khong 20 50, thi gian cn thit l 14 ngy v nu t l C/N = 78, thi gian cn
thit s l 21 ngy.

t l C/N thp (nh phn bc v bn), N s tht thot di dng kh NH
3
, c bit
iu kin nhit cao, pH cao v c thi kh.

Tm li, nhng thng s quan trng iu khin qu trnh lm compost bao gm m, t
l C/N v nhit . i vi hu ht cht thi hu c c kh nng phn hy sinh hc, khi
m t 50-60% v c cp kh y , tc qu trnh trao i cht s tng. Cc vi
sinh vt hiu kh s dng cht hu c lm thc n v pht trin m t bo t ngun nit,
phospho, carbon v cc cht dinh dng khc. Do carbon hu c c s dng lm
ngun nng lng v carbon ca t bo nn nhu cu carbon ln hn nhiu so vi nit.
Nhng thng s quan trng trong qu trnh lm phn compost hiu kh c trnh by
tm tt trong Bng 7.7.

8 , 1
% 100
%
tro
C

Chng 7 Cng ngh x l

90
Bng 7.7 Cc thng s quan trng trong qu trnh ch bin compost hiu kh

Thng s Gi tr
Kch thc Kch thc ti u ca cht thi dao ng trong khong 25 75 mm (1 3 in).
T l C/N T l C/N ti u dao ng trong khong 25 : 1. Nu t l ny thp c th sinh
kh NH
3
. Hot tnh sinh hc cng c th b cn tr t l C/N thp. t l cao,
hn hp thiu nit.
m m c th dao ng trong khong 50-60% trong qu trnh ch bin compost.
Gi tr m ti u khong 55%.
Mc xo
trn
trnh hin tng kh, to thnh bnh, to knh kh, trong qu trnh
compost, vt liu phi c xo trn nh k. Chu k xo trn ty thuc vo
dng qu trnh thc hin.
Nhit Nhit phi c duy tr trong khong 50 55
o
C trong mt vi ngy u v
khong 55-60
o
C trong nhng ngy sau . Nu nhit vt qu 66
o
C, hot
tnh sinh hc s gim ng k.
Nhu cu
khng kh
Lng oxy cn thit c tnh ton da trn cn bng t lng. Khng kh cha
oxy cn thit phi tip xc u vi tt c cc phn ca vt liu lm phn.
pH t c qu trnh phn hy hiu kh ti u, gi tr pH phi dao ng trong
khong 7,0 7,5. hn ch s tht thot nit di dng kh NH
3
, pH khng
c php vt qu 8,5.

Cht lng compost

Cht lng compost c nh gi da trn 4 nhn t nh sau:

- Mc ln to cht (thy tinh, plastic, , kim loi nng, cht thi ha hc, thuc tr
su);
- Nng cc cht dinh dng (dinh dng a lng N, P, K; dinh dng trung lng
Ca, Mg, S; dinh dng vi lng Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, Co, Bo.);
- Mt vi sinh vt gy bnh (thp mc khng nh hng c hi ti cy trng);
- n nh ( chn, hoai) v hm lng cht hu c ( n nh lin quan ti nhit
, m v nng oxygen trong qu trnh ch bin compost; n nh thng t
l nghch vi hm lng cht hu c, khi thi gian compost ko di, n nh ca
compost s tng i i vi hm lng cht hu c trong compost gim).

7.3.5 Kinh nghim ch bin compost trn th gii

Theo Richard v Rynk (2001) v Rynk v cng s (1992) c cc phng php compost
nh sau:

- Phng php ngoi tri l phng php m vt liu khng c hoc rt t c
cha trong container.
- Phng php trong container l phng php m vt liu c cha trong
container, ti ng hay trong nh.
- Phng php thi kh th ng l phng php m oxygen (kh) c cung cp ti
h thng theo cc con ng t nhin nh khuch tn, gi, i lu nhit,

91
- Phng php thi kh cng bc l phng php m oxygen c cung cp ti h
thng bng qut thi kh, bm nn kh qua h thng phn phi kh nh ng phn phi
kh hay sn phn phi kh.
- Phng php theo lung di (windrow) l phng php m vt liu c sp
xp theo cc lung di v hp.
- Phng php theo ng (pile) l phng php m vt liu c sp xp theo
ng.

Cc phng php compost thng dng v nhng u im, khuyt im ca cc phng
php s c trnh by sau y:

Phng php compost theo lung di vi thi kh th ng c xo trn

Trong phng php compost theo lung di vi thi kh th ng c xo trn, vt liu
c sp xp theo cc lung di v hp. Khng kh (oxy) c cung cp ti h thng mt
cch t nhin nh khuch tn, gi, i lu nhit, Cc lung compost c xo trn
nh k thng xuyn xo trn u kch thc CTR trong lung compost, trn u
m v h tr cho qu trnh thi kh th ng. Vic xo trn c thc hin bng cch di
chuyn lung compost vi xe xc hoc bng xe xo trn chuyn dng.

u im:

- Do xo trn thng xuyn nn cht lng compost thu c kh u;
- Vn u t v chi ph vn hnh thp v khng cn h thng cung cp oxygen cng
bc.

Nhc im:

- Cn nhiu nhn cng;
- Thi gian di (3-6 thng);
- Do s dng thi kh th ng nn kh qun l, c bit l kh kim sot nhit v
mm bnh;
- Xo trn lung compost thng gy tht thot Nit v gy mi;
- Qu trnh c th b ph thuc vo iu kin thi tit, v d nh ma c th gy nh
hng bt li cho qu trnh ;
- Phng php thi kh th ng cn mt lng ln vt liu to cu trc v loi vt liu
to cu trc ph hp vi phng php ny th kh tm hn so vi cc phng php
khc.

Phng php compost theo lung di hoc ng vi thi kh cng bc

Trong phng php ny, vt liu c sp xp thnh ng hoc lung di. Khng kh
(oxy) c cung cp ti h thng bng qut thi kh hoc bm nn kh v h thng phn
phi kh nh ng phn phi kh hoc sn phn phi kh.

u im:

Chng 7 Cng ngh x l

92
- D kim sot khi vn hnh h thng, c bit l kim sot nhit v nng oxygen
trong lung compost;
- Gim mi hi v mm bnh;
- Thi gian ngn (3 6 tun);
- V s dng thi kh cng bc nn c th lm lung compost cao v rng hn, nn
nhu cu s dng t thp hn, v c th vn hnh ngoi tri hoc c che ph.

Nhc im:

- H thng phn phi kh d b tt nghn, cn phi bo tr thng xuyn
- Chi ph bo tr h thng v chi ph nng lng cho thi kh lm tng tng chi ph, nn
chi ph cho h thng ny cao hn h thng thi kh th ng.

Phng php trong container

Phng php trong container l phng php m vt liu c cha trong
container, ti ng hay trong nh. Thi kh cng bc thng c s dng cho phng
php ny. C nhiu phng php trong container nh trong b di chuyn theo
phng ngang, trong container thi kh v trong thng xoay.

Trong b di chuyn theo phng ngang, vt liu c trong mt hoc nhiu ngn phn
ng di v hp, thi kh cng bc v xo trn nh k c p dng cho phng php
ny. Vt liu c di chuyn lin tc dc theo chiu di ca ngn phn ng trong sut
qu trnh .

Trong container thi kh, vt liu c cha trong cc loi container khc nhau nh
thng cha cht thi rn hay ti polyethylene, thi kh cng bc c s dng cho
qu trnh dng m, khng c s rung hay xo trn trong container. Tuy nhin, gia
qu trnh , vt liu c th c ly ra v xo trn bn ngoi, sau cho vo container
li. Trong thng xoay, vt liu c trong mt thng xoay chm theo phng ngang
vi thi kh cng bc.

u im:

- t nhy cm vi iu kin thi tit;
- Kh nng kim sot qu trnh v kim sot mi tt hn;
- Thi gian ngn hn phng php ngoi tri;
- Nhu cu din tch nh hn cc phng php khc;
- Cht lng compost tt hn.

Nhc im:

- Vn u t cao;
- Chi ph vn hnh v bo tr h thng cao;
- Thit k phc tp v i hi trnh cao;
- Cng nhn vn hnh i hi trnh cao.

93
Ch bin compost hiu kh cng bc bng phng php Beltsville Aerated Rapid
Composting (BARC)

- Hiu qu hn, m bo nhit > thermophilic v tiu dit c vi sinh vt gy bnh
- hn hp bn v g vn trn sn v h thng ng thi kh
- Kch thc lung : L x W x H = 12 m x 6 m x 2,5 m
- Nhit 60 80
o
C sau 3 5 ngy, duy tr 10 ngy.

Ch bin compost kiu DANO

- Thit b dng hnh tr, tc quay 1 vng/pht, D = 3 4 m; L = 25 30 m.
- Cung cp khng kh bng qut thi
- Nhit ln hn 60
o
C
- Thi gian lu trong thit b t 2,5 - 5 ngy , tip tc 30 60 ngy (pht trin an
Mch)

Hnh 7.15 S quy trnh ch bin compost kiu DANO.

Ch bin compost kiu JERSEY

- p dng i vi CTR sinh hot; qu trnh hiu kh;
- Chuyn cht thi t trn cao xung.

Hnh 7.16 S quy trnh ch bin compost kiu Jersey.

7.3.6 So snh qu trnh ch bin compost v qu trnh thu hi kh biogas

Ni chung, c hai phng php: phn hy sinh hc ca cht thi hu c l ch bin
compost v qu trnh phn hy k kh. Trong ch bin compost, cht hu c c phn
hu bi cc sinh vt trong iu kin c oxy, sn phm to thnh l CO
2
, nc, nhit v
compost, n c th c s dng lm phn bn cho nng nghip. Trong khi , trong
phn hy k kh, s phn hy sinh hc ca cht hu c c thc hin trong iu kin
khng c oxy. Sn phm ca qu trnh phn hy k kh l CH
4
, n c th c s dng
lm ngun nng lng; CO
2
; mt s sn phm trung gian nh: acid hu c v alcohol v
mn (Haug, 1993).

Phu
np liu
Bng ti
Sng quay
Phn loi bng t
DANO
Sng rung
Nc (am 50%) Kh
Cht thi
Sn
phm
Cht thi Cht thi
CTRSH Loi tp cht a ln tng 5 Th xung tng thp hn (1 ngy/tng)
Tip tc 30-60 ngy
Chng 7 Cng ngh x l

94
Qu trnh ch bin compost l qu trnh n gin vi vn u t va phi v sn phm
ca n l compost n c th lm phn bn, do c th thu hi c mt phn vn ca
qu trnh. Bn cnh , nhit thermophilic trong compost c th loi b c cc mm
bnh, do qu trnh lm compost c nh gi l t nh hng n mi trng hn so
vi phng php phn hy k kh. Hn na, qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c trong
compost to thnh nhit lm bay hi nc trong nguyn liu, n cng l mt dng to
thnh nng lng v s dng trc tip. Tuy nhin, qu trnh ch bin compost c mt bt
li nh: cn nng lng cao cho qu trnh vn hnh v cn phi duy tr s n nh ca h
thng, cng nh kh nng lan truyn nhim do pht thi NH
3
trong khng kh nu nh
vic thit k v vn hnh khng ph hp. Tri ngc vi qu trnh ch bin compost,
phn hy k kh l qu trnh phc tp, n i hi nhng k thut c bit v vn u t
cao. Tuy nhin, gi thnh vn hnh thp v sn phm kh sinh hc c th b vo chi ph
u t. Ngoi ra, sn phm ph ca qu trnh phn hy k kh l bn t, n cn phi qua
x l bc hai trc khi loi b. pH v kh nng m l rt quan trng trong qu trnh
phn hy k kh v vi khun methanogenic rt nhy cm vi pH. Khi pH gim di 6,
kh nng hot ng ca vi khun bi c ch (Burton and Turner, 2003; Frank, 2000; Haug,
1993). C hai phng php ch bin compost v phn hy k kh sn xut biogas u c
u v nhc im ring, do da trn nhng iu kin sn c v nhng iu kin khch
quan, phng php thch hp c th c chn cho tng hon cnh c th.

7.4 CNG NGH X L NHIT

gim th tch CTR v thu hi cc sn phm c ch, cc qu trnh x l nhit c th s
dng trong x l CTRT bao gm (1) t (qu trnh oxy ha ha hc), (2) nhit phn, v
(3) kh ha. Cng cn lu rng cc phng php x l nhit t c p dng x l
CTRT (l loi CTR khng c tnh nguy hi) do chi ph x l cao hn gp nhiu ln so
vi cc phng php khc. Cng ngh t c p dng nhiu nht i vi cc loi cht
thi nguy hi. Tuy nhin, nhng ni din tch t chn lp khan him, phng php t
l mt trong nhng gii php hu hiu v t tn din tch v c th ti s dng nhit sinh
ra cung cp cho h thng l si, h thng nc nng cng nh sn xut nc ct.

7.4.1 t

t l phn ng ha hc gia oxy v cht hu c c trong CTR to thnh cc hp cht b
oxy ha cng vi s pht sng v ta nhit. Nu khng kh c cp d v di iu kin
phn ng l tng, qu trnh t cht hu c c trong CTRT c th biu din theo
phng trnh phn ng sau:

Cht hu c + Khng kh (d) CO
2
+ H
2
O + khng kh d + NH
3
+ SO
2
+ NO
x
+
Tro + Nhit

Lng khng kh c cp d nhm m bo qu trnh chy xy ra hon ton. Sn phm
cui ca qu trnh t chy CTRT bao gm kh nng cha CO
2
, H
2
O, khng kh d (O
2
v N
2
) v phn khng chy cn li (gi l tro). Trong thc t, ngoi nhng thnh phn
ny cn c mt lng nh cc kh NH
3
, SO
2
, NO
x
v cc kh vi lng khc ty theo bn
cht ca cht thi.


95
7.4.2 Nhit phn

V hu ht cc cht hu c u khng bn nhit, chng c th b ct mch qua cc phn
ng cracking nhit v ngng t trong iu kin khng c oxy, to thnh nhng phn kh,
lng v rn. Tri vi qu trnh t (l qu trnh ta nhit), qu trnh nhit phn l qu
trnh thu nhit. c tnh ca 3 phn chnh to thnh t qu trnh nhit phn CTRT nh
sau: (1) dng kh sinh ra cha H
2
, CH
4
, CO, CO
2
v nhiu kh khc ty thuc vo bn
cht ca cht thi em nhit phn, (2) hc n v/hoc du dng lng iu kin nhit
phng cha cc ha cht nh acetic acid, acetone v methanol v (3) than bao gm
carbon nguyn cht cng vi nhng cht tr khc. V d qu trnh nhit phn cellulose c
th biu din bng phng trnh phn ng sau:

3(C
6
H
10
O
5
) 8H
2
O + C
6
H
8
O + 2CO + 2CO
2
+ CH
4
+ H
2
+ 7C

Phng trnh trn cho thy thnh phn hc n v/hoc du thu c chnh l C
6
H
8
O.

7.4.3 Kh ha

Qu trnh kh ha bao gm qu trnh t chy mt phn nhin liu carbon to thnh
kh nhin liu chy c giu CO, H
2
v mt s hydrocarbon no, ch yu l CH
4
. Kh
nhin liu chy c sau c t chy trong ng c t trong hoc ni hi. Nu
thit b kh ha c vn hnh diu kin p sut kh quyn s dng khng kh lm tc
nhn oxy ha, sn phm cui ca qu trnh kh ha s l (1) kh nng lng thp cha
CO
2
, CO, H
2
, CH
4
, v N
2
, (2) hc n cha C v cc cht tr sn c trong nhin liu v (3)
cht lng ngng t c ging nh du pyrolic.

CHNG 8

BI CHN LP

Quy hoch, thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp cht thi hin i i hi p dng nhiu
nguyn tc khoa hc, cng ngh v kinh t. Nhng ni dung chnh trnh by trong
chng ny bao gm: (1) m t cc phng php chn lp cht thi rn bao gm c
nhng vn v mi trng v cc lut l; (2) m t cc loi bi chn lp v phng
php chn lp; (3) nhng iu cn lu khi la chn v tr bi chn lp; (4) qun l kh
sinh ra t bi chn lp (kh bi rc); (5) khng ch nc r rc sinh ra t bi chn lp; (6)
kim sot nc mt; (7) cu trc bi chn lp v s st ln; (8) gim st cht lng mi
trng; (9) b tr mt bng tng th v thit k s b bi chn lp; (10) xy dng quy
trnh vn hnh bi chn lp; (11) ng ca hon ton bi chn lp v nhng vn cn
quan tm; v (12) tnh ton thit k bi chn lp.

8.1 PHNG PHP CHN LP CHT THI RN

Bi chn lp l phng php thi b cht thi rn kinh t nht v chp nhn c v mt
mi trng. Ngay c khi p dng cc bin php gim lng cht thi, ti sinh, ti s dng
v c cc k thut chuyn ha cht thi, vic thi b phn cht thi cn li ra bi chn lp
vn l mt khu quan trng trong chin lc qun l hp nht cht thi rn. Cng tc
qun l bi chn lp kt hp cht ch vi quy hoch, thit k, vn hnh, ng ca, v
kim sot sau khi ng ca hon ton bi chn lp. Ni dung chnh trnh by mc ny
bao gm: (1) quy trnh chn lp, (2) tng quan cc phn ng c bn xy ra trong bi chn
lp, (3) cc vn mi trng lin quan, (4) tng quan mt s quy nh v thi b cht
thi rn bi chn lp.

8.1.1 Quy trnh chn lp

Mt s nh ngha

Bi chn lp l ni thi b cht thi rn trn mt t. Trc y, nhng bi chn lp c
che ph cht thi vo cui mi ngy vn hnh c xem l bi chn lp hp v sinh
(sanitary landfill). Hin nay, bi chn lp hp v sinh l bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh
hot c thit k v vn hnh sao cho gim n mc thp nht cc tc ng n sc
khe cng ng v mi trng. Cc bi chn lp cht thi nguy hi c gi l bi chn
lp an ton (secure landfill). Chn lp (landfilling) l qu trnh cht thi vo bi
chn lp bao hm c cng tc gim st cht thi chuyn n, thi b, nn p cht thi v
lp t cc thit b gim st cht lng mi trng xung quanh.

n nguyn (cell) l th tch ca vt liu ra bi chn lp (bao gm c th tch cht thi
v vt liu che ph hng ngy) trong mt n v thi gian vn hnh, thng l 1 ngy.
Lp che ph hng ngy (daily cover) thng dng t hoc nhng vt liu khc (nh
phn compost) dy 6-12 in (15,2 - 30,5 cm) ph ln b mt lm vic ca bi chn lp
vo cui mi ngy vn hnh. Lp che ph hng ngy c s dng trnh hin tng
bay rc do gi, trnh chut b, rui nhng v nhng sinh vt gy bnh xm nhp vo
Chng 8- Bi chn lp hp v sinh

97
hoc lan truyn ra khu vc bn ngoi bi chn lp, cng nh hn ch nc ngm vo bi
chn lp trong qu trnh vn hnh.

Lp (lift) l mt lp hon chnh bao ph tt c cc n nguyn trn ton b b mt lm
vic ca bi chn lp. Thng thng, bi chn lp bao gm nhiu lp. Bc (Bench hay
terrace) thng c s dng khi bi chn lp cao hn 50-75 ft (15,24 22,86 m) nhm
duy tr dc ca bi chn lp, bo m din tch lp t mng thot nc v ng
ng thu hi kh bi rc. Lp cui cng (final lift) bao gm c lp che ph. Lp che ph
cui cng (final cover layer) l lp ph trn cng sau khi bi chn lp ng ca hon
ton. Lp ny thng bao gm nhiu lp t v mng a cht, c thit k tng kh
nng thot nc b mt, thu gom nc thm vo bi v l lp cp dng cho cy trng.

Nc thi thu gom y bi chn lp gi l nc r rc (leachate). i vi nhng bi
chn lp su, nc r rc thng c thu gom nhng v tr trung gian. Mt cch tng
qut, nc r rc sinh ra do nc ma, nc b mt chy trn v nc ti tiu ngm vo
bi chn lp. Nc r rc cng bao gm c nc c sn trong rc cng nh nc ngm
ngm vo bi chn lp. Nc r rc cha nhiu hp cht ha hc sinh ra do s ha tan cc
vt liu c trong rc v cc sn phm ca phn ng ha hc v ha sinh xy ra trong bi
chn lp.

Kh bi rc (landfill gas) l hn hp kh tn ti trong bi chn lp. Phn ln kh bi rc
cha methane (CH
4
) v kh carbonic (CO
2
), l cc sn phm chnh ca qu trnh phn
hy k kh phn cht thi hu c c kh nng phn hy sinh hc ca cht thi rn sinh
hot. Nhng thnh phn kh khc gm c nit (N
2
) v oxy (O
2
) khng kh, ammonia
(NH
3
), v cc hp cht hu c vi lng.

Lp lt (landfill liners) gm nhng vt liu (t nhin v nhn to) c dng lt mt
y v cc mt xung quanh ca bi chn lp. Lp lt y thng bao gm lp t st nn
v/hoc lp mng a cht c thit k nhm ngn nga s lan truyn ca nc r rc v
kh bi rc. Cc phng tin kim sot bi chn lp (landfill control facilities) bao gm
lp lt y, h thng thu gom v thot nc r rc, h thng thu gom v thot kh bi rc,
cc lp che ph hng ngy v lp che ph cui cng.

Gim st mi trng (environmental monitoring) bao gm cc hot ng lin quan n
vic ly mu v phn tch cc mu nc v khng kh nhm kim sot s lan truyn kh
bi rc v nc r rc khu vc bi chn lp. ng ca bi chn lp (landfill closure) l
bc cn thit ng ca v bo m an ton cho bi chn lp khi lp y hon ton.
Kim sot sau khi ng ca (Postclosure) l nhng hot ng lin quan n vic gim st
v bo dng lu di cc bi chn lp ng ca hon ton (t 30-50 nm).

98

Hnh 8.1 Mt ct bi chn lp hp v sinh.

Tng quan v quy hoch, thit k v vn hnh bi chn lp

Nhng ni dung c bn cn phi xem xt khi quy hoch, thit k v vn hnh bi chn
lp bao gm (1) b tr mt bng tng th v thit k bi chn lp; (2) vn hnh v qun l
bi chn lp; (3) cc phn ng xy ra trong bi chn lp; (4) qun l kh bi rc; (5) qun
l nc r rc; (6) gim st cht lng mi trng; (7) ng ca v kim sot sau khi
ng ca hon ton bi chn lp.

Thi gian lm vic ca bi chn lp hin i

Thi gian lm vic m t di y l tng qut cho cc bi chn lp hin i. Nhng
im khc bit trong qu trnh vn hnh thay i ty theo cht thi cn chn lp v hnh
dng bi chn lp.

Xy dng bi chn lp

Bc th nht l chun b v tr xy dng bi chn lp. H thng thot nc hin ti
phi c ci tin trnh dn nc v khu vc d nh xy bi chn lp. Vic thay i
tuyn thot nc c bit c ngha quan trng i vi nhng bi chn lp dng hm ni
(ravine landfill) ni m ng phn thy chnh c th i qua khu vc bi chn lp. Thm
vo , h thng thot nc ca chnh bi chn lp cng phi c ci tin trnh dn
nc v pha khu vc lp y u tin. Nhng cng tc chun b khc bao gm xy dng
cc li vo bi chn lp, khu vc cn rc v tng ro.

Bc k tip l o v xy dng y bi chn lp v cc mt xung quanh. Cc bi chn
lp hin i thng c xy dng theo tng phn. Phng thc hot ng theo tng
phn cho php ch mt phn nh b mt bi chn lp khng c bo v tip xc vi
nc ma bt c lc no. Thm vo , vic o lp c thc hin nhiu ln hn l xy
dng ton b y bi chn lp mt ln. t o c th d tr khu vc cha o gn ni

99
ang hot ng v vn thu gom nc ma trong qu trnh o nh s gim i. Nu
ton b y bi chn lp c xy dng mt ln, cn phi lp t h thng thot nc
ma khi phn bi chn lp cha s dng.

gim chi ph, vt liu che ph nu c th ly ngay ti khu vc bi chn lp l thch
hp nht. Khu vc hot ng u tin ca bi chn lp c o n su thit k v
t do c d tr s dng sau ny. Cc thit b gim st cht lng nc ngm v
vng b nh hng (vadose zone) (vng nm gia mt t v mch nc ngm c nh)
phi c lp t trc khi xy dng lp lt y. y bi chn lp c to hnh nhm
to iu kin thot nc r rc d dng. H thng thu gom v thot nc r rc c lp
t vo nhng lp gia hoc lp trn cng. Lp lt y phi ph kn c thnh xung quanh
ca bi chn lp.

nh hng ca s pht tn cc hp cht hu c bay hi sinh ra t qu trnh phn hy rc
mi c th hn ch bng cch lp t h thng ng thu kh ngang y bi chn lp,
ht chn khng hoc thi kh qua phn bi chn c lp y. Kh thu c phi c
t chy di iu kin khng ch thch hp nhm bo m phn hy hon ton VOCs.
Trc khi chn lp cht thi, cn phi xy tng t pha cui hng gi ca khu vc d
kin chn rc. Tng ny c tc dng nh tm chn gi nhm hn ch hin tng bay rc
do gi v ng thi l pha c th p rc c. i vi nhng bi chn lp o, thnh h
o thng c dng nh mt nn rc ban u.

Chn lp

Cht thi ban u c trong cc n nguyn dc theo mt p rc v dn dn ra pha
ngoi v ln pha trn. Lng rc trong mt n v thi gian vn hnh, thng l 1
ngy, to thnh mt n nguyn. Cht thi t cc xe thu gom v xe vn chuyn c tri
u thnh lp dy t 18-24 in (45,72 - 60,96 cm) v c nn p. Chiu cao ca mt n
nguyn thng dao ng trong khong 8-12 ft (2,44 3,66 m). Chiu di ca b mt lm
vic thay i ty theo iu kin ca khu vc bi chn lp v quy m hot ng. B mt
lm vic l din tch ca bi chn lp m cht thi rn c tho d, b v nn p
trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. Chiu rng ca mt n nguyn thay i t 10 ft
n 30 ft (3 9 m) ty theo thit k v sc cha ca bi chn lp. Tt c nhng mt l ra
ngoi ca mi n nguyn u c che ph bng lp t mng 6 - 12 in (15,24 - 30,48
cm) hoc nhng vt liu che ph thch hp khc vo cui mi ngy vn hnh.

Sau khi mt hoc nhiu lp rc c lp y, c th o h thng mng thu hi kh
nm ngang trn b mt, sau , si v t ng nha chm l vo mng. Kh bi rc
thot ra qua cc ng thu kh ny. Cc lp c ni tip nhau cho n lp trn cng. Ty
theo su ca bi chn lp m c th t thm ng thu nc r rc cc lp ni tip
nhau ny. Lp che ph cui cng ca phn bi chn lp y hon ton c tc dng hn
ch nc ma v nc mt ngm vo bi chn lp cng nh trnh xi mn. Lc ny c
th lp t h thng ging thu kh ng b mt bi chn lp. H thng thu kh ny ni
kt vi nhau v kh thu c c th t chy hoc dn n trm thu hi nng lng.

Nhng phn khc ca bi chn lp li c xy dng theo cc bc trnh by nh trn.
Khi cht hu c trong rc phn hy, phn bi chn lp lp y c th b st ln. Do
, hot ng xy dng bi chn lp phi bao hm c lp li v sa cha nhng phn bi
chn lp b st ln nhm duy tr dc thch hp v kh nng thot nc. H thng kim
100
sot nc r rc v kh bi rc cng phi c m rng v duy tr. Sau khi lp y, b mt
bi chn lp s c sa cha v nng cp bi lp che ph cui cng. Khi , bi chn
lp thch hp cho nhng mc ch s dng khc.

Qun l sau khi ng ca bi chn lp

Cng tc gim st v bo dng bi chn lp ng ca hon ton phi c duy tr
theo quy nh trong mt khong thi gian nht nh (t 30 n 50 nm). iu quan trng
cn lu l b mt bi chn lp phi c duy tr v sa cha tng kh nng thot
nc, h thng kim sot nc r rc v kh bi rc cng phi c bo dng, vn hnh
v h thng pht hin ngun nhim phi c gim st thng xuyn.

8.1.2 Cc phn ng xy ra trong bi chn lp hp v sinh

Cht thi rn ra bi chn lp hp v sinh s chu nhng bin i sinh hc, ha hc v
l hc xy ra ng thi v tng tc vi nhau.

Cc phn ng sinh hc

Cc phn ng sinh hc quan trng nht xy ra trong bi chn lp l cc phn ng bin i
cc cht hu c thnh kh bi rc v cc cht lng. Qu trnh phn hy sinh hc hiu kh
thng xy ra trong khong thi gian ngn ngay sau khi bt u phn hy cht thi cho
n khi lng oxy ban u khng cn na. Trong giai on phn hy hiu kh, kh thi
sinh ra ch yu l CO
2
. Khi oxy b tiu th hon ton, qu trnh phn hy tr thnh k
kh, cht hu c b chuyn ha thnh CO
2
, CH
4
, v mt phn nh kh NH
3
v H
2
S. Nhiu
phn ng ha hc khc li chnh l phn ng trung gian ca chui phn ng sinh hc
nhng do v s cc tc ng tng h nn kh c th xc nh iu kin tn ti trong bi
chn lp hoc tng phn ca bi chn lp theo tng giai on khc nhau.

Cc phn ng ha hc

Cc phn ng ha hc quan trng xy ra trong bi chn lp bao gm s ha tan v to
huyn ph cc vt liu c trong bi chn lp v cc sn phm chuyn ha sinh hc trong
cht lng thm qua cht thi, s ha hi v bc hi cc hp cht ha hc v nc to
thnh kh bi rc, s hp th cc hp cht hu c bay hi v cc hp cht na bay hi c
trong cht thi, s halogen ha v phn hy cc hp cht hu c, v cc phn ng oxy
ha kh nh hng n s ha tan kim loi v cc mui kim loi. S ha tan cc sn
phm chuyn ha sinh hc v cc hp cht khc, nht l cc hp cht hu c, vo nc r
rc c bit c ngha quan trng, v nhng thnh phn ny c th lan truyn ra ngoi
theo nc r rc. Nhng hp cht hu c ny, sau , c th pht tn vo mi trng
khng kh qua t ( nhng bi chn lp khng c lp lt y) hoc t thit b x l nc
r rc khng che ph. Nhng phn ng ha hc quan trng khc phi k n l phn ng
gia cc cht hu c vi lp lt bng t st, do c th lm thay i cu trc v thm
thu ca cc vt liu lt y.

Cc phn ng l hc

Nhng bin i l hc quan trng l qu trnh khuch tn kh trong bi chn lp v s
pht tn kh bi rc ra mi trng xung quanh, s chuyn ng ca nc r rc bn trong
bi chn lp, lp t pha y v s st ln do qu trnh kt dnh v phn hy cht thi.

101
S chuyn ng v pht tn kh bi rc c ngha c bit quan trng trong qun l bi
chn lp. Kh sinh ra bn trong bi chn lp c th lm p sut bn trong bi tng ln v
gy hin tng nt lp che ph. Nc thm vo bi qua cc khe nt ny thc y tc
sinh kh v lm lp che ph b nt nhiu hn. Kh bi rc thot ra mi trng c th
mang theo cc hp cht gy bnh ung th v bnh qui thai mc vi lng. V kh bi
rc thng c hm lng methan cao nn c nguy c gy chy n. Bn cnh , nc r
rc cng l mt vn ng quan tm. Trong qu trnh di chuyn xung pha y bi
chn lp, nc r rc c th mang theo cc hp cht v cc vt liu c trong bi chn lp
n nhng v tr mi, chng c th phn ng hon ton hn. Nc r rc chim ch
cc l rng trong bi chn lp v gy cn tr i vi qu trnh thot kh bi rc.

8.1.3 Nhng vn lin quan n chn lp cht thi rn

Nhng vn lin quan n vic chn lp cht thi rn bao gm: (1) thi khng kim
sot kh bi rc c th pht tn vo mi trng xung quanh gy mi hi v nhng nguy
c nguy hi khc; (2) nh hng ca vic thi khng kim sot kh bi rc n hiu ng
nh knh; (3) thi khng kim sot nc r rc c th thm xung tng nc ngm hoc
nc mt; (4) s sinh sn nhng sinh vt gy bnh do qun l bi chn lp khng hp l;
(5) tc ng n sc khe cng ng v mi trng do cc kh vi lng sinh ra t nhng
cht thi nguy hi thng b ti bi chn lp trc y. Vic thit k v vn hnh bi
chn lp hin i nhm loi tr hoc gim thiu cc tc ng lin quan k trn.

8.2 PHN LOI, LOI HNH BI CHN LP V PHNG PHP CHN LP

Nhng ni dung chnh trnh by trong mc ny bao gm: (1) h thng phn loi bi chn
lp, (2) cc loi bi chn lp hin c, (3) cc phng php chn lp cht thi.

8.2.1 Phn loi bi chn lp

Mc d nhiu h thng phn loi bi chn lp c a ra nhng nm qua, nhng h
thng phn loi do bang California a ra nm 1984 c l l h thng phn loi thch hp
nht. Theo h thng ny, c 3 loi bi chn lp sau c s dng:

Loi Loi cht thi
I Cht thi nguy hi
II Cht thi theo quy nh
III Cht thi rn sinh hot (MSW)

Cht thi theo quy nh (designated wastes) l cc cht thi khng nguy hi c th gii
phng nhng thnh phn c nng vt qu tiu chun cht lng nc hoc l nhng
cht thi c DOHS (State Department of Health Service) cho php. Lu rng h
thng phn loi ny ch trng n bo v ngun nc mt v nc ngm hn l vn
pht tn kh bi rc v cht lng mi trng khng kh.

8.2.2 Cc loi bi chn lp

Cc loi bi chn lp chnh c th phn loi nh sau: (1) bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh
hot hn hp, (2) bi chn lp cht thi rn nghin v (3) bi chn lp ring bit ginh
cho cc cht thi c bit hoc cht thi theo quy nh.
102
Bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot hn hp

Hu ht cc bi chn lp M c thit k chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot. Mt
lng nht nh cc cht thi rn cng nghip khng nguy hi v bn t trm x l nc
thi c php nhiu bi chn lp thuc nhm III. nhiu bang khc, bn t trm
x l nc thi ch c php ra bi chn lp nu tch nc t nng cht
rn t 51% tr ln. V d California, bn bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot phi
t t l khi lng cht thi rn : bn l 5 : 1.

Trong hu ht cc trng hp, t c dng lm vt liu che ph trung gian v phe ph
cui cng. Tuy nhin, c nhng ni nh Florida v New Jersey, t dng lm vt liu che
ph hng ngy v che ph cui cng rt hn ch, nhng loi vt liu khc nh phn
compost t rc vn v rc sinh hot, thm c, bn cng rnh v x bn,.. c dng
thay th. tng thm sc cha ca bi chn lp, nhng bi chn lp ng ca mt
s ni ang c ti s dng bng cch o phn cht thi phn hy thu hi kim
loi v s dng phn cn li lm vt liu che ph hng ngy cho cht thi mi. Trong mt
s trng hp, cht thi phn hy c o ln, d tr v lp t lp lt y trc khi
s dng li bi chn lp.

Bi chn lp cht thi nghin

Mt phng php khc ang c th nghim nhiu tiu bang ca M l nghin nh
rc trc khi ra bi chn lp. Cht thi nghin c th tng khi lng ring ln 35%
so vi cht thi cha nghin v khng cn che ph hng ngy. Cc vn v mi, rui
nhng, chut b v gi thi bay rc khng cn quan trng na v rc nghin c th nn
tt hn v c b mt ng nht hn, lng t che ph gim v mt s loi vt liu che
ph khc c th khng ch c nc ngm vo bi chn lp trong qu trnh vn hnh.

Nhng im bt li chnh ca phng php ny l cn c thit b nn rc v cng cn
phn bi chn thng thng chn lp cht thi khng nn c. Phng php ny c
th p dng c nhng ni c chi ph chn lp cao, vt liu che ph khng sn c v
lng ma thp hoc tp trung theo ma. Rc nghin cng c th sn xut phn
compost dng lm lp che ph trung gian.

Bi chn nhng thnh phn cht thi ring bit

Bi chn lp nhng thnh phn cht thi ring bit gi l monofill (bi chn lp n).
Tro, aming v nhng cht thi tng t, thng nh ngha l cht thi theo quy nh
(designated wastes), c chn nhng bi chn lp ring tch bit chng vi cc
thnh phn khc ca cht thi rn sinh hot. V tro c cha mt phn nh cht hu c
khng chy, nn mi sinh ra do qu trnh kh sulfate tr thnh vn cn quan tm i
vi cc bi chn tro. khc phc mi t cc bi chn tro ny cn lp t h thng thu
hi kh.

Cc loi bi chn lp khc

Bn cnh nhng bi chn lp c in m t, mt s phng php chn lp c bit
c thit k ty theo mc ch qun l bi chn lp nh (1) bi chn lp c thit k

103
nhm tng tc sinh kh, (2) bi chn lp vn hnh nh nhng n v x l cht thi rn
hp nht.

Bi chn lp c thit k tng tc sinh kh. Nu lng kh bi rc sinh ra v thu
hi t qu trnh phn hy k kh cht thi rn c khng ch t cc i, khi cn
thit k bi chn lp c bit. Chng hn, tn dng su, cht thi rn tng n
nguyn ring bit khng cn lp che ph trung gian v nc r rc c tun hon tr li
tng hiu qu qu trnh phn hy sinh hc. im bt li ca loi bi chn lp ny l
lng nc r rc d phi c x l.

Bi chn lp ng vai tr nh nhng n v x l cht thi rn hp nht. Theo phng
php ny, cc thnh phn hu c c tch ring v vo bi chn lp ring c th
tng tc phn hy sinh hc bng cch tng m ca rc s dng nc r rc tun
hon, b sung bn t trm x l nc thi hoc phn ng vt. Rc b phn hy dng
lm vt liu che ph cho nhng khu vc chn lp mi v n nguyn ny li c dng
cho lot rc mi.

8.2.3 Cc phng php chn lp

Nhng phng php chnh dng chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot bao gm (1) vo
h o/mng (excavated cells/trench), (2) vo khu t bng (area) v (3) vo khu
vc c a hnh dng hm ni (canyon).

Phng php h o/mng

Phng php o h/mng chn lp cht thi rn l phng php l tng cho nhng
khu vc c su thch hp, vt liu che ph sn c v mc nc khng gn b mt.
Cht thi rn c vo cc h hoc mng o t. t o c dng lm vt liu
che ph hng ngy hoc che ph cui cng. Cc h o hay cc mng ny c lt lp
mng a cht tng hp (geomembrane), lp t st c thm thu thp hoc kt hp c
hai loi ny hn ch s lan truyn ca c kh bi rc v nc r rc. H chn lp
thng c dng hnh vung vi kch thc mi cnh c th ln n 1000 ft (305 m) v
dc mt bn dao ng trong khong 1,5 : 1 n 2 : 1. Mng c chiu di thay i t 200
ft n 1000 ft (61 m 305 m), su 3 -10 ft (0,9 3,0 m), v chiu rng t 15 - 50 ft (4,6 -
15,2 m).

nhiu tiu bang, bi chn lp c php xy dng di mc nc ngm nu cu trc
bi chn m bo ngn nc ngm thm t bn ngoi vo cng nh nc r rc v kh
thi pht tn ra mi trng xung quanh. Bi chn dng ny thng c tho nc, o
v lt y theo quy nh. Cc thit b tho nc phi hot ng lin tc cho n khi
rc vo bi chn trnh hin tng to p sut nng c th lm lp lt y b nhc ln
v rch.

Phng php chn lp trn khu t bng phng

Phng php ny c s dng khi a hnh khng cho php o h hoc mng. Khu
vc bi chn c lt y v lp t h thng thu nc r rc. Vt liu che ph phi c
ch n bng xe ti hoc xe xc t t nhng khu vc ln cn. Nh trnh by trn,
nhng khu vc khng c sn vt liu che ph, phn compost lm t rc vn v rc sinh
hot c dng thay th v cng c th dng cc loi vt liu che ph tm thi di ng
104
c nh t v mng a cht. t v mng a cht ph trn b mt n nguyn
rc c th tho ra khi cn lp tip theo.

Phng php rc vo bi chn dng hm ni/li lm

Hm ni, h, ni khai thc m,.. c th dng lm bi chn lp. Phng php chn lp
trong trng hp ny ph thuc vo hnh dng khu vc, tnh cht vt liu che ph, iu
kin a cht v thy vn ca khu vc, thit b kim sot nc r rc, kh bi rc v ng
vo khu vc bi chn lp.

Thot nc b mt l mt trong nhng yu t quan trng ca bi chn lp loi ny.
Phng php chn lp nhiu lp trong trng hp ny tng t nh bi chn dng bng
phng. Nu y tng i bng phng, c th p dng phng php o h/mng nh
trnh by phn trn.

Cha kha thnh cng ca phng php ny l vt liu che ph thch hp sn c cho tng
lp ring bit sau khi lp y cng nh cho ton b bi chn lp khi t cao thit
k. Vt liu che ph ly t vch hoc y ni trc khi t lp lt y. i vi h chn
v khu vc m khai thc nu khng vt liu che ph trung gian c th ch t ni khc
n hoc dng phn compost lm t rc vn v rc sinh hot che ph.

8.3 KIM SOT NC R RC T BI CHN LP

Nc r rc thm qua a tng pha di, nhiu thnh phn ha hc v sinh hc c trong
nc r rc s c tch loi nh cc qu trnh lc v hp ph ca cc vt liu to thnh
a tng ny. Hiu qu ca cc qu trnh ny ph thuc vo c tnh ca t, c bit l
hm lng st. Do c kh nng thm nc r rc vo tng nc ngm nn trong thc t,
cn phi loi loi tr hoc ngn chn qu trnh ny.

Cc lp lt y hin nay thng c s dng hn ch hoc ngn khng cho nc r
rc v kh bi chn lp pht tn khi bi chn lp. Vo nm 1992, vic s dng t st
lm vt liu lt y bi chn lp c xem l phng php thch hp nht hn ch
hoc ngn chn nc r rc thm qua y bi chn lp (Bng 8.1). t st thch hp
hp th v gi cc thnh phn ha hc c trong nc r rc v c kh nng hn ch s
chuyn ng ca nc r rc. Tuy nhin, vic s dng kt hp lp mng a cht tng
hp v t st thng dng hn, c bit do kh nng ngn cn s chuyn ng ca c
nc r rc v kh bi chn lp ca mng a cht. c tnh, u im v nhc im ca
cc lp lt dng mng a cht (cc lp lt mng linh ng, flexible membrane liners,
FMLs) s dng trong bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot c trnh by tm tt trong
Bng 8.2. c im ca lp lt mng a c trnh by trong Bng 8.3.


105
Bng 8.1 Cc cht s dng trong bi chn lp khng ch s chuyn ng ca kh v nc r
rc

Chat phan cach
Ghi ch
Phn loi Loi c trng
t nn Phi cha mt phn st hoc bn mn.

t st nn Bentonite, illite, cao lanh Thng s dng lm lp phn cch cho
bi chn lp, b dy lp phn cch s
dng dao ng t 6 n 48 in (15,24
123 cm), lp ny phi lin tc v khng
c php kh hoc nt n.
Ha cht v c Na
2
CO
3
, Si, hoc pyrophosphate S dng ty tnh cht tng khu vc.
Ha cht tng hp Polymer, m cao su Da trn thc nghim
Lp lt bng mng
tng hp
Polyvinyl clorua, cao su butyl,
hypalon, polyethylene, lp lt gia c
nylon.
Thng c s dng khng ch
nc r rc v kh bi chn lp.
Nha ng Nha ng ci tin, cao su kt hp
vi nha ng, nha ng c ph
vi polyethylene, btng nha ng
Lp lt phi dy c th duy tr
tnh lin tc trong nhng iu kin st
ln khc nhau.
Cht khc Btng phun, ximng t, ximng t
do
t c dng khng ch s chuyn
ng ca nc r rc v kh bi chn
lp v d nt do co li sau khi xy dng

Bng 8.2 Hng dn cc thit b, phng tin khng ch nc r rc

Loi Ch thch
Cc lp lt bng
mng linh ng
(FMLs)

Cc lp lt phi c thit k v xy dng c th cha cc cht lng,
bao gm c cht thi v nc r rc. i vi cc khu vc qun l cht thi
rn sinh hot (CTRSH), khng nht thit phi dng lp lt tng hp. Tuy
nhin, trong trng hp phi s dng lp lt tng hp th lp ny phi c
dy ti thiu l 40 mils. Cc lp lt ny phi che ph ton b cc vt
liu a cht t nhin khc c kh nng tip xc vi cht thi hoc nc r
rc trong khu vc qun l cht thi.
Ph kn y bi
chn lp
Hin ti, khng c nhng quy nh c th i vi vic ph kn y cc
khu vc qun l CTRSH. Cng tc thit k, thi cng, v lp t cc lp lt
y s c cc c quan c thm quyn a phng ph duyt.
Cc lp lt bng
t nhn to
Cc lp lt bn t st rt thch hp i vi bi chn lp CTRSH. Nu
iu kin thc t yu cu, cc lp t st s dng trong cc khu vc qun
l CTRSH phi c dy ti thiu l 1 ft v phi c lp t trong iu
kin nn t nht l 90%. Lp t st phi c thm thu cc i 1x10
-6
cm/s. Lp t st s dng phi che ph ton b cc vt liu a cht t
nhin c kh nng tip xc vi cht thi v nc ro r khu vc qun l
cht thi.
Cc lp ngn cch
pha di
Lp phn cch c s dng cng vi cc vt liu a cht t nhin
bo m mc thm thu ph hp.
Cc lp phn cch cn thit nhng khu vc c kh nng di chuyn cht
lng v mt bn, c cht thi v nc r rc v thm thu ca cc vt
liu a cht t nhin c dng ngn cht thi thay cho lp lt.

106
Bng 8.2 Hng dn cc thit b/phng tin khng ch nc r rc (tt)

Loi Ch thch
Cc lp phn cch phi dy t nht 2 ft i vi t st hoc 40 mils i vi
vt liu tng hp. Nhng cu trc ny i hi ti thiu 5 mm vt liu a
cht t nhin phi tha mn thm thu t 1 x 10
-6
n 10 x 10
-7
cm/s.
Nu s dng vch ngn, vic o p cc khu vc qun l cht thi cng
phi tha mn thm thu ca cc vt liu a cht t nhin khng ln
hn 1 x 10
-6
cm/s.

Cc lp phn cch cn thit i vi h thng thu gom cht lng. Cc h
thng ny phi c thit k, xy dng, vn hnh v bo dng trnh
s hnh thnh p lc nc bn trn. H thng thu gom phi c kim
sot thng xuyn v lng cht lng tch t phi c x b.

Bng 8.3 Cc phng php phn tch tnh cht ca lp lt mng a cht tng hp v cc gi tr
c trng cho tnh cht ca chng

Th nghim phn tch Phng php phn tch Gi tr c trng
Nhm c trng cho cng

ASTM D638, type IV;
dumbbell 2 in/min

Tnh cng
- Sc cng at yields 2400 lb/in
2
- Sc cng at break 4000 lb/in
2
- gin di at yield 15%
- gin di at break

700%
bn
- bn ct ASTM D1004 die C 45 lb
- Puncture resistance FTMS 101B, method 2031
230 lb
- Tnh gin nhit thp

ASTM D746, procedure B -94
0
F
Tnh bn

- Phn trm ASTM D1603 2%
- phn tn bt en ASTM D3015
A-1
- Tnh bn nhit ASTM D573, D1349 Thay i khng ng
k sau 1 thng 110
0
C
Tnh bn ha hc
- Bn i vi hn hp ha cht thi b
EPA methods 9090
Tnh bn bin i 10%
trong 120 ngy
Bn i vi cc tc nhn ha tinh khit

ASTM D543 Tnh bn bin i 10%
trong 7 ngy
bn ng sut ct

- bn ng sut ct trong mi trng ASTM D1693, condition C 1500 h
Source: Tchobanoglous v cng s, 1993.

H thng lp lt y i vi CTRSH. Mc ch thit k lp lt y bi chn lp l
nhm gim thiu s thm nc r rc vo lp t pha di bi chn lp v nh loi
tr kh nng nhim bn nc ngm. C nhiu phng n thit kt lp lt y c
xut nhm gim thiu s di chuyn nc r rc vo lp t pha di bi chn lp. Mi

107
lp vt liu khc nhau c chc nng khc nhau. V d, lp st v lp mng a cht c tc
dng nh lp phn cch s di chuyn ca nc r rc v kh bi chn lp. Lp ct hoc
si l lp thu v thot nc r rc sinh ra t bi chn lp. Lp vi a cht c s dng
gim thiu s xo trn gia lp t vi lp ct hoc si. Lp t cui cng c dng
bo v lp thot nc v lp phn cch. H thng ng thu nc r rc c t trong
lp thu nc r rc. Thit k lp lt y kt hp s dng lp mng a cht v lp t st
s bo v tt hn v hiu qu hn l s dng mi lp ny ring r.

Li nha gn sng thit k c bit (geonet) v vi a cht c t bn trn lp mng
a cht, hai lp ny ln lt nm bn trn lp t st nn. Lp t bo v nm trn lp
vi a cht. Lp geonet v vi a cht cng c tc dng l lp thot nc chuyn
nc r rc n h thng thu nc r rc. thm thu ca h thng lp lt to thnh lp
thot nc v lp lc tng ng vi thm thu qua ct th. Do tnh d b tc nghn
ca vi lc a cht, nhiu nh thit k thch s dng lp ct hoc lp si lm lp thot
nc.

i vi h thng, hai lp lt kt hp, thng c xem l lp lt th nht v lp lt th
hai, c s dng. Lp lt th nht c dng thu gom nc r rc, tri li lp lt th
hai c tc dng nh h thng pht hin s r r v h tr cho lp lt th nht. H thng
lp lt ci tin thay th lp ct thot nc bng h thng geonet thot nc. Lp t st
a cht tng hp (GCL) c ch to t bentonite cht lng cao (t Wyong) v vt liu
kt dnh. St bentonite l khong cht montmorillonite natri cn thit c kh nng hp th
gp 10 khi lng ca n trong nc. Khi hp th nc, t st tr thnh dng va v
ngn cn s di chuyn ca nc v tc thm thu rt thp, khong 10
-10
cm/s. Cc tm
GCLs ln (t 12 n 14 x 100 ft) c t ghp m khi xy dng h thng lp lt y.
mt s BCL, in cc pht hin r r thng c t gia hai lp ny.

H thng lp lt y i vi cc bi chn lp n/bi chn lp c bit. H thng lp
lt y ca cc bi chn lp n thng gm c hai lp mng a cht, mi lp u c
mt lp thot nc v h thng thu nc r rc. H thng pht hin nc r rc c b
tr gia lp lt th nht v lp lt th hai cng nh bn di lp lt thp hn. Trong
nhiu trng hp, lp t st dy 3 n 5 ft c t bn di hai lp mng a cht
bo v thm.

Xy dng lp lt bng t st. Trong tt c cc dng thit k, xy dng lp lt bng t
st, vn quan trng nht cn lu khi s dng t st l khuynh hng hnh thnh cc
vt nt khi b kh. t st khng c php s dng. bo m lp t st c tc dng
theo thit k, lp t st phi c dy 4-6 in (10,16-15,24 cm) c nn thch hp gia
cc lp k tip. B tr cc lp t st mng cng c kh nng trnh c nt do s sp
xp th t t cc nu nh ch s dng mt loi st. Mt vn khc cn quan tm khi s
dng nhiu loi st khc nhau l s nt n do tnh trng n ca cc loi st khc nhau s
khc nhau. Do , khc phc iu ny, ch s dng mt loi st khi xy dng lp lt.

H thng thu nc r rc

Thit k h thng thu nc r rc bao gm (1) la chn loi h thng lt y, (2) xy
dng k hoch san i, o p bao gm b tr h thng mng thu gom v thot nc r
rc v h thng ng ng tho nc r rc, v (3) b tr mt bng v thit k cc thit b,
phng tin x l, thu gom v cha nc r rc.
108
La chn h thng lt y. Vic la chn h thng lt y s ph thuc vo hin trng
a cht ca a phng v yu cu v mi trng khu vc bi chn lp. V d, nhng
khu vc khng c nc ngm, ch cn s dng mt lp t st nn. nhng khu vc cn
phi khng ch s di chuyn ca nc r rc v kh bi chn lp, cn c lp lt kt hp
bi lp st v lp mng a cht cng vi lp thot nc v lp t bo v.

Qun l nc r rc

Qun l hp l nc r rc sinh ra t BCL l c s loi tr nguy c gy nhim ngun
nc ngm. Nhiu phng n c p dng qun l nc r rc thu gom c t BCL
bao gm (1) tun hon nc r rc, (2) bay hi nc r rc, (3) x l nc r rc v (4)
thi vo h thng thu gom nc thi th.

Tun hon nc r rc. Mt trong nhng phng n x l hiu qu nc r rc l thu
gom v tun hon tr li BCL. Trong giai on u mi vn hnh BCL, nc r rc s
cha mt lng ng k TDS, BOD
5
, COD, dinh dng v kim loi nng. Khi nc r
rc c tun hon, cc thnh phn ny b gim dn do qu trnh phn hy sinh hc cng
nh cc phn ng ha hc v l hc khc xy ra trong BCL. Nhng acid hu c n gin
c trong nc r rc s b chuyn ha thnh CH
4
v CO
2
. Do pH tng ln khi hnh thnh
CH
4,
nn kim loi s b kt ta v c gi li trong BCL. Thm vo , vic tun hon
nc r rc gip thu hi kh BCL cha CH
4.
Tc sinh kh c bit ln hn trong cc h
thng c tun hon nc r rc. trnh hin tng pht tn kh BCL khng kim sot
c khi nc r rc c tun hon x l, BCL phi c trang b h thng thu hi
kh. Tuy nhin, cui cng vn phi thu gom, x l v thi b phn nc r rc cn li.
nhng BCL ln cn b tr khu vc lu tr nc r rc.

Bay hi nc r rc. Mt trong nhng h thng qun l nc r rc n gin nht l s
dng h thng h bay hi nc r rc. Phn nc r rc khng bay hi c phun ln
nhng phn BCL hon tt. nhng khu vc c lng ma ln, b cha nc r rc c
lt y c che ph bng mng a cht trong ma ma loi tr phn nc ma ri
vo b. Phn nc r rc tch ly trong ma ma s c bay hi vo cc thng ma
kh bng cch tho lp che ph v phun ln b mt BCL ang vn hnh hoc ng
ca. Kh c mi sinh ra tch t bn di lp che ph c cho thot qua lp t hoc
phn compost. Lp t thng c su t 2 to 3 ft v ti trng hu c vo khong 0,1
n 0,25 lb/ft
3
th tch t. Trong ma h, khi cc b cha khng b che ph, cn phi
thi kh gim mi hi. Nu b cha nh, c th che ph quanh nm. Mt phng n
khc x l nc r rc (bng phng php sinh hc) l lu tr nc r rc sinh ra trong
ma ng v phun phn nc x l ln khu t trng gn y vo ma h. Nu c sn
t, phn nc x l c th phun lin tc vo khu t trng ny c trong ma ma.

Kh sach
at hoac compost
Soi Dong phan phoi kh
Kh co mui
3

1
0

f
t


109

Hnh 8.2 Lc kh c mi qua t hoc phn compost.

X l nc r rc. Khi khng s dng phng n tun hon v lm bay hi nc r rc,
cn phi tin hnh x l s b hoc x l hon ton trc khi thi b. Do c tnh nc r
rc thu gom c rt khc nhau nn c nhiu phng php khc nhau c p dng
x l nc r rc.

8.4 KIM SOT KH BI CHN LP

Bi chn lp cht thi rn c th c coi l mt thit b phn ng sinh ha, vi cht thi
rn v nc l nguyn liu chnh a vo bi chn lp v kh bi chn lp, nc r rc l
sn phm chnh to ra. Cht thi rn chn lp gm mt phn cht hu c c kh nng
phn hy sinh hc v cc cht v c khc. H thng kim sot kh bi chn lp c s
dng trnh vic vn chuyn khng mong mun ca kh bi chn lp vo khng kh
hoc vo cc lp t . Kh bi chn lp c th s dng sn xut nng lng hoc
c t di iu kin kim sot trnh thi cc thnh phn c hi vo khng kh.

8.4.1 Qu trnh hnh thnh kh bi chn lp

Qu trnh hnh thnh cc kh ch yu

Qu trnh hnh thnh cc kh ch yu t bi chn lp xy ra qua 5 giai on:

- Giai on 1: Giai on thch nghi;
- Giai on 2: Giai on chuyn ha;
- Giai on 3: Giai on acid ha;
- Giai on 4: Giai on ln men methane;
- Giai on 5: Giai on phn hy hon ton (maturation).

Giai on 1. Trong giai on ny, qu trnh phn hy sinh hc xy ra trong iu kin
hiu kh v mt phn khng kh b gi li trong bi chn lp. Ngun vi sinh vt hiu kh
v k kh c t lp t ph hng ngy hoc lp t ph cui cng khi ng ca bi chn
lp. Bn cnh , bn t trm x l nc thi c b ti bi chn lp v nc r rc
tun hon li bi chn lp cng l nhng ngun cung cp vi sinh vt cn thit phn
hy rc thi.

Giai on 2. Trong giai on 2, hm lng oxy trong bi chn lp gim dn v iu kin
k kh bt u hnh thnh. Khi mi trng trong bi chn lp tr nn k kh hon ton,
nitrate v sulfate, cc cht ng vai tr l cht nhn in t trong cc phn ng chuyn
ha sinh hc, thng b kh thnh kh N
2
v H
2
S.
110

2CH
3
CHOHCOOH + SO
4
2-
2CH
3
COOH + S
2-
+ H
2
O + CO
2


4H
2
+ SO
4
2-
S
2-
+ 4H
2
O

S
2-
+ 2H
+
H
2
S

S gia tng mc k kh trong mi trng bi chn lp c th kim sot c bng
cch o in th oxy ha kh ca cht thi. Qu trnh kh nitrate v sulfate xy ra in
th oxy ha kh trong khng t 50 n 100 mV. Kh CH
4
c to thnh khi in th
oxy ha kh dao ng trong khong t 150 n 300 mV. Khi in th oxy ha kh tip
tc gim, thnh phn tp hp vi sinh vt chuyn ha cc cht hu c c trong rc thnh
CH
4
v CO
2
bt u qu trnh 3 giai on nhm chuyn ha cc cht hu c phc tp
thnh cc acid hu c v cc sn phm trung gian khc nh trnh by trong giai on 3.
giai on 2, pH ca nc r rc bt u gim do s c mt ca cc acid hu c v nh
hng ca kh CO
2
sinh ra trong bi chn lp.

Giai on 3. Trong giai on ny, tc to thnh cc acid hu c tng nhanh. Bc th
nht ca qu trnh 3 giai on l thy phn cc hp cht cao phn t (nh lipids,
polysaccharides, protein, nucleic acids,) thnh cc hp cht thch hp cho vi sinh vt.
Bc th hai l qu trnh chuyn ha sinh hc cc hp cht sinh ra t giai on 1 thnh
cc hp cht trung gian c phn t lng thp hn m c trng l acetic acid, mt phn
nh acid fulvic v mt s acid hu c khc. CO
2
l kh ch yu sinh ra trong giai on 3.
Mt phn nh kh H
2
cng c hnh thnh trong giai on ny.

Giai on 4. Trong giai on methane ha, cc acid hu c hnh thnh c chuyn
ha thnh CH
4
v CO
2
.

Giai on 5. Giai on ny xy ra sau khi cc cht hu c c kh nng phn hy sinh hc
sn c c chuyn ha hon ton thnh CH
4
v CO
2
giai on 4. Khi lng m tip
tc thm vo phn cht thi mi thm vo, qu trnh chuyn ha li tip tc xy ra. Tc
sinh kh s gim ng k giai on 5 v hu ht cc cht dinh dng sn c b ra
tri theo nc r rc trong cc giai on trc v cc cht cn li hu ht l nhng cht
c kh nng phn hy chm. Kh ch yu sinh ra giai on 5 l kh CH
4
v CO
2
.
Cc giai on ny xy ra theo nhng khong thi gian khc nhau ty thuc vo s phn
b thnh phn cht hu c trong bi chn lp, vo lng cht dinh dng, m ca rc
thi, m ca khu vc chn lp v mc p rc. Nu khng m, tc sinh kh bi
chn lp s gim. S gia tng mt chn lp rc s lm gim kh nng thm t cht
thi trong bi chn lp v dn n gim tc chuyn ha sinh hc v sinh kh.

Qu trnh hnh thnh cc cht kh vi lng

Cc cht kh vi lng c trong thnh phn kh bi chn lp c hnh thnh t 2 ngun
c bn: (1) t bn thn rc thi v (2) t cc phn ng sinh hc hoc cc phn ng khc
xy ra trong bi chn lp.

Mt cch tng qut, phn ng ha hc i vi qu trnh phn hy k kh cht thi rn c
th biu din nh sau:

111

Cht hu c + H
2
O

Cht hu c + CH
4
+ CO
2
+ Cc kh khc
(Rc) b phn hy sinh hc

Lu rng phn ng i hi s c mt ca nc. Nhiu bi chn lp thiu m c tm
thy trong iu kin kh ho vi nhng t giy bo vn cn c c. Do , mc d
tng lng kh c to thnh t cht thi rn c th xc nh theo phng trnh cn bng
t lng, nhng iu kin thy vn ca a phng c nh hng ng k n tc v
khong thi gian qu trnh hnh thnh kh xy ra.

Th tch kh sinh ra t qu trnh phn hy k kh c th c tnh theo nhiu cch khc
nhau. V d, nu cc thnh phn hu c ring bit tm thp trong cht thi rn sinh hot
(loi tr plastic) c biu din bng cng thc tng qut dng CaHbOcNd, khi tng
th tch kh c th c c tnh theo phng trnh sau, gi s rng qu trnh chuyn ha
hon ton cc cht hu c c kh nng phn hy sinh hc thnh CO
2
v CH
4
.

CaHbOcNd + H
2
O CH
4
+ CO
2
+ dNH
3

Thng thng, cht hu c c trong rc thi c phn lm hai loi: (1) cc cht c kh
nng phn hy nhanh (3 thng n 5 nm) v (2) cht hu c c kh nng phn hy chm
( 50 nm). T l cht hu c c kh nng phn hy sinh hc ty thuc rt nhiu vo
hm lng lignin ca cht thi. Kh nng phn hy sinh hc ca cc cht hu c khc
nhau, trn c s hm lng lignin, c trnh by trong Bng 8.4. Di nhng iu kin
thng thng, tc phn hy c xc nh trn c s tc sinh t cc i trong
vng hai nm u, sau gim dn v ko di trong vng 25 nm hoc hn na.

Bng 8.4 Thnh phn cht hu c trong rc c kh nng phn hy sinh hc nhanh v chm

Thnh phn cht hu c
Kh nng phn hy sinh hc
Nhanh
Chm
Rc thc phm
Giy bo
Giy loi
Carton
Plastic
Vi
Cao su
Da
Rc vn
G
Cc cht hu c khc
/
/
/
/
Khng phn

/

hy sinh hc
/
/
/

/
/

vi sinh vt
4
(4a - b- 2c - 3d)
8
(4a + b - 2c - 3d)
8
(4a b + 2c +3d)
112
Bng 8.5 Kh nng phn hy sinh hc cc cht hu c c trong rc sinh hot

Thnh phn cht
hu c
Hm lng lignin
(% VS)
Phn % c kh nng phn
hy sinh hc (%VS)
Rc thc phm 0,4 0,82
Giy bo 21,9 0,22
Giy loi 0,4 0,82
Carton (Ba) 12,9 0,47
Rc vn 4,1 0,72
VS: cht rn bay hi
Phn c kh nng phn hy sinh hc = 0.83 - 0.028 LC
LC l hm lng lignin

8.4.2 Qu trnh di chuyn ca kh bi chn lp

Mc d, hu ht kh methane thot vo khng kh, c kh methane v kh CO
2
u tn ti
nng ln n 40% khong cch 400 ft (khong 120 m) t mp ca bi chn lp
khng c lp lt y. i vi nhng bi chn lp khng c h thng thu kh, khong
cch ny thay i ty theo c tnh ca vt liu che ph v cu trc t ca khu vc xung
quanh. Nu khng c thng thong mt cch hp l, kh methane c th tch t bn
di cc ta nh hoc nhng khong khng khc gn . Tri li, kh CO
2
c khi
lng ring ln hn khi lng ring ca khng kh 1,5 ln v ca kh methane 2,8 ln,
do , kh CO
2
c khuynh hng chuyn ng v pha y ca bi chn lp. l
nguyn nhn khin cho nng kh CO
2
nhng phn thp hn ca bi chn lp ngy
cng gia tng theo thi gian.

Kh chuyn ng t di ln

Kh CH
4
v CO
2
c th thot qua lp che ph i vo khng kh do qu trnh i lu v
khuch tn. Gi thit rng t kh, lng kh bay hi qua mt n v din tch b mt bi
rc trong mt n v thi gian (Flux) c xc nh nh sau:

D
4/3
(C
Atm
-
C
afill
)
N
A
= - ------------------------
L
Trong :

N
A
= flux ca A, g/cm
2
.s (lb. mol/ft
2
.ngy)
C
atm
= nng ca A b mt ca lp ph bi rc, g/cm
3
(lb.mol/ft
3
)
C
afill
= nng ca A y ca lp ph bi rc, g/cm
3
(lb.mol/ft
3
)
L = b dy ca lp ph, cm (ft)

Cc gi tr c trng i vi h s khuch tn kh methane v kh CO
2
ln lt l DCH
4
=
0,20 cm
2
/s

(=18,6 ft
2
/ngy) v DCO
2
= 0,13 cm
2
/s (12,1 ft
2
/ngy).

Kh chuyn ng t trn xung

Kh CO
2
, do khi lng ring ln, nn c th tch ly y bi chn lp. Nu lp lt y
bi chn lp l lp t, kh CO
2
c th khuch tn qua lp ny v tip tc chuyn ng

113
xung pha di cho n khi tip xc vi mch nc ngm. Kh CO
2
d dng ha tan v
phn ng vi nc to thnh acid carbonic.

CO
2
+ H
2
O H
2
CO
3

Phn ng ny l nguyn nhn lm gim pH v c th lm gia tng cng v hm lng
khong cht trong nc ngm. mt nng kh CO
2
xc nh, phn ng s tip tc cho
n khi t trng thi cn bng nh sau:

H
2
O + CO
2

CaCO
3
+ H
2
CO
3
Ca
2+
+ 2 HCO
3
-

Chuyn ng ca cc cht kh vi lng

i vi cc cht kh vi lng, lng kh bay hi qua mt n v din tch b mt bi rc
trong mt n v thi gian (Flux) c xc nh nh sau:

D
4/3
(C
iatm
-
C
is
W
i
)
N
i
= - --------------------------
L
Trong :

N
i
= Flux ca i, g/cm
2
.s
D = H s khuch tn, cm
2
/s
= xp ca t kh, cm
3
/cm
3
(ft
3
/ft
3
)
C
iatm
= Nng ca I b mt lp che ph, g/cm
2

C
is
= Nng hi bo ha ca cht I, g/cm
2

C
is
W
i
= Nng ca cht I y lp che ph, g/cm
2

L = B dy lp che ph, cm (ft)

Mt cch n gin c th tnh:

D
4/3
CisWi
Ni = ------------------
L
8.4.3 Thnh phn v tnh cht kh bi chn lp

Kh bi chn lp c to thnh t nhng thnh phn kh hin din vi lng ln (cc
kh ch yu) v nhng thnh phn kh chim lng rt nh (kh vi lng). Cc kh ch
yu c hnh thnh trong qu trnh phn hy phn cht hu c c trong cht thi rn
sinh hot. Mt s kh vi lng, mc d tn ti vi lng nh c th mang tnh c v
nguy c tc hi n sc khe cng ng cao.

Thnh Phn Cc Kh Ch Yu

Thnh phn cc kh ch yu sinh ra t bi chn lp bao gm NH
3
, CO
2
, CO, H
2
, H
2
S,
CH
4
, N
2
v O
2
. T l thnh phn cc kh ny c trnh by trong Bng 3.3. Kh methane
v kh CO
2
l cc kh chnh sinh ra t qu trnh phn hy k kh cc cht hu c c kh
nng phn hy sinh hc trong rc. Nu kh methane tn ti trong khng kh nng t
114
5-15% s pht n. Do hm lng oxy tn ti bn trong bi chn lp t nn khi nng
kh methane t n ngng ti hn vn c t kh nng gy n bi chn lp. Tuy nhin,
nu cc kh trong bi chn lp thot ra bn ngoi v tip xc vi khng kh, c kh nng
hnh thnh hn hp kh methane gii hn gy n. Cc kh ny cng tn ti trong nc r
rc vi nng ty thuc vo nng ca chng trong pha kh khi tip xc vi nc r
rc.

Bng 8.6 T l thnh phn cc kh ch yu sinh ra t bi chn lp

Thnh phn % (th tch kh)
CH
4
45 - 60
CO
2
40 - 60
N
2
2 5
O
2
0,1 1,0
Mercaptans, hp cht cha lu
hunh,
0 1,0
NH
3
0,1 1,0
H
2
0 0,2
CO 0 0,2
Cc kh khc 0,01 0,6
Tnh cht Gi tr
Nhit (
0
F) 100 - 120
T trng 1,02 1,06
Ngun: Tchobanoglous v cng s , 1993.

Thnh phn kh vi lng

Mt s cht kh vi lng, mc d tn ti vi khi lng nh nhng c tnh c v nguy
c gy hi n sc khe ca cng ng dn c rt cao. Cc nghin cu M v Anh cho
thy tng cng 116 hp cht hu c c th tm thy trong kh bi chn lp nh acetone,
benzene, chlorobenzene, chloroform, vinyl chloride, Nhiu cht hu c c th c
phn loi nh cc hp cht hu c bay hi. S c mt ca cc cht kh ny trong nc r
rc t bi chn lp ph thuc vo nng ca chng trong kh bi chn lp khi tip xc
nc r rc. Cn lu l s xut hin nng ng k ca cc cht hu c bay hi trong
kh bi chn lp thng i cng vi cc bi chn lp c tip nhn cc loi cht thi
cng nghip v thng mi c cha cc cht hu c bay hi. Trong cc bi chn lp mi
hn, trong cc cht thi nguy hi b cm , nng cc cht hu c bay hi trong kh
bi chn lp cc k thp. S liu thng k nng cc kh vi lng c trong cc mu kh
ly t 66 bi chn lp California c trnh by trong Bng 8.7. y l thnh phn cc
cht kh vi lng c trong kh thi t hu ht cc bi chn lp.


115
Bng 8.7 Nng ca cc cht kh vi lng trong cc mu kh ly t 66 bi chn lp
California

STT Kh vi lng
Nng (ppbV
*
)
Trung Bnh Cc i
01 Acetone 6.838 240.000
02 Benzene 2.057 39.000
03 Chlorobenzene 82 1.640
04 Chloroform 245 12.000
05 1,1-Dichloromethane 2.801 36.000
06 Dichloromethane 25.694 620.000
07 1,1-Dichloroethene 130 4.000
08 Diethylene Chloride 2.835 20.000
09 Trans 1, 2- Dichloroethane 36 850
10 2, 3-Dichloropropane 0 0
11 1,2-Dichloropropane 0 0
12 Ethylene bromide 0 0
13 Ethylene dichloride 59 2.100
14 Ethylene oxide 0 0
15 Ethylene benzene 7.334 87.500
16 Methyl ethyl ketone 3.092 130.000
17 1,1,2-Trichloroethane 0 0
18 1,1,1-Trchloroethane 615 14.500
19 Trichloroethylene 2.079 32.000
20 Toluene 34.907 280.000
21 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylent 246 16.000
22 Tetrachloroethane 5.244 180.000
23 Vinyl Chloride 3.508 32.000
24 Styrenes 1.517 87.000
25 Vivyl acetate 5.663 240.000
26 Xylenes 2.651 38.000
* ppbV = phn t theo th tch

8.4.4 Thu v x l kh bi chn lp

x l kh bi chn lp c th p dng cc bin php sau:

- t
- Thu Hi Sn Xut in
- Oxy ha kh methane
- Kh mi

t Sn Xut in

Kh sinh ra t cc chn lp c thu gom qua h thng ng thu kh c b tr dng
thng ng hoc nm ngang. Cc ging thu kh c b tr sao cho c th thu c kh
sinh ra trn ton b din tch chn lp. Mi ging thu kh gm c ng thu kh t trong
ng lng, gia hai ng ny l lp si, lm lp ngn cch gia rc v ng thu kh, nhm
hn ch s bt tt cc l thu kh. Chiu cao ng thu kh ng s c ni di dn theo
chiu dy lp rc c chn lp. Sau khi ph nh, ton b kh thu c t cc ng thu
kh hoc s t bng flare hoc s ti s dng chy my pht in nu cng sut.
116

Hnh 8.3 S cu to ging thu kh (pilot scale- BCL ng Thnh).
Lp t ph b
mt bi chn lp
Lp b tng c nh
ming ging
Mt bch PVC,
ng bm ht nc
r r
Lp cht thi rn
trong bi chn lp
Lp 4 x 6
m thn ng ging
Thn ging thu kh

Clappe ng bm ht
nc r r
Thn ging thu kh
Nt bt y ng
PVC
L thu kh
d = 22 mm

117

Hnh 8.4 S thit b t flare.
150
250
70
2300
250
250
150
950
ng dn kh, STK 34 mm
ng gi, STK 114 mm
ng CT
3
170 mm
Li chn gi, INOX; a = 0,1mm
Gn thp l CT
3
; b = 18 mm
Ca gi gia cng
trn thn ong
ng iu chnh lu
lng gi
ng hng dng
hnh cn
Van chn, ng dn
kh t ging thu
ng thp en,
168 mm

ng bm ht nc r r,
STK 49mm
Mt bch ni vi ming
ging, CT
3
168 mm
2500
3750
118
Oxy ha kh methane

Vi mt khi lng khng l ca kh nh knh c to ra hng ngy, oxy ho sinh hc
gin tip bi vi khun methanotrophic l mt qu trnh quan trng trong vic gim thiu
dng methane i vi kh quyn. Trong mi trng bi chn lp kh CH
4
c to thnh
khi in th oxy ha kh dao ng trong khong t 150 n 300 mV. Khi in th oxy
ha kh tip tc gim, thnh phn tp hp vi sinh vt chuyn ha cc cht hu c c
trong rc thnh CH
4
v CO
2
bt u qu trnh chuyn ha cc cht hu c phc tp thnh
cc acid hu c v cc sn phm trung gian khc. Mt khi lng rt ln ca CH
4
hin
din trong thnh phn ca kh bi chn lp vi t l 55% th tch trong lp t ph b
mt, nhng kh ny s gy ra hiu ng nh knh c bit l CH
4
c kh nng gy hiu
ng nh knh gp 30 ln so CO
2
. Nu lng kh thi ny khng c thu gom v ti s
dng chng s gp phn nh hng n s nng ln ca kh hu ton cu. Xp x mt
na CH
4
to ra c th b oxy ho bi tp hp ca vi sinh vt methane ho. Qu trnh oxy
ho sinh hc ca methane c tm thy hu nh rt kh xy i vi dng methane pht
sinh t cc m ly, trong khi i ngun CH
4
pht sinh t bi chn lp c ng gi
gim t 10-70%. Ti iu kin p sut ring phn cao, vng mt ca oxygen, khi oxy
ho CH
4
khng c th xy ra.

Tc oxy ho ca CH
4
ph thuc vo m ca t iu ny c chng minh
trong phng th nghim vi s dng t ph bi chn lp. Trong iu kin ny tc oxy
ho cao hn di iu kin m va phi so vi nhng iu kin ngp nc. V th s
khuch tn ca CH
4
v O
2
ngang qua nc c th gy ra gii hn oxi ho CH
4
trong t.
Qu trnh ny dn n oxy ho CH
4
v NH
4
cng c th b tng tc, khi nhng hp
cht ny s cnh tranh c cht i vi nhng enzym tng ng ca chng, iu ny cng
ch ra rng c hai qu trnh nitrification v denitrification s tng ln bi thm CH
4
vo
bn lng. Cho ti nay nhng tng tc gia CH
4
v chu trnh N trong t ph bi chn
lp vn cha c nghin cu y .

Nhng quan st ti hin trng chng minh rng t ph bi chn lp c hm lng
cht hu c cao c kh nng gim s pht tn CH
4
vo mi trng. iu cng c
chng minh bi nhng kt qu nghin cu t phng th nghim. Hn na kh nng oxy
ho CH
4
trong t c th tng khi thm cht hu c vo lp ph v d nh bn sinh hc.

Vi khun methanotrophic dng nh oxy ho CH
4
c hiu qu nht khi chng trong
mt tp hp nhiu vi khun. Trong iu kin ny vi khun methanotrophic c th chim
90% mt ca vi khun. Trong s phn lp nhm vi khun oxy ho methane t t ,
s hp thu v mt lng tha ca methanol, nitrite v hydroxylamin bi nhng vi sinh
vt trong cng mt tp hp cng ng th rt quan trng i vi hot tnh ca vi khun
methanotrophic.

X l mi

Cc phng php c th p dng x l mi t bi chn lp cht thi rn sinh hot bao
gm:

- Dng cht kh mi. Thc t s dng ch phm EM gim mi hi ti cc bi chn
lp v trm trung chuyn cht thi rn sinh hot cho thy gim ng k mi trong qu
trnh vn hnh bi chn lp. Theo Bnh (2003), mt cng ngh mi hin nay ang
nghin cu p dng kh mi l s dng mt s tinh du thc vt c bit phun vo
khng kh ti cc khu vc cn x l vi nng thch hp. Cc ht tinh du ny s

119
tc dng vi cc phn t gy mi to thnh cc cht mi khng c mi v khng c
hi.

- Che ph. Che ph hng ngy, che ph trung gian v che ph khi ng bi l mt gii
php khc c th hn ch s pht tn mi hi ra mi trng xung quanh. Vt liu che
ph hng ngy c th l tm nilon, giy loi sau khi nghin nh trn vi nc to
thnh dng bt nho, t c hm lng Ca thp,

- Thu kh. Mi pht sinh t bi chn lp tht ra l t thnh phn kh to thnh do qu
trnh phn hy cht hu c c trong rc chn lp. Do , thu kh x l, hn ch s
pht tn kh bi chn lp vo mi trng cng l mt trong nhng gii php cng
ngh hu hiu trong x l mi.

Giao Trinh QLCTRDT-2011

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Giao Trinh QLCTRDT-2011

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TRNG I HC VN LANG

KHOA CNG NGH V QUN L MI TRNG

= = 0,567 ~ 0,57 kg/ngi/ng

Chng 7 Cng ngh x l

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