ETHYLENE TRONG CONG NGHE SAU THU HOACH

Etylen v cht khng etylen trong bo qun ch bin

S PHT HIN RA TC NG SINH L CA ETYLEN

- Nh khoa hc Nga D. N. Neliubov, ngi u tin (1901) pht hin ra etylen c nh hng n sinh tng ca thc vt. - ng chng minh c: etylen c mt trong thnh phn kh t gy ra hin tng un cong thn v lm thay i tnh hng ca thn cy u H Lan mc vng. - Nng gy ra tc ng trn etylen l rt thp:1/ 1.600.000 phn khng kh (khong 0,6 ppm). Etylen tc ng ln cy u H Lan mc vng theo mt c ch dng gi l phn ng ba chiu ca thn: km hm s gin lm dy thn v thay i hng mc.

Vo nhng nm 20 ca th k 20, tc ng sinh l ca etylen c pht hin ngy cng r hn, c bit trong vic lm chn qu cam, qut, chui v nhiu qu khc Nm 1934, nh s pht trin ca cc phng php phn tch ha hc, R. Gein chng minh c: chnh thc vt ni chung v cy trng ni ring c kh nng t tng hp etylen.

Improper problems

pre-storage

conditioning

makes

For wholesale market

For internet market

Nm 1953, Crocker v cc cng s (Hoa k) ngh coi etylen nh l mt hoocmon ca s chn. Sau , vi s ra i ca cc phng php, thit b phn tch kh cc nhy (sc k kh) ngi ta xc nh: etylen l sn phm t nhin ca qu trnh trao i cht trong cy v c hnh thnh vi lng nh tt c cc m khc nhau ca cy. T m khe n m b bnh; t m cn non n m gi; t qu cn xanh n qu ang chn.

Up: sound Down: chilling injury

Etylen c sinh vi mt lng nh v c khuych tn n cc c quan, b phn khc nhau trong cy di dng hp cht ACC (1- Aminocyclopropane, 1 Cacboxylic acid). Ti , ACC c th chuyn thnh etylen v gy hiu qu sinh l cho d v tr xa ni sinh sn ra ACC.

Pathway of ethylene synthesis

Freezing
Injury by freezing stress Recover when freezing is not severe collapse of tissues: complete decay

Up: zucchini freezing in wholesale market Left: Oriental pear freezing in storage

Ngy nay, ngi ta tha nhn rng: etylen l hoocmon ca s chn, s gi ha v cc stress. N l mt phytohoocmon duy nht dng kh. V cu to ha hc etylen (CH2=CH2) l mt cacbuahydro kh n gin u tin ca dy cacbuahydro cha no, (cc Olephin) c trng lng phn t l 28,05. Trong iu kin thng, etylen l mt cht kh khng mu, c mi te nh. Nhit ng c l - 18oC v nhit si l - 103oC.

At harvest

2 months storage

S c mt ca lin kt i trong phn t khin etylen c 3 ph hp th cc i vng t ngoi. l 161, 166, v 175nm. Phn t etylen c i lc ng k vi lipit, tan km trong nc, tan tt trong ru v tan rt tt trong te. ng vi nng 1ppm (mt phn triu) trong pha kh 25oC, etylen c nng phn t trong nc l 4,4. 10-9 M.

 dng thng thng, etylen khng th hin r l mt phytohoocmon, trong cy vi nng rt thp (0,001 - 0,1l/l ) etylen gy ng , m cc qu trnh sinh l ca cy (km hm sinh trng, gy chn...). Trong c th thc vt, c s iu ha nng etylen cc m khc nhau ca cy. Nng ca etylen c kim sot bi tc sinh sn ra n. Nu c hin tng d tha etylen trong m, etylen s c khuych tn vo mi trng. Ngoi cy trng, etylen cn c tng hp vi khuNn, nm; cc thc vt h ng, thng ng khc.

ACC -Synthetase ng vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh iu ha sn sinh ra etylen. Tc sn sinh ra etylen cng chu nh hng ca cc hoocmon khc trong cy nh: auxin, xytokinin. l cc hoocmon k trn gy nh hng n s tng hp ACC - Sylthetase. Auxin l mt v d in hnh v mi quan h ny. Auxin nng thp l mt cht kch thch sinh trng nhng nng cao li l cht c ch sinh trng do n kch thch to ra etylen .

At harvest

Direct sunlight

2 months storage

Physical injury during washing

Cc cht khng li qu trnh sn sinh ra etylen (cht khng etylen) nh cc loi ion kim loi nng c nh hng trc tip n qu trnh sinh tng hp hot tnh ca etylen ACC - Synthetase. Oxy gi vai tr quan trng trong qu trnh chuyn ACC thnh etylen. y chnh l c s cho vic bo qun nng sn trong mi trng kn (thiu O2) hay trong kh quyn iu chnh (iu chnh cc thnh phn khng kh trong kh quyn bo qun nh O2, CO2, N 2,...) c tc dng khng etylen ko di qu trnh chn v gi ca nng sn.

HM LNG ETYLEN TRONG THC VT V VI SINH VT

Etylen c th c hnh thnh t cc vi sinh vt. Cc chng vi khun nh Streptmyces. Pseudomonas, Solanacearum...sn sinh rt nhiu etylen v s sn sinh ny ph thuc vo tc sinh trng, cng h hp ca chng. nm, trong s 238 loi nghin cu c ti 25% loi sn sinh etylen. cc loi khc nhau tc s sn sinh etylen khc nhau. Nu Penicillium lateum l 2,18l//kg/24 gi th Penicillium corylophyllum 10,7l/kg/24 gi v Neurospora l 0,9 l/kg/24 gi.

 nm Penicillium, giai on hnh thnh bo t l giai on sn sinh etylen cc i v gim vo giai on gi ca cc mixen nm. thc vt thng ng, quan trng sn sinh etylen ph thuc vo giai on pht trin ca cc c quan khc nhau. Trong mm u H Lan mc vng, v tr ca cc c quan c lin quan ti tc hnh thnh ca etylen .

STS and lily

No STS left : untreated right : ethylene treated

STS treated left : untreated right : ethylene treated

Hm lng etylen ni sinh o c mt s cy trng

Tn cy trng Chui Cam, qut To L bng R u H Lan Thn u tng Hm lng etylen (l/kg cht ti) 0,01 - 2,0 0,13 - 1,0 25 - 2500 0,25 - 0,75 2,0 0,8

S hnh thnh etylen thng tp trung nh sinh trng, m t v gim phn lng, thn, cnh. cy to, etylen c to ra nhiu chi ng. Hn lng etylen gim khi l to x m v khi cy to n hoa. Sau hm lng tng ln lc gi, khi l v qu rng. S sn sinh etylen cn ph thuc vo kch thc c quan v cu to gii phu ca biu b. V d, vi l cy, lng etylen tng hp c dao ng mnh trong khong 5 - 10l/kg/24 gi.

Tn cy trng Chui Cam, qut To L bng R u H Lan Thn u tng

Hm lng etylen (l/kg cht ti) 0,01 - 2,0 0,13 - 1,0 25 - 2500 0,25 - 0,75 2,0 0,8

Trn cy to trong phm vi nhit 20 25oC, nu tng thm 10oC th tc phn ng sinh etylen tng ln 2,8 ln, trong khi phn ng sinh CO2 ch tng 2,5 ln v phn ng tch O2 l 2,7 ln. Nu nng nhit ln trn ngng ti thch (vi to l 35oC) th s sn sinh etylen gim xung. S iu chnh hm lng etylen thng qua nht c ngha rt quan trng i vi qu trnh v gi ha cc b phn ca cy.

Beneficial effect of ethylene

Increase eating quality Uniform ripening

Natural softening

C2H4 treated

Ngoi ra, hm lng CO2 trong m cng nh hng n s sn sinh etylen. N c th km hm, kch thch hoc khng gy nh hng n qu trnh tng hp etylen cc m khc nhau. V du, vi hm lng CO2 t 10 - 80 % to c s km hm to etylen, khoai lang c s kch thch cn u tng, cam, chanh li khng c nh hng. nh hng ca CO2 n sn sinh etylen cng ging nh nh hng ca n n qu trnh h hp cy trng.

HIU QU SINH L CA ETYLEN

1. Etylen vi s pht trin v chn ca qu S pht trin v chn qu ca cy n qu gn lin vi tng h hp ca n. Ty theo c im h hp ca qu khi chn, ngi ta chia qu thnh 2 loi: - Qu c h hp bc pht (Climacteric fruits). - Qu khng c h hp bc pht (Non-Climacteric fruits).

Disorders associated with ethylene

Stored at high ethylene and humidity environment

Stored with apples (left) and at high ethylene environment

 qu c h hp bc pht, giai on u ca qu trnh chn, cng h hp tng ln t ngt, sau gim mnh to nn mt nh cao h hp gi l h hp bc pht. Song song vi qu trnh ny, etylen cng c sn sinh nhiu v ng biu din ca n cng c mt nh nh cng h hp. iu chng t etylen gi vai tr quan trng trong vic to ra h hp bc pht v kch thch qu trnh chn.

Cc loi qu nh: to, m, mn, o, xoi, chui, c chua, u ...l cc loi qu c h hp bc pht, cn cc loi qu khng c h hp bc pht l: nho, cam, chanh, da, da chut...So vi qu khng c h hp bc pht, trong qu trnh chn, qu h hp bc pht sn sinh ra etylen nhiu hn. V d: chui, xoi: 0,04 - 0,3l/l; cam, chanh: 0,1 - 0,4. Do , qu c h hp bc pht, x l etylen ngoi sinh c th lm qu chn nhanh r rt, cn cc qu khng c h hp bc pht hiu qu x l etylen thc y qu trnh chn khng r. Qu cng gi (trng thnh), lng etylen cn x l gy chn cng thp.

No STS left : untreated right : ethylene treated

STS treated left : untreated right : ethylene treated

Etylen tham gia vo nhiu qu trnh sinh l, sinh ha, xc tin qu trnh gi ha ca hoa ct nh: tng cng h hp, tng hot tnh ca nhiu enzyme thy phn; lm mt khong gian bo; gim s hp thu dinh dng ca cc hoa, gim d tr sacharoza v phn gii dip lc trong thn, l, hoa... C th tm tt mt s biu hin gi ha ca hoa ct di tc ng ca etylen nh sau: - c ch n ca n hoa (hoa cm chng, hoa hng) - Gy rng l (cy hoa hng) - Gy rng cnh hoa (hoa hng, hoa kn trng) - Lm tp cnh hoa (cm chng)

2. Etylen vi s gi ha ca hoa

Tc sn sinh etylen rt khc nhau ty thuc vo gi ca hoa. V d: hoa giai on n c tc sn sinh etylen thp nh hoa hng, cNm chng, hoa kn trng. i vi hoa ct loi ny c th gy n hoa nhn to sau khi thu hoch. V vy, ngi ta thng thu hoch khi chng giai on n. N gay trong mt hoa nh hoa cNm chng, cc b phn nh vi nhy v cnh hoa c tc sn sinh etylen cao hn cc b phn khc. hu ht hoa ct, khi hoa th phn, th tinh th cng l lc tc sn sinh etylen l ln nht.

3. Etylen v s ng ngh ca c ging, ht ging

Mt s cy trng khi gp iu kin bt thun nh ma ng bng gi, ma h kh nng...thng ng ngh. Nu gp thi tit thun li, cc cy trng ny sinh trng rt nhanh. C ch ca qu trnh ny n nay vn cha gii thch c r rng nhng trong mt s trng hp c th, etylen ng mt vai tr quan trng. i vi mt s loi, etylen kch thch s ny mm ca ht ang ng ngh trong khi thng thng gibberellin mi gy ra tc ng ny.

Nh bit, c ch tc ng ca nh sng n qu trnh sng v vn ca mm cy c lin quan cht ch vi phytocrom - mt sc t quan trng ca t bo thc vt. Mi lin h gia etylen v phytocrom c th hin ra sao?. Theo nhiu nghin cu th phyticrom c nh hng trc tip n s hnh thnh etylen. Sau , mt mnh etylen s tc ng trc tip n qu trnh mc mm. Etylen c l l mt mc xch hoocmon trong h thng ny mm, ca chi m vn c iu chnh bng phytocrom. Ngi ta pht hin thy hm lng etylen tng ng k vo thi k trc khi mc mm nhiu loi cy. Do , x l ht ging trc khi gieo bng etylen c th lm tng s ny mm ca ht.

Stress by insects during growing season Suffered by early fruit drop and poor quality

4. Etylen v s phn ha, sinh trng ca r cy Auxin nng cao kch thch qu trnh hnh thnh etylen trong cy. Vy etylen ng vai tr g i vi s ra r bt nh ca cnh gim, cnh chit khi s dng auxin vi nng cao? Khi x l cnh gim bng auxin, ngoi lng etylen c hnh thnh do tc ng ca auxin, bn thn cnh gim, cnh chit khi b tn thng (b ct, b khoanh v) cng sn sinh ra mt lng etylen nh. Chnh lng etylen t 2 ngun ny kch thch s ra r bt nh ca cnh gim, cnh chit. Tuy nhin, c ch ca qu trnh vn cha hiu bit y .

5. Etylen v s rng c quan. Mt trong nhng nh hng r nht ca etylen n cy trng l tc ng lm rng cc b phn ca cy. C th gii thch u bng cc gi thuyt sau: - Auxin, xytokinin, nh sng v dinh dng tt l nhng yu t lm gim hay lm chm li qu trnh rng cc b phn ca cy. Nu gim tc ng ca cc yu t ny s lm cho vng rng ca cc b phn mn cm hn vi tc ng ca etylen.

At harvest

Control

C2H4 removal 10 days of storage at 10oC

Etylen hoc cc tc nhn dn n hnh thnh n, kch thch s rng l do lm gim qu trnh tng hp hoc cn tr vn chuyn auxin ti cc b phn. Bn cnh axit abxixic (ABA) cng knh thch s rng do kch thch sn sinh etylen hoc ngn cn sn sinh v vn chuyn auxin trong cy. Th nghim sau khong 10 gi tc ng etylen, vng nh chi cy u H Lan dng vn chuyn auxin b c ch ti 90%.

6. Etylen v s ra hoa, s phn ha gii tnh ca hoa

S cm ng hnh thnh hoa mt s cy trng c th hiu nh mt phn ng p li ca cy trng i vi iu kin ngoi cnh bt li. Nhng nu ch ng x l etylen cho cy trng ang sng trong vng kh hu, thi tit thun li vn c th lm cho chng ra hoa. Cha c mt gii thch hp l no v c ch ca qu trnh ny nhng cy ra hoa c, cn c t nht mt l trn cy. y, c l l gi mt vai tr quan trng no trong vic ra hoa ln chi nh ca cy trng.

S ra hoa ca cy s xy ra ng lot khi x l 6 gi bng etylen nng 1600l/l. cy da quan st c s pht sinh hnh thi mi chi nh sau 3 ngy x l etylen (10l/l etylen trong 24 gi). Ngy nay, vic dng ch phm thng mi c tn l Ethrel (hay Ethephon) mt cht sn sinh etylen ph bin trong sn xut lm cho da, xoi (h Bromediaceae) ra hoa tri v.

Medan area (?) in Indonesia

Sau khi ra i ch phm Ethrel lm thay i t l hoa c v hoa ci cy h Bu b (Curcubitaceae). Cc nghin cu sau ny cho thy: c l ACC ch khng phi etylen c nh hng n s xc nh gii tnh hoa. Do , c th to cc yu t ngoi cnh bt li vn thc y s tng hp ACC lm tng t l hoa ci mt s cy trng. Ngoi h Bu b, cc cy trng thuc h Thu du (Euphorbiaceae), h gai mo (Canabiaceae) cng c t l hoa ci cao khi c phun Ethrel, axetylen v cacbon oxyt (CO).

7. Etylen v s tn thng c gii v cc stress

Etylen c th c xem nh mt hoocmon stress v tn thng c gii cng c th xem nh l mt stress m cy gp phi. Nng etylen tng ln mt cch nhanh chng khi cy b tn thng hoc gp stress. Sn xut ra etylen chnh l bin php hu hiu lm gim sinh trng, gip cy vt qua c stress (tn thng, hn, ng, nhit qu cao hay qu thp..). V d: l cy s t rng bt khi gp hn gim din tch thot hi nc b mt. Tng t nh vy, etylen kch thch sn sinh ra phytoalexin, mt phc hp c hnh thnh khi cy trng b mm v vi khun xm nhim.

Nhm hoocmon bao gm: auxin ni sinh v auxin tng hp (IAA;2,4D, NAA...) khi nng 10-6 - 10-3M lm tng gp 10 ln s sn sinh ra etylen. Cm ng sinh tng hp etylen bi auxin l din ra trong khong 1 gi nhng r u H Lan ch l 10 - 30 pht. Gi thuyt c nhiu ngi chp nhn nht hin nay gii thch cho c ch cm ng ny l auxin cm ng s tng hp enzyme bin i SAM thnh 1 - ACC v t 1 - ACC, etylen c to thnh.

Xytokinin nng 10-8 - 10-4 lm tng 2-4 ln S sn sinh etylen, axit abxixic lm tng s sn sinh etylen gp 2 ln. Nhm c t thc vt gm: cc hp cht v c cha ng, st, thy ngn, cc cht tr c, c t vi sinh vt...

Eliminating sources of ethylene

Storage of distributor

8. Etylen v s gi ha ca cc c quan v tan cy S gi ha ca cc c quan l kt qu tt yu ca cc c th sng. Biu hin ca s gi ha rt phong ph nhng r nht l cc du hiu sau: - Hin tng rng cc c quan (l, hoa, qu..) - Hin tng vng l. - Hin tng gim trao i cht, hp thu dinh dng-Hin tng chn nu qu. - Hin tng cy b xm nhim bi cc tc nhn gy bnh (cc vic sinh vt).

C CH TC NG CA ETYLEN
Khi x l etylen, thng c hai loi phn ng xy ra: phn ng nhanh (trong vi pht) v phn ng chm (trong vi gi ). Do , c ch tc ng ca etylen c th din ra theo hai chiu hng: 1. Di tc ng ca etylen, mng t bo c nhng bin i c bn: tnh thm ca mng t bo tng ln ng k do etylen c i lc vi lipit, mt thnh phn ch yu cu to nn mng t bo. iu dn n gii phng cc enzyme vn tch ri vi c cht do mng ngn cch. Cc enzyme c iu kin tip xc vi c cht v gy ra cc phn ng c lin quan n cc qu trnh sinh l, sinh ha ca cy nh sau: qu trnh chn, thot hi nc, qu trnh trao i v axit nucleic.

2. Enzyme gy hot ha cc gen cn thit cho qu trnh tng hp cc enzyme mi, xc tc cho phn ng ha sinh xy trong cy trng v nng sn nh: cc enzyme h hp, invertaza, enzyme xc tc cho cc phn ng bin i dip lc, axit hu c, tanin, pectin, cc cht thm... Trong tc ng gy nh hng n s rng cc c quan, c th etylen kch thch tng hp xellulaza, pectinaza gy ra s phn hy t bo tng ri dn n s rng l.

Ethylene scrubbing system

S DNG CC CHT KHNG ETYLEN TRONG SN XUT V BO QUN SN PHM RAU HOA QU
Nu etylen kch thch s chn ca qu, s gi ho ca cc c quan v ca ton cy th s dng cc cht chng li tc dng ca etylen (khng etylen) s c tc dng ngc li: lm chm s chn v s gi ho. y cng chn l mc ch ca bo qun sn phm rau hoa qu (RHQ). Trong sn xut RHQ, etylen l mt trong nhng tc nhn gy ra thit hi ln trong bo qun, c bit l cc sn phm mn cm vi etylen. Cc thc nghim trn rau ct, rau n l, nng thp (1 ppm ethrel hay nh hn 0,5 ppm) gy tp, ho cnh hoa cm chng, hoa lu ly; gy ho, gy m l rau.. . . Do vic s dng cc cht khng etylen trong sn xut cy trng ni chung v bo qun sn phm cy trng ni ring c mt ngha thc t ln,
CC CHT KHNG ETYLEN

 Vit Nam, cha c mt thng k y no v t l hao ht, mt mt sau thu hoch cc sn phm rau, hoa qu nhng Philipin, mt s nc nhit i trong khu vc, t l ny l rt ln: 28% vi qu v 42% vi rau. nh hng xu ca etylen i vi RHQ c th l: + Tng cng h hp, do lm gim nhanh chng lng cht kh d tr trong rau hoa qu nn cht lng rau qu gim nhanh trong bo qun. + Kch thch s xut hin v gy hi ca cc vi sinh vt gy thi hng.

Ethylene gas mixture: ethylene in CO2 base Ethanol+catalyst: ethylene Ethephon in alkaline condition: ethylene Calcium carbide+water: acetylene

Ethylene generation for postharvest treatment

Cc cht khng etylen c th l: 1. Cc cht kch thch sinh trng - cc cht khng gin tip. Nu cn bng cc cht kch thch sinh trng v c ch sinh trng hay c th l cn bng Gib. (auxin)/etylen (ABA) ln, tc ng ca etylen c th gim bt. Cc cht kch thch sinh trng v c ch sinh trng thng c pha thnh dung dch sau phun c l, hoa qu tren cy hoc phun vo hoa qu sau thu hoch ri ro v bo qun. Trong cc cht kch thch sinh trng Gib, c ng dng nhiu nht khng li tc ng ca etylen.

2. Cc ion kim loi nng nh Ag, Co, Ti, Hg, Pd. Cc ion kim loi nng k trn c th c ch qa trnh chuyn triptophan thnh ACC (cht tin thn ca etyylen) do etylen khng c hnh thnh. Cc hp cht nh: AgNO3; thiosunphat bc (STS); TiCl2, CoCl2 c b sung vo dung dch cm hoa ct hay x l cho hoa ct trc hoc sau khi bo qun lnh. T lu ng ta bit AgNO3 l mt cht st khun tt. Trong dung dch cm hoa c cha AgNO3, cc vi sinh vt gy thi hng hoa ct khng pht trin c.

Ozone injury

Apples

Oriental pears

Ngoi tc dng k trn, Ag+ cn c bit nh mt cht khng etylen tim tng. N gy tr ngi i cc v tr lin kt ca etylen, n c ch s trao i etylen, n hnh thnh mt phc dietylen thc s (Ag(C2H4)2) do n c tc dng nh mt cht khng etylen. V AgNO3 -c c tnh cao, kh bo qun trong iu kin thng v c kh nng lin kt mnh vi cc im c in tch m ca t bo nn trong nhiu trng hp hiu qu khng etylen ca n cha r.

Vic s dng mt mui bc khc (STS) khc phc c cc nhc k trn ca AgNO3. Mui bc c gii thiu u tin bi V. Geijn (1978). Mui ny c nhiu u im khi s dng n nh l mt cht khng etylen. Nhng u im l: - Tc vn chuyn ca STS qua nhanh hn rt nhiu so vi Ag+ . - Vi lng bc t do trong dung dch rt thp (0,46 Ag+ trong 2ml STS) n c tc dng c ch s sn sinh etylen. - c ca Ag+ trong STS l thp hn nhiu so vi c ca Ag+ trong AgNO3.

Kiwifruits

Up : control, down : ethylene removal

Hin nay, STS ang c s dng mt cch thng mi trong bo quan hoa ct nhiu nc. Tuy vy, n cng c mt vi nhc im ng lu : - Dung dch STS khng c bn vng nu qu lu. C th xy ra hin kt tinh, c mi lu hunh, mu en v hiu qu qu STS s gim. Do , thng ngi ta trn 2 t hp ring r AgNO3 v Na2S2O3.5H2O trc khi s dng chng vo mc ch bo qun theo mt t l nht nh. T l phn t gia AgNO3 v Na2S2O3.5H2O c th thay i t 1: 8 n 1: 4. - S tch lu ion Ag+ trong nc v t, ni ngi ta loi b dung dch STS sau khi ngi ta s dng n. Cc ion Bc ny c tch lu nhiu c th nh hng n mi trng v sc kho ca con ngi. Do , cn phi c bin php thu hi li bc t dung dch STS loi b v tm kim cc - hp cht khc u vit hn STS.

3. Cc cht oxy ho mnh: O3; KMnO4 , tia cc tm (UV) s oxy ho ngay lp tc etylen, trc khi chng gy ra nhng tc ng xu. Ngoi cc cht khng etylen k trn, trong bo qun rau, hoa qu cn p dng cc bin php khc hn ch ti a nhng tc ng xu ca etylen nh: - Lm mt nhanh chng etylen cng vi nhit lng cao ra khi phng bo qun bng thng gi sao cho nng etylen nh hn 0,01l/l. - Thu non cc sn phm c th. - Khng bo qun chung cc sn phm c chn khc nhau bi v qu chn; hoa th phn th tinh s kch thch qu trnh chn, gy ra hu qu xu cc sn phm cha chn, cha n cn li. - Bo qun nhit thp, nng CO2 thp (c ch s chuyn ACC thnh etylen).

Application of ethylene scrubber during transport

II. S DNG CC CHT KHNG ETYLEN TRONG BO QUN RAU HOA QU

Lm chm qu trnh chn ca qu Lm chm qu trnh chn qu ca h cam, qut (Citrus)v cc hoa qu khc Cam, qut, bi l nhng loi qu c gi tr kinh t cao ca nhiu nc. Vit Nam c nhiu loi qu qu thuc h ny. l cam X oi, cam ng Canh, bi Bin Ho, Bi oan Hng, qut Tch Giang...cc loi qu trn thng tp trung chn vo cc thng 11, 12 v n tt Nguyn n, cc loi qu ny thng t nn gi bn cao, nng dn s thu li ln nu qu bn vo Tt. lm qu chm chn, c th s dng GA3 (10- 50 ppm) phun t qu lc qu chuyn mu hon ton trn cy. Cng c th s dng AG3 phi hp vi cht tr nm dng nhng qu sau thu hoch nhm nng cao kh nng bo qun cc qu k trn.

Ethylene removal in grapes

Untreated -more soft -petiole:browning

Ethylene removal -hard -petiole:green

Lm chm chn qu chui Chui cng l loi qu qu ca Vit Nam. Do c im ca thi tit m chui thng chn rt nhanh, nh hng khng tt n vic thu hoch, vn chuyn v xut khu. nhiu nc bo qun chui xanh, ngi ta thng dng ti polyetylen kn trong c thuc tm (KMnO4) bo qun chui. So vi i chng, s dng phng php ny c th tng thi gian bo qun ca chui ln 3 ln.

Tuy nhin cng cn lu nhng vn sau: -Chui dng bo qun phi l chui t n chn thp nht ngha l cc c im hnh thi, kch thc t nhng cha c c cc du hiu chn. - V KMnO4 l mt cht khng bay hi, nu bm dnh trn chui c th gy nhng vt chy. Do ngi ta thng dng KMnO4 bo ho khong (19%) tm t cc vin phn vit bng ri t trong cc ti polyetylen kn dng bo qun chui. - Cn phi treo, t cc ti chui ni rm mt. - Qu trnh chn tip theo ca chui xy ra khi a chui ra khi ti v cn lu s pht trin ca bnh nm than (Anthracnose) lc ny. C th s dng benzimidazol tiu dit bnh ny.

Ethylene removal in plum storage

Lm chm s gi ho ca hoa ct Khc vi cc nng sn khc, hoa ct c th c b sung dinh dng cng nh nhiu hp cht c tc dng bo qun thng qua vt ct cung cnh hoa. Vi mt s hoa ct mn cm vi etylen nh hoa hng, hoa cm chng, hoa loa kn trng, hoa lan... nh hng ca etylen n hoa ct rt r rng: - Lm tp, rng cnh hoa Lm rng l Lm mt mu xanh ca l, mt mu sc sc s ca cnh hoa - c ch n ca n hoa.

Do d, s dng cc cht khng s sn sinh etylen trn hoa ct l mt hng c th p dng d dng v a li kt qu m mn. Bng cch b sung STS 0,5- 1% vo dung dch cm hoa hay nhng cung hoa ct vo dung dch trn trc khi bo qun lnh c th nng cao tui th ca hoa ct n 2 ln so vi i chng. Ngoi cc cht khng etylen k trn, s dng cht khng etylen di dng O3 cng ph bin cc nc pht trn bo qun rau hoa qu mc d n c gy ra mt s bt li nh: n mn kim loi, ph hoi cc thit b, dng c trong phng bo qun; n c th gy h hng sn phm v gy c cho ngi ngya nng kh thp.

 khc phc cc nhc im trn, cc nc pht trin ngy nay, ngi ta s dng tia cc tm bc sng 185 nm v 254 nm trong cc bun phn ng. Trong bun phn ng trn, nguyn t oxy c sn sinh ra thay v O3. Nguyn t oxy phn ng tt hn O3 v n nhanh chng phn ng vi etylen v cc cht bay hi khc c sinh ra trong bun phn ng. Nguyn t oxy d tha s c bin i nhanh thnh oxy phn t.

S dng GA3 nng 10- 50 ppm phun cho cc cy trng ny cc giai on nhau lm tng ng k sinh trng ca cnh, thn cc loi hoa ny ng thi lm tng tui th ca cc hoa ct. Vic nghin cu s dng cht khng etylen Vit Nam cn rt hn ch. i mi ch l th nghim ban u. trong nui cy m thc vt, trong vic lm chm chn qu cam, qut, vi; lm chm s ga ho ca hoa cm chng, hoa loa kn trng v lm tng sinh trng ca mt s loi hoa trong v ng min Bc

Ethylene removal using forced air circulation

Ethylene contaminated air Scrubbers

Ethylene free air

Examples of ethylene scrubber

Activated charcoals
Charcoal: not effective at commercial level Activated charcoal: less effective, not used commercially Ceramic(zeolite) treated charcoal : effective -through absorption to small pores -effective to remove unfavorable odor Brominated or permanganate treated charcoal -small bag types used for short transport or marketing -not long lasting

Control

Ethylene removal

10 days of storage at 10oC

Modified activated carbon

Ceramics (such as zeolite) treated activated charcoal Principles: adsorption Reaction products: none Efficiency: excellent until saturated Disadvantage: adsorbed ethylene can be released after saturation Advantage: partial regeneration Applicable area: storage dealing with low ethylene producers

Zeolite treated carbon

Untreated carbon

Scrubbers containing potassium permanganate

KMnO4 treated on supporting materials which have many pores such as activated carbon Principles: H2C=CH2 + KMnO4 + H2O HO-CH2-CH2-OH + Mn(OH)2 + KOH Reaction products : ethylene glycol Efficiency: excellent Applicable area: effective on large ethylene producers Disadvantage: elution of permanganate will cause defects on surface, may contain sulfuric acid Disposal: heavy metal (Mn), toxic Regeneration: impossible

Modified activated carbon with zeolite

Potassium permangante

Scrubbers containing bromine

Principles of ethylene removal: H2C=CH2 + Br2 Br-CH2-CH2-Br Reaction products: Dibromoethane Efficiency: Excellent Applicable area: effective on large ethylene producers Disadvantages: Eluted Br2 and H2PO3 will cause browning of stored products Disposal: Br, too toxic to discharge Regeneration: Impossible

Scrubbers containing palladium chlorides

Principles of ethylene removal: H2C=CH2 + O2 + catalyst CH3CHO + H2O Reaction product: acetaldehyde, H2O Efficiency: good Applicable area: low ethylene producers Advantage: not affected by high humidity condition Disadvantages: not effective at high concentration of ethylene Disposal: not toxic Regeneration: impossible

Scrubbers using titanium dioxide(TiO2)

Principles of ethylene removal: C2H4 + TiO2 + 3O2 + ultraviolet light = 2CO2 + 2H2O Reaction product: carbon dioxide, H2O Efficiency: good Advantage: potential to control airborne pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, dust mites, mold, spores, fungi Disadvantages: not effective when dusts were accumulated on the reaction panel Regeneration: replace TiO2 panel and ultraviolet light

Artificial flower treated with TiO2

Left : untreated Middle : MCP 500 nL Right : MCP 1000 nL

Left : untreated Right : STS 2 mM

 2,5-norboneadiene(NBD) -Gaseous olefin -inhibit ethylene action -not widely used due to its carcinogenic activity

Ethylene scrubbers using ozone

1-Methylcyclopropene(1-MCP) -competitive ethylene inhibitor -10 times greater affinity to receptor than ethylene -effective at low concentration (2.5 1ppm) -longer duration of treatment at low concentration as high concentration -interacts with application temperature (less effective at low temperature)

1-MCP: easy to handle effective to wide range of horticultural products but not always true Climacteric fruits or organs: ethylene evolution rate increase at ripening stage seems to be more effective Non-climacteric fruits or organs: no ethylene peak at maturation stage seems not to be effective

Physical stress

Stressed fruit produce high amount of ethylene

Nature of ethylene
A plant hormone: one of 5 major plant hormones -Auxins, cytokinins, gibberellins: growth stimulators -abscisic acid, ethylene: growth inhibitors -others: jasmonic acid, brassinosteroid, etc.

Characteristics of ethylene gas

volatile gas easy diffusion (move rapidly) active at extremely low concentration (0.1 ppm) - two hydrocarbon with a double bond - MW 28.05 - Freezing point : -181 - melting point : -169.5 - boiling point : -103.7 - flammable (explosive) - colorless, sweet, ether-like odor - specific volume 861.5ml/g at 21

Ripening room

Uniform ripening in bananas, oranges, tomatoes

Similar gases to ethylene and their relative activity

Chemicals Ethylene Propylene Vinyl chloride Carbon monoxide Acetylene 1-butene Relative activity 1 1/130 1/2370 1/2900 1/12500 1/140000

C bao xung quanh

Principles of ethylene action

C2H4 + receptor on membrane: perception
1)Translocation of stimulus to nucleus 2)m-RNA protein synthesis physiological action

Stimulate inactive enzymes physiological action

Ethylene in postharvest technology

Problems: -accelerates (tng nhanh) ripening -accelerate senescence -causes abscission(loi b) -causes physiological disorders Benefits: -accelerates ripening increase eating quality -causes abscission easy to harvest in some fruits