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Mc lc

Li ni u 6
Cc thnh vin tham gia bin son 7
1 Mt s nh ngha, nh l, im v ng c bit khng duy nht 8
1.1 nh l Menelaus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.2 M rng nh l Menelaus theo din tch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.3 nh l Menelaus cho t gic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.4 nh l Cva . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.5 nh l Cva dng sin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.6 nh l Desargues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.7 nh l Pappus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
1.8 Mt trng hp c bit ca nh l Pappus qua gc nhn hnh hc x nh . . . . . . . . . 11
1.9 Bt ng thc Ptolemy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.10 nh l Pascal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.11 nh l Brianchon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.12 nh l Miquel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.13 Cng thc Carnot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.14 nh l Carnot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
1.15 Khi nim v hai tam gic trc giao . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.16 nh l Brocard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.17 nh l Euler v khong cch gia tm 2 ng trn ni, ngoi tip ca tam gic . . . . . 17
1.18 nh l Euler v khong cch gia tm 2 ng trn ni, ngoi tip ca t gic (nh l
Fuss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.19 nh l Casey (nh l Ptolemy m rng) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.20 nh l Stewart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.21 nh l FeuerbachLuchterhand . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
1.22 nh l Lyness . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.23 nh l Lyness m rng (B Sawayama) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
1.24 nh l Thbault . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.25 Cng thc Jacobi lin quan n tm t c, nh l Leibniz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.26 nh l Newton cho t gic ngoi tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.27 nh l Breichneider . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.28 nh l con nhm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.29 nh l GergonneEuler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.30 nh l Peletier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.31 nh l Viviani . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.32 Cng thc Lagrange m rng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.33 ng thng Simson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.34 ng thng Steiner . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.35 nh l Collings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.36 nh l Napoleon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.37 nh l Morley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.38 nh l con bm vi ng trn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
1.39 nh l con bm vi cp ng thng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.40 nh l Blaikie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
1.41 ng trn Apollonius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.42 nh l Blanchet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.43 nh l Blanchet m rng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.44 nh l Jacobi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
1.45 nh l Kiepert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
4 MATHSCOPE.ORG
1.46 nh l Kariya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.47 Cc trc giao (khi nim m rng ca trc tm tam gic) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.48 Khi nim tam gic hnh chiu, cng thc Euler v din tch tam gic hnh chiu . . . . . . 33
1.49 Khi nim hai im lin hp ng gic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.50 nh l Reim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.51 Khi nim t gic ton phn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
1.52 ng thng DrozFarny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.53 ng trn DrozFarny . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.54 nh l Van Aubel v t gic v cc hnh vung dng trn cnh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.55 H thc Van Aubel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
1.56 nh l Pithot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.57 nh l Johnson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.58 Bi ton Langley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.59 nh l Eyeball . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.60 B Haruki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.61 nh l Paul Yiu v ng trn bng tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
1.62 nh l Maxwell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.63 nh l Brahmagupta v t gic ni tip c hai ng cho vung gc . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
1.64 nh l Schooten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.65 nh l Bottema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.66 nh l Pompeiu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
1.67 nh l Zaslavsky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.68 nh l Archimedes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.69 nh l Urquhart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.70 nh l Poncelet v bn knh ng trn ni tip, bng tip trong tam gic vung . . . . . 44
1.71 nh l Marion Walter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
1.72 nh l Hansen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
1.73 nh l Steinbart suy rng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
1.74 nh l Monge & dAlembert 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1.75 nh l Monge & dAlembert 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
1.76 nh l Steiner v bn knh cc ng trn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1.77 nh l Steiner-Lehmus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1.78 Bt ng thc Erdos Mordell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
1.79 nh l Bellavitis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
1.80 nh l Gossard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
1.81 nh l M obius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
1.82 ng trn Hagge . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2 Mt s im v ng c bit c xc nh duy nht vi tam gic v t gic 54
2.1 ng thng Euler ca tam gic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.2 ng trn v tm Euler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.3 ng i trung, im Lemoine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.4 im Gergonne, im Nobb, ng thng Gergonne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.5 im Nagel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.6 im Brocard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.7 im Schiffler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.8 im Feuerbach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.9 im Kosnita . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.10 im Musselman, nh l Paul Yiu v im Musselman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.11 im Gilbert . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.12 Khi nim ng trn cc ca tam gic t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.13 Trc Lemoine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.14 Tm Morley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
MC LC 5
2.15 Tm Spieker v ng thng Nagel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.16 Hai im Fermat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.17 im Parry reflection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.18 ng trn Taylor, tm Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.19 im Bevan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
2.20 im Vecten . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.21 im Mittenpunkt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
2.22 im Napoleon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.23 ng trn Adam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.24 Tam gic Fuhrmann, ng trn Fuhrmann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.25 Hnh lc gic v ng trn Lemoine th nht . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.26 Hnh lc gic v ng trn Lemoine th hai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
2.27 Hnh bnh hnh Varignon ca t gic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.28 im Euler ca t gic ni tip . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
2.29 ng thng Steiner ca t gic ton phn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.30 ng thng Gauss ca t gic ton phn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.31 im Miquel ca t gic ton phn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.32 ng trn Miquel ca t gic ton phn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
6 MATHSCOPE.ORG
Li ni u
Hnh hc to nn cuc sng!
Hnh hc lun lun tuyt vi!!
. . .
C rt nhiu cu ti mun ni ra, chy n khp ng ngch ph phng ht to ln th hin nim yu
thch mn hnh hc s cp ca bn thn. Bn l ngi ang xem cun ti liu ny? Vy c th chnh bn
cng rt hiu nhng cm xc trong ti vy. V chc hn bn cng ng rng c ht oang oang ln rng
ta yu mt c gi s chng th ngha bng ta lm mt iu g cho c y, gip c y c nhng nim
vui nho nh. . .
Vng, ni s chng bng lm. Chnh v vy chng ti bt tay lm, lm ra cun ti liu ny th hin
tnh cm ca mnh vi hnh hc. Trong cun sch, cc tc gi cp ti hn mt trm nh l, kt
qu tiu biu v cc k n tng ca hnh hc phng. T nhng kt qu rt quen thuc nh cc nh l:
Menelaus, con bm, Ptolemy,. . . , cho ti cc kt qu cn t ph bin ti Vit Nam nh nhng nh l
Blaikie, Gossard,. . . Cc nh l, kt qu u c pht biu chi tit cng hng dn chng minh y
v nhiu khi km theo nhng nhn xt hu ch.
Khi bt u thc hin bin son trn din n MathScope.org, ti nhn c rt nhiu s quan tm
ca cc thnh vin, cc qun tr vin. Nhiu bn gp sc trc tip vo qu trnh bin son, gp b
sung,. . . hay gi email trao i vi tc gi v cc chi tit lin quan. S quan tm ca cc bn, hay chnh
l nhng thy c tm huyt v cc bn hc sinh ham hiu bit chng t rng vic bin son cun ti liu
ny l cn thit,ng vit ng lm. V s quan tm ln lao y cng chnh l mt ngun ng vin rt c
ngha vi tc gi c th "sn xut" ra mt cun ti liu hay v p ln tng ngy.
By gi y, khi m mi cng vic bin son coi nh c hon tt, bn ang s hu n trong tm
tay. Chng ti hy vng tp ti liu nh ny s tha mn phn no nhu cu tra cu, hon thin kin thc
ca bn thn cng nh tng thm s hng th, vui thch khi hc tp hnh hc ni ring v ton hc ni
chung ca cc bn.
Tp ti liu cha hon ho, l mt s tht chc chn m mi chng ta u cm nhn c. Mt phn
l do s hn ch ca ngi vit nn s tn ti nhng sai st, cng nh cn rt rt nhiu kt qu hay v p
cha c ni ti. Chnh v th, cc tc gi lun lun mong mun nhn c s cng tc, gp thit thc
t bn c. Bn c th gp trc tip ti http://forum.mathscope.org/showthread.php?t=4986 hoc lin
h email ring ti hm th khanh29ma@gmail.com.
Thay mt nhm bin son, ti xin chn thnh cm n!
Hong Quc Khnh - ma 29
CC THNH VIN THAM GIA BIN SON 7
Cc thnh vin tham gia bin son
Ni dung
1. Hong Quc Khnh - ma 29
2. Phan c Minh - novae
3. Phm Minh Khoa - nbkschool
4. L Phc L - huynhcongbang
5. inh Trung Anh - trung anh
6. L c Tm - thamtuhoctro, leductam
7. L Bo Long - long14893
8. Phm Quc Bo - bali
9. Chu Thanh Tng - chu t tung
L
A
T
E
X
1. Thy Chu Ngc Hng - hungchng
2. Phan c Minh - novae
8 MATHSCOPE.ORG
1 Mt s nh ngha, nh l, im v ng c bit khng
duy nht
1.1 nh l Menelaus
Trong ABC, cho cc im D, E, F theo th t nm trn cc ng thng BC, CA, AB. Khi
D, E, F thng hng
FA
FB
.
DB
DC
.
EC
EA
= 1.
Chng minh:
Thun:
Gi s D, E, F thng hng. T C, k CI//AB (I DF), p dng nh l Thales, ta c:
EC
EA
=
IC
FA
;
DB
DC
=
FB
IC

FA
FB
.
DB
DC
.
EC
EA
= 1
o:
Gi s cc im D, E, F tha mn
FA
FB
.
DB
DC
.
EC
EA
= 1, ly F

AB sao cho D, E, F

thng hng. Theo


chiu thun nh l Menelaus, ta c:
F

A
F

B
.
DB
DC
.
EC
EA
= 1, suy ra
F

A
F

B
=
FA
FB
hay 2 im F v F

cng chia
on AB theo cng t s. Vy F F

, hay D, E, F thng hng (pcm)


1.2 M rng nh l Menelaus theo din tch
Cho tam gic ABC, cc im M, N, P ln lt nm trn cc ng thng BC, CA, AB. Khi
S
[MNP]
S
[ABC]
=
BM.CN.AP CM.AN.BP
AB.BC.CA
.
Chng minh:
Ta c S
[ABC]
= S
[MAB]
+S
[MCA]
= S
[PMA]
+S
[PBM]
+S
[NMC]
+S
[NAM]
= S
[MNP]
+S
[BMP]
+S
[CNM]
+S
[APN]
Mt khc
S
[BMP]
S
[ABC]
=
BM.BP
BC.BA
;
S
[CNM]
S
[ABC]
=
CN.CM
CA.CB
;
S
[APN]
S
[ABC]
=
AP.AN
AB.AC
Suy ra
S
[MNP]
S
[ABC]
= 1
S
[BMP]
S
[ABC]

S
[CNM]
S
[ABC]

S
[APN]
S
[ABC]
=
BM.CN.AP CM.AN.BP
AB.BC.CA
(pcm)
1 MT S NH NGHA, NH L, IM V NG C BIT KHNG DUY NHT 9
1.3 nh l Menelaus cho t gic
Cho t gic ABCD v ng thng d ct AB, BC, CD, DA ln lt M, N, P, Q. Khi
MA
MB
.
NB
NC
.
PC
PD
.
QD
QA
= 1.
Chng minh:
Trn d ly I, J sao cho AI//BJ//CD.
Theo nh l Thales, ta c
MA
MB
=
IA
JB
;
NB
NC
=
JB
PC
;
QD
QA
=
PD
IA
. T suy ra pcm.
Ch : dng o ca nh l trn khng ng v nh l trn c th m rng ra cho a gic bt k.
1.4 nh l Cva
Cho tam gic ABC, cc im E, F, G tng ng nm trn BC, CA, AB. Ba ng thng AE, BF, CG
ng quy ti mt im O khi v ch khi
GA
GB
.
EB
EC
.
FC
FA
= 1.
Chng minh:
Thun:
Gi s ba ng thng AE, BF, CG ng quy ti mt im O. T A v C, k cc ng thng song song
vi BF, ln lt ct CG v AE ti K, I tng ng.
p dng nh l Thales, ta c:
CF
FA
=
CO
OK
;
CI
AK
=
CO
OK

CF
FA
=
CI
AK
.
Cc cp tam gic ng dng IEC v OEB, AKG v BOG:
BE
CE
=
BO
CI
;
AG
BG
=
AK
BO
Do :
GA
GB
.
EB
EC
.
FC
FA
=
AK
BO
.
BO
CI
.
CI
AK
= 1 (pcm)
o: chng minh tng t nh l Menelaus.
1.5 nh l Cva dng sin
Cho tam gic ABC, cc im E, F, G tng ng nm trn BC, CA, AB. Ba ng thng AE, BF, CG
ng quy ti mt im O khi v ch khi
sin

ABF
sin

CBF
.
sin

BCG
sin

ACG
.
sin

CAE
sin

BAE
10 MATHSCOPE.ORG
Chng minh:
Ta c:
BE
CE
=
S
ABE
S
ACE
=
AB. sin

BAE
AC. sin

CAE
;
CF
AF
=
BC. sin

CBF
BA. sin

ABF
;
AG
BG
=
CA. sin

ACG
CB. sin

BCG
. Nhn theo v 3 ng
thc trn, ta c pcm.
1.6 nh l Desargues
Cho 2 tam gic ABC v MNP c AM, BN, CP ng quy ti O. Gi I, J, K theo th t l giao im
ca cc cp ng thng (AB, MN), (BC, NP), (CA, PM). Khi 3 im I, J, K thng hng.
Chng minh:
p dng nh l Menelaus cho cc tam gic OAB, OBC, OCA, ta c:
IA
IB
.
NB
NO
.
MO
MA
= 1;
JB
JC
.
PC
PO
.
NO
NB
= 1;
KC
KA
.
MA
MO
.
PO
PC
= 1
Nhn theo v 3 ng thc trn, ta c
IA
IB
.
JB
JC
.
KC
KC
= 1 I, J, K thng hng (pcm)
nh l o ca nh l Desargues c pht biu nh sau: Cho 2 tam gic ABC v MNP c ABMN =
I, BC NP = J, CA PM = K v I, J, K thng hng. Khi AM, BN, CP ng quy ti O.
Chng minh:
Gi O l giao im ca AM v CP. p dng nh l Menelaus cho cc tam gic CPK, PKJ, JKC, ta c:
OC
OP
.
MP
MK
.
AK
AC
= 1;
NP
NJ
.
IJ
IK
.
MK
MP
= 1;
BJ
BC
.
AC
AK
.
IK
IJ
= 1
Nhn theo v 3 ng thc trn, ta c
OC
OP
.
NP
NJ
.
BJ
BC
= 1 O, N, B thng hng AM, BN, CP ng
quy ti O (pcm)
1.7 nh l Pappus
Cho 2 ng thng a, b. Trn a ly cc im A, B, C; trn b ly cc im X, Y, Z. Gi M l giao im
ca AX v BY , N l giao im ca AZ v CX, P l giao im ca BZ v CY . Khi M, N, P thng
hng. nh l Pappus l mt trng hp ring ca nh l Pascal khi conic suy bin thnh cp ng
thng (xem mc 1.11).
1 MT S NH NGHA, NH L, IM V NG C BIT KHNG DUY NHT 11
Chng minh:
Gi D, E, F l giao im ca cc cp ng thng (AZ, CY ), (AZ, BX), (BX, CY ). p dng nh l
Menelaus cho tam gic DEF vi ct tuyn CNX, ta c
ND
NE
.
XE
XF
.
CF
CD
= 1
ND
NE
=
CD
CF
.
XF
XE
. Tng
t, ta c
PF
PD
=
ZE
ZD
.
BF
BE
,
ME
MF
=
AE
AD
.
Y D
Y F

ND
NE
.
ME
MF
.
PF
PD
=
CD
CF
.
XF
XE
.
ZE
ZD
.
BF
BE
.
AE
AD
.
Y D
Y F
Mt khc, p dng nh l Menelaus cho tam gic DEF vi cc ct tuyn ABC, XY Z, ta c
AE
AD
.
CD
CF
.
BF
BE
=
XF
XE
.
ZE
ZD
.
Y D
Y F
= 1. Suy ra
ND
NE
.
ME
MF
.
PF
PD
= 1. Do M, N, P thng hng (pcm)
1.8 Mt trng hp c bit ca nh l Pappus qua gc nhn hnh hc x
nh
phn ny ch dng hnh hc x nh dn dt n kt qu, cn cch chng minh hon ton ph
hp vi THCS. Ta c kt qu sau lin quan n hnh x nh: Cc ng thng song song vi nhau th gp
nhau ti mt im v cc v ngc li .
Vn dng vo nh l Pappus trn, cho cc im A, B, C ra v cc th theo kt qu v hnh x nh ta
c Y M//ZN (v cng i qua im A v cc), XN//Y P, XM//ZP. V khi y M, N, P vn thng hng.
Ta pht biu li c mt nh l n gin v hu dng sau y:
nh l: Trn mt phng cho 3 im X, Y, Z thng hng v 3 im M, N, P tha mn XN//Y P, Y M//ZN,
XM//ZP. Khi M, N, P thng hng.
Chng minh:
Trng hp MP//XY Z th n gin, bn c t chng minh. Ta s xt khi MP khng song song vi
XY Z. Gi S l giao im ca MP vi XY Z. ng thng qua X song song vi Y P ct MP N

. Bi
ton s c gi quyt nu ta chng minh c rng ZN

//Y M (V khi y N

trng N). Tht vy, ch


Y P//XN

, ZP//XM nn theo Thales ta c:


SY
SZ
=
SY
SX
.
SX
SZ
=
SP
SN

.
SM
SP
=
SM
SN

. Theo nh l Thales
o, ta suy ra pcm.
12 MATHSCOPE.ORG
1.9 Bt ng thc Ptolemy
Cho t gic li ABCD bt k, ta c bt ng thc sau: AB.CD+BC.AD AC.BD. ng thc xy
ra ABCD l t gic ni tip.
Chng minh:
Trong t gic ABCD, ly im E sao cho

EAB =

DAC;

EBA =

ACD


BAC =

EAD. Khi ABE ACD nn


AB
AC
=
BE
CD
=
AE
AD
AB.CD = AC.BE v
AED ABC. Suy ra
AD
AC
=
AD
BC
AD.BC = AC.ED
Do AB.CD +AD.BC = AC.(BE +ED) AC.BD.
ng thc xy ra E BD

ABD =

ABE =

ACD ABCD l t gic ni tip.


T suy ra nh l Ptolemy: T gic li ABCD l t gic ni tip AB.CD +BC.AD = AC.BD
1.10 nh l Pascal
Cho 6 im bt k A, B, C, D, E, F cng nm trn mt conic bt k. Gi G, H, K theo th t l giao
im ca cc cp ng thng (AB, DE), (BC, EF), (CD, FA). Khi 3 im G, H, K thng hng.
Chng minh:
Trc ht, ta xt vi trng hp conic l ng trn
Cch 1: S dng gc nh hng ca 2 ng thng.
1 MT S NH NGHA, NH L, IM V NG C BIT KHNG DUY NHT 13
Gi I l giao im th 2 ca 2 ng trn (DBG) v (DFK) . Ta c:
(IB, IF) (IB, ID) + (ID, IF) (GB, GD) + (KD, KF) (mod )
Mt khc:
(KD, KF)
1
2
((OC, OA) (OF, OD)) ((OC, OB) + (OB, OA) (OF, OE) (OE, OD)) (mod )
(GB, GD)
1
2
((OA, OE) (OD, OB)) ((OA, OF) + (OF, OE) (OD, OC) (OC, OB)) (mod )
(HB, HF)
1
2
((OB, OF) (OE, OC)) (mod )
(HB, HF) (KD, KF) + (GB, GD) (IB, IF) (mod ) B, H, I, F ng vin.
Li c (IB, IG) (DB, DG) (FB, FE) (mod )
4 im B, H, I, F ng vin (FB, FE) (IB, IH) (mod )
Do (IB, IG) (IB, IH) (mod ) hay 3 im I, G, H thng hng. Tng t, ta c I, H, K thng hng,
suy ra pcm
Cch 2: p dng nh l Menelaus
Gi cc giao im nh hnh v. p dng nh l Menelaus cho tam gic MNP vi ct tuyn KCD, ta c:
KM
KN
.
DN
DP
.
CP
CM
= 1
KM
KN
=
CM
CP
.
DP
DN
Tng t, ta c:
HP
HM
=
FN
FM
.
EP
EN
;
GN
GP
=
AN
AM
.
BM
BP
.
Nhn theo v cc ng thc trn, kt hp vi cc biu thc phng tch sau:
BM.CM = AM.FM; DN.EN = FN.AN; BP.CP = DP.EP
Ta suy ra
KM
KN
.
GN
GP
.
HP
HM
= 1 G, H, K thng hng (pcm)
Ta xt vi trng hp conic bt k:
Gi s 6 im A, B, C, D, E, F nm trn conic (C) l giao tuyn ca mt phng (P) vi mt nn N trc
, nh S. Xt mt phng (Q) vung gc vi trc ca mt nn. Khi thit din ca (Q) v N l
ng trn (T). Xt php chiu xuyn tm S t (P) ln (Q). Gi nh ca im X qua php chiu trn
l X

. Ta c cc im A

, B

, C

, D

, E

, F

nm trn ng trn (T) G

, H

, K

thng hng theo chng


minh trn. Gi l ng thng i qua 3 im G

, H

, K

. Ta c cc im K, H, G tng ng nm trn
cc ng thng SK

, SH

, SG

nn K, H, G cng nm trn mt phng (S, ). M K, H, G cng nm trn


mt phng (P); (P) v (S, ) l hai mt phng phn bit G, H, K cng nm trn giao tuyn ca (P)
v (S, ). Do K, H, G thng hng (pcm)
14 MATHSCOPE.ORG
nh l o ca nh l Pascal l nh l Braikenridge-Maclaurin, khng nh rng nu 3 cp cnh i
ca mt lc gic ct nhau ti 3 im thng hng th 6 nh ca lc gic nm trn mt conic (c th
suy bin thnh mt cp ng thng)
1.11 nh l Brianchon
Cho lc gic ABCDEF ngoi tip mt conic bt k. Chng minh rng ba ng cho ln AD, BE, CF
ng quy.
Chng minh:
Xt vi trng hp conic l ng trn:
Ta k hiu cc tip im ca (O) trn AB, BC, CD, DE, EF, FA ln lt l M, N, P, Q, R, S. Xt cc v i
cc i vi (O). Gi K, I, J ln lt l giao im ca cc cp ng thng (SM, PQ), (MN, QR), (NP, RS).
V SM v PQ l ng i cc ca A v D nn AD l ng i cc ca K. Tng t BE v FC ln
lt l ng i cc ca I v J.
Dng nh l Pascal cho lc gic ni tip MNPQRS ta c I, J, K thng hng. Nn ta c cc ng i cc
ca I, J, K (ln lt l BE, CF, AD) cng i qua cc ca ng thng ny (ng thng i qua I, J, K)
nn AD, BE, CF ng quy (pcm).
Vi trng hp conic bt k: Gi s lc gic ABCDEF ngoi tip conic (C) l giao tuyn ca mt phng
(P) vi mt nn N trc , nh S. Xt mt phng (Q) vung gc vi trc ca mt nn. Khi thit
din ca (Q) v N l ng trn (T). Xt php chiu xuyn tm S t (P) ln (Q). Gi nh ca im X
qua php chiu trn l X

. Ta c lc gic A

ngoi tip ng trn (T) A

, B

, C

ng quy ti G AD, BE, CF ng quy ti giao im ca SG v (P).


1.12 nh l Miquel
Cho tam gic ABC v ba im M, N, P ln lt nm trn BC, CA, AB. Khi cc ng trn ngoi
tip cc tam gic APN, BPM v CMN ng quy.
1 MT S NH NGHA, NH L, IM V NG C BIT KHNG DUY NHT 15
Chng minh:
Gi S l giao im ca (BPM) v (CMN).Ta c:
(SN, SP) (SN, SM) + (SM, SP) (CN, CM) + (BM, BP) (CA, CB) + (BC, BA) (CA, BA)
(AN, AP) (mod )
S (ANP), suy ra pcm.
1.13 Cng thc Carnot
Cho ABC nhn ni tip (O, R), r l bn knh ni tip. K hiu d
a
, d
b
, d
c
theo th t l khong cch
t O n cc cnh BC, CA, AB. Khi ta c h thc sau: d
a
+d
b
+d
c
= R +r.
Chng minh:
Gi D, E, F theo th t l trung im BC, CA, AB OD, OE, OF BC, CA, AB. p dng nh l
Ptolemy cho t gic ni tip AEOF, ta c OA.EF = AF.OE + AE.OF aR = c.d
b
+ b.d
c
; tng t:
bR = a.d
c
+c.d
a
, cR = a.d
b
+b.d
a
. Suy ra R(a +b +c) = a(d
b
+d
c
) +b(d
c
+d
a
) +c(d
a
+d
b
).
Mt khc, r(a +b +c) = 2S
ABC
= a.d
a
+b.d
b
+c.d
c
.
Do (a +b +c)(R +r) = (a +b +c)(d
a
+d
b
+d
c
), suy ra d
a
+d
b
+d
c
= R +r. (pcm)
Nu tam gic ABC c

A > 90
o
th ta c d
a
+d
b
+d
c
= R +r
Ch rng nh l Carnot tng ng vi h thc quen thuc sau: cos A + cos B + cos C = 1 +
r
R
1.14 nh l Carnot
Cho tam gic ABC, gi M, N, P ln lt l cc im trn cc cnh BC, CA, AB; d
M
, d
N
, d
P
l
cc ng thng i qua M, N, P v vung gc vi cc cnh tng ng. Khi d
M
, d
N
, d
P
ng quy
MB
2
+NC
2
+PA
2
= MC
2
+NA
2
+PB
2
Chng minh:
Thun: Gi O l giao im ca 3 ng thng. Ta c:
16 MATHSCOPE.ORG
MB
2
+NC
2
+PA
2
= MC
2
+NA
2
+PB
2
MB
2
+OM
2
+NC
2
+ON
2
+PA
2
+OP
2
= MC
2
+OM
2
+NA
2
+ON
2
+PB
2
+OP
2
OB
2
+OC
2
+OA
2
= OC
2
+OA
2
+OB
2
ng thc ny lun ng nn ta c iu phi chng minh.
o: Gi O l giao im ca d
M
, d
N
. Qua O, h ng vung gc xung AB ti P

. p dng nh thun,
ta c P

A
2
P

B
2
= PA
2
PB
2
P P

pcm
1.15 Khi nim v hai tam gic trc giao
Cho tam gic ABC v tam gic A
1
B
1
C
1
nh hnh v. Nu cc ng thng qua A
1
, B
1
, C
1
v vung
gc vi BC, CA, AB ng quy th cc ng thng qua A, B, C v vung gc B
1
C
1
, C
1
A
1
, A
1
B
1
ng quy
v ngc li. Khi 2 tam gic ABC v A
1
B
1
C
1
c gi l 2 tam gic trc giao.
Chng minh:
Gi M, N, P, M
1
, N
1
, P
1
l chn cc ng vung gc nh hnh v. p dng nh l Carnot, ta c:
AM
1
, BN
1
, CP
1
ng quy
(M
1
C
2
1
M
1
B
2
1
) + (P
1
B
2
1
P
1
A
2
1
) + (N
1
A
2
1
N
1
C
2
1
) = 0
(AC
2
1
AB
2
1
) + (CB
2
1
CA
2
1
) + (BA
2
1
BC
2
1
) = 0
(A
1
B
2
A
1
C
2
) + (B
1
C
2
B
1
A
2
) + (C
1
A
2
C
1
B
2
) = 0
(MB
2
MC
2
) + (NC
2
NA
2
) + (PA
2
PB
2
) = 0
A
1
M, B
1
N, C
1
, P ng quy (pcm)
1.16 nh l Brocard
Cho t gic li ABCD ni tip ng trn tm O. AD giao BC ti M, AB giao CD ti N, AC giao
BD ti I. Chng minh rng O l trc tm ca tam gic MIN.
Chng minh:
1 MT S NH NGHA, NH L, IM V NG C BIT KHNG DUY NHT 17
Cch 1:
Gi H l giao th 2 ca hai ng trn ngoi tip cc tam gic AID, BIC. Xt t gic DOHC, ta c:

DHC = 360
o

DHI

CHI =

DAC +

DBC =

DOC
T suy ra t gic DOHC ni tip. Tng t, ta suy ra t gic AOHB ni tip. Mt khc MA.MD =
MB.MC, suy ra M nm trn trc ng phng ca hai ng trn (AIHD), (BIHC) M, I, H thng
hng.
Ta c

IHO =

IHD

OHD =

ADC +

ACD

OCD =

ADC +

OCA = 90
o
T suy ra IM ON. Tng t, ta c IN OM, suy ra pcm.
Cch 2:
Ta chng minh b sau, t suy trc tip ra khng nh ca bi ton: Cho 4 im A, B, C, D nm trn
ng trn tm (O), gi P, Q, R ln lt l giao im ca cc cp ng thng (AB, CD), (AD, BC), (AC, BD),
khi ng i cc ca P i vi (O) l ng thng QR
Chng minh:
Gi E, F ln lt l cc ca AB, CD i vi (O), suy ra EF l ng i cc ca P i vi (O)
p dng nh l Pascal cho lc gic ADDCCB (CC l tip tuyn ti im C), ta c Q, F, R thng
hng.Tng t, ta c Q, E, R thng hng, suy ra 4 im E, F, Q, R thng hng, do P l cc ca ng
thng QR i vi (O) (pcm)
1.17 nh l Euler v khong cch gia tm 2 ng trn ni, ngoi tip
ca tam gic
Cho ABC, ni tip (O, R), ngoi tip (I, r). Khi OI
2
= R
2
2Rr.
Chng minh:
Gi D, E theo th t l trung im cc cung nh BC v AC th OD BC;

BAD =

A
2
. Gi H l
chn ng vung gc k t I xung OD. J l trung im BC. Theo mt kt qu quen bit, ta c
ID = BD = 2R. sin
A
2
.
Trong OID, c OI
2
= ID
2
+OD
2
2.

ID.

OD = 4R
2
. sin
2
A
2
+R
2
2.

DO.

DH (cng thc hnh chiu).


Mt khc,

DO.

DH = DO.(DJ +JH) = R.
_
BD. sin
A
2
+r
_
= 2R
2
sin
2
A
2
+Rr. T suy ra pcm.
18 MATHSCOPE.ORG
1.18 nh l Euler v khong cch gia tm 2 ng trn ni, ngoi tip
ca t gic (nh l Fuss)
Cho t gic ABCD va ni tip (O, R), va ni tip (I, r). t d = OI. Khi ta c h thc
1
(R d)
2
+
1
(R +d)
2
=
1
r
2
Chng minh:
Gi tip im ca (I) trn AB, BC, CD, DA ln lt l M, N, P, Q. BI, DI ct (O) ln lt E, F. Ta
thy:
(DE, DF) (DE, DC) + (DC, DF) (BE, BC) + (DC, DF)
(BA, BC) + (DC, DA)
2


2
(mod )
Do E, O, F thng hng, nn O l trung im ca EF. Theo cng thc ng trung tuyn trong tam
gic IEF ta c: d
2
=
IE
2
+IF
2
2

EF
2
4
=
IE
2
+IF
2
2
R
2
. Suy ra:
1
(R d)
2
+
1
(R +d)
2
=
2 (R
2
+d
2
)
(R
2
d
2
)
2
=
IE
2
+IF
2
_
P
I/(O)
_
2
=
IE
2
_
P
I/(O)
_
2
+
IF
2
_
P
I/(O)
_
2
=
IE
2
(IE.IB)
2
+
IF
2
(IF.ID)
2
=
1
IB
2
+
1
ID
2
=
sin
2
B
2
IM
2
+
sin
2
D
2
IP
2
=
1
r
2
1.19 nh l Casey (nh l Ptolemy m rng)
Cho t gic ABCD ni tip (O, R). t cc ng trn , , , l cc ng trn tip xc vi (O)
ti cc nh A, B, C, D. t t

l di on tip tuyn chung ca hai ng trn , . Trong t

l
di tip tuyn chung ngoi nu hai ng trn , cng tip xc trong hoc cng tip xc ngoi vi
(O), v l di on tip xc trong vi trng hp cn li. Cc on t

, t

, . . . c xc nh tng
t. Khi ta c t

.t

+t

.t

= t

.t

.
Chng minh:
1 MT S NH NGHA, NH L, IM V NG C BIT KHNG DUY NHT 19
Ta chng minh cho trng hp , , , cng tip xc ngoi vi (O), cc trng hp khc chng minh
tng t. Gi tm cc ng trn trn l A

, B

, C

, D

v bn knh ln lt l x, y, z, t. t di cc
on thng nh hnh v v AC = m, BD = n. Theo nh l Pythagore: t
2

= A

B
2
(x y)
2
. p dng
nh l cosin, ta c:
A

B
2
= (R+x)
2
+(R+y)
2
2(R+x)(R+y) cos

OB

= (R+x)
2
+(R+y)
2
2(R+x)(R+y)
_
1
a
2
2R
2
_
= (R +x)
2
+ (R +y)
2
2(R +x)(R +y) + (R +x)(R +y)
a
2
R
2
= (x y)
2
+ (R +x)(R +y)
a
2
R
2
t

=
a
R
_
(R +x)(R +y)
Tng t vi cc on thng cn li, ta c t

.t

+ t

.t

= t

.t

ac + bd = mn (lun ng theo
nh l Ptolemy)
Cho x = y = z = t = 0, ta c nh l Ptolemy.
1.20 nh l Stewart
Cho 3 im A, B, C thng hng v im M bt k. Ta c h thc sau: MA
2
.BC+MB
2
.CA+MC
2
.AB+
BC.CA.AB = 0
Chng minh:
Qua M, h MH ABC, ta c
MA
2
.BC +MB
2
.CA +MC
2
.AB +BC.CA.AB
= (MH
2
+HA
2
) BC + (MH
2
+HB
2
) CA + (MH
2
+HC
2
) AB +BC.CA.AB
= MH
2
_
BC +CA +AB
_
+HA
2
.BC +HB
2
.CA +HC
2
.AB +BC.CA.AB
= HA
2
.BC +HB
2
.CA +HC
2
.AB +BC.CA.AB
= HA
2
_
HC HB
_
+HB
2
_
HA HC
_
+HC
2
_
HB HA
_
+
_
HC HB
_ _
HA HC
_ _
HB HA
_
= 0
1.21 nh l FeuerbachLuchterhand
Cho t gic ABCD ni tip, M l im bt k trong mt phng t gic. Ta c h thc:
MA
2
.BC.CD.DB MB
2
.CD.DA.AC +MC
2
.DA.AB.BD MD
2
.AB.BC.CA = 0
Chng minh:
Gi I l giao im AC v BD. p dng nh l Stewart, ta c:
MA
2
.IC +MC
2
.IA IA.IC.AC = MI
2
.AC; MB
2
.ID +MD
2
.IB IB.ID.BD = MI
2
.BC
MA
2
.IC.BD + MC
2
.IA.BD IA.IC.AC.BD = MI
2
.AC.BD = MB
2
.ID.AC + MD
2
.IB.AC
IB.ID.BD.AC
MA
2
.IC.BD +MC
2
.IA.BD = MB
2
.ID.AC +MD
2
.IB.AC(1)
Mt khc, ta c
IA
IC
=
S
ABD
S
CBD
=
AD, AB
CB.CD
IC =
CB.CD
AD.AB
.IA. Tng t: ID =
DA.DC
BA.BC
.IB
Thay vo (1), ta c:
MA
2
.
CB.CD
AD.AB
.IA.BD +MC
2
.IA.BD = MB
2
.
DA.DC
BA.BC
.IB.AC +MD
2
.IB.AC
20 MATHSCOPE.ORG

IA
AB.AD
(MA
2
.BC.CD.DB +MC
2
.AB.BD.DA) =
IB
AB.AC
(MB
2
.AC.DC.CA +MD
2
.AB.BC.CA) (2)
Li c IAD IBC
IA
AD
=
IB
IC
, thay vo (2), ta c pcm.
1.22 nh l Lyness
Cho tam gic ABC, ng trn ngoi tip (O, R), ng trn ni tip (I, r). ng trn (O
1
, ) tip
xc trong vi (O) v tip xc vi cc cnh AB, AC theo th t ti D, E. Khi I l trung im DE.
Chng minh:
Ta c AI =
r
sin
A
2
; AO
1
=

sin
A
2
IO
1
=
r
sin
A
2

IO
1
AO
1
=
r

= 1
r

. p dng nh l Stewart cho


tam gic AOO
1
, ta c: OO
2
1
.AI + OA
2
.O
1
I OI
2
.AO
1
= AI.O
1
I.AO
1
. Ch rng OO
1
= R , OI
2
=
R
2
2Rr, OA = R, ta tnh c sin
2
A
2
= 1
r

. Suy ra
IO
1
AO
1
= sin
2
A
2
=

2
AO
2
1
IO
1
.AO
1
=
2
. Do
I nm trn ng i cc ca A i vi (O
1
) I DE I = AO
1
DE I l trung im DE (pcm)
1.23 nh l Lyness m rng (B Sawayama)
Cho tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn (O). M thuc BC (c cch pht biu khc l: cho t gic
ABDC v M l giao ca BC v AD. . .; nhng hai cch pht biu ny l tng ng). Mt ng trn
(O

) tip xc vi hai cnh MA v MC ti E v F ng thi tip xc trong vi ng trn (O) ti K. Khi


ta c tm ng trn ni tip ca tam gic ABC nm trn ng thng EF.
1 MT S NH NGHA, NH L, IM V NG C BIT KHNG DUY NHT 21
Chng minh:
Gi G l giao im khc K ca KF v (O). Php v t bin (O

) (O) bin F, BC tip tuyn ca


(O) song song vi BC ti G G l trung im cung BC GC
2
= GF.GK. Gi I l giao AG v EF.
Ta c

IEK =

IAK(=

FKD) AEIK ni tip

AIK =

EFK(=

AEK) AIK IFK (g.g)

GKI =

GIF(=

EKA) GIF GKI (g.g) GI


2
= GF.GK GI = GC I l tm ni tip
ABC
1.24 nh l Thbault
Cho tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn (O). D l mt im nm trn cnh BC. ng trn tm P
tip xc vi 2 on AD, DC v tip xc trong vi (O). ng trn tm Q tip xc vi 2 on AD, DB
v tip xc trong vi (O). Gi I l tm ni tip tam gic ABC. Ta c P, I, Q thng hng.
Chng minh:
Gi E, F l tip im ca (P) vi BC, AD; G, H l tip im ca (Q) vi BC, AD. Gi I l giao im
ca EF v GH I l tm ni tip ABC. Gi X l giao im GH v QD; Y l giao im EF v PD.
Ta thy IXDY l hnh ch nht
IX
PD
=
Y D
PD
=
QX
QD
P, I, Q thng hng (ng thc th 2 c l do
QGD DEP)
22 MATHSCOPE.ORG
1.25 Cng thc Jacobi lin quan n tm t c, nh l Leibniz
Nu I l tm t c ca h im A
i
ng vi cc h s a
i
th vi mi im M trn mt phng ta c
n

i=1
a
i
MA
2
i
=
n

i=1
a
i
IA
2
i
+MI
2
n

i=1
a
i
Chng minh:
V I l tm t c ca h im nn
n

i=1
a
i
.

IA
i
=

0. Do :
n
i=1
a
i
MA
2
i
=
n

i=1
a
i
(

MI +

IA
i
)
2
=
n

i=1
a
i
IA
2
i
+ 2

MI
n

i=1
a
i

IA
i
+MI
2
n

i=1
a
i
=
n

i=1
a
i
IA
2
i
+MI
2
n

i=1
a
i
nh l Leibniz: Gi G l trng tm tam gic ABC, M l mt im bt k trong mt phng. Ta c:
MG
2
=
1
3
(MA
2
+MB
2
+MC
2
)
1
9
(AB
2
+BC
2
+CA
2
)
1.26 nh l Newton cho t gic ngoi tip
Cho t gic ABCD ngoi tip ng trn (O). Khi trung im 2 ng cho ca t gic thng hng
vi O.
Chng minh:
Cch 1:
Gi P, Q, R, S ln lt l cc tip im ca cc on thng AB, BC, CD, DA i vi ng trn (O). t
SA = AP = a, BP = BQ = b, CQ = CR = c, DR = DS = d. p dng nh l con nhm cho t gic
ABCD ta c:
(a +b)

OP + (b +c)

OQ+ (c +d)

OR + (d +a)

OS =

(a +b)
_
b
a +b

OA +
a
a +b

OB
_
=

0
(b +d)
_

OA +

OC
_
+ (a +c)
_

OB +

OD
_
=

0
(b +d)

OM + (a +c)

ON =

0
Suy ra 2 vector

OM,

ON cng phng O, M, N thng hng (pcm)


Cch 2:
1 MT S NH NGHA, NH L, IM V NG C BIT KHNG DUY NHT 23
Gi M, N theo th t l trung im ca hai ng cho AC, BD. Ta xt trng hp AB ct CD ti G.
Ta c:
S
OAB
+S
OCD
=
1
2
r(AB+CD); S
OBC
+S
ODA
=
1
2
r(AD+BC) (r l bn knh ng trn ni tip t gic).
M t gic ABCD ngoi tip AB+CD = AD+BC S
OAB
+S
OCD
=
1
2
S
ABCD
. Trn cc tia GA, GD
ly cc im H, I theo th t sao cho GH = AB, GI = CD. Khi S
OAB
= S
OHG
, S
OCD
= S
OIG
.
S
OHI
= S
OHG
+S
OIG
S
GHI
= S
OAB
+S
OCD
S
GHI
=
1
2
S
ABCD
S
GHI
.
Mt khc, ta cng c S
MAB
+ S
MCD
= S
NAB
+ S
NCD
=
1
2
S
ABCD
. Suy ra S
OHI
= S
MHI
= S
NHI

d(O, HI) = d(M, HI) = d(N, HI) O, M, N thng hng.
Vi trng hp AB//CD th d(O, AB) = d(M, AB) = d(N, AB) = r O, M, N thng hng (pcm)
1.27 nh l Breichneider
Cho t gic li ABCD, AB = a, BC = b, CD = c, DA = d, AC = m, BD = n. Khi m
2
n
2
=
a
2
c
2
+b
2
d
2
2abcd cos(A +C)
Chng minh:
Trn cnh AB ra pha ngoi dng tam gic ABN ng dng vi tam gic CAD, v dng ra pha ngoi cnh
AD tam gic ADM ng dng vi tam gic CAB. Khi d thy AN =
ac
m
, AM =
bd
m
, NB = DM =
ad
m
v BDMN l hnh bnh hnh. ng thi c

NAM =

A +

C.
p dng nh l cosin cho tam gic AMN, ta c n
2
=
_
ac
m
_
2
+
_
bd
m
_
2
2.
ac
m
.
bd
m
. cos(A + C), suy ra
pcm.
V 0
o
<

A +

C < 360
o
nn ta c mn ac + bd, do bt ng thc Ptolemy l mt h qu ca nh l
Breichneider.
1.28 nh l con nhm
Cho a gic A
1
A
2
. . . A
n
bt k, im M bt k nm trong a gic. Gi

e
i
l cc vector n v c
gc ti M, hng ra ngoi a gic v

e
i
A
i
A
i+1
(coi A
n+1
A
1
). Khi ta c
n

i=1
A
i
A
i+1
.

e
i
=

0. Cc
vector A
i
A
i+1
.

e
i
c gi l cc lng nhm.
Chng minh:
Gi s a gic A
1
A
2
. . . A
n
c hng dng (tc l chiu i theo th t ch s cc nh a gic tng dn
ngc chiu kim ng h). Gi f l php quay 90
o
ngc chiu kim ng h.
Ta c f(A
i
A
i+1
.

e
i
) =

A
i
A
i+1

n

i=1
f(A
i
A
i+1
.

e
i
) =
n

i=1

A
i
A
i+1
=

0
n

i=1
A
i
A
i+1
.

e
i
=

0 (pcm).
24 MATHSCOPE.ORG
1.29 nh l GergonneEuler
Cho tam gic ABC v im S trong mt phng tam gic. AS, BS, CS ct BC, CA, AB ln lt ti
D, E, F. Khi
SD
AD
+
SE
BE
+
SF
CF
= 1.
Chng minh:
Ta c
SD
AD
=
S
[SBD]
S
[ABD]
=
S
[SDC]
S
[ADC]
=
S
[SBD]
+S
[SDC]
S
[ABD]
+S
[ADC]
=
S
[SBC]
S
[ABC]
Tng t:
SE
BE
=
S
[SCA]
S
[ABC]
;
SF
CF
=
S
[SAB]
S
[ABC]
. Cng theo v 3 ng thc trn, ta c pcm.
1.30 nh l Peletier
Ta ni ABC ni tip trong A
2
B
2
C
2
(ngha l A B
2
C
2
, B C
2
A
2
, C A
2
B
2
) ng thi ngoi
tip A
1
B
1
C
1
(ngha l A
1
BC, B
1
CA, C
1
AB) nu A
2
B
2
//A
1
B
1
, B
2
C
2
//B
1
C
1
, C
2
A
2
//C
1
A
1
. Khi
S
2
= S
1
.S
2
.
Chng minh:
Ta quy c ch s 1 cho A
1
B
1
C
1
, ch s 2 cho tam gic A
2
B
2
C
2
. V A
1
B
1
C
1
A
2
B
2
C
2
nn
c
1
c
2
=
h
1
h
2
.
Do S
1
.S
2
=
1
4
(c
1
h
2
)
2
. Trong h
i
l ng cao xut pht t nh C ca cc tam gic.
Mt khc S = S
AB
1
C
1
+S
BC
1
A
1
+S
CA
1
B
1
+S
A
1
B
1
C
1
. Li c S
AB
1
C
1
= S
C
2
B
1
C
1
; S
BA
1
C
1
= S
C
2
A
1
C
1
; S
C
2
A
1
B
1
=
S
C
2
B
1
C
1
+S
C
2
A
1
C
1
+S
A
1
B
1
C
1
, suy ra S = S
CA
1
B
1
+S
C
2
A
1
B
1
=
1
2
c
1
(h

+h

), trong h

v h

tng ng l
khong cch t c v c
2
n A
1
B
1
, m h

+h

= h
2
nn S =
1
2
c
1
h
2
. T suy ra pcm.
1.31 nh l Viviani
Trong tam gic u ABC ta ly 1 im S. Khi tng cc khong cch t im S ti ba cnh s c
di bng 1 ng cao ca tam gic.
Chng minh:
Gi khong cch t S n BC, CA, AB ln lt l x, y, z; gi di cnh tam gic u l a, di ng
cao ca tam gic l h. Ta c ah = 2S
ABC
= 2 (S
SBC
+S
SCA
+S
SAB
) = ax+ay+az x+y+z = h (pcm)
1.32 Cng thc Lagrange m rng
Gi I l tm t c ca h im A
i
ng vi cc h s a
i
th vi mi im M ta c
n

i=1
a
i
.MA
2
i
=

1i<jn
a
i
a
j
A
i
A
2
j
n

i=1
a
i
+MI
2
n

i=1
a
i
1 MT S NH NGHA, NH L, IM V NG C BIT KHNG DUY NHT 25
Chng minh:
Do I l tm t c ca h nn
_
n

i=1
a
i
.

IA
i
_
2
= 0
n

i=1
a
2
i
IA
2
i
+ 2

1i<jn
a
i
a
j

IA
i

IA
j
= 0

i=1
a
2
i
IA
2
i
+

1i<jn
a
i
a
j
_
IA
2
i
+IA
2
j
A
i
A
2
j
_
= 0
_
n

i=1
a
i
__
n

i=1
a
i
IA
2
i
_


1i<jn
a
i
a
j
A
i
A
2
j
= 0

1i<jn
a
i
a
j
A
i
A
2
j
n

i=1
a
i
=
n

i=1
a
i
.IA
2
i

n

i=1
a
i
MA
2
i
=

1i<jn
a
i
a
j
A
i
A
2
j
n

i=1
a
i
+MI
2
n

i=1
a
i
1.33 ng thng Simson
Cho ABC v im M nm trn ng trn ngoi tip tm O ca tam gic. Gi N, P, Q ln lt l
hnh chiu vung gc ca M trn cc ng thng BC, CA, AB th chng cng thuc mt ng thng
(gi l ng thng Simson ca im M i vi ABC)
Chng minh:
(PN, PQ) (PN, PM) + (PM, PQ) (CN, CM) + (AM, AQ) (BC, MC) + (MA, BA) 0 (mod )
1.34 ng thng Steiner
Cho tam gic ABC v im D trn ng trn ngoi tip tam gic. Gi A
2
, B
2
, C
2
ln lt l cc im
i xng vi D qua cc ng thng BC, CA, AB th chng cng nm trn mt ng thng c gi l
ng thng Steiner ng vi im D ca tam gic ABC. ng thng Steiner ca mt tam gic th i
qua trc tm ca tam gic . im D c gi l im anti-Steiner.
Chng minh:
Da vo nh ngha ng thng Simson, ta suy ra A
2
, B
2
, C
2
thng hng v ng thng Steiner l nh
ca ng thng Simson qua php v t tm D, t s 2. chng minh ng thng Steiner i qua trc
tm tam gic, ta c 2 cch sau:
Cch 1:
26 MATHSCOPE.ORG
Gi H
A
, H
B
, H
C
ln lt l cc im i xng vi trc tm H qua BC, CA, AB H
A
, H
B
, H
C
nm trn
ng trn ngoi tip tam gic. Gi E, F l giao ca CH, BH vi AB, AC. Ta c:
(HC
2
, HB
2
) (HC
2
, HB) + (HB, HC) + (HC, HB
2
) (H
C
B, H
C
D) + (HF, HE) + (H
B
D, H
B
C)
(AB, AD) + (AC, AB) + (AD, AC) 0 (mod )
H nm trn ng thng Steiner ca D i vi ABC.
Cch 2:
Khng mt tnh tng qut, gi s D nm trn cung AC khng cha B ca (ABC).
Gi E, F l chn ng vung gc t D xung BC, AB; N l giao im AH v EF; K l giao im khc
A ca AH vi (ABC).
V H l trc tm ABC nn NK BC NK//DE (1)

DEB =

DFB = 90
o
nn D, E, F, B ng vin

NED =

ABD.

NKD =

ABD (v ABKD l t gic ni tip), do

NED =

NKD NKED l t gic ni tip. (2)


T (1) v (2) suy ra NKED l hnh thang cn. Do

NKE =

DNK. (3)
V H l trc tm ABC nn H v K i xng vi nhau qua BC. Suy ra

NKE =

KHE. (4)
T (3) v (4), ta suy ra

DNK =

EHK. Do DN//EH, kt hp vi (1), suy ra DNHE l hnh bnh


hnh.
Vy EF i qua trung im DH. Suy ra H nm trn ng thng Steiner ca D i vi ABC (v EF
l ng thng Simson ca D i vi ABC).
1.35 nh l Collings
Cho tam gic ABC v ng thng d i qua trc tm H ca tam gic. Gi d
a
, d
b
, d
c
ln lt l cc
ng thng i xng vi d qua BC, CA, AB. Cc ng thng ng quy ti mt im nm trn ng
trn (ABC) (im anti-Steiner ca d). V d l ng thng Steiner ca im .
Chng minh:
1 MT S NH NGHA, NH L, IM V NG C BIT KHNG DUY NHT 27
Gi H
A
, H
B
, H
C
ln lt l im i xng ca H qua 3 cnh H
A
, H
B
, H
C
cng nm trn (O) ngoi
tip ABC v H
A
, H
B
, H
C
ln lt thuc d
a
, d
b
, d
c
. Ta c:
(d
a
, d
b
) (d
a
, BC) +(BC, CA) +(CA, d
b
) (BC, d) +(BC, CA) +(d, CA) 2(BC, CA) (CH
A
, CH
B
)
(mod )
Gi giao im ca d
a
, d
b
l G th G (O). Tng t, ta suy ra d
a
, d
b
, d
c
ng quy ti G. Mt khc, d
thy d chnh l ng thng Steiner ca G (pcm)
Ta c mt tnh cht khc ca im anti-Steiner nh sau: Gi P l mt im bt k trn d. P
A
, P
B
, P
C
ln
lt l cc im i xng vi P qua cc cnh tam gic. Ta c cc ng trn (AP
B
P
C
), (BP
C
P
A
), (CP
A
P
B
)
cng i qua G.
Chng minh: (AP
C
, AP
B
) 2(AB, AC) (d
c
, d
b
) (mod ) G (AP
B
P
C
). Tng t, ta c pcm.
1.36 nh l Napoleon
Cho tam gic ABC, v pha ngoi tam gic dng cc tam gic u BCA

, CAB

, ABC

. Gi A
0
, B
0
, C
0
theo th t l tm ca cc tam gic u trn. Khi A
0
B
0
C
0
l tam gic u
Chng minh:
t Z
1
= Z
_
C, 30
o
,

3
_
, Z
2
= Z
_
B, 30
o
,
1

3
_
. Xt tch Z
2
Z
1
. Ta thy Z
1
: A
0
A

, B
0
A v
Z
2
: A

A
0
, A C
0
. Do Z
2
Z
1
: B
0
C
0
v A
0
A
0
. Mt khc, k
1
.k
2
= 1,
1
+
2
= 60
o
nn
Z
2
Z
1
l mt php di hnh, c th l php quay tm A
0
bin B
0
C
0
. M gc quay bng 60
o
nn
A
0
B
0
C
0
l tam gic u (pcm)
28 MATHSCOPE.ORG
1.37 nh l Morley
Nhng ng chia ba ca nhng cp gc k nhau ca mt tam gic bt k ct nhau ti ba im xc
nh mt tam gic u.
Chng minh:
Cch 1:
t

A = 3,

B = 3,

C = 3. Ly im K trong tam gic sao cho

KBA = ,

KCA = . Gi D
l giao im cc ng phn gic ca tam gic DBC. Ly E, F theo th t trn KB, KC sao cho

KDE =

KDF = 30
o
KED = KFD DE = DF. Li c

EDF = 60
o
nn tam gic DEF u.
Gi M, N theo th t l im i xng vi D qua KB, KC. V KD l phn gic ca gc BKC nn
ta chng minh c DM = DN. Tam gic cn DMN c DK l phn gic gc MDN (d thy) nn
DK MN. Tam gic u DEF c DK l phn gic gc EDF nn DK EF. Suy ra MN//EF.
Ta c

MEF = 360
o
60
o
2

DEB = 300
o
2

DEB,

DEB = 30
o
+
1
2

BKC,

BKC = 180
o
2( + ) =
180
o
2(60
o
) = 60o + 2. T suy ra

MEF = 180
o
2
Li c ME = ED = EF nn MEF cn c gc nh bng 180
o
2 nn

MFE = 2. Suy ra

MFN =

EFN

MFE = 180
o
3. Li c

A = 3 t gic AMFN ni tip. Mt khc, MEFN l hnh
thang cn nn MEFN l t gic ni tip. Vy nm im A, M, E, F, N ng vin. V ME = EF = FN
nn

MAE =

EAF =

FAN. Suy ra D, E, F l cc giao im ca cc ng chia ba cc gc ca tam gic


ABC pcm.
Cch 2:
t AE = n, AF = m. Ta c + + = 60
o
+ = 60
o
. p dng nh l sin cho tam gic
AEB, ta c
n
c
=
sin
sin( +)
n =
c sin
sin(60
o
)
. Tng t: m =
b sin
sin(60
o
)
. p dng nh l sin cho
tam gic ABC, ta c
b
c
=
sin 3
sin 3

m
n
=
sin 3. sin . sin(60
o
)
sin 3. sin . sin(60
o
)
.
Mt khc, ta c h thc sin 3x = 4 sin x. sin(60
o
+x). sin(60
o
x). Suy ra
m
n
=
sin(60
o
+)
sin(60
o
+)
. Do

AEF =
60
o
+,

AFE = 60
o
+. Tng t, ta c

BED = 60
o
+

FEA+

AEB+

BED = 300
o

DEF = 60
o
.
Tng t, ta suy ra tam gic DEF c cc gc bng 60
o
tam gic DEF u.
Sau y l bi ton m rng nht v nh l Morley: Nu chia n (n 3) tt c cc gc ca mt a gic
m cnh, th tt c cc giao ca cc ng thng l cc nh phn bit ca mt h
1
2
m(m 1)n(n 1)
2
a gic u n cnh, c th phn chia lm
1
2
m(m1) h, mi h c n(n 1)
2
a gic c tm thng hng.
1.38 nh l con bm vi ng trn
Cho ng trn (O) v dy cung AB. I l trung im ca AB. Qua I v hai dy cung ty MN v
PQ sao cho MP v NQ ct AB ti E, F. Khi I l trung im ca EF.
Chng minh:
1 MT S NH NGHA, NH L, IM V NG C BIT KHNG DUY NHT 29
Gi K, T l trung im MP v NQ. Ta c OIEK, OIFT l t gic ni tip (OE, OI) (KE, KI),
(OI, OF) (TI, TF) (mod )
Li c MIP QIN (KE, KI) (TI, TF) (mod ) (OE, OI) (OI, OF) (mod ) EOF
cn ti O I l trung im EF (pcm)
1.39 nh l con bm vi cp ng thng
Cho tam gic ABC. Gi I l trung im ca BC. Qua I k cc ng thng ct AB, AC ti N, Q,
ng thng

ct AB, AC ti P, M. Gi MN, PQ ct BC ti F, E. Khi ta c I l trung im ca


EF.
Chng minh:
p dng nh l Menelaus cho tam gic ABC, ta c cc h thc sau:
IB
IC
.
QC
QA
.
NA
NB
= 1
QC
QA
.
NA
NB
= 1;
IC
IB
.
PB
PA
.
MA
MC
= 1
PB
PA
.
MA
MC
= 1

QC
QA
.
PA
PB
=
NB
NA
.
MA
MC
Li c
EB
EC
.
QC
QA
.
PA
PB
= 1;
FC
FB
.
NB
NA
.
MA
MC
= 1
EB
EC
=
FC
FB
I l trung im EF (pcm)
Bi ton con bm m rng cho cc ng conic cn li (ellip, parabol, hyperbol) xem trong quyn Tuyn
chn theo chuyn Ton hc v Tui tr quyn 3, trang 133-136.
1.40 nh l Blaikie
Cho tam gic ABC v ng thng d sao cho d ct BC, CA, AB ln lt M, N, P. Gi S l 1 im
bt k trn d. Gi M

, N

, P

ln lt l im i xng ca M, N, P qua S. Khi AM

, BN

, CP

ng
quy ti mt im D v ta gi D l im Blaikie ca d v S i vi tam gic ABC.
Chng minh:
30 MATHSCOPE.ORG
Gi D l giao im AM

v BN

. p dng nh l Menelaus, ta c:
Xt PBN

vi ct tuyn ADM:
AP
AB
.
DB
DN

.
M

P
= 1
Xt MBP vi ct tuyn CAN:
CM
CB
.
AB
AP
.
NP
NM
= 1
Nhn theo v 2 ng thc trn, ch rng M

= NM, ta c
DB
DN

.
NP
M

P
.
CM
CB
= 1
Li c NP = P

, M

P = P

M
DB
DN

.
P

M
.
CM
CB
= 1 D, C, P

thng hng AM

, BN

, CP

ng
quy ti D (pcm)
1.41 ng trn Apollonius
Cho 2 im A, B c nh. Khi qu tch cc im M sao cho
MA
MB
= k = 1 l mt ng trn c
nh c gi l ng trn Apollnius ca hai im A v B vi t s K.
Chng minh:
Ly D, E trn ng thng AB sao cho
DA
DB
=
EA
EB
= k (DEAB) = 1.
Thun: Ta c
MA
MB
=
EA
EB
=
DA
DB
= k MD, ME l phn gic ngoi v trong ca

AMB

DME =
90
o
M nm trn ng trn ng knh DE.
o: Ly M

trn ng trn ng knh DE

DM

E = 90
o
M

E l phn gic trong ca

AMB (v
(DEAB) = 1) pcm.
1.42 nh l Blanchet
Cho tam gic ABC c AH l ng cao ng vi cnh BC. Gi I l mt im ty thuc on AH.
Cc on thng BI, CI ct cc cnh tam gic ti E v F. Chng minh rng HA l phn gic ca

EHF.
Chng minh:
1 MT S NH NGHA, NH L, IM V NG C BIT KHNG DUY NHT 31
Qua I k ng thng song song vi BC ct AB, HF, HE, AC ln lt ti M, N, P, Q. p dng nh l
Thales, ta c
IN
IM
=
CH
CB
,
IQ
IP
=
BC
BH
,
CH
BH
=
IQ
BM
. Nhn theo v 3 ng thc trn, ta c IN = IP
HNP cn ti H pcm.
1.43 nh l Blanchet m rng
Cho tam gic ABC, ly D, E, F ln lt thuc cc on BC, CA, AB sao cho 3 ng thng AD, BE, CF
ng quy ti mt im I.Gi L l giao im ca AD v EF.Gi H l hnh chiu ca L xung BC. Khi
HL l phn gic ca

EHF.
Chng minh:
p dng nh l Cva cho tam gic ABC, ta c
DB
DC
=
EA
EC
.
FB
FA
p dng nh l Menelaus cho tam gic ABC vi ct tuyn KEF, ta c
KB
KC
=
EA
EC
.
FB
FA
(KDBC) = 1 (KFLE) = 1. Li c

LHK = 90
o
HL l phn gic ca

FHE (pcm)
1.44 nh l Jacobi
Cho ABC v cc im A
1
, B
1
, C
1
trn mt phng sao cho

BAC
1
=

CAB
1
= ,

ABC
1
=

CBA
1
=
,

BCA
1
=

ACB
1
= . Khi AA
1
, BB
1
, CC
1
ng quy ti im Jacobi J.
Chng minh:
32 MATHSCOPE.ORG
Ta c AA
1
, BA
1
, CA
1
ng quy ti A
1
. p dng nh l Cva sin, ta c:
sin

CBA
1
. sin

BAA
1
. sin

ACA
1
sin

ABA
1
. sin

CAA
1
. sin

BCA
1
= 1
sin . sin

BAA
1
. sin(C +)
sin(B +). sin

CAA
1
. sin
= 1
Xy dng 2 ng thc tng t cho B
1
, C
1
ri nhn theo v 3 ng thc trn, ta c
sin

BAA
1
. sin

ACC
1
. sin

CBB
1
sin

CAA
1
. sin

BCC
1
. sin

ABB
1
= 1 AA
1
, BB
1
, CC
1
ng quy (pcm)
1.45 nh l Kiepert
Dng ra pha ngoi tam gic ABC cc tam gic cn ng dng BCM, CAN, ABP (cn M, N, P).
Khi y ta c AM, BN, CP ng quy.
Chng minh:
D thy nh l Kiepert l h qu trc tip ca nh l Jacobi khi = = .
1.46 nh l Kariya
Cho tam gic ABC c (I) l ng trn ni tip. pha ngoi tam gic ly cc im M, N, P sao cho
IM = IN = IP v IM, IN, IP tng ng vung gc BC, CA, AB. Khi ta c AM, BN, CP ng quy.
Chng minh:
Ta thy BIM = BIP (c.g.c)

IBM =

IBP

MBC =

ABP. Tng t:

BAP =

CAN,

ACN =

BCM. Theo nh l Jacobi ta c pcm.


1.47 Cc trc giao (khi nim m rng ca trc tm tam gic)
Cho tam gic ABC; d l mt ng thng bt k trong mt phng. Gi A
1
, B
1
, C
1
ln lt l hnh
chiu ca A, B, C trn d. Gi A
2
, B
2
, C
2
ln lt l hnh chiu ca A
1
, B
1
, C
1
trn BC, CA, AB. Khi
1 MT S NH NGHA, NH L, IM V NG C BIT KHNG DUY NHT 33
A
1
A
2
, B
1
B
2
, C
1
C
2
ng quy ti mt im gi l cc trc giao ca ng thng d i vi tam gic ABC.
Chng minh:
p dng nh l Carnot, ta c:
A
1
A
2
, B
1
B
2
, C
1
C
2
ng quy
(A
2
B
2
A
2
C
2
) + (B
2
C
2
B
2
A
2
) + (C
2
A
2
C
2
B
2
) = 0
(A
1
B
2
A
1
C
2
) + (B
1
C
2
B
1
A
2
) + (C
1
A
2
C
1
B
2
) = 0
(A
1
B
2
C
1
B
2
) + (B
1
C
2
A
1
C
2
) + (C
1
A
2
B
1
A
2
) = 0
(A
1
B
2
1
C
1
B
2
1
) + (B
1
C
2
1
A
1
C
2
1
) + (C
1
A
2
1
B
1
A
2
1
) = 0 (hin nhin ng)
Trc tm l trng hp ring ca cc trc giao khi d trng vi mt trong ba cnh ca ABC.
1.48 Khi nim tam gic hnh chiu, cng thc Euler v din tch tam gic
hnh chiu
Cho ABC ni tip trong (O; R), M l im bt k nm trong tam gic. Gi A
1
, B
1
, C
1
theo th t
l hnh chiu ca M trn BC, CA, AB. A
1
B
1
C
1
c gi l tam gic hnh chiu ca M i vi ABC,
ta c S
A
1
B
1
C
1
=
1
4
_
1
d
2
R
2
_
S
ABC
, trong d = MO.
Chng minh:
Gi D l giao im ca AM vi (O), D = A. Ta thy

MC
1
A
1
=

MBA
1
v

MC
1
B
1
=

MAB
1
=

DBC nn

A
1
C
1
B
1
=

MBD. p dng nh l sin cho tam gic MBD, ta c


MB
sin

ADB
=
MD
sin

MBD
. Do :
S
A
1
B
1
C
1
=
1
2
.B
1
C
1
.C
1
A
1
. sin

A
1
C
1
B
1
=
1
2
MA. sin A.MB. sin B. sin

MBD =
1
2
MA.MD. sin A. sin B. sin C.
Mt khc, MA.MD = P
M/(O)
= R
2
OM
2
v sin A. sin B. sin C =
abc
8R
3
=
S
ABC
2R
2
. T suy ra pcm.
1.49 Khi nim hai im lin hp ng gic
Cho tam gic ABC. M l mt im nm trong tam gic.
1. Khi cc ng thng i xng vi AM, BM, CM qua tia phn gic ng quy ti M

. M

c gi
34 MATHSCOPE.ORG
l im lin hp ng gic ca M trong tam gic ABC.
2. Ln lt t D, E, F v D

, E

, F

l chn cc ng cao h t M v M

xung BC, AC, AB.


a. Khi D, E, F, D

, E

, F

cng thuc mt ng trn tm O. V O l trung im ca M v M

.
b. Khi cng c AM

EF, BM

FD, CM

DE; AM E

, BM F

, CM D

.
3.
AM.AM

AB.AC
+
BM.BM

BC.BA
+
CM.CM

CA.CB
= 1.
Chng minh:
1.
BI
CJ
=
S
ABI
S
ACJ
=
AB.AI
AC.AJ
;
BJ
CI
=
S
ABJ
S
ACI
=
AB.AJ
AC.AI
(v

BAI =

CAJ,

BAJ =

CAI)

IB
IC
.
JB
JC
=
AB
2
AC
2
. Ta c 2 ng thc tng t, kt hp vi nh l Cva ta c pcm.
Mt cch chng minh khc xem bi tp 28, chng 1, SBT hnh hc 11 nng cao.
2.
a.
(BA, BM) (BM

, BC) (DF, DM) (F

, F

) (DF, DM) +

2
(F

, F

) +

2
(mod )
(DF, DM) + (DM, DD

) (F

, F

) + (F

F, F

) (mod )
(DF, DD

) (F

F, F

D) (mod )
FF

DD

ni tip. D thy tm ng trn ngoi tip t gic ny chnh l trung im O ca MM

.
Tng t, ta suy ra 6 im D, D

, E, E

, F, F

cng nm trn mt ng trn tm O.


b.

MAF =

AE,

AMF =

AEF AMF AEG

AGE =

AFM = 90
o
. Tng t, ta suy ra pcm.
3.
1 MT S NH NGHA, NH L, IM V NG C BIT KHNG DUY NHT 35
Trn tia BM

, ly im K sao cho

BCK =

BMA.

BMA >

BCA K nm ngoi ABC.


C

MBA =

CBK ABM KBC


AB
BK
=
BM
BC
=
AM
CK
. Ta c

ABK =

MBC,
AB
BK
=
BM
BC
ABK MBC
AB
BM
=
BK
BC
=
AK
CM
. Mt khc,

CKM

MAB =

AC A, M

, C, K ng
vin.
p dng nh l Ptolemy, ta c AC.M

K = AM

.CK + CM

.AK AC(BK BM

) = AM

.CK +
CM

.AK. Li c CK =
AM.BC
BM
, AK =
AB.CM
BM
, BK =
AB.BC
BM
AC
_
AB.BC
BM
BM

_
=
AM

.AM.BC
BM
+
CM

.AB.CM
BM
. T suy ra pcm. newline
1.50 nh l Reim
Cho hai ng trn (O
1
), (O
2
) ct nhau ti A, B. Mt ng thng qua A ct (O
1
), (O
2
) ti M, N;
mt ng thng qua B ct (O
1
), (O
2
) ti P, Q. Khi MP//NQ.
Chng minh:
(MP, MN) (MP, MA) (BP, BA) (NQ, NA) (NQ, NM) (mod ) pcm.
1.51 Khi nim t gic ton phn
Mt t gic ton phn l mt hnh c to nn bi bn ng thng, tng i mt ct nhau nhng
khng c ba ng no ng qui. Mt hnh t gic ton phn c 4 cnh l 4 ng thng cho, c 6
nh l 6 giao im ca chng v 3 ng cho l 3 on i qua nh i din (ch hai nh ny khng
cng thuc mt cnh). Chng ta c mt kt qu c bn v th v v t gic ny nh sau: Trong hnh t
gic ton phn cp nh i din nm trn mt ng cho v cp giao im ca ng cho vi hai
ng cho cn li lp thnh mt hng im iu ha.
Chng minh:
36 MATHSCOPE.ORG
K hiu nh hnh v. p dng nh l Menelaus, ta c:
IA
IC
.
DC
DE
.
BE
BA
= 1
JA
JC
.
FC
FB
.
EB
EA
= 1
_

_
IA
IC
:
JA
JC
_
.
DC
DE
.
FB
FC
.
AE
AB
= 1.
Mt khc, ta c
FB
FC
.
DC
DE
.
AE
AB
= 1 (BCE vi ct tuyn ADF). Do
IA
IC
:
JA
JC
= 1 A, C, I, J l
hng im iu ha.
1.52 ng thng DrozFarny
Cho hai ng thng bt k vung gc vi nhau ti trc tm ca tam gic ABC. Chng tng ng
ct cc cnh BC, AC, AB ti X, X

; Y, Y

; Z, Z

. Khi ta c M
a
, M
b
, M
c
tng ng l cc trung im ca
XX

, Y Y

, ZZ

thng hng.
Chng minh:
t (C) l ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC. C
a
l ng trn ngoi tip HXX

v H
a
l im i
xng vi H qua BC. Tng t vi cc ng trn khc.
C
a
, C
b
, C
c
c tm ln lt l M
a
, M
b
, M
c
. XX

l ng knh ca ng trn C
a
, H
a
nm trn ng
trn C
a
H
a
l giao ca (C) v C
a
v HH
a
BC.
p dng nh l Collings vi ng thng XY Z i qua H, ta c H
a
X, H
b
Y, H
c
Z ng quy ti N trn C.
p dng nh l Miquel cho tam gic XNY vi cc im H
a
, H
b
, H (C), C
a
, C
b
cng i qua M. Tng
t C
c
cng i qua M. Nh vy C
a
, C
b
, C
c
cng i qua H v M suy ra tm ca chng thng hng.
1 MT S NH NGHA, NH L, IM V NG C BIT KHNG DUY NHT 37
1.53 ng trn DrozFarny
Cho im P bt k v tam gic ABC. im Q l im lin hp ng gic vi P i vi tam gic ABC.
Chn cc ng vung gc vi cc cnh BC, AC, AB ca P l P
a
, P
b
, P
c
. Ly P
a
lm tm v ng trn
i qua Q ct BC ti A
1
, A
2
; B
1
, B
2
, C
1
, C
2
c nh ngha tng t. Khi 6 im A
1
, A
2
, B
1
, B
2
, C
1
, C
2
cng nm trn mt ng trn tm P.
Chng minh:
Gi O l trung im PQ. Ta bit O cch u P
a
, P
b
, P
c
. p dng cng thc trung tuyn, ta c:
PC
2
1
= PP
2
C
+P
C
C
2
1
= PP
2
C
+QP
2
C
=
PQ
2
2
+ 2P
C
O
2
, Tng t, ta suy ra pcm.
1.54 nh l Van Aubel v t gic v cc hnh vung dng trn cnh
V pha ngoi t gic ABCD ta dng cc hnh vung ABEF, BCGH, CDIJ, DAKL vi cc tm tng
ng l 4M, N, P, Q.Khi ta c MP v NQ vung gc v bng nhau.
Chng minh:
Gi O l trung im on AC. Ta thy Z
_
C,

2, 45
o
_
: N B; Z
_
A,
1

2
, 45
o
_
: B M. Do
F = Z
_
C,

2, 45
o
_
Z
_
A,
1

2
, 45
o
_
: N M. Mt khc, F l php ng dng thun, c gc
quay bng 90
o
, t s 1 v c O l im bt ng nn F l php quay tm O, gc quay 90
o
. Li c
F(N) = M, F(Q) = P pcm.
1.55 H thc Van Aubel
Cho ABC v mt im S nm trong tam gic, 3 ng AD, BE, CF ng quy ti S (D, E, F tng
ng nm trn cc cnh BC, CA, AB ca tam gic). Khi ta c h thc
AS
SD
=
AF
FB
+
AE
EB
.
38 MATHSCOPE.ORG
Chng minh:
p dng nh l GergonneEuler cho im A vi ABC, ta c
AD
SD
+
AF
BF
+
AE
CE
= 1
AF
FB
+
AE
EC
=
AD
SD
1 =
AS
SD
(pcm)
1.56 nh l Pithot
T gic li ABCD l t gic ngoi tip khi v ch khi: AB +CD = BC +DA.
Chng minh:
Thun: T gic ABCD ngoi tip AB +CD = BC +DA. (d chng minh)
o: AB +CD = BC +DA t gic ABCD ngoi tip.
Khng gim tng qut, gi s AB AD BC CD. Khi tn ti M, N trn CD, DA sao cho
AN = AB, CM = CB. Suy ra DN = DM.
Do cc ng phn gic ca cc gc ti nh A, D, C s l ba ng trung trc ca tam gic BMN
nn chng ng quy ti mt im O.
D thy O cch u 4 cnh t gic nn ta c iu cn chng minh.
1.57 nh l Johnson
Cho ba ng trn c cng bn knh R vi tm ln lt l M, N, P v cng i qua mt im A. Khi
y ba giao im khc A ca ba ng trn y cng nm trn mt ng trn c bn knh l R.
Chng minh:
K hiu cc giao im nh hnh v. D thy cc t gic AMBN, APCN l hnh thoi, suy ra

MB =

PC
(=

AN) MPCB l hnh bnh hnh M v C, P v B i xng vi nhau qua trung im O ca MC.
Tng t, ta c D v N i xng vi nhau qua O. Do php i xng tm O bin (MNP) (CBD)
pcm.
1.58 Bi ton Langley
Cho ABC cn ti A c gc nh bng 20
o
. Trn cc cnh AB, AC ly D, E sao cho

BCD =
50
o
,

CBE = 60
o
. Tnh gc

BED.
Li gii:
1 MT S NH NGHA, NH L, IM V NG C BIT KHNG DUY NHT 39
t

BED = x, trn cnh AC, ly im F sao cho BF = BC.


Mt khc tam gic BDC cn ti (v

BCD =

BDC = 50
o
) BD = BC BD = BF.
Ta tnh c

DBF = 60
o
DBF u DF = BF.
BFE cn ti F (

BEF =

BFE = 40
o
) EF = BF
DF = EF DFE cn ti F x + 40
o
=
180
o
40
o
2
x = 30
o
Cc cch gii khc xem trn tp ch Ton hc v Tui tr, s 377, 11/2008.
1.59 nh l Eyeball
Cho hai ng trn (O) v (O

) ngoi nhau. 2 tip tuyn k t O n (O

) ct (O) ti A v B. 2 tip
tuyn k t O

n (O) ct (O

) ti C v D. Khi ABCD l hnh ch nht.


Chng minh:
t bn knh ca (O) v (O

) ln lt l R v R

. Ta c AB = 2Rsin

IOO

=
2R.R

OO

. Tng t, ta suy ra
AB = CD.
Mt khc, ta c A v B, C v D i xng vi nhau qua OO

. Suy ra ABCD l hnh ch nht (pcm)


1.60 B Haruki
Cho AB v CD l hai dy cung khng ct nhau ca cng mt ng trn v P l mt im bt k
trn cung AB khng cha CD ca ng trn y. Gi E v F ln lt l giao im ca PC, PD vi AB.
Khi gi tr biu thc
AE.BF
EF
khng ph thuc vo v tr im P.
Chng minh:
40 MATHSCOPE.ORG
Gi G l giao im khc E ca (PDE) vi AB. Ta c

AGD =

CPD khng i G c nh BG
khng i. Mt khc: AF.FB = PF.FD = EF.FG (AE +EF)FB = EF(FB +BG)
AE.FB = EF.BG
AE.BF
EF
= BG khng i (pcm)
1.61 nh l Paul Yiu v ng trn bng tip
Cho ABC, cc ng trn bng tip trong cc gc tip xc vi cc cnh nh hnh v. Cc ng
thng MN, PQ, RS ct nhau i mt ti A
1
, B
1
, C
1
. Khi AA
1
, BB
1
, CC
1
ng quy ti trc tm H ca
tam gic ABC.
Chng minh:
Gi I l tm ng trn ni tip tam gic ABC, D l tip im ca (I) vi BC. Ta s chng minh
AA
1
BC.
Ta bit rng: CR = p, CD = p c nn RD = c. Suy ra RB = RDBD = c (p b) = p a. Hon ton
tng t th ND = bvNC = p a. Ta thy
RI
2
RC
2
+AC
2
AB
2
+NB
2
NI
2
= (RI
2
NI
2
) +b
2
c
2
= (DR
2
DN
2
) +b
2
c
2
= c
2
b
2
+b
2
c
2
= 0
T theo nh l Carnot th ng thng i qua A vung gc vi BC, ng thng i qua A vung gc
vi CI v ng thng i qua N vung gc vi BI ng quy.
Do AA
1
vung gc vi BC, hay AA
1
i qua H.
Hon ton tng t, ta c BB
1
, CC
1
i qua H. Nh vy ta c pcm.
Ta c kt qu sau: Cc ng thng NP, RQ, MS ct nhau i mt ti A
2
, B
2
, C
2
. Khi cc b 3 im
(A, A
1
, A
2
), (B, B
1
, B
2
), (C, C
1
, C
2
) thng hng v cc ng thng qua chng ng quy.
Chng minh:
1 MT S NH NGHA, NH L, IM V NG C BIT KHNG DUY NHT 41
Gi H, K l giao im ca PQ v MS vi BC. p dng nh l Menelaus cho MBK vi ct tuyn
C
2
RQ) v BMN vi ct tuyn QC
1
H ta c:
QB
QM
.
C
1
M
C
1
N
.
HN
HB
= 1;
C
2
K
C
2
M
.
QM
QB
.
RB
RK
= 1. Nhn theo v 2
ng thc trn, suy ra
C
1
M
C
1
N
.
C
2
K
C
2
M
.
RB
RK
.
HN
HB
= 1 (1). p dng nh l Menelaus cho ABC vi ct tuyn
MSK v QPH, ta c
MA
MB
.
KB
KC
.
SC
SA
= 1 =
HC
HB
.
QB
QA
.
PA
PC
.
Mt khc, ta tnh c MA = BQ = p c, SA = CP = p b

SC
SA
=
PA
PC
,
MA
MB
=
QB
QA

KB
KC
=
HC
HB
KB(HC +CB) = HC(KB +BC) HC = BK HB = CK, HN = RK,
RB
HB
=
CN
CK
(v NC = BR = (p a))
Thay vo (1), ta c
C
2
K
C
2
M
.
C
1
M
C
1
N
.
CN
CK
= 1 C, C
1
, C
2
thng hng. Hai b 3 im cn li chng minh
tng t.
1.62 nh l Maxwell
Cho ABC v mt im P, cc cnh ca A

song song vi cc ng thng i qua mt nh


ABC v im P. Qua A

, B

, C

k cc ng thng song song vi cc cnh ca ABC. Khi ta c


cc ng thng ny ng quy ti mt im P

.
Chng minh:
D kim tra c cc gc bng nhau nn p dng nh l Cva sin thun v o, ta c pcm. Trng hp
tng t cng xy ra nu i song song thnh vung gc.
1.63 nh l Brahmagupta v t gic ni tip c hai ng cho vung gc
Cho t gic ni tip ABCD c AC vung gc vi BD ti S. Khi on ni trung im mt cnh
vi S s vung gc vi cnh i din.
Chng minh:
42 MATHSCOPE.ORG
Ta chng minh i din,chng hn gi M l trung im BC ta cn chng minh MS vung gc vi AD.
Tht vy, MS ct AD H. Ta c

BSC = 90
o
, M l trung im BC nn MS = MC tam gic SMC
cn ti M.

ASH =

MSC =

MCS =

ACB =

ADB. T y d suy ra pcm.


1.64 nh l Schooten
Cho tam gic u ABC ni tip (O). Khi vi mi im S nm trn (O) th mt trong 3 on
SA, SB, SC c mt on c di bng tng di hai on cn li.
Chng minh:
Gi di cnh tam gic u l a. Khng gim tnh tng qut, gi s S nm trn cung nh BC. p
dng nh l Ptolemy, ta c BS.AC+CS.AB = AS.BC a.BS+a.CS = a.AS BS+CS = AS (pcm)
1.65 nh l Bottema
Cho 2 im B, C c nh, im A di ng trong na mt phng b BC. V pha ngoi tam gic ABC,
ta dng hai hnh vung ABDE, ACFG. Gi M l trung im DF. Khi tr im M khng ph thuc
vo v tr im A v tam gic MBC vung cn ti M.
Chng minh:
Ta c Q
_
C,

2
_
: F A v Q
_
B,

2
_
: A D. Do F = Q
_
C,

2
_
Q
_
B,

2
_
: F D. Mt khc,
F php quay gc nn F l php i xng tm c tm l trung im DF. Gi Bx, Cy l 2 ng thng
c xc nh bi (Cy, CB) (BC, By)

4
(mod ), D() l php i xng trc th ta c
F = Q
_
C,

2
_
Q
_
B,

2
_
= (D(Cy) D(CB)) (D(BC) D(Bx)) = D(Cy) D(Bx) nn M l giao
im ca Bx v Cy hay MBC l tam gic vung cn (pcm)
1.66 nh l Pompeiu
Cho tam gic ABC u, v mt im D trn mt phng tam gic. Khi lun tn ti mt tam gic
(c th suy bin) vi di cc cnh l DA, DB, DC.
Chng minh:
1 MT S NH NGHA, NH L, IM V NG C BIT KHNG DUY NHT 43
p dng bt ng thc Ptolemy, ta suy ra 3 BT sau: DA+DB DC, DB+DC DA, DC+DA DB.
Do tn ti mt tam gic vi di 3 cnh l DA, DB, DC, k hiu l T(DA, DB, DC). Nu mt (v ch
mt) trong 3 bt ng thc trn tr thnh ng thc th tam gic T suy bin thnh mt on thng. (pcm)
1.67 nh l Zaslavsky
Cho tam gic ABC v im O. Tam gic A
1
B
1
C
1
l nh ca tam gic ABC qua php i xng tm
O. T A
1
, B
1
, C
1
k cc ng thng song song vi nhau ct BC, CA, AB ti N, P, M. Khi M, N, P
thng hng.
Chng minh:
T B k ng thng song song vi C
1
M ct AC
1
, CA
1
, A
1
C
1
ti H, K, P
1
. V BK, A
1
C
1
l nh ca
B
1
P, AC qua php i xng tm O nn P
1
l nh ca P qua php i xng tm O, suy ra

P
1
C
1
=

PC,

P
1
A
1
=

PA. Suy ra
MB
MA
.
PA
PC
.
NC
NB
=
C
1
H
C
1
A
.
PA
PC
.
A
1
C
A
1
K
=
C
1
H
A
1
K
.
PA
PC
=
C
1
P
1
A
1
P
1
.
PA
PC
= 1. Do
M, N, P thng hng (pcm)
1.68 nh l Archimedes
Cho ng trn (O) v 2 im A,B c nh trn (O). M l trung im cung AB ca (O), im C
chuyn ng ty trn cung AB cha M. T M k MD AC. Ta c AD = BC +CD.
Chng minh:
Ly im E i xng vi B qua MC. MC ct BE ti H.
Ta c

BCH =

MAB

BCE = 2

MAB

ACB +

BCE =

AMB + 2

MAB = 180
o
A, C, D, E thng
hng. C ME = MB = MA AME cn ti M D l trung im AE AD = DE = DC +CE =
DC +CB (pcm)
44 MATHSCOPE.ORG
1.69 nh l Urquhart
Cho 2 b 3 im thng ABB
1
v ACC
1
, D l giao im BC v B
1
C
1
. Chng minh rng AB +BD =
AC
1
+C
1
D AB
1
+B
1
D = AC +CD.
Chng minh:
B : Vi mi ABC, ta c a = p
_
1 tan
B
2
tan
C
2
_
Chng minh: p dng nh l sin, ta c
a
sin A
=
2p
sin A + sin B + sin C
=
p
2 cos
A
2
cos
B
2
cos
C
2

a
p
=
sin
A
2
cos
B
2
cos
C
2
=
cos
B
2
cos
C
2
sin
B
2
sin
C
2
cos
B
2
cos
C
2
pcm
p dng b , ta c
AB +BD = AC
1
+C
1
D tan

BAD
2
tan

ADB
2
= tan

CAD
2
tan

C
1
DA
2

tan

CAD
2
tan

BAD
2
=
tan

ADB
2
tan

ADC
1
2
AB
1
+B
1
D = AC +CD tan

BAD
2
tan

ADB
1
2
= tan

CAD
2
tan

CDA
2

tan

CAD
2
tan

BAD
2
=
tan

ADB
1
2
tan

ADC
2
Mt khc,

ADB +

ADC =

ADC
1
+

ADB
1
= 180
o

tan

ADB
2
tan

ADC
1
2
=
tan

ADB
1
2
tan

ADC
2
. Suy ra pcm.
1.70 nh l Poncelet v bn knh ng trn ni tip, bng tip trong tam
gic vung
Cho tam gic ABC c r l bn knh ni tip; r
a
, r
b
, r
c
l cc bn knh bng tip. Tam gic ABC vung
ti A khi v ch khi r
a
= r +r
b
+r
c
.
Chng minh:
r
a
= r +r
b
+r
c

S
p a
=
S
p
+
S
p b
+
S
p c

1
p a

1
p
=
1
p b
+
1
p c

a
p(p a)
=
a
(p b)(p c)
p(p a) = (p b)(p c) a
2
= b
2
+c
2
(pcm)
1.71 nh l Marion Walter
Cho tam gic ABC v D, E, F, G, H, I l cc im chia 3 cc cnh, cc giao im c xc nh nh
hnh v. Ta c S
PQRSTU
=
1
10
S
ABC
.
Chng minh:
1 MT S NH NGHA, NH L, IM V NG C BIT KHNG DUY NHT 45
B : Cho ABC, cc im N, M trn ng thng AB, AC sao cho

MA = m

MC,

NA = n

NB. Gi P
l giao im BM v CN, ta c
PN
PC
=
m
1 n
Chng minh:
Gi Q l giao im ca AP v BC, p dng nh l Cva, ta c
QB
QC
=
m
n
p dng nh l Van Aubel, ta c:
CP
PN
=
CM
MA
+
CQ
QB
=
1
m
+
n
m
pcm
p dng b nhiu ln, ta tnh c
S
BIPFC
=
7
15
S
ABC
, S
AQF
=
1
6
S
ABC
, S
AHR
=
2
15
S
ABC
, S
HIOS
=
5
42
S
ABC
, S
OUT
=
1
70
S
ABC
S
PQRSTU
=
1
10
S
ABC
(pcm)
Cng vi gi thit trn, ta c kt qu sau: Cc b 3 im (A, S, P), (B, U, R), (C, Q, T) thng hng v cc
ng thng i qua chng ng quy ti trng tm tam gic ABC.
Chng minh:
Ta tnh c
AG
AF
=
1
2
,
PF
PB
=
2
3
,
SB
SG
= 3
AG
AF
.
PF
PB
.
SB
SG
= 1 A, P, S thng hng. Gi X l trung
im BC, ta c
XC
XB
= 1,
SB
SG
= 3,
AG
AC
=
1
3

XC
XB
.
SB
SG
.
AG
AC
= 1 A, S, X thng hng ng
thng ASP l trung tuyn ca ABC. Tng t, ta suy ra pcm.
1.72 nh l Hansen
Cho tam gic ABC c r l bn knh ni tip; r
a
, r
b
, r
c
l cc bn knh bng tip. Khi cc khng
nh sau l tng ng:
1. ABC vung.
2. r +r
a
+r
b
+r
c
= a +b +c
3. r
2
+r
2
a
+r
2
b
+r
2
c
= a
2
+b
2
+c
2
Chng minh:
Ta c cc b sau:
a. r = 4Rsin
A
2
sin
B
2
sin
C
2
b. r
a
= 4Rsin
A
2
cos
B
2
cos
C
2
d.

sin A = 4

cos
A
2
e.

tan
A
2
tan
B
2
= 1
c.

sin
2
A = 2 + 2

cos A
Cc b trn tng i n gin nn khng nu ra chng minh y.
Ta c:
r +r
a
+r
b
+r
c
= a +b +c 4R
_

sin
A
2
+

sin
A
2
cos
B
2
cos
C
2
_
= 2R

sin A

sin
A
2
+

sin
A
2
cos
B
2
cos
C
2
= 2

cos
A
2
46 MATHSCOPE.ORG
Chia c 2 v cho

cos
A
2
, t x = tan
A
2
, y = tan
B
2
, z = tan
C
2
, ta c
(2) xyz +x +y +z = 2 = 1 +xy +yz +zx (1 x)(1 y)(1 z) = 0 (1)
r
2
+r
2
a
+r
2
b
+r
2
c
= a
2
+b
2
+c
2
(4R)
2
_

sin
2
A
2
+

sin
2
A
2
cos
2
B
2
cos
2
C
2
_
= (2R)
2
_
sin
2
A
_
4
_

sin
2
A
2
+

sin
2
A
2
cos
2
B
2
cos
2
C
2
_
= 2 (1 +

cos A)
4
_

cos
2
A
2
__

tan
2
A
2
+

tan
2
A
2
_
= 2 (1 +

cos A)
Ch rng cos
A
2
=
1
1 +x
2
, cos A =
1 x
2
1 +x
2
, ta c:
(3)
2 ((xyz)
2
+

x
2
)

(1 +x
2
)
= 1 +
1 x
2
1 +x
2
2 ((xyz)
2
+

x
2
) =

(1 +x
2
) +

(1 x
2
)
(xyz)
2
+

x
2
= 1 +

(xy)
2
(1 x
2
)(1 y
2
)(1 z
2
) = 0. V x, y, z > 0 nn (3) (1) (pcm)
1.73 nh l Steinbart suy rng
Cho tam gic ABC ni tip (O). Cc tip tuyn ca ng trn ti A, B, C giao nhau ti A
1
, B
1
, C
1
.
Trn (O) ly cc imA
2
, B
2
, C
2
. Chng minh rng A
1
A
2
, B
1
B
2
, C
1
C
2
ng quy khi v ch khi AA
2
, BB
2
, CC
2
ng quy hoc cc giao im ca AA
2
, BB
2
, CC
2
vi 3 cnh tam gic thng hng.
Chng minh:
Ta c
S
[A
1
BA
2
]
S
[A
1
CA
2
]
=
BA
2
.BA
1
. sin
_

BA
2
;

BA
1
_
CA
2
.CA
1
. sin
_

CA
2
;

CA
1
_ =
A
1
B.A
1
A
2
. sin
_

A
1
B;

A
1
A
2
_
A
1
C.A
1
A
2
. sin
_

A
1
C;

A
1
A
2
_

BA
2
. sin
_

BA
2
;

BA
1
_
CA
2
. sin
_

CA
2
;

CA
1
_ =
sin
_

A
1
B;

A
1
A
2
_
sin
_

A
1
C;

A
1
A
2
_
p dng nh l sin, ta c
BA
2
CA
2
=
sin
_

AA
2
;

AB
_
sin
_

AA
2
;

AC
_ =
sin
_

BA
2
;

BA
1
_
sin
_

CA
2
;

CA
1
_.
Do
sin
_

A
1
B;

A
1
A
2
_
sin
_

A
1
C;

A
1
A
2
_ =
_
_
sin
_

AA
2
;

AB
_
sin
_

AA
2
;

AC
_
_
_
2
. Ta xy dng c 2 ng thc tng t, suy ra
_
_
sin
_

AA
2
;

AB
_
sin
_

AA
2
;

AC
_
sin
_

BB
2
;

BC
_
sin
_

BB
2
;

BA
_
sin
_

CC
2
;

CA
_
sin
_

CC
2
;

CB
_
_
_
2
=
sin
_

A
1
B;

A
1
A
2
_
sin
_

A
1
C;

A
1
A
2
_.
sin
_

C
1
A;

C
1
C
2
_
sin
_

C
1
B;

C
1
C
2
_.
sin
_

B
1
C;

B
1
B
2
_
sin
_

B
1
A;

B
1
B
2
_.
1 MT S NH NGHA, NH L, IM V NG C BIT KHNG DUY NHT 47
t biu thc trong ngoc v tri l E, biu thc v phi (khng tnh du - l F). Khi AA
2
, BB
2
, CC
2
ng quy hoc cc giao im ca AA
2
, BB
2
, CC
2
vi 3 cnh tam gic thng hng th ta c E = 1
F = 1 A
1
A
2
, B
1
B
2
, C
1
C
2
ng quy (pcm)
1.74 nh l Monge & dAlembert 1
Cho 3 ng trn (A, R
1
), (B, R
2
), (C, R
3
) c bn knh khc nhau v ngoi nhau. Tip tuyn chung
ngoi ca mi ng trn giao nhau ln lt ti M, N, P. Chng minh rng M, N, P thng hng.
Chng minh:
V M, N, P l tm v t ngoi ca cc cp ng trn (B) v (C), (C) v (A), (A) v (B) nn ta c
PA
PB
=
R
1
R
2
,
MB
MC
=
R
2
R
3
,
NC
NA
=
R
3
R
1
. Nhn theo v 3 ng thc trn v p dng nh l Menelaus, ta c
pcm.
1.75 nh l Monge & dAlembert 2
Cho 3 ng trn (A, R
1
), (B, R
2
), (C, R
3
) c bn knh khc nhau v ngoi nhau. Tip tuyn chung
trong ca (A) v (C), (B) v (C) giao nhau ln lt ti N, M; tip tuyn chung ngoi ca (A) v (B) giao
nhau ti (P).Chng minh rng M, N, P thng hng.
Chng minh:
Cch chng minh hon ton tng t vi cch chng minh nh l 1. Ngoi ra, ta cn suy ra rng nu c
3 cp l tip tuyn chung trong hoc 1 cp tip tuyn chung trong v 2 cp tip tuyn chung ngoi th
AM, BN, CP ng quy.
48 MATHSCOPE.ORG
1.76 nh l Steiner v bn knh cc ng trn
Trong tam gic bt k ta c h thc sau r
a
+r
b
+r
c
= 4R +r.
Chng minh:
r
a
+r
b
+r
c
= 4R +r
S
p a
+
S
p b
+
S
p c
=
abc
S
+
S
p
S
2
_
1
p a
+
1
p b
+
1
p c

1
p
_
= abc
p (

(p a)(p b)) (p a)(p b)(p c) = abc Khai trin v tri v rt gn ta c pcm.


1.77 nh l Steiner-Lehmus
Mt tam gic c 2 ng phn gic trong bng nhau l tam gic cn.
Chng minh: (R.W.Hogg-1982)
Gi s ABC c 2 ng phn gic trong BN, CM bng nhau. Dng hnh bnh hnh BMDN v k hiu
cc gc , , , nh hnh v. CMD cn ti M nn + = (1)
Nu > , ta xt hai tam gic BCN v CBM c BC chung, BN = CM,

CBN >

BCM CN >
BM = ND > + > , mu thun vi (1).
Tng t, trng hp < cng khng th xy ra. Do = , suy ra pcm.
1.78 Bt ng thc Erd os Mordell
Cho tam gic ABC v im M nm trong tam gic (M khng nm trn bin ca tam gic). Gi
d
a
, d
b
, d
c
l khong cch t M n cc cnh tam gic; R
a
, R
b
, R
c
l khong cch t M n cc nh tam
gic. Khi ta c bt ng thc sau R
a
+R
b
+R
c
2 (d
a
+d
b
+d
c
)
Chng minh:
Gi A
1
, B
1
, C
1
theo th t l hnh chiu ca M trn cc cnh BC, CA, AB. Ly M

i xng vi M qua
phn gic trong ca gc A, gi B

1
, C

1
l hnh chiu ca M

trn AC, AB. Gi D l giao im AM

v BC;
H, K l hnh chiu ca B, C trn AM

.
Ta c a = BD + DC BH + CK a.M

A BH.M

A + CK.M

A = 2S
M

AB
+ 2S
M

CA
= c.M

1
+
b.M

1
. V M

v M i xng vi nhau qua phn gic trong gc A nn R


a
= M

A, M

1
= MB
1
=
1 MT S NH NGHA, NH L, IM V NG C BIT KHNG DUY NHT 49
d
b
, M

1
= MC
1
= d
c
. Do a.R
a
c.d
b
+ b.d
c
R
a

c
a
d
b
+
b
a
d
c
. Tng t, ta c 2 bt ng thc
tng t: R
b

a
b
d
c
+
c
b
d
a
, R
c

b
c
d
a
+
a
c
d
b
. Cng theo v cc bt ng thc trn v p dng bt ng
thc Cauchy, ta c R
a
+R
b
+R
c

_
a
b
+
b
a
_
d
c
+
_
b
c
+
c
b
_
d
a
+
_
c
a
+
a
c
_
d
b
2 (d
a
+d
b
+d
c
) (pcm)
ng thc xy ra ABC u v M l tm ca tam gic.
1.79 nh l Bellavitis
Cho ABCD l mt "balanced quadrilateral" (t gic c tch cc cp cnh i bng nhau); k hiu cc
gc nh hnh v, khi ta c
B
+
C
+
D
+
A
=
D
+
A
+
B
+
C
= 180
o
Chng minh:
Gi cc gc ca t gic l , , , , gc gia hai ng cho l . p dng nh l sin v nh ngha
"balanced quadrilateral", ta c:
sin
D
. sin
D
= sin
B
. sin
D
cos (
B
+
D
) cos (
B

D
) = cos (
B
+
D
) cos (
B

D
)
cos (
B
+
D
) cos (
B
+
B
) = cos (
B
+
D
) cos (
B
+
B
)
cos (
B
+
D
) + cos ( +) = cos (
B
+
D
) + cos ( +)
Hon v ng thc trn, ta c
cos (
C
+
A
) + cos ( +) = cos (
C
+
A
) + cos ( +)
Cng cc ng thc trn, ch rng cos ( +) = cos ( +), ta c
cos (
B
+
D
) + cos (
C
+
A
) = cos (
B
+
D
) + cos (
C
+
A
)
cos
1
2
(
D
+
A
+
B
+
C
) . cos
1
2
(
D

A
+
B

C
)
= cos
1
2
(
B
+
C
+
D
+
A
) . cos
1
2
(
B

C
+
D

A
)
Ch rng
D

A
+
B

C
= 360
o
2,
B

C
+
D

A
= 2 v
1
2
(
D
+
A
+
B
+
C
)+
1
2
(
B
+
C
+
D
+
A
) = 180
o
. Ta suy ra
cos
1
2
(
D
+
A
+
B
+
C
) . cos
_
+
1
2
( +)
_
= cos
1
2
(
D
+
A
+
B
+
C
) . cos
_

1
2
( +)
_
cos
1
2
(
D
+
A
+
B
+
C
) . cos . cos
1
2
( +) = 0
1. Nhn t u tin bng 0, ta c ngay pcm.
2. Nhn t th 2 bng 0, ta suy ra ABCD l t gic c hai ng cho vung gc, suy ra AB
2
+CD
2
=
AD
2
+BC
2
. Kt hp vi AB.CD = AD.BC (nh ngha), suy ra mi cnh t gic bng vi mt trong 2
cnh k vi n. D thy nh l Bellavitis ng trong trng hp ny.
3. Nhn t th 3 bng 0, khi ABCD l t gic ni tip, theo tnh cht gc ni tip, ta c pcm.
50 MATHSCOPE.ORG
1.80 nh l Gossard
Cho tam gic ABC, ng thng Euler l ca tam gic ct cc cnh ti A

, B

, C

. Gi l
a
, l
b
, l
c
l ng
thng Euler ca cc tam gic AB

, BC

, CA

. Khi tam gic c to bi cc ng thng l


a
, l
b
, l
c
l nh ca tam gic ABC qua mt php i xng tm c tm i xng nm trn ng thng Euler ca
tam gic ABC.
Chng minh:
Ta c 2 b sau:
1. ng thng Euler ca tam gic AB

song song vi BC.


t (BC, OH) (mod ), k =
R
(AB

)
R
(ABC)
, f

= Q

V
k
, h

= Q

V1
k
, M l giao im khc A ca (ABC)
v (AB

). Ta c f

M
: (MBC) (MB

) (MO, MO

) (mod ). Do A i xng vi M qua OO

nn (AO, AO

) (mod ). Suy ra f

A
: O O

(1)
Gi l phn gic trong ca

BAC, ta c D

V
2 cos A
: H O, H

. Suy ra AOO

ng dng ngc
hng vi AHH

.
Gi H
2
l im i xng vi H

qua AH, ta c AOO

ng dng cng hng vi AHH


2
. Do
f

A
: H H
2
(2)
T (1) v (2), ta c f

A
: OH O

H
2
(OH, O

H
2
) (mod ). M (BC, OH) (mod ) nn
ta c (O

H
2
, BC) 0 (mod ) O

H
2
//BC O

H
2
AH O

, H

, H
2
thng hng O

//BC
2. Cho tam gic ABC ni tip (O), ng thng d bt k qua O ct BC, CA, AB ti A

, B

, C

. Gi
A
1
, B
1
, C
1
l cc im i xng vi A

, B

, C

qua O, khi AA
1
, BB
1
, CC
1
ng quy ti mt im trn
(O).
Chng minh n gin bng cch s dng gc nh hng.
Tr li bi ton:
Gi A
1
, B
1
, C
1
l giao im ca l
a
, l
b
, l
c
vi l. Ta s chng minh AA
1
, BB
1
, CC
1
i mt song song.
Gi B
2
, C
2
l giao im ca MB, MC vi (AB

). t J = B
2
C
2
l
a
.
Ta chng minh c f

A
: B B
1
, C C
1
f

A
: BC B
1
C
1
. Mt khc f

A
: l l
a
; A

=
l BC; J = l
a
B
2
C
2
f

A
: A

J. Ta chng minh c B

C
2
C

B
2
l hnh thang cn v O
A
l trung
im A
1
J. Gi A
3
= h

A
(A
1
) A
3
l. Ta c h

A
: A
1
A
3
, J A

, O
A
O, suy ra O trung im A

A
3
.
Tng t ta xc nh cc im B
3
, C
3
. Theo b 2, ta c AA
3
, BB
3
, CC
3
ng quy ti P nm trn (O).
T suy ra (A
1
A, AB) (B
1
B, BA) (CC
1
, AB) (mod ). Suy ra AA
1
, BB
1
, CC
1
i mt song song
vi nhau.
Do AA
1
//BB
1
nn (AA
1
, l) (BB
1
, l) (mod ) tam gic A

B
1
B ng dng cng hng vi tam gic
1 MT S NH NGHA, NH L, IM V NG C BIT KHNG DUY NHT 51
AA
1
A
3
. Suy ra
A

B
A

B
1
=
R
R

, tng t, ta c
A

C
A

C
1
=
R
R


BC
B
1
C
1
=
R
R

=
BC
B

= B
1
C
1
. Chng
minh tng t, ta c A

= A
1
B
1
, B

= B
1
C
1
, C

= C
1
A
1
cc on A

A
1
, B

B
1
, C

C
1
c cng
trung im X. Suy ra 2 tam gic ABC v tam gic (l
a
, l
b
, l
c
) i xng vi nhau qua X (pcm)
1.81 nh l M obius
Cho ng gic ABCDE c din tch S. t S
ABC
= a, S
BCD
= b, S
CDE
= c, S
DEA
= d, S
EAB
= e. Ta
c ng thc: S
2
S(a +b +c +d +e) + (ab +bc +cd +de +ea) = 0
Chng minh:
B : Vi 4 vector bt k x, y, z,

t, ta c (x y)
_
z

t
_
+ (x z)
_

t y
_
+
_
x

t
_
(y z) = 0
Chng minh:
Trc ht, vi 3 vector bt k, ta c x.(yz)+y.(zx)+z.(xy) =

0. Mt khc (xy)(z

t) = x
_
y.(z

t)
_
.
Suy ra:
(x y)(z

t) + (x z)(

t y) + (x

t)(y z) = x
_
y.(z

t)
_
+ x
_
z.(

t y)
_
+ x
_

t.(y z)
_
=
x
_
y.(z

t) +z.(

t y) +

t.(y z)
_
= x

0 = 0
Tr li bi ton, t x =

AB, y =

AC, z =

AD,

t =

AE. Khi
S
ACD
=
1
2
y z S = a +
1
2
y z +d y z = 2(S a d). Do (x

t)(y z) = 4(S a d)e. Tng


t: (x y)(z

t) = 4ad, (x z)(

t y) = 4(S b d)(S a c).


p dng b , ta suy ra (S a d)e (S a c)(S d b) + ad = 0 S
2
S(a + b + c + d + e) +
(ab +bc +cd +de +ea) = 0 (pcm)
1.82 ng trn Hagge
Cho tam gic ABC ni tip (O), P l mt im bt k trong tam gic. Cc tia AP, BP, CP ct (O)
ti A
1
, B
1
, C
1
. Gi A
2
, B
2
, C
2
ln lt l im i xng vi A
1
, B
1
, C
1
qua BC, CA, AB. Khi trc tm
H ca ABC nm trn ng trn ngoi tip A
2
B
2
C
2
Chng minh:
Ta c 3 b sau:
1. Cho ABC ni tip (O), D l mt im trn (O). ng thng qua D vung gc vi BC ct (O) ti
G. Khi AG song song vi ng thng Simson ca D.
52 MATHSCOPE.ORG
Gi E, F l chn cc ng vung gc k t D ln BC, AC, ta c EF l ng thng Simson ca D.
Ta c (AG, AC) (DG, DC) (FE, FA) (mod ) AG//EF (pcm)
2.Cho ABC ni tip (O), E, F l hai im trn(O). Khi gc gia hai ng thng Simson ca E v
F bng mt na s o cung EF.
Gi I, J l hnh chiu vung gc ca E trn AB, BC, G, H l hnh chiu vung gc ca F trn BC, AC,
K = IJ GH, L l hnh chiu vung gc ca L trn BC.
Ta c (KJ, KL) (JE, JI) (BE, BA) (mod ); (KL, KG) (GK, GF) (CA, CF) (mod )
pcm.
3. Cho ABC ni tip (O), J l mt im bt k trong tam gic. AJ, BJ, CJ ct (O) ti D, E, F. Gi
D

, E

, F

l im i xng vi D, E, F qua BC, CA, AB. Khi D

DEF.
Gi M, N l im i xng vi F

, D

qua AC; R = D

N AC, Q = D

D BC, S = BC ED, L =
BE AC, P = FF

AB, T = MF

AC.
Ta c RQ//ND

NDE =

RUE =

QDS

QR = 90
o

BSD

CR = 90
o

BSD(

ACB

BCD) =
90
o

ACB

EDC = 90
o

ACB

ECB = 90
o
(AC, BE) ((AC, BE) l k hiu gc gia hai ng
thng AC v BE).
Tng t, ta c

MFE = 90
o
(AC, BE)

NDE =

MFE (1)
Mt khc,
ND
MF
=
2RQ
2TP
=
D

C. sin C
F

Asin A
=
DC. sin C
FAsin A
=
JC. sin C
JAsin A
(2)
Gi D

l tam gic hnh chiu ca J trong ABC, khi DEF D


DE
FE
=
D

=
JC. sin C
JAsin A
(3)
T (1), (2) v (3), ta suy ra DNE FME
DE
NE
=
FE
ME

DE
D

=
FE
F

. Tng t, suy ra
DE
D

=
EF
E

=
FD
F

pcm.
Tr li vi bi ton:
1 MT S NH NGHA, NH L, IM V NG C BIT KHNG DUY NHT 53
Gi A
3
, C
3
l im i xng vi H qua BC, AB, khi A
3
, C
3
(O);A
4
= A
1
A
2
(O), C
4
= C
1
C
2
(O).
Ta c AA
3
//A
1
A
4
v A, A
1
, A
3
, A
4
ng vin AA
4
A
1
A
3
la hnh thang cn. Mt khc, HA
2
A
1
A
3
l hnh
thang cn HA
2
AA
4
. Tng t, ta c HC
2
//CC
4
.

C
2
HA
2
= (AA
4
, CC
4
). p dng b 1, ta c (AA
4
, CC
4
) = (d
a
, d
c
), trong d
a
, d
c
l ng thng
Simson ca A
1
, C
1
.
p dng b 2, (d
a
, d
c
) =

C
1
B
1
A
1

C
2
HA
2
=

C
1
B
1
A
1
.
p dng b 3, A
1
B
1
C
1
A
2
B
2
C
2


C
1
B
1
A
1
=

C
2
B
2
A
2


C
2
HA
2
=

C
2
B
2
A
2
H, A
2
, B
2
, C
2
ng vin (pcm)
Mt s tnh cht ca ng trn Hagge: http://nguyenvanlinh.wordpress.com/2009/10/10/hagge-circle/
54 MATHSCOPE.ORG
2 Mt s im v ng c bit c xc nh duy nht vi
tam gic v t gic
2.1 ng thng Euler ca tam gic
Cho tam gic ABC, tm ngoi tip O, trng tm G, trc tm H. Khi O, G, H thng hng v
OH = 3OG.
Chng minh:
Gi D, E, F l trung im cc cnh ca tam gic ABC, d thy O l trc tm tam gic DEF. Ta c php
v t tm G, t s 2 bin tam gic DEF thnh tam gic ABC. Do bin O thnh H

GH = 2

GO.
T suy ra pcm.
2.2 ng trn v tm Euler
ABC, 3 trung im cc cnh, 3 chn ng cao, 3 trung im ca 3 on thng ni 3 nh tam
gic vi trc tm cng nm trn ng trn Euler ca ABC. ng trn Euler ca ABC c bn knh
bng
R
2
(R l bn knh ngoi tip ca ABC) v tm E ca n l trung im OH.
Chng minh:
t tn cc im nh hnh v. D thy O v H l 2 im ng gic trong ABC, suy ra cc im
M
a
, M
b
, M
c
, H
a
, H
b
, H
c
cng nm trn mt ng trn tm l trung im E ca OH. Mt khc, ta chng
minh c AH = 2OM
a
, suy ra A

HM
a
O l hnh bnh hnh M
a
i xng vi A

qua E, do
M
a
, M
b
, M
c
, H
a
, H
b
, H
c
, A

, B

, C

cng nm trn (E).


Ta c EA

l ng trung bnh ca AOH R


(E)
= EA

=
1
2
OA =
1
2
R (pcm)
2.3 ng i trung, im Lemoine
Trong tam gic, ng thng i xng vi trung tuyn qua phn gic ti cng mt nh c gi l
ng i trung ca tam gic. 3 ng i trung ca tam gic ng quy ti im Lemoine ca tam gic.
2 MT S IM V NG C BIT C XC NH DUY NHT VI TAM GIC V T GIC 55
im Lemoine cn c gi l im symmedian (symmedian point) hoc im Grebe.
Chng minh:
y l mt trng hp ring ca hai im lin hp ng gic v im Lemoine l im lin hp ng gic
ca trng tm gic. Ta c mt s kt qu sau lin quan n ng i trung v im Lemoine (Gi trung
im cc cnh tam gic l D, E, F; chn cc ng i trung l X, Y, Z; im Lemoine l L)
1. ng i trung xut pht t mt nh l qu tch cc im c t s khong cch n hai cnh k ca
tam gic t l thun vi di hai cnh. Qu tch ny cn mt ng thng na l tip tuyn ca ng
trn ngoi tip ti nh xut pht ca ng i trung.
2. ng i trung xut pht t mt nh tam gic i qua giao im ca 2 tip tuyn vi ng trn
ngoi tip ti 2 nh cn li.
3. ng i trung chia cnh tam gic thnh 2 on t l vi bnh phng 2 cnh k.
4.
AX
AD
=
2bc
b
2
+c
2
5. Tng bnh phng cc khong cch t mt im bt k nm trn mt cnh ca tam gic n 2 cnh
kia nh nht khi im trng vi chn ng i trung ng vi cnh .
6. Tng bnh phng cc khong cch t mt im bt k trong tam gic n 3 cnh ca n nh nht khi
im trng vi im Lemoine.
7. im Lemoine l trng tm ca tam gic hnh chiu ng vi n trong tam gic ABC.
8. Din tch tam gic hnh chiu ca im Lemoine bng
12S
3
ABC
(a
2
+b
2
+c
2
)
2
.
9/.Trong tt c cc tam gic ni tip trong mt tam gic th tam gic hnh chiu ng vi im Lemoine
c tng bnh phng cc cnh nh nht.
10. a
2

LA +b
2

LB +c
2

LC =

0
2.4 im Gergonne, im Nobb, ng thng Gergonne
Tam gic ABC vi ng trn ni tip (I). Tip im ca (I) trn BC, CA, AB ln lt l D, E, F.
Khi AD, BE, CF ng quy ti im Gergonne ca tam gic ABC.
Kt qu v im Nobb v ng thng Gergonne (vn vi cc k hiu trn): Mt tam gic khng cn c
3 im Nobb tng ng l giao im ca cc cp ng thng EF v BC, DE v AB, DF v AC. V 3
im Nobb cng nm trn mt ng thng gi l ng thng Gergonne ca tam gic ABC.
Chng minh:
1. p dng nh l Cva v cc kt qu n gin: DB = DC, EA = EC, FA = FB ta c ngay pcm.
2. Xt cc v i cc i vi (I): ng i cc ca A l EF i qua G, nn ng i cc ca G i qua
56 MATHSCOPE.ORG
A. Mt khc d thy ng i cc ca G i qua D nn suy ra ng i cc ca G l AD. Hon ton
tng t ta c ng i cc ca H l BE v ng i cc ca K l CF. M AD, BE, CF ng quy
nn ta c iu phi chng minh. Ngoi ra ta c kt qu sau: (BCDG) = (CAEH) = (BAFK) = 1; gi
M, N, P l trung im ca cc on GD, HE, KF th M, N, P thng hng v ng thng i qua chng
l trc ng phng ca 2 ng trn ni tip v ngoi tip tam gic.
Kt qu trn c th m rng nh sau:
Cho tam gic ABC v 3 im D, E, F theo th t thuc BC, CA, AB sao cho AD, BE, CF ng quy
v D, E, F khc trung im on thng. Gi M, N, P ln lt l giao im ca cc cp ng thng
(EF, BC), (DF, CA), (DE, AB). Khi M, N, P thng hng. Kt qu ny chnh l h qu ca nh l
Desargues.
2.5 im Nagel
Cho tam gic ABC, cc ng trn bng tip tip xc vi cc cnh tng ng ti D, E, F. Ta c 3
ng thng AD, BE, CF ng quy ti im Nagel ca tam gic.
Chng minh:
p dng nh l Cva, ch rng FA = CD = p b, AE = BD = p c, CE = BF = p a, ta c pcm.
2.6 im Brocard
Trong tam gic ABC, tn ti 2 im M v N tha mn

MAB =

MBC =

MCA = v

NAC =

NCB =

NBA = . Mi im ny c gi l im Brocard ca ABC. Trong mt tam gic th 2 im


Brocard lin hp ng gic vi nhau. Ta c h thc cot = cot A + cot B + cot C.
Chng minh:
t MA = x, MB = y, MC = z, ta c cot =
c
2
+x
2
y
2
4S
MAB
=
a
2
+y
2
z
2
4S
MBC
=
b
2
+z
2
x
2
4S
MCA
=
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
4S
ABC
.
Mt khc, cot A+cot B+cot C =
b
2
+c
2
a
2
4S
ABC
+
c
2
+a
2
b
2
4S
ABC
+
a
2
+b
2
c
2
4S
ABC
=
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
4S
ABC
, suy ra pcm.
Mt s tnh cht ca hai im Brocard:
1. ng thng OL (O l tm ngoi tip, L l im Lemoine) l trung trc ca MN v 4 im O, L, M, N
cng nm trn ng trn Brocard.
2.
1
sin
2

=
1
sin
2
A
+
1
sin
2
B
+
1
sin
2
C
3. sin
3
= sin(A ) sin(B ) sin(C )
4. MA.MB.MC = 8R
3
sin
3

5. Tam gic hnh chiu ca 2 im Brocard ng dng vi tam gic ABC v din tch ca chng bng nhau.
2.7 im Schiffler
Cho tam gic ABC c I l tm ni tip. Khi 4 ng thng Euler ca 4 tam gic IAB, IBC, ICA, ABC
ng quy ti im Schiffler ca tam gic.
2 MT S IM V NG C BIT C XC NH DUY NHT VI TAM GIC V T GIC 57
Chng minh:
Gi O l tm ngoi tip tam gic, G l trng tm tam gic ABC, M l trung im BC, G
1
l trng tm
tam gic IBC, AI ct BC ti D, ct (O) ti J, (I) tip xc vi BC ti K, JG
1
ct AM ti E, OG ti S.
D thy J l tm ngoi tip tam gic IBC. Do JG
1
l ng thng Euler ca tam gic IBC. p dng
nh l Menelaus cho tam gic GOM vi ct tuyn SEJ, ta c
SG
SO
.
JO
JM
.
EM
EG
= 1
SG
SO
=
JM
R
.
EG
EM
.
p dng nh l Menelaus cho tam gic IAM vi ct tuyn JG
1
E, ta c
JI
JA
.
EA
EM
.
G
1
M
G
1
I
= 1
EA
EM
=
2
JA
JI
= 2
JI
JD
(v JI
2
= JB
2
= JA.JD)
Do
EG
EM
=
GM
EM
1 =
1
3
.
AM
EM
1 =
1
3
_
EA
EM
+ 1
_
1 =
2
3
_
JI
JD
1
_
=
2
3
.
ID
JD
=
2
3
IK
JM
=
2r
3JM

SG
SO
=
JM
R
.
EG
EM
=
2r
3R
. Tng t ta thy cc ng thng Euler ca cc tam gic IAC, IAB cng i qua
im S c xc nh nh trn, suy ra pcm.
2.8 im Feuerbach
Trong mt tam gic, ng trn Euler tip xc trong vi ng trn ni tip ca n, v tip im
c gi l im Feuerbach ca tam gic trn, ngoi ra ng trn Euler cn tip xc ngoi vi 3 ng
trn bng tip ca tam gic.
Chng minh:
Ta c nhn xt sau:
_
m

OA +n

OB +p

OC
_
2
= R
2
(m
2
+n
2
+p
2
) +mn.

OA.

OB +np.

OB.

OC +pm.

OC.

OA
= R
2
(m
2
+n
2
+p
2
) +mn(2R
2
c
2
) +np (2R
2
a
2
) +pm(2R
2
b
2
)
= R
2
(m+n +p)
2
(mn.c
2
+np.a
2
+pm.b
2
)
T cc h thc vector quen thuc:
_

OH =

OA +

OB +

OC;
a

IA +b

IB +c

IC =

0
, ta c:
_
2p

OI = a

OA +b

OB +c

OC;
2p

OE = p

OA +p

OB +p

OC.
Do

OE

OI =

IE =
p a
2p

OA +
p b
2p

OB +
p c
2p

OC, p dng nhn xt, ta c:


EI
2
=
R
2
4

(p b)(p c)a
2
+ (p c)(p a)b
2
+ (p a)(p b)c
2
4p
2
58 MATHSCOPE.ORG
Mt khc, ta c
4 ((p b)(p c)a
2
+ (p c)(p a)b
2
+ (p a)(p b)c
2
)
= a
4
+b
4
+c
4
2 (a
2
b
2
+b
2
c
2
+c
2
a
2
) + 4pabc
= 4pabc 16S
2
= 16pSR 16p
2
r
2
= 16p
2
r(R r)
(khai trin cng thc Hrone S =
_
p(p a)(p b)(p c))
Vy EI
2
=
R
2
4
Rr +r
2
=
_
R
2
r
_
2
EI =
R
2
r, suy ra pcm.
chng minh ng trn Euler tip xc ngoi vi ng trn bng tip, ta s dng h thc vector
a

I
a
A +b

I
a
B +c

I
a
C =

0 , (I
a
,r
a
) l ng trn bng tip trong gc A ca tam gic.
Tng t nh trn, ta c

I
a
E =

OE

OI
a
=
p
2(p a)

OA +
p a b
2(p a)

OB +
p a c
2(p a)

OC
Suy ra I
a
E
2
=
R
2
4

1
4 (p a)
2
(p(p a b).c
2
+p(p a c).b
2
+ (p a b)(p a c).a
2
)
=
R
2
4

1
4 (p a)
2
(4S
2
+abc (a p)) =
R
2
4

1
4 (p a)
2
_
4 (p a)
2
.r
2
a
R(p a)
2
.r
a
_
=
R
2
4
+r
2
a
+Rr
a
=
_
R
2
+r
a
_
2
I
a
E =
R
2
+r
a
pcm.
Gi M, N, P l trung im cc cnh tam gic ABC th trong s 3 on thng FM, FN, FP c mt on
di bng tng di hai on cn li (F l im Feuerbach ca tam gic)
2.9 im Kosnita
Cho tam gic ABC, tm ngoi tip O. X, Y, Z theo th t l tm ngoi tip cc tam gic BOC, COA, AOB.
Khi cc ng thng AX, BY, CZ ng quy ti im Kosnita ca tam gic ABC.
Chng minh:
Ta xt bi ton tng qut sau: Cho tam gic ABC, tm ngoi tip O. Cc tip tuyn ti A, B, C ca (O)
ct nhau to thnh cc giao im A

, B

, C

. Gi X, Y, Z ln lt l cc im chia on OA

, OB

, OC

theo t s
OX
OA

.
OY
OB

.
OZ
OC

. Khi cc ng thng AX, BY, CZ ng quy.


Gi H l trc tm tam gic ABC, M l trung im BC. Gi s ng ng gic ca AX trong gc BAC
ct OA

ti X

v L l giao im ca AX

v OH. Do O v H l 2 im lin hp ng gic trong tam gic


ABC nn

OAX

HAX =

AXO,

OX

A =

HAX

XAO AOX

XOA OM.OA

= OA
2
=
OX.OX

. Suy ra
OX

OM
=
OA

OX
=
1
t

OL
LH
=
OX

AH
=
OX

2OM
=
1
2t
L c nh AH i qua im lin
hp ng gic L

ca L trong tam gic ABC c nh. Tng t cc ng thng BY, CZ i qua L

. Khi
t =
1
2
th X, Y, Z l tm ngoi tip cc tam gic BOC, COA, AOB th AX, BY, CZ ng quy ti im
Kosnita l im lin hp ng gic ca tm Euler trong tam gic ABC.
2 MT S IM V NG C BIT C XC NH DUY NHT VI TAM GIC V T GIC 59
2.10 im Musselman, nh l Paul Yiu v im Musselman
Cho tam gic ABC ni tip (O), cc im A

, B

, C

ln lt i xng vi A, B, C qua cc cnh i


din. Khi cc ng trn (AOA

), (BOB

), (COC

) c mt giao im chung (khc O) l nh ca im


Kosnita qua php nghch o ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC (tc l

OK.

OM = R
2
, K l im
Kosnita, M l im Musselman)
Chng minh:
Gi M v E ln lt l nh ca im Kosnita K v A

qua php nghch o ng trn (ABC). Khi ta c


OK.OM = OA
2
= OE.OA

OAK OMA, OAE OA

OMA =

OAK,

OA

A =

OAE. Ta
c im Kosnita K v tm Euler N, O v trc tm H l 2 cp im lin hp ng gic

OAK =

NAH.
Mt khc, nu gi O

l im i xng vi O qua BC th AHO

O l hnh bnh hnh A, N, O

thng
hng

NAH =

AH =

OA

OAK =

OA

OMA =

OA

A O, A, A

, M ng vin. Tng t
vi 2 ng trn cn li ta suy ra pcm.
nh l Paul Yiu v im Musselman: Vi gi thit nh trn th 3 ng trn (AB

), (BC

), (CA

)
cng i qua im M.
Ta c (MB

, MC

) (MB

, MO) + (MO, MC

) (BB

, BO) + (CO, CC

) (BB

, BC) + (BC, BO) +


(CO, CB) + (CB, CC

)

2
(CB, CA) +

2
(BA, BC) + 2(AC, AB) 3(AC, AB) (mod )
Mt khc, (AB

, AC

) (AB

, AC) + (AC, AB) + (AB, AC

) 3(AC, AB) (mod )


(MB

, MC

) (AB

, AC

) (mod ) M, B

, C

, A ng vin (pcm)
2.11 im Gilbert
Cho tam gic ABC, im Musselman M. M
1
, M
2
, M
3
l cc im i xng vi M qua cc cnh tam
gic. Khi cc ng thng AM
1
, BM
2
, CM
3
ng quy ti mt im trn ng trn ngoi tip tam
gic.
Chng minh:
60 MATHSCOPE.ORG
Gi giao im ca AM
1
v BM
2
l G. Ta c:
(GM
1
, GB) (AM
1
, AB) + (BA, BM
2
) (A

B, A

M) + (B

M, B

A) (C

B, C

M) + (C

M, C

A)
(C

B, C

A) (CA, CB) (mod ) G nm trn (ABC). Chng minh tng t, ta c pcm.


2.12 Khi nim ng trn cc ca tam gic t
Cho tam gic t ABC. Chn cc ng cao i din cc nh l H
a
, H
b
, H
c
. Khi ng trn cc ca
tam gic l ng trn c tm l H v bn knh r xc nh bi r
2
= HA.HH
a
= HA.HH
b
= HA.HH
c
=
4R
2
cos Acos Bcos C = 4R
2

1
2
(a
2
+b
2
+c
2
)
ng trn cc ca tam gic t c tnh cht: cho 3 im bt k chuyn ng trn cc ng cnh ca
tam gic ABC dng cc ng trn c ng knh l on thng ni mt nh vi im chuyn ng trn
cnh i din th khi vng cc ca tam gic trc giao vi tt c cc ng trn (2 ng trn c
gi l trc giao vi nhau nu chng c 2 giao im v ti mi giao im th tip tuyn ca 2 ng trn
ti giao im vung gc vi nhau).
2.13 Trc Lemoine
Cho tam gic ABC ni tip ng trn (O). Tip tuyn ti A ca ng trn ct ng thng BC
ti X. nh ngha tng t cho Y, Z. Khi X, Y, Z thng hng v ng thng i qua X, Y, Z c gi
l trc Lemoine ca tam gic ABC.
Chng minh:
2 MT S IM V NG C BIT C XC NH DUY NHT VI TAM GIC V T GIC 61
Cch 1:
Hai tam gic ABX v CAX ng dng
XB
XA
=
AB
AC
,
XA
XC
=
AB
AC

XB
XC
=
AB
2
AC
2
. Tng t, ta c
Y C
Y A
=
BC
2
BA
2
,
ZA
ZB
=
CA
2
CB
2
. Nhn theo v 3 ng thc trn v p dng nh l Menelaus, ta c pcm.
Cch 2:
Gi S l giao im ca BY v CZ BC l ng i cc ca S i vi (ABC) ng i cc ca
X i qua S. Mt khc AX l tip tuyn ca (ABC) ti A ng i cc ca X i qua A. Do
AS l ng i cc ca X i vi (ABC). T cch xc nh im S, ta suy ra AS l ng i trung
ca tam gic ABC (xem mc 2.3). Suy ra 3 ng i cc ca X, Y, Z l 3 ng i trung trong tam
gic ABC X, Y, Z thng hng v ng thng XY Z l ng i cc ca im Lemoine i vi (ABC).
2.14 Tm Morley
Tm Morley th nht l tm ca tam gic Morley. Tm Morley th hai l tm phi cnh ca mt tam
gic vi tam gic Morley ca n (tm phi cnh, nu c, ca 2 tam gic l im ng quy ca 3 ng
thng ni cc nh tng ng ca 2 tam gic)
Chng minh: (s tn ti tm phi cnh ca 2 tam gic)
Trong tam gic ABC c AD, BD, CD ng quy ti D, theo nh l Cva dng sin, ta c
sin

BAD. sin

CBD. sin

ACD
sin

CAD. sin

ABD. sin

BCD
= 1
sin

BAD
sin

CAD
=
sin
2B
3
. sin
C
3
sin
B
3
sin
2C
3
. Tng t vi 2 im E, F, ta suy ra
AD, BE, CF ng quy (pcm)
2.15 Tm Spieker v ng thng Nagel
Cho tam gic ABC; A

, B

, C

l trung im cc cnh tam gic. Tm Spieker c nh ngha l tm


ni tip tam gic A

. Ta c 4 im trng tm, tm ni tip, im Nagel, tm Spieker cng nm trn


ng thng Nagel ca tam gic ABC.
Chng minh:
Trc ht, ta c nhn xt sau: cho cc im M, N, P thuc cc ng thng BC, CA, AB v tha mn
_
+ + = 0

MB +

MC =

NC +

NA =

PA +

PB =

0
62 MATHSCOPE.ORG
Khi AM, BN, CP ng quy v

OA +

OB +

OC =

0 . (chng minh bng cch s dng nh l
Cva v nh l Van Aubel).
Gi M, N, P theo th t l cc tip im ca cc ng trn bng tip vi cc cnh BC, CA, AB. Ta tnh
c BM = p c, MC = p b, suy ra (p b)

MB + (p c)

MC =

0 . T v 2 h thc vector tng
t, ta c (p a)

NA + (p b)

NB + (p c)

NC =

0 p

GN = (p a)

GA + (p b)

GB + (p c)

GC.
Mt khc, ta c a

IA+b

IB +c

IC =

0 2p

GI = a

GA+b

GB +c

GC. Do 2p

GI +p

GN =

GN =
2

GI

IN = 3

IG.
Xt php v t tm G, t s 2 bin tam gic A

thnh tam gic ABC

GI = 2

GS, suy ra pcm.


Ngoi ra ta cn c im Spieker l tm ng phng ca 3 ng trn bng tip tam gic ABC.
2.16 Hai im Fermat
Cho tam gic ABC. Dng ra pha ngoi (vo trong) ABC cc tam gic u BCM, CAN, ABP. Khi
tm phi cnh ca hai tam gic ABC v MNP c gi l im Fermat th nht (th hai) hoc cn
gi l im Fermat dng (m).
Chng minh:
Gi giao im ca AM, BN, CP vi BC, CA, AB l X, Y, Z. Ta c
XB
XC
=
S
[ABM]
S
[ACM]
=
BM.BA. sin
_

BM;

BA
_
CM.CA. sin
_

CM;

CA
_.
Tng t, ta suy ra
XB
XC
.
Y C
Y A
.
ZA
ZB
=
sin
_

BM;

BA
_
. sin
_

CN;

CB
_
. sin
_

AP;

AC
_
sin
_

CM;

CA
_
. sin
_

AN;

AB
_
. sin
_

BP;

BC
_. Mt khc:
_

AP;

AC
_

AP;

AB
_
+
_

AB;

AC
_

AC;

AN
_
+
_

AB;

AC
_

AB;

AN
_
(mod ). T suy ra
pcm.
Trong trng hp tam gic ABC khng c gc no qu 120
o
, im Fermat dng cn c gi l im
Torricelli v l cc tiu ca hm im f(X) = XA + XB + XC vi mi im X trong mt phng tam
gic.
Hai im Fermat cng vi tm ngoi tip O, tm ng trn Euler E nm trn ng trn Lester, ng
trn ny trc giao vi ng trn ng knh GH (orthocentroidal circle). Trung im ca 2 im Fermat
nm trn ng trn Euler ca tam gic ABC.
2.17 im Parry reflection
Cho tam gic ABC. K qua A, B, C cc ng thng , , song song vi ng thng Euler ca tam
gic. Gi

l cc ng thng i xng vi , , qua BC, CA, AB. Khi cc ng thng ny


ng quy ti im Parry reflection ca tam gic ABC.
Chng minh:
2 MT S IM V NG C BIT C XC NH DUY NHT VI TAM GIC V T GIC 63
Gi H, O l trc tm, tm ngoi tip tam gic ABC. Php v t tm O, t s 2 bin tam gic ABC thnh
tam gic A
1
B
1
C
1
ng thng Euler ca 2 tam gic ny trng nhau. A
2
, B
2
, C
2
l cc im i xng
vi A, B, C qua cc cnh i. Gi giao im ca AA
2
vi BC, B
1
C
1
l D, F. E l trung im BC.
Ta c HA
2
= AA
2
AH = 2
_
AD OE
_
= 2
_
AH +HD OE
_
= 2
_
HD +DF
_
= 2HF. Do A
2
i
xng vi H qua B
1
C
1
. T suy ra

i xng vi ng thng Euler ca tam gic A


1
B
1
C
1
qua B
1
C
1
.
Tng t vi cc ng thng cn li, ta suy ra

ng quy ti mt im trn ng trn ngoi


tip tam gic A
1
B
1
C
1
(nh l Collings)
2.18 ng trn Taylor, tm Taylor
Cho tam gic ABC, cc ng cao AD, BE, EF. Ta c 6 chn cc ng vung gc h t D, E, F
xung cc cnh tam gic cng nm trn ng trn Taylor ca tam gic v tm ca ng trn ny c
gi l tm Taylor ca tam gic.
Chng minh:
Ta c (SM, SP) (DA, DP) (HA, HE) (FA, FE) (NM, NA) (mod ) M, N, S, P ng vin.
Tng t cho cc b 4 im (R, S, M, Q), (P, Q, R, N). Li c (RM, RQ) (SM, SQ) (SM, SP) +
(SP, SQ) (NM, NA) + (NP, NQ) (NM, NQ) (mod )
M, N, Q, R ng vin, suy ra pcm.
2.19 im Bevan
Cho tam gic ABC. I
a
, I
b
, I
c
l cc tm bng tip. Khi tm ngoi tip tam gic I
a
I
b
I
c
c gi l
im Bevan ca tam gic ABC.
64 MATHSCOPE.ORG
Mt s tnh cht ca im Bevan:
1. Ta thy tm ni tip I ca tam gic ABC l trc tm ca tam gic I
a
I
b
I
c
, tm ngoi tip O ca tam
gic ABC l tm ng trn 9 im ca tam gic I
a
I
b
I
c
. Suy ra O l trung im ca I v B
e
.
2. Tm Spieker l trung im ca trc tm H v im Bevan.
3. im Bevan l trung im ca im Nagel v im de Longchamps, trong im deLongchamps l
im i xng vi trc tm qua tm ng trn ngoi tip.
2.20 im Vecten
Cho tam gic ABC, dng ra pha ngoi (vo trong) 3 hnh vung trn cc cnh tam gic. Khi
ng ni mt nh ca tam gic vi tm hnh vung dng trn cnh i din ng quy ti im Vecten
ca tam gic ABC.
Chng minh:
Theo nh l Kiepert th iu ny hin nhin v cng d dng suy ra c 2 im Vecten trong (ngoi) hay
dng (m). Ta c tnh cht sau v im Vecten: 2 im Vecten thng hng vi tm ng trn Euler ca
tam gic ABC.
2.21 im Mittenpunkt
Cho tam gic ABC, I
a
, I
b
, I
c
l cc tm bng tip. D, E, F l trung im cc cnh tam gic ABC. Khi
cc ng I
a
D, I
b
E, I
c
F ng quy ti im Mittenpunkt ca tam gic ABC.
Chng minh:
2 MT S IM V NG C BIT C XC NH DUY NHT VI TAM GIC V T GIC 65
Ta c 2

I
a
D =

I
a
B +

I
a
C =
sin I
c
. cos I
a
sin I
b

I
a
I
c
+
sin I
b
. cos I
a
sin I
c

I
a
I
b
. Chiu h thc trn theo phng I
a
D ln
trc I
b
I
c
, ta c
sin I
c
. cos I
a
sin I
b
XI
c
+
sin I
b
. cos I
a
sin I
c
XI
b
= 0
XI
b
XI
c
=
_
sin I
c
sin I
b
_
2
(X l giao im ca I
a
D
vi I
b
I
c
). Tng t, ta suy ra pcm. Ta c mt s tnh cht sau v im Mittenpunkt:
1. Gi M, N, P l cc tip im ca ng trn ni tip tam gic vi cc cnh th I
a
M, I
b
N, I
c
P ng quy
ti im lin hp ng gic vi im Mittenpunkt trong tam gic ABC.
2. im Mittenpunkt, trc tm v tm Spieker thng hng.
3. im Mittenpunkt, tm ni tip v im Lemoine thng hng.
4. im Mittenpunkt, trng tm v im Gergonne thng hng vi G
e
G : GM
t
= 2 : 1.
5. im Mittenpunkt l im Lemoine ca tam gic I
a
I
b
I
c
.
2.22 im Napoleon
Cho tam gic ABC, dng ra pha ngoi (hay vo trong) cc tam gic u trn cc cnh BC, CA, AB.
Khi ng ni mt nh ca tam gic vi trng tm tam gic u dng trn cnh i din ng quy
ti im Napoleon ca tam gic ABC.
Chng minh:
p dng nh l Kiepert, ta c ngay pcm.
2.23 ng trn Adam
Cho tam gic ABC vi im Gergonne J. Gi (I) l ng trn ni tip tam gic ABC, tip im
ca (I) trn BC, CA, AB ln lt l D, E, F. ng thng qua J song song vi EF ct AB, AC S, P.
ng thng qua J song song vi DE ct AC, BC Q, M. ng thng qua J song song vi DF ct
BA, BC R, N. Khi cc im M, N, P, Q, R, S cng thuc mt ng trn gi l ng trn Adam
ca tam gic ABC.
Chng minh:
66 MATHSCOPE.ORG
ng thng qua A v J song song vi BC tng ng ct DE, DF (H, K), (V, T). Ta thy:
AK
AH
=
AK
BD
.
BD
DC
.
C
AH
=
AF
FB
.
BF
EC
.
EC
AE
= 1 AK = AH JT = JV
rng JTDN v JV DM l hai hnh bnh hnh nn ta cng c DM = DN. Kt hp vi ID BC
ta c IM = IN. Tng t IP = IQ, IR = IS. Ta c IC DE IC MQ; IC i qua trung im
DE IC i qua trung im MQ (theo Thales), do tam gic IMQ cn ti I IM = IQ. Tng t
ta cng c IN = IR. T cc khng nh trn ta suy ra iu cn chng minh.
Gi X, Y, Z l cc giao im ca cc cp ng thng (MS, NP), (NP.RQ), (RQ, MS) th im Gergonne
ca ABC l im Lemoine ca XY Z.
2.24 Tam gic Fuhrmann, ng trn Fuhrmann
Cho tam gic ABC ni tip (O). Gi D, E, F l trung im cc cung BC, CA, AB khng cha nh
i din. Ly cc im trn i xng qua cc cnh tng ng ta c 3 im M, N, P. Tam gic MNP
c gi l tam gic Fuhrmann ca tam gic ABC v ng trn ngoi tip tam gic MNP c gi l
ng trn Fuhrmann. ng trn Fuhrmann l mt trng hp ring ca ng trn Hagge.
Tnh cht:
1. S
MNP
=
(a +b +c) OI
2
4R
=
_

a
3
+ 3abc

sym
a
2
b
_
S
ABC
(b +c a) (c +a b) (a +b c)
2. NP =
_
(a +b +c) (b +c a)
bc
OI; PM =
_
(a +b +c) (c +a b)
ca
OI; MN =
_
(a +b +c) (a +b c)
ab
OI
3. Trc tm ca tam gic Fuhrmann trng vi tm ng trn ni tip ca tam gic ABC.
4. Tm ng trn chn im ca tam gic Fuhrmann v tam gic ABC trng nhau. Bn knh ng trn
ngoi tip tam gic Fuhrmann bng OI.
5. Trc tm v im Nagel ca ABC nm trn ng trn Fuhrmann v on thng ni chng l mt
ng knh ca ng trn Fuhrmann.
2 MT S IM V NG C BIT C XC NH DUY NHT VI TAM GIC V T GIC 67
2.25 Hnh lc gic v ng trn Lemoine th nht
Cho tam gic ABC, im Lemoine L. Qua L k cc ng thng song song vi cc cnh ct cc cnh
cn li ti M, N, P, Q, R, S. Lc gic MNPQRS c gi l lc gic Lemoine th nht ca tam gic
ABC. Lc gic Lemoine th nht ni tip trong ng trn Lemoine th nht ca tam gic.
Chng minh:
Gi T l giao im ca AL v RQ; m, n ln lt l khong cch t T n AB, AC. T gic AQLR l hnh
bnh hnh nn T l trung im RQ S
ATR
= S
ATQ
m.AR = n.AQ
Do
AQ
AR
=
m
n
=
AB
AC
ABC AQR

AQR =

ABC.
Tng t, ta c CBA CPN

CBA =

CPN. Suy ra

AQR =

CPN QPNR l hnh thang


cn. Do 4 im N, P, Q, R ng vin. Tng t, ta c 4 im Q, R, S, M ng vin. Mt khc, ta c

AQR =

ABC =

ASP P, Q, R, S ng vin. Suy ra lc gic MNPQRS ni tip (pcm)


Tnh cht:
1. MN : PQ : RS = a
3
: b
3
: c
3
2. NP = QR = SM
3. BM : MN : NC = c
2
: a
2
: b
2
4. Tm ca lc gic Lemoine th nht l trung im on OL.
5. Bn knh R
1
=
abc

a
2
b
2
+b
2
c
2
+c
2
a
2
(a
2
+b
2
+c
2
) .4S
ABC
=
R
2
+R
2
2
4
, trong R
2
l bn knh ng trn Lemoine th hai.
2.26 Hnh lc gic v ng trn Lemoine th hai
Khi nim v ng i song (antiparallel): Cho tam gic ABC. Chn 2 im D, E trn AB, AC sao
cho tam gic AED ng dng vi tam gic ABC. Khi DE v BC c gi l cc ng i song trong
gc A.
Tnh cht ca ng i song: ng i trung lun i qua trung im ca cc ng i song tng ng
vi cng mt nh.
Kt qu v hnh lc gic v ng trn Lemoine th hai: Cho tam gic ABC v im Lemoine
L. Qua L k cc ng i song tng ng vi cc cnh ca tam gic ABC ct cc cnh cn li ti
M, N, P, Q, R, S. Khi lc gic MNPQRS c goi l lc gic Lemoine th hai ca tam gic ABC. Lc
gic Lemoine th hai ni tip trong ng trn Lemoine th hai ca tam gic, cn c gi l ng trn
cosin (cosine circle).
Chng minh:
68 MATHSCOPE.ORG
V SP, RN l cc ng i song trong ABC nn ta c

ASL =

ACB =

BRL LRS cn ti
L LR = LS. Tng t, ta c LM = LN, LP = LQ.
Mt khc, L l trung im SP (tnh cht ng i song), suy ra LM = LN = LP = LQ = LR = LS.
Do 6 im M, N, P, Q, R, S cng nm trn mt ng trn tm L.
Tnh cht:
1. Bn knh R
2
=
abc
a
2
+b
2
+c
2
2. Cc cp on thng (MN, QR), (PN, RS), (PQ, SM) song song v bng nhau. di ca cc on
thng MN, PQ, RS t l vi cosin ca cc gc ca ABC, iu ny gii thch cho tn gi ng trn
cosin.
2.27 Hnh bnh hnh Varignon ca t gic
Cho t gic ABCD c M, N, P, Q ln lt l trung im ca AB, BC, CD, DA. Khi M, N, P, Q l
bn nh ca mt hnh bnh hnh gi l hnh bnh hnh Varignon ca t gic ABCD.
Chng minh:
MN, PQ tng ng l ng trung bnh ca cc tam gic ABC v ACD MN//PQ, MN = PQ =
AC
2
.
Do MNPQ l hnh bnh hnh (pcm)
2.28 im Euler ca t gic ni tip
Cho t gic ni tip ABCD. H
a
, H
b
, H
c
, H
d
ln lt l trc tm cc tam gic BCD, CDA, DAB, ABC.
Khi cc ng thng AH
a
, BH
b
, CH
c
, DH
d
ng quy ti im Euler ca t gic ABCD.
Chng minh:
Ta c AH
c
v CH
a
song song v cng bng 2 ln khong cch t O n BD nn t gic ACH
a
H
c
l hnh
bnh hnh, suy ra AH
c
v CH
a
giao nhau ti trung im ca mi ng. Tng t ta suy ra pcm.
Ta c mt s tnh cht sau v im Euler:
1. im Euler i xng vi tm O ca ng trn ngoi tip t gic qua trng tm G ca t gic.
2. im Euler nm trn ng vung gc h t trung im mt cnh ti cnh i din (hoc trung im
ng cho ti ng cho cn li).
3. im Euler nm trn ng thng Simson ca nh A vi tam gic BCD, tng t vi 3 nh cn li.
4. ng trn 9 im ca 4 tam gic ABC, BCD, CDA, DAB ng quy ti im Euler.
2 MT S IM V NG C BIT C XC NH DUY NHT VI TAM GIC V T GIC 69
2.29 ng thng Steiner ca t gic ton phn
Cho t gic ton phn ABCDEF. Khi trc tm ca cc tam gic AEF, DCE, ABC, BDF cng
nm trn ng thng Steiner ca t gic ton phn.
Chng minh:
Gi H
1
, H
2
, H
3
, H
4
ln lt l trc tm cc tam gic AEF, DCE, ABC, BDF. Gi X, Z l trung im cc
ng cho BE, AD. Ta c P
H
2
/(X,XB)
= H
2
P.H
2
E = H
2
Q.H
2
D = P
H
2
/(Z,ZD)
. Do H
2
nm trn trc
ng phng ca hai ng trn (X, XB) v (Z, ZD). Tng t vi 3 im cn li, ta suy ra pcm.
2.30 ng thng Gauss ca t gic ton phn
Cho t gic ton phn ABCDEF. Khi trung im cc ng cho cng nm trn mt ng thng
c gi l ng thng Gauss ca t gic ton phn.
Chng minh:
Gi M, N, P l trung im cc ng cho BE, CF, AD; IJK l tam gic trung bnh ca tam gic ABC.
Khi cc im M, N, P nm trn cc cnh ca tam gic IJK. p dng nh l Thales, ta c:
MK
MI
=
EA
EC
;
NI
NJ
=
FB
FA
;
PJ
PK
=
DC
DB

MK
MI
.
NI
NJ
.
PJ
PK
=
EA
EC
.
FB
FA
.
DC
DB
= 1 pcm.
Kt hp vi mc 2.29, ta suy ra trong 1 t gic ton phn th ng thng Steiner vung gc vi ng
thng Gauss.
2.31 im Miquel ca t gic ton phn
Cho t gic ton phn ABCDEF. Khi cc ng trn ngoi tip cc tam gic AEF, DCE, ABC, BDF
ng quy ti im Miquel ca t gic ton phn.
Chng minh:
70 MATHSCOPE.ORG
Gi M l giao im khc E ca (AEF) v (CDE). p dng nh l Miquel cho tam gic DBF v 3 im
C, E, A ta c (ABC) i qua M.
Vy M nm trn ng trn ngoi tip tam gic ABC. Tng t, ta suy ra pcm.
2.32 ng trn Miquel ca t gic ton phn
Cho t gic ton phn ABCDEF, ta c im Miquel M v tm ngoi tip cc tam gic AEF, CDE,
ABC, BDF cng nm trn ng trn Miquel ca t gic ton
Chng minh:
Gi O
1
, O
2
, O
3
, O
4
l tm ngoi tip cc tam gic AEF, CDE, ABC, BDF. Gi X, Y, Z l trung im
cc on thng MD, MC, MB. Ta c MD l giao ca (O
4
) v (O
2
) nn O
4
O
2
MD. Tng t, ta c
MY O
3
O
2
, MZ O
3
O
4
. Mt khc, X, Y, Z thng hng (theo Thales). Do theo nh l o v ng
thng Simson ta c M, O
2
, O
3
, O
4
ng vin. Tng t, ta suy ra pcm.

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