GI I BI T P HA H C B NG PHNG PHP

Tr nh Ng c nh - Cao

IS

ng s ph m Yn Bi

1. N i dung Phng php i s gip chng ta gi i c nhi u bi ton ha h c ph c t p, v

l m t trong nh ng phng php c s d ng ph bi n hi n nay, b i v phng php i s c ng l i r t r rng, h c sinh th c hi n. Nh c i m c a i ph c t p ,

phng php ny l: trong m t s tr ng h p d n n nh ng bi n n ng n v phng di n ton h c, lm m t i nh ng tnh ch t

c trng c a ha i s c th

h c, lm gi m kh nng t duy ha h c c a h c sinh. Phng php chia ra m t s b c nh sau: B c 1: Vi t t t c cc phng trnh ph n ng c th x y ra. B c 2: B c 3: i cc gi thi t khng c b n sang gi thi t c b n.

t n s cho l ng cc ch t tham gia ho c t o thnh trong

phng trnh, d a vo tng quan gi a cc n trong cc phng trnh ph n ng l p ra cc phng trnh i s , bi u th cc d ki n cho.

B c 4: Gi i phng trnh hay h phng trnh v bi n lu n k t qu (n u c n), r i chuy n k t qu c b n sang d ng khng c b n (Ty theo yu c u c a bi ra). 2. p d ng: Bi t p 9: Cho tan hon ton 11gam h n h p X g m Al v Fe trong dung d ch HCl, thu c 8,96 lt H2 ( ktc). Xc h p. Bi gi i Phng trnh ph n ng: Al x Fe y
1

nh kh i l ng m i kim lo i trong h n

3HCl

AlCl3 + 1,5H2 1,5x (mol) FeCl2 + H2 y (mol)

(1)

2HCl

(2)

Cch m t :

t n l s mol ch t c n tm

G i x v y l s mol Al v Fe c trong 11 gam h n h p, theo gi thi t ta c : S gam h n h p = 27x + 56y = 11 M t khc, theo phng trnh ph n ng (1) v (2) : S mol H2 = 1,5x + y = 8,96/22.4 = 0,4 Gi i h phng trnh (3), (4) c : x = 0,2 mol Al y = 0,1 mol Fe Cch hai: S gam Al = 27.0,2 = 5,4 (gam) S gam Fe = 56.0,1 = 5,6 (gam) (4) (3)

t n l s gam ch t c n tm : G i x v y l s gam Al v Fe trong 11 gam h n h p S gam h n h p = x + y = 11 (5)

Theo phng trnh: 1 mol Al 27 gam Al x (gam) 56 gam Fe y (gam) 1,5 mol H2 1,5 mol H2 1,5x 27 (mol)

1mol H2 y 56 (mol)

1,5x 1,5x + = 0,4 27 27 Hay : 28x + 9y = 201,6 T ng s mol H2 = Gi i h (5) v (6) c : x = 5,4 ( gam Al ) Cch ba: ; y = 5,6 ( gam Fe )

(6)

t theo m t ch t r i suy ra ch t th hai G i x l s mol Al, y l s

mol H2 do nhm t o ra, theo phng trnh ta c : y = 1,5x

2

(7)

S mol Fe = S mol H2 do Fe t o ra 11 27x = 0,4 y 56 Gi i phng trnh (7), (8) c x = 0,2 mol Al ( ng v i 5,4 gam ) S gam Fe = 11 5,4 = 5,6 (gam) Qua bi t p trn ta th y r ng dng phng php i s cch t nd n n (8)

h phng trnh n gi n nh t l cch hay nh t. Thng th ng ta ti p l s mol ch t c n tm.

t n tr c

Bi t p 10: Cho tan hon ton 5,4 gam Al trong dung d ch HNO3 thu c 2,24 lt ( ktc) h n h p kh X g m NO v N2O. Tnh th tch m i kh trong h n h p X. Bi gi i: Phng trnh ph n ng : Al x 8Al + 30HNO3 y G i x v y l s mol Al tham gia ph n ng 1 ,2 S mol Al = x + y = 0,2 S mol X = x + 3y/ 8 = 0,1 Hay: 8x + 3y = 0,8 Gi i h c: x = 0,04; y = 0,16 (4) (3) + 4HNO3 Al(NO3)3 + NO + x 8Al(NO3)3 + 3 N2O + 15H2O (2) 3y/ 8 2H2O (1)

Th tch NO = 22,4x = 0,896 (lt) Th tch N2O = 22,4.3y/8 = 1,344 (lt) Ta cng c th t tr c ti p s mol NO v N2O l x v y (5) S mol X = x + y = 0,1 S mol Al = x + 8y/3 = 0,2 Hay: 3x + 8y = 0,6
3

(6)

Gi i h

c: x = 0,04 y = 0,06

VNO = 22,4x = 8,96 (lt) VN2 O = 22,4y = 1,344(lt) t s mol Al tham

t tr c ti p cch tnh n gi n hn, tuy nhin ta c th

gia ph n ng 1,2 l x v 8y,.Ta c h phng trnh n gi n hn; x + 8y = 0,2 x + 3y = 0,1 V d dng gi i nh m y = 0,02 v x = 0,04. Ty t ng tr ng h p t n cho thch h p, l kinh nghi m c a ng i h c Bi t p 11: Th c hi n ph n ng nhi t nhm v i 9,66 gam h n h p X g m FexOy v nhm, thu c h n h p r n Y. Cho Y tc d ng v i dung d ch NaOH d, thu c dung d ch D v 0,672 lt kh ( ktc) v ch t khng tan Z. S c CO2 vo dung d ch D l c k t t a v nung ch t r n. Xc Bi gi i: Phng trnh ph n ng: 3FexOy + 3a 2yAl 2ay yAl2O3 + xFe ay 3ax (mol) (2) 2Na.[Al(OH)4] + 3H2 0,02 2Na[Al(OH)4] 2ay Al(OH)3 + NaHCO3 (2ay + 0,02) (mol) Al2O3 + 3H2O (ay + 0,01) (mol) nh, ta d t (5) (4) 0,03 (mol) (3) (1) n kh i l ng khng nh cng th c c a oxit s t v kh i l ng cc ch t trong X. n d (7) (8)

i c 5,1 gam

2Al + 2NaOH + 6H2O 0,02 Al2O3 +2NaOH+3H2O ay Na[Al(OH)4] + CO2 (2ay + 0,02) 2Al(OH)3 (2ay + 0,02)

FexOy ph n ng h t v trong phng trnh ph n ng c h s xc hn. Theo gi thi t ta c:

4

s mol FexOy l 3a, th vi c tnh s mol c a cc ch t ph thu c tr nn n gi n

S gam X = s gam Y = S gam Al2O3 + S gam Fe + S gam Al(d) = 102ay + 56.3ax + 27.0,02 = 9,66 Hay: 28ax + 17ay = 1,52 S mol Al2O3 = ay + 0,01 = 5,1/102 = 0,05 Hay: ay = 0,04 T (1) v (2): ax = 0,03 Ta c t l : ax = 0,03 ay 0,04 hay x = 3 y 4 (7) (8) (6)

V y cng th c c a oxit Fe3O4 a = 0,01 s gam Fe2O3 = 232.3a = 6,96 (gam) S gam Al = 9,66 6,96 = 2,7 (gam) Phng php khc: S mol Al (ban u) = 5,1.2/102 = 0,1 mol (2,7 gam)

S mol Al (ph n ng nhi t nhm) = 0,1 0,02 = 0,08 S mol O (trong FexOy) = s mol O (trongAl2O3) = 1,5.0,08 = 0,12 S gam FexOy = 9,66 2,7 = 6,96 g. S gam Fe = 6,96 16.0,12 = 5,04 (g) hay 0,09 mol Fe S mol Fe: S mol O = 0,09 : 0,12 = 3: 4 Bi t p 12: Cho 8 gam h n h p A g m Mg v Fe tc d ng v i 200 ml dung d ch CuSO4, n khi ph n ng k t thc, thu c 12,4gam h n h p r n B v dung

d ch D. Cho dung d ch D tc d ng v i dung d ch NaOH d l c v nung k t t a ngoi khng kh Hy tnh: a) Ph n trm kh i l ng kim lo i trong A. b) N ng mol/lit c a dung d ch CuSO4. n kh i l ng khng i thu c 8 gam h n h p g m 2 oxit.

c) Th tch NO thot ra khi ha tan B trong dung d ch HNO3 d.

5

Bi gi i: Phng trnh ph n ng : Mg + CuSO4 x Fe z x + CuSO4 z MgSO4 x FeSO4 z + Cu x (mol) + Cu z (mol) (2) (1)

Dung d ch D g m: MgSO4 v FeSO4 H n h p r n B g m: Cu v Fe d. MgSO4 + 2NaOH x FeSO4 + 2NaOH z Mg(OH)2 x Mg(OH)2 + Na2SO4 x Fe(OH)2 + Na2SO4 z MgO + H2O x Fe2O3 + 2 H2O 0,5z u, z l s mol Fe ph n ng (7) (6) (5) (4) (3)

2Fe(OH)2 + 1/2O2 z

t x v y l s mol Mg v Fe ban S gam A = 24x + 56y = 8

R n B g m (x + z) mol Cu v (y z) mol Fe d S gam B = 64(x+z) + 56(y z) = 12,4 Hay: 64x + 56y + 8z = 12,4 S gam oxit = 40x + 80z = 8 Gi i h phng trnh (5), (6), (7) c x = 0,1 ; y = 0,1 ; z = 0,05 a) S gam Mg = 24x = 2,4 (gam) chi m 30% S gam Fe = 56y = 5,6 (gam) chi m 70% a) N ng mol/l [ CuSO4] = x + z 0,2
6

(8) (9)

= 0,75M

c) R n B g m: (x + z ) = 0,15 mol Cu (y z ) = 0,05 mol Fe d Tan hon ton trong axit theo phng trnh ph n ng: 3Cu 0,15 Fe 0,05 + 4HNO3 Fe(NO3)3 + 8HNO3 3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2NO + 4H2O (10) 0,1 (mol) + NO + 2H2O 0,05 (mol) Th tch NO = 22,4(0,1 + 0,05) = 3,36 (lt) Tuy nhin c th l ng t h n h p A t x, y l s mol Mg v Fe ph n ng s gia tng kh i h nh pB ( 64x 24x) + ( 64y 56y) = 12,4 8 Hay: 5x + y = 0,55 S gam oxit = 40x + 80y = 8 Hay: x + 2y = 0,2 Gi i h (12) v (13), ta c : x =0,1 ; y= 0,05 S gam Mg = 24x = 2,4 (g) S gam Fe = 8 2,4 = 5,6 (g) R rng theo cch t th hai d n n h phng trnh n gi n hn nhi u. Bi t p 13: Cho 20 gam h n h p X g m Fe, FeO, Fe3O4, Fe2O3 tan v a h t trong 700 ml HCl 1M, thu c 3,36 lt H2 ( ktc) v dung d ch D. Cho dung d ch D tc d ng v i NaOH d, l c k t t a v nung ch t r n Y. Tnh kh i l ng c a Y. Bi gi i: a) S mol H2 = 3,36/22,4 = 0,15 (mol); S mol HCl = 0,7 (mol); Ptp: Fe 0,15 + 2HCl 0,3 FeCl2 0,15 + H2 0,15 (mol) (1) n kh i l ng khng i, thu c (13) (12) (11)

FeO + 2HCl x 2x

FeCl2 x (mol) FeCl2 y 2FeCl3 2z (mol)

H2O

(2)

Fe3O4 + 8HCl y 8y Fe2O3 + 6HCl z 6z FeCl2 + 2NaOH (0,15 + x + y) FeCl3 + 3NaOH 2y 4Fe(OH)2 + O2 + 2H2O (0,15 + x + y) 2Fe(OH)3 (0,15+x+3y+2z)

2FeCl3 + 4H2O (3) 2y (mol) 3H2O (4)

Fe(OH)2 + 2NaCl (0,15 + x + y) (mol) Fe(OH)2 + 2y (mol) 4 Fe(OH)3 (0,15 + x + y) Fe2O3 + H2O 3NaCl

(5)

(6)

(7)

(8)

0,5(0,15+x+3y+2z)

t x, y, z l s mol FeO, Fe3O4 , Fe2O3 trong h n h p Theo gi thi t ta c h phng trnh: S gam X = 56.0,15 + 72x + 232y + 160z = 20 S mol HCl = 0,3 + 2x + 8y + 6z = 0,7 Hay: x + 4y + 3z = 0,2 S mol Fe2O3 = 0,5(0,15 + x + 3y + 2z) H n h p g m 4 ch t phng trnh v (9) (10) (11) (12) n

c l p m ch c 3 d ki n, v nguyn t c d n

nh. Trong h ny ch c nghi m dng nhng khng nguyn, tm c s mol Fe2O3 ta ch c n

nhi u h c sinh s b t c khng gi i c. bi n

i cc phng trnh lm xu t hi n t ng (12) l c. Ta dng phng r ng :

phpghp n s ,

S gam X = s gam Fe + s gam O = 56( 0,15 +x +3y + 2z) + 16(x + 4y + 3z) = 20 K t h p v i (11) th c:
8

(0,15+x+3y+2z) =

20 16.(x+4y+3z) 56

2016.0,2 56

= 0,3

S gam Fe2O3 = 160.0,5.0,3 = 24 (gam) Cch gi i khc: Ta c th tm s mol Fe ( n ch t v trong h p ch t) c trong thnh ph n c a h n h p X, r i suy ra s mol Fe2O3 S mol HCl ha tan Fe = 0,3 (mol) S mol HCl ha tan cc oxit = 0,7 0,3 = 0,4 (mol) C 2mol HCl l y i 1 mol nguyn t O t o ra1mol H2O, cho nn: S mol O (trong oxit) = 0,4/2 = 0,2 ( ng v i 3,2 gam oxi) 20 3,2 S mol Fe = = 0,3 (mol) 56 0,3 mol Fe 0,15 mol Fe2O3 ( hay 160.0,15 = 24 gam )