TRNG I HC GIAO THNG VN TI TP.

H CH MINH
V Ngc Bch

KT CU TU THY
TP I

Thnh ph H Ch Minh - 2007

M U
Gio trnh Kt cu tu thy bao gm hai phn, phn th nht trnh by nhng vn tng quan v kt cu tu thu. Phn th hai trnh by vic tnh ton kt cu tu theo lut ng tu. Ni dung chnh cp trong gio trnh tp I ny bao gm: Gii thiu v tu v h thng kt cu thn tu. Trnh by s lc v vt liu ng tu. Cc chi tit kt cu tu v thp. Gio trnh trnh by nhng hiu bit mang tnh ph thng, gip ngi c bit v hiu v kt cu tu thu, nm bt nguyn tc b tr, thit k kt cu tu. Gio trnh c bin son cho sinh vin chuyn ngnh thit k, ng v sa cha tu thu. Gio trnh cng c li cho nhng ngi lm vic ti cc x nghip ng, sa cha tu, cng trnh ni v nhng ngi qun l k thut tu thy. Mc du c nhiu c gng, song ngi bin son nhn thc rng, trong ti liu khng chc trnh c cc sai st v khim khuyt. Hy vng rng, ng nghip cng bn c gn xa, gp thm nhiu kin cng xy dng gio trnh hon chnh, phc v ngi c tt hn. Mi ph bnh, gp xin gi v: KHOA NG TU THU V CNG TRNH NI, S 2, ng D3, khu Vn Thnh Bc, phng 25, qun Bnh Thnh, thnh ph H Ch Minh, in thoi/Fax: (08) 8035 655 hoc Email: vubichchhp@yahoo.com.

TS. V Ngc Bch

MC LC Trang M u Mc lc Chng 1 1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 2 3 4 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 5.6 Chng 2 1 2 3 4 5 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 Gii thiu tu v kt cu thn tu Cc kiu tu thng dng Tu ch hng kh Tu ch hng lng Tu ch khch Tu chuyn ngnh Tu phc v khai thc du kh trn thm lc a Tu nh bt v ch bin c Tu cng tc hot ng trn nguyn tc kh ng hc ng kim tu thu Cng c Quc t lin quan n ng tu Vt liu ng tu Thp ng tu Kim loi mu Thp bn cao Hp kim nhm G Vt liu composite (cht do ct si thu tinh) H thng kt cu thn tu H thng kt cu thn tu H thng kt cu ngang H thng kt cu dc H thng kt cu hn hp ngang-dc Kt cu cc tu vn ti thng dng Tu vn ti hng kh Tu ch du Tu ch hng ri Tu ch hng thng tiu chun (container) Tu ch kh ho lng (Liquid Gas Carriers) Tu khch Tu nh bt c Cng trnh ni ngoi khi Tu c nh 2 3 5 5 5 8 9 11 12 14 14 15 16 17 17 19 19 21 23 25 28 28 34 37 40 43 43 45 54 66 75 78 82 86 92 3

5.10 Tu trn cnh ngm ch khch Chng 3 Chi tit kt cu thn tu 1 2 2.1 2.2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Chi tit kt cu thn tu Dn y y n y i Mn Boong Kt cu phn mi Kt cu phn li Vch V bao

95 98 98 100 100 104 117 128 148 159 169 182 188 189 193 194 195 202 210 210 214 220 224 225

9 Vy gim lc 10 Vm trc chn vt Chng 4 1 2 3 Thng tng v lu Lu mi Thng tng Be gi

Chng 5 Kt cu bnh li, b my, ng khi 1 Bnh li 2 B my 3 Ong khi Ti liu tham kho Bng k thut ng v kt cu tu

CHNG 1
4

GII THIU TU V KT CU TU
1. Cc kiu tu thng dng Tu thu l cu trc ni, c hoc khng c ng c, chuyn dng hot ng trn mt nc. Tu thy c pht trin t rt sm trn tri t, dng vo cc vic chuyn ch ngi, hng ha. Tu thy cn c pht trin phc v cho qun i. Trc khi lm quen vi kt cu tu c th, bn c c dp tm hiu cc kiu tu ang tn ti cng cc c trng kt cu ca chng. Tu thy chia lm hai nhm chnh l tu dn s v tu qun s. Trong h tu dn s li gm nhng nhm nh: 1.1. Tu ch hng kh Tu nhm ny c mt trn tri t lu i nht. Ty thuc loi hng m tu chuyn ch, ngi ta t tn tu. Tn gi chung nht l tu ch hng (cargo ship), bn cnh cn tu ch hng ri (bulk carrier), tu ch hng thng (container), tu Ro-Ro (roll on roll of), tu ch s lan (barge carrier), tu ch g (timber carrier), tu ch hng lnh (refrigerated cargo ship), tu chuyn ch xe, thit b (car carrier) vv... Tu ch hng kiu c chim hn 50% s lng tu vn ti trn th gii. Sc ch tu loi ny khng ln lm, thng t 4.000 dwt n 10.000dwt. Ln nht trong nhm ny l tu hng sc ch 20.000dwt. Hnh 1.1 l loi tu hng c thng tng gia (tu ba o - middle three island cargo vessel) ra i vo khong gia th k XX, hnh 1.2 l loi tu hng c bung my t ui (tu hai o aft engine type cargo vessel) xut hin trong thp nin 70 ca th k XX, hnh 1.3 gii thiu tu hng i bin hin i.

Hnh 1.1. Tu ch hng kiu 3 o (1950) Tu ch container (hnh 1.4) xut thn t tu ch hng kh vi c tnh hng c bo qun trong cc thng chuyn dng loi di 20 ft hoc 40 ft, tiu chun ha. Tu container thng ch to vi sc ch t vi ngn dwt n 25.000dwt. Ra i mun hn so vi i tu container l tu RO-RO (roll on roll of) chuyn ch cc thit b k thut c bnh xe (hnh 1.5). Vn tc khai thc tu container v tu RO-Ro kh ln, khong 20-25 HL/h.

Hnh 1.2. Tu ch hng kiu 2 o (1970)

Hnh 1.3. Tu vn ti i bin hin i (1983)

Hnh 1.4. Tu ch container (1993) Tu ch hng lnh chuyn ch t rau qu n c, tht, thc phm. Nhit bung lnh khong +5C n -25C. Tu ch s lan c nhc n nhiu l tu LASH (Lichter Abroad Ship), ch cc s lan khng t hnh (hnh 1.6). Sc ch mi s lan t 370 tn n 850 tn. Nhm LASH dng cn cu di ng sc nng 500T dch chuyn s lan dc tu. Tu SEA-BEE s dng cn cu c nh t pha li nng h s lan. 6

Hnh 1.5. Tu Ro-Ro (1978)

Hnh 1.6. Tu ch s lan (1969) Tu ch hng ri c chuyn nghip ha vn chuyn qung, than , khong sn, cc loi ht ri khng ng gi (hnh 1.7). Tu nhm ny tuy gi chung l tu ch hng ri, song nhim v c th phi c t tn gi chuyn ngnh nh tu OO (Ore-Oil) ch qung lc i, ch du lc v, tu OBO (OreBulk-Oil), tu OSO (Ore-Slurry-Oil). Tu nhm ch hng bulk c sc ch kh ln, t 100.000dwt n 150.000dwt hoc hn.

Hnh 1.7. Tu ch hng ri (1978) 7

Ngoi ra, cn c nhm tu chuyn ch nng (heavy cargo ship), hay cn c gi l hng siu trng, siu trng l hng c kch thc hoc trng lng thc t ca mi kin/khi hng vt qu gii hn quy nh cho php nhng khng th tho ri ra c (hnh 1.8).

Hnh 1.8. Tu ch hng nng (1995) 1.2. Tu ch hng lng. Trong nhm ny tu ch du (tanker) dn u v sc ch v kch thc chim ch. Lot tu du khng l, sc ch trn 540.000 tn c a vo s dng t hng chc nm trc. Tu ch kh ha lng (liquefied gas carrier) v tu ch ha cht (chemical carrier) thuc nhm ny. Tu ch sn phm du chy sng hay bin gi chung l tanker. Sc ch thng thng tu du t 1000dwt n tu c ln, sc ch 300.000dwt n 540.000dwt. Tu ch kh ha lng gm kh thin nhin LNG v kh thuc ngnh du kh LPG. Cc kh c nn v lm lnh n m 161,5C khi vn chuyn.

Hnh 1.9. Tu du i bin (1992)

Hnh 1.10. Tu du chy sng

Hnh 1.11. Tu ch kh thuc gc du ha lng (LPG)

Hnh 1.12. Tu ch kh kh thin nhin ha lng (LNG) 1.3. Tu khch. Tu ch khch bao gm tu a ngi qua li trn tuyn ng ngn chng ta cn gi ph (ferry car) n tu khch tuyn ng di, c nh, chuyn ngnh gi l linear, tu tuyn c nh. Tu khch dng ch ngi hoc ch ngi cng hng ha. C th phn bit thm, tu va ch khch v hng ha cn c tn gi tu hng khch. Tu hot ng tuyn c nh thng c kch thc 9

ln, trang b tin nghi y , lng chim nc n 70.000T, lng khch n 1.500 hoc 2.000 ngi, hnh 1.13 gii thiu ph khch chy bin; hnh 1.14 gii thiu tu khch du lch chy bin mang tn Star leo, sc ch 1400 khch. Tu du lch ch khch tuyn ngn, s lng khch trn tu khng ng.

Hnh 1.13. Ph khch chy bin

Hnh 1.14. Tu khch chy bin

Hnh 1.15. Tu khch du lch chy sng 10

1.4. Tu chuyn ngnh Nhm tu ny a dng, chuyn su vo mt hoc mt s lnh vc phc v k thut. l cc tu ko (tug), tu cu ho (fire vessel) tu cu h (salvage vessel), tu th phao, m bo an ton hng hi (buoy vessel), tu t cp ngm (cable layer), tu cuc bn, tu ht bn lm cng tc no vt lung lch, cng (dredger), tu hoa tiu (pilot craft), tu hi quan (custom boat), tu kim ng (fisheries patrol boat), tu hun luyn (training ship)vv .

Hnh 1.16. Tu th phao

Hnh 1.17. Tu ko cu ho ti cng

Hnh 1.18. Tu t cp ngm 11

Hnh 1.19. Tu ht bn

Hnh 1.20. Tu hun luyn 1.5. Tu phc v khai thc du kh trn thm lc a (offshore vessels) Nhm tu ny bao gm cc tu lm dch v cung ng (supply ship), tu t ng ngm(pipe layer), cn cu ni (crane barge), gin khoan ni gm gin na chm v gin t nng (semisubmersible drill rig, jack-up rig), tu khoan (drill ship) v cc cng trnh ni phc

Hnh 1.21. Cn trc ni 12

Hnh 1.22. Tu dch v cung ng

Hnh 1.23. Tu khoan

Hnh 1.24. Dn khoan t nng

13

Hnh 1.25. Dn khoan bn chm 1.6. Tu nh bt c v ch bin c Tu c chim n 5% ti trng ca i tu trn th gii. Tu nh bt gm tu li ko, tu li vy, tu lm ngh li r vv Tu ch bin dng nhng c s sn xut kh ln trn bin.

Hnh 1.26. Tu nh c li vy 1.7. Tu cng tc hot ng trn nguyn tc kh ng hc Nhng tu nh tu cnh ngm (hydrofoil craft), tu trn m kh (hover craft) thuc nhm ny.

Hnh 1.27. Tu cnh ngm

14

Hnh 1.28. Tu m kh 2. ng kim tu thy ng kim tu c tn gi st ngha l c quan phn cp tu, trong ting Anh c vit l Classification Society, ngi Trung Hoa gi bng t thuyn cp x, trong ngn ng ca ngi Nht dng cm t ny c hiu theo m Hn Vit l hi s hip hi. Nhn chung, nhim v chnh ca cc c quan phn cp tu l gim st k thut v phn cp ph hp vi cc yu cu c qui nh bng lut. ng kim Vit Nam (gi bng ting Anh l Vietnam Register) l c quan gim st v phn cp tu, thc hin cng tc gim st k thut, phn cp, nh mn kh, o dung tch tu, gim st vic thc hin cc yu cu ca Cng c quc t c lin quan m Vit Nam tham gia. i tng kim tra, gim st ca c quan phn cp l cc loi tu ni chung, cc my mc, trang thit b dng trn tu, cc cng trnh trn bin cng tt c trang thit b trn . Cc c quan ny tin hnh hng lot cng tc nghin cu khoa hc lin quan n thit k, ch to, bo dng, duy tu tu v trang thit b ng thi a ra cc qui phm (gi bng ting Anh l Rules and Regulations) lin quan n bn, an ton tu cng trang thit b. Cc c quan phn cp c uy tn trn th gii, c lin quan n cng nghip ng tu Vit Nam c th k l: ng kim ra i sm nht l Lloyds Register of Shipping thuc vng quc Anh. LR ra i nm 1760, c ci t 1834. T nm 1914 c quan ny mang tn trn cho n ngy nay. LR c i din thng tr ti Vit Nam, tham gia cc hot ng ng tu, sa tu v cng trnh bin ti Vit Nam. Qui phm tu bin ca LR mang tn Rules and Regilations for the Classification of Ships. Det Norske Veritas thnh lp nm 1864 ti Oslo, Norway. Qui phm ng tu DNV Rules for Ships c trnh by sng sa, d hiu v trong chng mc l chun mc cho vic xc lp cng thc qui phm. DNV c i din ti Vit Nam, l ng kim tham gia rt nhiu cng trnh ti Vit Nam. ng kim Lin x trc y v nay ng kim Lin bang Nga. ng kim URSS thnh lp li nm 1924 ti Leningrad, t c quan mang tn Ruskij Registr lp nm 1914. Cc qui phm ca ng kim URSS l nguyn mu cho cc qui phm chng ta dng n t nhng nm 1985 - 1997. Tn ghi ti ba qui phm URSS cng l tn gi ngoi ba ca qui phm Vit Nam Rules for the Classification and Construction of Sea-going Ships . Ngy nay tn gi chnh thc ca ng kim ny bng ting Anh l Russian Maritime Register of Shipping (RMRS). 15

ng kim M American Bureau of Shipping, thnh lp t 1867, tr ng ti New York t 1898 di tn gi American Standard Universal Record of Shipping. Ngy nay ng kim trn mang tn gi nh trnh by trong dng ch m, vit tt ABS. Qui phm ca ABS mang tn Rules for Building and Classing Steel Ships. ng kim Nht bn c tn gi Nippon Kaiji Kyokai, vit tt NKK, thnh lp t 1899, tr s ti Tokyo. Tn gi chnh thc ca NKK, dch ra m Hn Vit c hiu l :Nht bn hi s hip hi. ng kim NKK gip nhng ngi ng tu Vit Nam rt nhiu, t hng dn, o to, gip trong cng tc chuyn mn n cho php dch qui phm ca NKK Rules and Regulations for the Construction and Classification of Ships thnh qui phm s dng chnh thc t 1977 ti Vit Nam. ng kim Trung quc c tn gi bng ting Hn l Trung quc thuyn cp x , vit bng ting Anh China Classification Society - CCS, khai trng cng vic t 1956. Qui phm ng tu i bin do CCS a ra mang tn gi nh Cng cht hi thuyn nhp cp d kin to qui phm - dch thnh: Qui phm phn cp v ng tu i bin v thp c ngha thc t. ng kim Php Bureau Veritas thnh lp 1828, t 1832 tr s ng ti Paris. BV tham gia mt s cng trnh ti Vit Nam. Cc ng kim va nu u thuc Internatinal Association of Classification Societies - IACS, c quan h mt thit vi ng kim Vit Nam (VR). i tng gim st ca ng kim thng thng l: (a) Tt c cc loi tu bin (ang cp qui phm tu bin) c qui nh c th bng vn bn. ng kim Vit Nam, ging nh ng kim NKK, gim st cc i tng k sau: Tu hng, Tu khch, Tu du, Tu ch x kh ha lng, Tu ch x ha cht nguy him, Tu cng nghip hi sn, Tu nh c, Tu c cng dng c bit, Tu ch hng thng, (container)

(b) Thit b lm lnh hng t trn tu. (c) Cng te n vn chuyn hng ha, k c cont te n cha hng ha. (d) Thit b nng hng tu bin. (e) Vt liu, sn phm lp t trn tu bin. Nhng con tu nm trong phm vi gim st ca ng kim ch c php hot ng khi c ng kim cp s ng k km theo h s v chng nhn phn cp c ng kim thng qua. 3. Cng c quc t lin quan n ngnh ng tu Cc cng c quc t thng l c t chc hng hi quc t c tn gi Inter-Government Maritime Organization, vit tt IMO, son tho, hiu chnh v khuyn co lu hnh ti tt c cc nc lin quan hng hi. T chc hng hi ny do hi ngh v hng hi ca Lin Hp Quc hp ti Geneve 16

1948 thnh lp vi tn gi ban u T chc t vn hng hi lin chnh ph, vit tt IMCO. Nhng cng c ra i t cc hi ngh IMO nhm mc ch m bo an ton mng ngi trn bin, an ton hng hi, an ton phng tin v cc bin php chng nhim mi trng. Nhng tu c thit k v ch to hot ng trn bin nht thit phi tun th nhng qui nh ngt ngho t ra trong cc cng c quc t. Mt s cng c lin quan n ngnh tu nh sau: International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea, 1948. Vit Nam tham gia Cng c quc t v an ton sinh mng con ngi trn bin, 1974, vit tt SOLAS, 74. International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea, 1960 International Convention for Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, 1954 as amended in 1962. Cng c quc t v ngn nga nhim bin do tu gy ra, 73/78, MARPOL, 73/78 International Convention on Load Lines, 1966. Cng c v mn kh tu bin, 1966, LOAD LINES, 66. International Convention on Tonnage Measurement of Ships, 1969. Cng c quc t v o dung tch tu bin,1969, TONNAGE, 69. International Convention relating to Intervention on the High Sea in cases of Oil Pollution Casualties, 1969 International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972. Qui tc quc t trnh va trn bin, 1972, COLREG, 72.

4. Vt liu ng tu 4.1. Thp ng tu Thp lm v tu thng l thp cacbon, cha t 0,15% n 0,23% cacbon cng lng mangan cao. Hai thnh phn gm lu hunh v pht pho trong thp ng tu phi mc thp nht, di 0,05%. T nm 1959 cc ng kim ng tiu chun ha thp ng tu nhm gim thiu cc cch phn loi thp dng cho ngnh ny, trn c s m bo cht lng. Theo tiu chun c chp nhn ny, c 5 cp thp, t k thut bng ting Anh vit l grade, cht lng khc nhau, dng cho tu thng mi. l cc cp A, B, C, D v E. Thp cp B dng ti nhng vng nhy cm vi tc ng lc, nhng ni i tm c chiu dy ln. ng kim ABS ghi r rng thp grade B vo danh mc thp dng lm thn tu. V sau ny nhiu nc khng ghi cp C vo danh mc cc cp thp ng tu. Theo cch ghi trong qui phm do ng kim Vit Nam a ra, cp thp chp nhn ti mc phn loi thp, iu 3.1.2- Qui phm phn cp v ng tu bin v thp, 2003, gm A, B, D, E. Nhng yu cu i vi thp ng tu, bn bnh thng. Bng 1.1 Grade Cacbon, % Mangan, % Phospho, % Lu hunh,% Silic, % Ni,Cr,Cu, % A 0,21 max 2,5min x cacbon 0,035 max 0,04 max 0,50 max B D 0,21 max 0,21 max 0,6 min 0,6 min 0,035 max 0,035 max 0,04 max 0,04 max 0,35 max 0,10-0,35 t hn 0,02% E 0,18 max 0,035 max 0,04 max 0,10-0,35 Ghi ch

17

 bn vt liu Gii hn bn tt c cc nhm: 400 490 N/mm2(4100-5000 kG/cm2) Thp hnh grade A : 400 550 N/mm2 Gii hn chy ca tt c cc nhm : 235 N/mm2 (2400kG/cm2) Thp grade A, dy trn 25 mm : 220 N/mm2( 2250 kG/cm2) Cc k hiu va nu trong phn vt liu ny c dng ti hu ht cc nc. Trong ti liu chnh thc do ng kim Vit Nam lu hnh, yu cu chung cho tt c 4 cp, theo TCVN 6259-7:2003 l: Bng 1.2 Cp thp A B D E Gii hn chy (N/mm2) 235 Th ko Gii hn bn (N/mm2) 400 520 gin di, % 22

Ngun cung cp thp ng tu kh phong ph. Chn thp cho kt cu cn bit xut x v cc tiu chun dng thp c chn. Mt s h thng qui tc bt buc p dng khi dng thp sn xut ti USA c th k sau y. H thng phn loi quan trng nht ca USA l AISI (American Iron and Steel Institut), theo h thng ny cp thp c dng 4 con s ch. S th nht ch cacbon, con s th hai ch lng phn trm hp cht chnh yu trong . V d 10XX ch thp cacbon. Hai con s cui ch lng cacbon, tnh bng phn trm, v d AISI 1040 ch thp cacbon cha 0,04% cacbon. Cc k hiu theo h thng ASTM (American Society for Testing Materials) mang c trng d nhn din, c dng chnh thc trong vn bn ca ng kim ABS. Thp thng dng trong ng tu thuc nhm A36-78, l thp cacbon, dng trong xy dng. Hai con s cui cng trong k hiu ASTM ch nm ra i ca phin bn mi nht. Thp tm, thp hnh, ng vv thng c phn loi trong h thng ny. Thp bn cao ghi trong h thng ny gm A242, A440, A441, v A588, vv Thp dng ch to chi tit c ghi bng k hiu ca n. Nhng k hiu ca kim loi v hp kim qui nh trong TCVN 1659 75 c tm tt nh sau: Thp cc bon thng thng (thp xy dng), k hiu bng CT v cc con s i sau ch bn ko, tnh bng daN/mm2. Thp nhm ny c th l CT31, CT33, CT34, CT38, CT42, CT51, CT61. Thp cac bon cht lng tt k hiu bng k t C. Con s i sau C ch hm lng cac bon, tnh bng phn vn, 1:10.000 . V d thp ca nhm C5, C8, C10, C15, C20, C25, C30, C40, C70, C85. Thp cng c k hiu bng CD, v d CD70, CD80, CD0, CD100, CD120. Thp hp kim ghi theo cch c dng ti Vit Nam nh cc v d: 10Mn2Si, 9Mn2, 10SiMnPb, 100Cr2 vv Trong cc sch k thut dng ti nc ta, cho n nhng nm chn mi ang s dng cc k hiu phn loi ca Nga t rt lu v c chuyn ha theo cch hiu ca ngi khng phi Nga. T cui nhng nm chn mi, ngi Nga s dng nhng tiu chun chung nh cc nc khc trong cng ng th gii, cch k hiu cng c nhng i mi. C l v s thay i t ngun cn gii thch r bn c d i chiu vi cc tiu chun va nu. Thp ng tu dng ti Lin x trc y c qui nh trong tiu chun nh nc lin bang, v d GOST 5521-50, t nm 1950, hoc trc , theo cc thp CT.3C, CT4C theo cch vit ca ngi Nga (nu phin m thnh Latinh cc k hiu phi c hiu l St 3S, St 4S) c dng nh thp bn bnh thng. K hiu ca ngi Nga mang ngha 18

CT - vit tt t thp, C vit tt ng tu. Thnh phn ca cc thp ng tu theo qui nh trong GOST 5521-50 v sau nh sau: Bng 1.3 Mc thp CT.3C CT.4C C, % 0,14 0,22 0,18 0,27 Si , % 0,12 0,35 0,12 0,35 Mn, % 0,35 0,60 0,4 0,7 S, % 0,05 0,05 P, % 0,05 0,05

Yu cu v gii hn chy v gii hn bn: CT.3C: CT.4C: khng nh hn 220 MN/m2; 380 470 MN/m2 khng nh hn 240 MN/m2; 420 520 MN/m2

Trong mt s tiu chun GOST c cng b nhng nm gn y, s dng gii hn di ca bn chy kt hp vi mc thp tiu chun quc t ISO. i vi thp ch to tu thuyn, theo GOST 5521-89 c hai loi u c tnh hn. Mt l loi thp c bn thng thng, c 4 mc thp A, B, C, D, gii hn chy l 235MPa; mt l loi thp c bn cao, mc thp l A x x, D x x, E x x. Trong x x biu th cp bn, v d A32 biu th cp 32 kG (tc 315 MPa), D40 biu th cp 40 kG (tc 395 MPa). 4.2. Kim loi mu ng kim loi k hiu bng Cu, gm Cu1, Cu2, Cu3 Cu1 ng kim loi cha 99,9% Cu; Cu2 ng kim loi cha 99,7% Cu; Cu3 ng kim loi cha 99,5% Cu. Latng (ng thau) k hiu L. V d LCuZn20, LCuZn40Pb2 Brng (ng thanh) k hiu B. V d BCuSn2, BCuSn6Zn6 uara, v d AlCu4Mg2. 4.3. Thp bn cao Theo tiu chun c cc nc chp nhn, thp bn cao dng trong ng tu c phn cp thnh ba mc, k hiu 32, 36, 40. Mi mc bn c chia lm bn cp: AH (v d AH32, AH36, AH40), DH (v d DH32, DH36, DH40), EH ( EH32, EH36,EH40). Mc bn cao hn, tnh t 42, 46, 50, 56, 62 v 69 c ghi vo cc grade FH. Theo tiu chun Vit Nam, thp cng cao c chia lm cc cp sau y: A 32, D32, E 32, A 36, D36, E 36, A 40, D 40, E 40, F32, F36 , F40. Thnh phn ha cht trong thp bn cao khng qu gii hn sau: Cacbon Mangan Phospho Lu hunh Nickel Gii hn bn : 0,18 % max; : 0,90 1,6 % : 0,04% max; : 0,04 % max; : 0,4 % max; Chrom Molybdem ng Silic Vanad : 0,25% max; : 0,08 max; : 0,35 % max; : 0,1 0,5 %; : 0,10 % max.

: H32 470 -585 N/mm2 (4800-6000 kG/cm2 ) 19

H36 H40

490-620 N/mm2 (5000-6300 kG/cm2) 510 650 N/mm2 (5200 6600 kG/cm2)

Gii hn chy : H32 315 N/mm2 (3200 kG/cm2) H36 H40 355 N/mm2 (3600 kG/cm2 ) 390 N/mm2 (4000 kG/cm2 ) cho mc 40; 22% cho mc 32.

gin di tng i : 20%

Tnh cht c hc ca cc cp thp cng cao: Bng 1.4 Cp thp A 32 D32 E 32 F32 A 36 D36 E 36 F36 A 40 D40 KE 40 KF40 Gii hn chy (N/mm2) 315 Th ko Gii hn bn (N/mm2) 440 590 gin di, % 22

355

490 620

21

390

510 650

20

Tnh cht c hc cc mc thp sn xut ti Lin trc y, k hiu cn lu li trong ti liu Vit Nam c ghi li nh sau. Bng 1.5 Mc thp (Nga) CX-1 CX-1 MC-1 092 M MK CX-45 KC Gii hn chy MN/m2 350 400 400 300 300 350 450 450 Gii hn bn MN/m2 520 540660 540660 450 480620 500640 560680 560680 gin di 10 % 18 16 16 18 1817 16 16 15

S dng cc cp thp vo kt cu tu theo ng chc nng ca chng. Cc nh ng tu cc nc tun th qui nh gn nh thng nht sau, trch t qui nh ca RMRS (Russian Maritime Register of Shipping).

20

Bng 1.6 C cu Cp thp 0 Loi hai A B D E A32,A36,A40 D32, D36, D40 E32, E36, E40 A B D E A32, A36, A40 D32, D36, D40 E32, E36, E40 A B D E A32, A36, A40 D32, D36, D40 E32, E36, E40 30 40 50 50 40 50 50 20 25 35 50 25 45 50 15 20 50 15 30 50 Nhit thit k dng cho vt liu, C -10 -20 -30 -40 Chiu dy c cu, mm, khng qu tr ga sau 20 10 30 20 10 40 30 20 10 50 50 50 45 30 20 10 50 45 35 25 50 50 50 45 10 20 10 25 20 10 50 50 40 30 20 10 40 30 20 10 50 50 40 30 10 45 35 25 10 20 10 45 35 25 10 -50 35 15 35 20 20 -

Loi mt

Hng c bit

Chiu dy cc tm hoc chiu dy thnh thp hnh ca ba cp A, B, D c cp ti y khng qu 50mm. Chiu dy ti a cp E ch c tnh 100mm. C th hn na, thp cp A, B thng ha c cung cp di dng chiu dy khng b hn ch trong gii hn, hiu n gin hn, thp cn thuc cp A, B c chiu dy bt k. Thp cp D chiu dy n 25mm c th l thp lng v x l ht mn ( steel is killed and fine grain treated). Thp cp D dy trn 35mm qua lng v x l ht mn cn phi chu th va p. 4.4. Hp kim nhm Vt liu truyn thng lm tu c nh, chy nhanh l hp kim nhm. Trn th trng quc t gi vt liu t hp kim nhm cao hn 10 ln thp cng trong lng. trong lng ring ca nhm thc ra ch bng 35% trong lng ring ca thp, do vy gi thnh tnh cho n v th tch vt liu, gi hp kim nhm ch cao hn thp 4 ln. iu c th ni, nu c gii hn bn ca hp kim nhm khng cch xa nhiu so vi thp thng, v mt l thuyt c th tit kim 65% trong lng vt liu nu thay th bng nhm. Trong thc t gii hn bn ca nhm thp hn do vy mc gim trong lng ti a khi thay thp bng nhm ch khng n 50%. Hp kim nhm dng ng v tu thng cha mangan nh cht b sung chnh. Hp kim ny chu c tc ng ca nc bin, trong khi bn ca n kh cao. Theo phn loi dng ti UK hp kim nhm dng trong ng v tu (marinealuminim alloys) c phn thnh 5 nhm chnh, k hiu N4, N5, N6, N8 v H30, tng ng cc phn loi ca ISO l A1Mg2, A1Mg2, A1Mg3-5, A1Mg3-5, A1Mg5, A1 Mg 4-5 Mn v A1SIMgMn. c tnh c hc hp kim nhm va nu nh sau: module n hi E = 69 Gpa, module ct G = 25 GPa bn ko nhm N4: 160-225 MPa, nhm N8:125-270 MPa, v ca H30:120-240 MPa. 21

Theo cch phn loi ca Nga, hp kim nhm mangan c ch to theo cc m AMg2, AMg3, AMg6, AMg61, v cc m khc. c tnh c hc cc tm cn t hp kim nhm sn xut ti Nga c xc nhn theo tiu chun nh nc OCT 261631, (GOST 261631). Theo tiu chun ny hp kim AMg2 c cc tnh cht: bn ko u = 176,4MPa, gii hn chy y = 147 MPa, gin di tng i a = 7%. Hp kim AMg3 c cc tnh cht: bn ko u = 186,2 MPa, gii hn chy y = 78 196MPa, gin di tng i a = 12 15%. Hp kim AMg4 c cc tnh cht: bn ko u = 235 MPa, Gii hn chy y = 98 MPa, gin di tng i a = 12%. Theo qui nh ghi trong quy phm ng tu v hp kim nhm ca DNV, c tnh c hc ti thiu p dng cho vt liu lm v tu phi l: Bng 1.7 Vt liu A1Mg3Mn A1Mg4 AMg4,5Mn AMsSil bn ko, MPa 240 250 270 170 Bng 1.8 Vt liu A1Mg4 A1Mg3Mn A1Mg4,5Mn A1MgSil Tiu chun tng ng ISO2 AA3 A1Mg4 5086 A1Mg3Mn 5454 A1Mg4,5Mn 5083 A1MgSil Si Max0,5 Max0,5 Max0,5 Max0,5 Thnh phn ho hc,% Mg Mn 3,5-4,6 Max0,8 2,4-3,4 0,3-1,0 4,0-4,9 0,3-1,0 0,4-1,0 Cht khc Cu: 0,1 F: 0,5 Cr: 0,35 Zn: 0,20 Ti: 0,20 Gii hn chy, MPa 110 110 145 115

Thnh phn hohc cc hp kim ny phi nm trong phm vi sau:

Cp v c tnh hp kim nhm cn dng lm v tu chy nhanh ghi trong TCVN 6451-2:1998 c trch dn ti bng di y. Lu bn c, m hiu c c quan c thm quyn Vit Nam dng cho hp kim nhm phi c hiu theo hon cnh c th. Trong bng sau, nu khng gii thch thm k hiu bng s khng khc k hiu c t chc AA (Aluminium Association) s dng. K hiu ch i sau s phi c i chiu vi gii thch do c quan c thm quyn nu. ng sut trong bng tnh bng Mpa. Bng 1.9 Hp kim nhm Nhm Nhm 5052 Cp 5052 P-O 5052 P-H32 5052 P-H34 5052 S-O 5052 S-H-112 22 Chiu dy t mm 75 12 12 130 130 Th ko Vt liu c bn ng sut th 65 min 155 min 175 min 70 min 70 min bn ko 175~125 215~265 235~285 175~245 175 min Lin kt hn bn ko 175 min

Nhm 5083

40 12 40 38 130

125~265 215~295 215~295 120 min 110 min 125 min 110 min 110 min 95 min 230 min 180 min 245 min 245 min 205 min 175 min

275~355 305~385 305~385 275~355 275 min 255 min 245 min

275 min

Nhm 5086

6,5 6,5< t 13 13< t 25 25< t 50 5086 S-H112

245 min

130

240 min 315 min 290 min 295 min 265 min 245 min 225 min

245 min 285 min 167 min 157 min

Nhm 5456 Nhm 6000

5456 P-H116 5456 S-H111 6061 P-T6 6061 S-T6 6N01 S-T5

30 130 6,5 12 6 6 < t 12

C hai loi vt liu truyn thng ny khi lm v tu i hi qui trnh bo dng rt nghim ngt. Tu phi c co h sn ln thng xuyn, b mt v tu phi m bo nhn gn vi mc khi xut xng tu c th pht huy tc tnh ton. Thc t cho thy, v tu thp c sc hp dn vi cc sinh vt bin trong mi trng nhit i v iu ny lm cho b mt v tu b nhm rt nhanh. c trng hp tu cao tc v thp c vn tc thit k 28 Hl/h, ch sau thi gian u ti bn ba tun b h bm bm tng sc cn v tu n mc khi chy li vn tc tu khng vt qua c 15Hl/h. 4.5. G G dng trong ng tu rt a dng. Tnh cht c hc ca vt liu ny khc nhau rt nhiu gia cc nhm g. D liu nu tip y c tnh theo gi tr trung bnh. Trng lng ring ca g thay i t g nh, v d thng: 600650 kg/m3 n 900 kg/m3 cho g cng. Tnh cht c hc ca g c xc nh theo nhng yu cu c bit ca ng kim. bn ko dc th vo khong 5060 MPa. Theo TCVN 1072-71 g dng trong ng tu c chia thnh 6 nhm theo tnh cht c l. - G nhm I, nhm II v nhm III c dng ch to khung xng ca tu. - Khng c dng g nhm IV, nhm V v nhm VI lm sn, sng mn v m ni, sng ui, sng mi, trc li, ng bao trc chn vt v b my. - Vn v v vng di ng nc phi l g nhm II hoc nhm III. Vn v vng trn ng nc v vn boong c th l g nhm IV. Vn bao ca thng tng v ca lu c th l g nhm V. Vn vch ngang kn nc c th l g nhm IV. G dng ng tu phi c sy kh, c m t 15 22%, khng b xin th. 23

TCVN 1072-1971: G Phn nhm theo tnh cht c l 1. Tiu chun ny dng cho cc loi go dng chu lc. Ch yu l xy dng v trong giao thng vn ti. 2. Cc loi g c chia thnh su nhm theo ng sut nn dc, un tnh, ko dc v ct dc nh quy nh trong bng 1.10. Bng 1.10 5 ng sut, 10 N/m2(1N/m2=105 kG/cm2) Nhm nn dc un tnh kodc ct dc I II III IV V VI T 630 tr ln 525-629 440-524 365-439 305-364 T 304 tr xung T 1300 tr ln 1080-1394 900-1079 750-899 625-749 T 624 tr xung T 1395 tr ln 1165-1394 970-1164 810-969 675-809 T 674 tr xung T 125 tr ln 105-124 85-104 70-84 60-69 T 59 tr xung

3. i vi cc loi g cha c s liu v ng sut th tm thi da theo khi lng th tch chia nhm nh trong bng 1.11. Bng 1.11 Nhm I II III VI V VI Khi lng th tch T 0,86 tr ln 0,73-0,85 0,62-0,72 0,55-0,61 0,50-0,54 T 0,49tr xung

4. Khi tnh ra cc tr s tnh ton th dng cc tr s ng sut qui nh trong bng 1.12. Bng 1.12 ng sut, 105N/m2 Nhm I II III 24 nn dc 630 525 440 un tnh 1300 1080 900 Ko dc 1395 1165 970 ct dc 125 105 85

IV V VI

365 305 205

750 625 425

810 675 460

70 60 45

4.6. Vt liu composite (cht do ct si thu tinh) Vt liu composite FRP dng c kt qu lu nay gm nha polyester khng no v si thu tinh. Vt liu ny thng c vit tt t ting Anh kiu M l FRP hoc theo cch vit ca ngi Anh l GRP. Nhng thng tin v vt liu do cc hng sn xut nc ngoi cung cp, thng tin v cng ngh lm vt liu composite c cc trng i hc Anh, M v t chc nng lng th gii FAO ti Rome, cng chi nhnh ca t chc ny ti ASIAN cung cp. Cc mu tu chy nhanh thng dng lm t vt liu composite c cc nh my lm tu chuyn dng ca hng Transfield (Uc), t hp cng nghip quc phng hunting (Vng quc Anh), Robert Allan (Canada), Simonneau (Php), Cng ty cng nh my Kan Nam (Hn Quc), t hp cng nghip ng tu Singapore gii thiu. Nhng thng tin lin quan ti Vit Nam chng ti s dng ti liu ni b cng thng tin ca cc c s lm vt liu composite, ti thnh ph H Ch Minh, Nha Trang, Kin Giang. Mt s tnh nng k thut ca vt liu FRT nh sau: (1) Vt liu composite lm v tu thu gm nha polyester khng no, t l trng lng nha trong thnh phn vt liu t 70% n 50%. Vt liu ny thuc nhm nhit ho (thermoset), mi phn ng xy ra trong mi trng t nhin, nhit bnh thng (t chuyn mn cn gi l nhit trong phng). Thi gian ng cng vt liu sau khi trt c th t 5 pht, mt gi hoc lu hn tu thuc yu cu ngi ch to. Khc vt liu nha lm dng gia dng, FRP hn 40 tui th vn gi uc c tnh c hc tt xp x lc mi c. c trng chnh v c tnh cc vt liu tham gia vo composite FRT nh sau: (a) Vt liu si thu tinh. Trong thc t sn xut vt liu composite, nuc ngoi ngi ta ang s dng 6 nhm thu tinh dng trong cng nghip vt liu composite. Thu tinh nhm E c dng rng ri nht, p dng cho nhiu lnh vc, gi khng cao. Thu tinh nhm A(alkali), nhm C( chu ho cht), c tnh c hc khc thu tinh nhm E khng nhiu, song gi cao hn. Thu tinh nhm S v nhm R p dng vo nhng trng hp i hi v sc bn rt cao nh my bay siu tc, tu v tr, c sn xut v a vo s dng song gi thnh cn qu cao. Thu tinh nhm E c ko thnh si ht sc mnh, ng knh tnh bng n v micron (k hiu bng 1:1.000.000m). V d mi si thu tinh dng lm tm v hng c ng knh ch bng 8 15 m. Nhiu loi thu tinh c bn li thnh b v cng mang tn gi si thu tinh. Nhng b nh nht gm 60 n 120 si mnh. c tnh c hc thu tinh nhm E: t trng 2,56; gii hn bn khi ko 3,4x105 N/m; modul n hi 27x106 N/m2. S thu tinh c b thnh cun, c p thnh tm hoc dt thnh tm. trong ngnh tu thu chng ta ang s dng cc dng bn thnh phm t si thu tinh nh sau: tm si v hng, vit tt CMS (chopped strand mat), si (rovings) do nhiu b si kt hp di dng ln hn, cun xon vv .. T si ngi ta dt thnh tm vi thu tinh, vit tt ca cm t ny l WR (woven roving), c chiu dy vi, trng lung tm trn mt din tch thay i, v d vi loi 300g/m2 hoc 600 hay 800g/m2. Trong thnh phn v tu lun c mt CMS vWR. Phn b lp, chn chiu dy cc lp vi, v cch trt lp tu thuc tnh nng v tu, tu thuc thit k v cng ngh ch to. 25

Ngoi si thu tinh, khi lm vt liu composite ngi ta cn dng si aramind hay cn gi l si Kevlar, nh hn si thu tinh song bn cao hn. Loi si th ba, si carbon khi ra i ch phc v ngnh hng khng, v tr song ngy nay tm thy ch ng dng trong v tu thu v gi vt liu gim nhiu ln so vi ngy u. Mt s tu nh, ch yu cho quc phng c lm bng kevlar hoc si cacbon. Si cacbon v si thch anh c cc nh khoa hc Nga tng hp, p dng trong cng nghip quc phng c kt qu, v hin nay vt liu ny ang c thm nhp vo cc ngnh khng phi quc phng nh h gi sn xut. Trong iu kin ca nc ta, si thu tinh nhm E c dng ph bin lm vt liu composite. Si nhm ny cho n nm 1996 u c nhp t nc ngoi, ch yu t i Loan, Hn Quc, Nht, Uc v Trung Quc. Gi vt liu ny lin tc h thp trong nhng nm qua. Mt khc kh nng sn xut si thu tinh trong nc, dng nguyn liu l ct trng trong nc, theo cng ngh nhp t ngoi l mt thc t. Ngun nguyn liu si thu tinh c th c nh gi l kh n nh trong iu kin hin nay. (b) Nha polyester khng no. sn xut v tu composite, ngoi si thu tinh cn cn nha cao phn t. Trc y ti Vit Nam nhiu ngi s dng epoxy, ch yu do Lin x (c) cung cp, lm vt liu lin kt v lm vt liu th composite. Do gi thnh nha epoxy cn cao, cn gi nha polyester thp nn nha polyester c s dng nhiu hn trong cng nghip sn xut vt liu composite. c tnh c hc ca nha polyester thay i tu thuc ng cp nha ang dng. Tnh cht c hc chung cho c nhm polyester nh sau: t trng 1,38; Gii hn bn 1,0x105 N/m2; modul n hi 11x106N/m2. Hin nay trn th trng c chng 25 n 30 chng loi mang tn gi polyester dng lm vt liu composite. Nhng m hiu nha quen thuc trn th trng Vit Nam, t quan st c th thy, c ngun t Bc u (an Mch, Nauy), t Uc, Hn Quc, Nht Bn V Trung Quc. Nha polyester khng no dng cho ngnh ng tu u phi c cc c quan ng Kim tu quc t th nghim v cp chng ch cng nhn cht lng m bo cho vic lm v tu. Theo cch phn loi ca c quan ng Kim, nha polyester khng no c chia ra cc nhm nh nha dng vo nhiu mc ch; nha c v tu; nha lm lp ph v tu, t chuyn mn gi l lp o ngoi b mt (gelcoat); nha chm chy lm xung cu sinh chu la; nha chu tc ng ca ho cht; nha chu du; nha lm kt; nha lm bn cha nc, cha du. Trong sn xut thc t chng ta s dng gn ht chng loi nha c ng Kim cp chng ch. Mi chng loi ph hp vi cng vic c ch nh. Tu thuc nc sn xut, m hng ho thng mi ca nha khc nhau song cht lng nha mi nhm phi m bo nhng yu cu ti thiu. Theo cch phn loi ang thnh hnh Chu u, m hiu nha c k hiu bng s, v d nha 873E l nha a mc ch, c kh nng ng cng nhanh (chng 15 pht); nha 876E l nha chuyn lm v tu hoc cng trnh trong mi trng nc bin; nha 849 c kh nng chu la; nha 844 chu c tc ng ca acid. Cng lm tng y nhim v, cng c kh nng chu la, chu acid song m hiu nha sn xut ti Hn Quc c m ho nh sau: G-3(BT), G-774(T,S,Y,P,), RF-2000SE, S-650, vv Tu thuc kh nng s dng, v iu ny c lin quan n m hiu nha, gi nha khng hon ton nh nhau. Chnh lch gi gi nha cht lng cao v polyester cht lng thp hn c khi n 50%. Mt iu ng quan tm cho nhng ngi lm v tu composite l ga nha polyester trn th gii ngy cng gim. Nh s h gi mua nguyn liu gm si thu tinh v nha polyester, gi vt t lm v tu gim theo. n gi mt v tu hon chnh lm bng vt liu composite trc y cao hn gi v tu c kch thc tng ng lm bng thp hoc g, hin nay gi v tu composite khng vt qu gi v thp. 26

Cng ngh lm v tu bng vt lu composite hin nay bao gm cc bc chnh nh sau:(1) Lm khun m (khun ci ) bng composite; (2) Chun b vt liu chng dnh tch khun khi c xong; (3) Trt lp gelcoat; (4) Trt cc vt liu composite theo qui trnh xc nh; (5) To cc chi tit gia cng dc hoc ngang; (6) To vch dc, vch ngang bng vt liu composite hoc vt liu khc; (7) lm boong; (8) Lin kt thng tng. Trong tt c cc bc, khu vt liu composite ng vai tr ti cn thit. Vt liu ny c to ra khi lin kt bn hai thnh phn chnh l nha polyester nu trn. Vt liu s ng cng nhit bnh thng vi s c mt ca cht ng cng hay cn gi l cht xc tin hay cht gia tc. Thi gian ng cng thng p dng khi trt v tu l trn di mt gi ng h. Kch thc v hnh dng vt th do vt liu composite to thnh b gii hn bi s c mt ca khun m. Sau ng cng, v tu nh hnh ng hnh mu m khun m hn nh. Khi thnh vt liu composite c tnh c hc ca FRP nh sau: Vt liu FRP c t trng t 1,551,7 t/m3 .So vi thp ng tu, t trng ca FRP ch bng 1/5 t trng ca thp (t trng thp ng tu 7,8 t/m3). Gii hn bn nm trong phm vi 1200 1600 kG/cm2.

(2) Gii hn bn ca vt liu FRP thp hn ca thp (bng 50%60% gii hn bn ca thp ng tu vi gii hn bn ca thp ng tu 2400 kG/cm2). Xt khi lng vt t cn a vo tu cng kch c v tnh nng, c th nhn thy tnh, nh t trng bn thn nh cn gii hn bn khng qu nh so vi thp, nn s lung vt t FRP s nh hn, cn dng thp khi lng thp tnh bng tn s ln hn (xem bng so snh di). Tnh cht ny cho php gim lng gin nc ca v tu bng FRP, v iu ny c li cho vic lm tng tc tu hoc gim cng sut my. (3) Vt liu FRP ra i 50 nm, ng dng trong ngnh ch to v tu trn 40 nm. Nhng v tu u tin ch to t gia nhng nm 40 ca th k XX, trn c s cng ngh thi by gi, cha tin tin, vn cn bn vng cho n ngy nay. T thc t cho thy vt liu FRP tm c ch ng dng tt v ph hp trong ngnh ng tu thu. Thc t cng cho thy vt liu FRP khng b thm thu, khng ngm nc (t l ngm nc ca vt liu nm trong gii hn 1/10.0000), khng b lo ho nhanh. Sinh vt bin khng c kh nng thm nhp v ph hoi loi vt liu ny. Nh tnh cht ny vic bo dng v tu FRP d dng hn nhiu so vi bo dng v thp, v g. Ngi ta c th bo dng v tu FRP, k c phn chm m khng cn ln , vo nu v cha b s c trm trng. Di y l bng so snh cc tnh nng ch yu gia thp, nhm, g, vt liu FRP. Trng lng trn mt m2 din tch v tu di 14m c tnh nh sau cho cc loi vt liu khc nhau, trong tnh c vt t lm cc np gia cng kt cu: Bng 1.13 Cc c trng Trng lng ring, (t/m3) Chiu dy v (tnh mm) Trng lng vt liu/m2 G 0,780,82 35 50kg Thp 7,8 5 56kg FRP 1,61,7 9-10 24kg XMLT 2,6 28 76kg

27

CHNG 2 H THNG KT CU THN TU

1. H thng kt cu thn tu V tu dng chung nht c xt nh kt cu v c np cng. Ba khung gin kt cu t cc dm ngang, dm dc, lp bng tm, nh gii thiu c tn gi bng ting Anh panel grillage, ng vai tr cc khung chnh to v tu. l cc khung gin y, mang k hiu 1, khung gin mn 2 v khung gin boong 3 ca kt cu tu v kim loi (hnh 2.1).

Hnh 2.1

Cn c b tr cc c cu cng nh vai tr cc panel trong ngnh xy dng, ca cc khung va nu phn bit h thng kt cu tu. Hai h thng kt cu tu, h thng ngang (transverse framing) c cch sp xp panel nh ti hnh 2.2a, trong khong cch gia cc c cu cng t ngang tu ngn hn khong cch cng tn song t dc. Nu k hiu a khong cch gia cc panel t ngang, b khong cch gia hai panel t dc, du hiu phn bit h thng ngang s l: a < b Ngc li, trng hp a > b chng ta gp kt cu theo h thng dc (longitudinal framing), hnh 2.2b. Trng hp th ba, khong cch a gn bng b, cc panel c xp nh mng li u nhau chng ta gp trng hp kt cu trung gian nh hnh 2.2c.

Li

Mui

Hnh 2.2 H thng kt cu tu Trc khi tm hiu cc h thng kt cu bn c c th nh li cch gi tn cc c cu v chi tit trong thn tu. Thn tu (hull) dng kt cu v mng c gia cng dc v ngang, m bo tu ni trn nc v lm vic an ton trong cc ch khai thc. Thng l c th coi tu gm ba phn chnh, xt theo chiu dc nh phn li (aft end region) chim khong 30% chiu di tu, phn gia tu (midship region) chim 40% v phn mi (fore end region) chim phn cn li. Phn mt tu c hiu l phn thuc 0,1L tnh t mi mt tu. Trong ba phn ny ngi k s phi i su vo phn tch, tnh ton v hnh thnh kt cu c trng tng vng. Nhng kt cu ti phn ui hoc phn li nh va gi thng thng gm c kt cu vng li, sau vch ui (after peak structure), kt cu vm ui, sng li (sternframe, shaft brackets and bossings). 28

Khu vc gia i c quan tm ng mc. Cc kt cu c tm quan trng c bit gm lp tn bao, mt ct ngang tng ng ca thn tu v m un chng un ca mt ct, cc vch ngang, vch dc (bulkhead), y tu, boong. Vng trc ca tu gm nhng phn quan trng: sng mi (stem), boong mi, kt su (deep tanks), kt cu c trng khu vc trc vch chng va (fore peak structure). Theo chiu cao, nhng ngi tnh ton kt cu tip xc vi nhng kt cu chnh ca tu, tnh t di ln nh y tu (c th dng y n, y i) thng l b phn quan trng nht nh, nm di cng thn tu. Trong cm kt cu ny sng chnh tu (keel) phi c quan tm hng u v y l xng sng ca tu. Nu bn c cn nh cch gi ca ngi Trung Hoa rng y l long ct, tc xng sng ca rng, chng ta s thy cch coi trng ca nhng ngi quan tm n kt cu tu thuyn. Dn mn, cc vch, ct chng vv nh nhng thnh ng, tr ng lm cho tu cng vng. Boong hoc cc boong (decks) v kt cu boong lm nhng chc nng khc nhau, boong gia (tweendeck) lm ni cha hng, boong trn ng vai tr boong thi tit khng ch che ma nng cho tu m cn ng vai tr boong sc bn. Nhng chi tit chnh ca thn tu bn c lm quen trong phn ny c th tng kt ti hnh 2.3.

Hnh 2.3. Kt cu chnh thn tu Cc ghi ch trn hnh 2.3 mang ngha: 1- mi tu (bow), 2- boong mi (forecastle), 3- thng tng gia (middle supertructure), 4- bung li (wheel house), 5- booong li (poop deck), 6- vm li (stern), 7- be gi, be chn gi, mn gi (bulwark), 8- lan can, tay vn (rails), 9- tn mn (side plating), 10y (bottom), 11- ming hm hng (cargo hatch), 12, 13- thnh ming hm hng (hatch coaming), 14sng mi (stem), 15- l li (stern-post), 16- boong (upper deck), 17-ng hn dc ni tn v (seams), 18- ng hn ngang (butt). Thng tng ca tu (supperstructure) c b tr trn boong, c th hn trn boong mn kh. Chiu rng thng tng c th bng chiu rng tu ti khu vc t thng tng. Trng hp thng tng c cc vch bn khng trng vi chiu rng mp mn, khong cch gia vch v mp mn khng ln hn 4% chiu rng tu ti khu vc ang cp. Thng l cc thng tng phi l kt cu kn, cc l khot vch bn hoc vch trc/sau phi c phng tin ng m bo kn nc, chu c tc ng mi trng. phn bit r rng v chnh xc h thng kt cu cn thit xem xt k hn b tr cc c cu cng ca tu. Trn tu kt cu h thng ngang, gin y, gin mn v gin boong c t chc hon ton theo 29

ng cch thc nu: ngang, sn, x ngang boong t ti mi khong sn, ni vi nhau qua cc m. Hnh 2.4 m t mt ct ngang tu vn ti i bin theo h thng ngang c trng cho h thng kt cu ny.

Hnh 2.4. Kt cu mt ct ngang tu theo h thng ngang Cc ghi ch trn hnh 2.4 mang ngha sau: 1 x ngang boong (transverse beam), 2 sn (frame), 3 ngang y (floor), 4 sng ph y (side girder), 5 sng chnh y (center girder), 6 sng hng (margin plate), 7 tn y trn (tank top plating), 8 tn boong trn (upper deck plate), 9 tn boong ni khoang th hai (2nd deck plate), 10 tn boong ni khoang th ba (3rd deck plate), 11 - tm quy ming khoang hng (hatch side coaming), 12 - tn sng nm/tn gia y (plate keel), 13 m hng (tank side bracket), 14 tn mp boong (stringer plate), 15 tn mp mn (sheer strake), 16 m x ngang boong (beam bracket). Mt ct dc tu vi kt cu theo h thng ngang c trnh by ti hnh 2.5 tip theo.

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Hnh 2.5. H thng kt cu ngang tu vn ti Cc ghi ch trn hnh 2.5 c ngha: 1 cc boong (decks), 2 vch ngang (tranverse bulkheads), 3 sn thng (frames), 4 sn khe (web frames) ch c trong bung my, 5 x ngang boong (deck beams), 6 ngang y (floors), 7 sng dc mn (stringers), 8 - x dc boong (girders), 9 sng mi (stem), 10 sng li (stern frame). Trong h thng ny, kt cu y, mn v boong tun th y qui nh dnh cho h thng ngang. Khong sn tu nh th hin ti mt ct dc, lun nh hn khong cch ngn nht ca hai c cu dc gn nhau. C th lu bn c ngay t nhng dng u tin v kt cu, rng trn tu vn ti t chc theo h thng ngang cc sn tu c b tr theo cch hp l nht nhm m bo bn tu m khng lm mt i dung tch cn thit cha hng. Cc sn mang tn gi bng ting Anh Web ch b tr trong khu vc bung my, m bo bn cc b, trong khi trong cc hm hng ngi ta ch b tr sn thng, trnh b tr sn khe nhm gim thiu phn chim ch ca c cu. Ngc li, trong h thng kt cu dc, xut hin cc c cu dc thy r trong c ba khung gin va cp. Khong cch gia cc np dc ca y, mn, boong (bottom, side, deck longitudinals) kh nh, xp x bng khong sn. Khong cch gia cc c cu ngang trong h thng ny kh ln, thng t ba khong sn tr ln. Hnh nh thn tu theo h thng dc c trnh by ti hnh 2.6 nu r s khc bit trong b tr c cu so vi h thng va nu trc.

Hnh 2.6. Kt cu h thng dc dng cho tu du 31

Tn gi c cu trong bn v ny c hiu nh sau. 1 boong (deck), thng thng tu du ch mt boong, 2 vch ngang (tranverse bulkheads), 3 sn thng (side frames), 4 sn khe (web), 5 x ngang boong khe (deck transverse), 6 ngang y (floors), 7 vch dc (longitudinal bulkheads), 8 np dc boong (deck longitudinals), 9 x dc mn (stringers), 10 boong dng mi (forecastle), 11 boong lu li (poop). iu c th nhn xt, kt cu thc s mang c tnh ca h thng dc tri di trn phn ln tu. Cc khoang hng ti khu vc gia tu t chc hon ton theo nguyn tc ca h thng dc. Phn mi tu khng p dng 100% nguyn tc ny, phn li ngi ta c thay i trong cch b tr h thng. bn v phi cnh tu ch hng lng, kt cu theo h thng dc c trnh by tip ti hnh 2.7.

Hnh 2.7. H thng kt cu dc tu ch du Cc ghi ch trn hnh mang ngha: 1- sng chnh y (center girder); 2- tn sng nm (plate keel); 3- ngang y (floor); 4,12- sng ph y (side girder); 5- dm dc y (bottom longitudinal), 6,10, 13, 17, 19,21, 23, 32, 40,43- np gia cng (strut); 7- tn y ngoi (bottom plating); 8- vch dc (longitudinal bulkhead); 9- np dc vch (bulkhead stiffener); 11- sng ng vch dc (longitudinal bulkhead girder); 14- di tn hng (bilge strake);15- tn mn (side plating); 16- dm dc mn (stiffener);18- sn khe (web frame); 20- thanh x chng va (panting beam); 22, 27, 29, 41, 42- m lin kt (beam bracket); 24- di tn mp mn (sheer strake); 25- dm dc boong (deck longitudinal); 26- tn boong (upper deck); 28, 30- x ngang boong khe (strong beam); 31- sng boong (deck girder); 33- sng chnh boong (center deck girder); 34,38 - sng ng vch (vertical girder bukhead); 35- vch ngang 32

(transverse bulkhead); 36- np vch (bulkhead stiffener); 37- sng nm vch (horizontal girder bulkhead); 39- sng ng vch ngang (vertical bulkhead girder). H thng hn hp dng cho tu ch hng kh c minh ha ti hnh 2.8. Theo cch lm ti y, y tu kt cu hon ton theo h thng dc (longitudinally framed bottom), boong trn cng theo ng chun dng cho y. Trong khi dn mn tu khc vi hai bn ni hai u, kt cu theo h thng ngang. Boong gia t chc theo h thng ngang. Ti y chng ta cn hiu h thng hn hp mang ngha thc t v kt cu, t chc theo cch ny cc c cu chu ng sut mt cch hp l hn v bng cch c th tit kim vt liu lm v tu mt cch ng k. Cn ni r hn, b tr cc c cu nh ti hnh2.8 l xut ca vin s hn lm Shymanski thi Lin x cn tn ti.

Hnh 2.8.

H thng kt cu hn hp dng cho tu hng

Cc ghi ch trn hnh mang ngha: 1 x dc boong (ting Anh chnh thc E-E gi l deck girder), 2 tn boong (deck plating), 3 np dc boong (deck longitudinal), 4 x ngang boong (deck transverse), 5 m (beam knee), 6 sn (frame), 7 tn boong gia (tweendeck plating), 8 x ngang boong (beam), 9 tn mn (side plating), 10 m hng (bilge bracket), 11 ki (vertical keel), 12 dc (side girder), 13 np dc y (bottom longitudinal), 14 ngang c (solid floor), 15 y trong (tank top), 16 tn y (bottom plating), 17 vch ( bulkhead), 18 np vch (bulkhead stiffener), 19 ct chng (pillar). 33

2. H thng kt cu ngang H thng ngang c dng trong ngnh ng tu t rt sm, ch yu cho cc tu chiu di khng ln. Nhng tu v g hu nh ch to theo h thng ny. Tu v thp ra i, ban u tu cha phi c ln nn c theo c, theo kinh nghim lm tu g ngi ta s dng h thng ngang lm chun. u im ni bt ca h thng kt cu ngang l kh nng chu cc lc tc ng ngang, tc ng mang tnh cc b rt tt. Nu xt v sc bn cc b, nh chng ta quen trong [8], h thng khung ngang k t ngang, sn, x ngang c kh nng chu ti trng cc b hon ho. Ch to tu c kt cu theo h thng ngang thng n gin, chnh v vy nhng nh ng tu ngy trc rt a chung kt cu dng ny. iu c th ni thm, trn cc tu ch hng kh, kt cu theo h thng ny cho php b tr cc khoang hng gn, hp l, to nhiu thun li cho ngi dng, dung tch hm hng ln cn thit. H thng ngang p dng trn tu c nh hoc c trung bnh t r tnh u vit ca n. Chiu dy tn v khng nht thit phi qu dy nh c cu lm vic ca bn thn tu. Momen un chung ti nhng mt ct khu vc gia tu, t l vi chiu di tu khng qu ln, ng sut nn cc tm boong hoc y trong nhng trng hp ny khng t gi tr ng lo ngi, n nh tm trong h thng ngang vn nhy cm vi ng sut nn v cch b tr tm khng to ra s lo lng qu mc. Mt ct ngang tu vn ti i bin, t chc theo h thng ngang, ch to vo nhng nm su mi c dng nh ti hnh 2.9. Trn hnh, chng ta c nhn xt: tu c thit k hai boong, np hm hng cu trc bng cc tm np ri, dc khoang hng c gn cc tm lt ngang 13 bng g, cch lm ny ngy nay c bin th bng cc tm lt thp, gia cng lin vi qu trnh ng mi tu.

Hnh 2.9. Mt ct ngang tu vn ti kt cu theo h thng ngang Cc ghi ch tn hnh c gii thchnh sau: 1- Np ming khoang (hatch cover), 2- X ngang tho lp c (hatch beam), 3- thnh ming khoang (hatch coming), 4- tn mn chn sng (bulwark plate), 5tn boong trn (upper deck plating), 6- x ngang boong (deck transverse beam), 7- m x (beam bracket), 8- vch dc (line bukhead plating), 9- np vch (bukhead stiffener), 10- tn boong th hai/boong ni khoang (tweendeck plating), 11- sn kho (web frame), 12- sn thng (hold frame), 13- tm lt ngang 34

(horizontal sparring), 14- ct chng khoang (hold pillar), 15- tn y trn (inner bottom plating), 16- vn lt sn (bottom ceiling), 17- ngang c (solid foor), 18- ngangh/gim trng lng (open floor), 19sng chnh (center girder), 20- sng ph (side girder), 21- tn y (bottom plating), 22- tn mn (side plating). Cc tu c nh thng l kt cu theo h thng ngang. Hnh 2.10 trnh by mt trong nhng v d thng dng thng thy trn cc tu cng tc c nh, chy sng. y tu t chc theo h thng ngang, 60 x6 sng chnh cao 400mm, sn khe c quy cch ch T b tr xen ln sn thng c quy cch 130 x 4 L63x40x5 v c sng dc mn. X ngang boong c quy cch L56x36x4, boong thng tng cao 2200mm, tn vch dy 3mm.

Hnh 2.10. Kt cu tu c nh, theo h thng ngang Hnh 2.11 v 2.12 trnh by kt cu tu hai thn chy sng vi kt cu theo h thng ngang. im khc bit so vi thng l c nu ti phn trnh by h thng kt cu, trn tu ny sn khe c s dng c nhng khoang ngoi bung my, k c khoang ui v khoang mi. Cc sn khe lm tng bn khi chu tc ng cc b.

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36 Hnh 2.11. Kt cu tu catamaran theo h thng ngang

Hnh 2.12. Kt cu mt ct ngang tu hai thn (catamaran) chy sng

3. H thng kt cu dc

So vi h thng ngang, h thng dc s dng vo kt cu tu mun hn, k t khi tu v thp tm c ch ng vng. H thng dc lc u ng dng rng ri hn trn cc tu qun s sau mi chuyn sang tu dn s. Cng lao trong lnh vc ny cn k n nh ng tu ngi Anh Scott Russel. Theo xut Russel t nhng nm1852 n 1857 kt cu h thng dc c p dng cho tu Great Eastern, m u cho vic s dng h thng ny. Tuy nhin cn ni r, cc nh ng tu v cc c quan ng kim thi cha tin lm vo h thng ny nu khng ni h c thi mit th h thng dc. Nm 1910, tc 60 nm sau k t lc h thng dc vo tu, Lloyds Register of Shipping ca UK cn phi ghi vo giy kim tra v phn cp tu v thp kt cu theo h thng dc mt k hiu m ngy nay chng ta cn ngm ngi exp, vit tt t th nghim nhng li mang ngha cha th xong hoc r hn ang giai on th nghim. H thng dc dng cho cc tu c chiu di ln t r nhiu u vit. So vi h thng ngang, nu dng cho tu di, h thng ny c th gim n 15% nguyn liu lm v trong khi vn m bo bn dc tu. Kt cu dc thng l kt cu khe hiu theo ngha cng, vng khi chu lc bn ngoi tc ng, cn tin cy cao. Chng ta th xem li vi vn chung quanh n nh tm thp lm v tu thy cc u im ng pht huy ca h thng kt cu ny 1. T l thuyt tm, v c th thy rng, vi cc tm cng kch thc hn vo khung tu trong h thng dc s c n nh cao hn bn ln nu so vi tm t ngang trong h thng ngang. Gi tr bn va nu cp n gii hn ca ng sut Euler khi tnh cho tm dc v tm ngang. Cn iu ny na, cc dm dc (girder, stringer), np dc (longitudinal) c tham gia y vo thnh phn cu thnh mt ct ngang ca dm tng ng khi tnh momen qun tnh mt ct, m un chng un mt ct, trong khi cc chi tit quan trng hng u ca h thng ngang, v d ngang, sn, x ngang vv khng c mt trong cc bng tnh quan trng ny. iu sau cng gii thch rng mc du h thng dc phi s dng lng vt t ng k lm cc c cu tng cng nh nu trn song tnh chung cuc lng vt t a vo thn tu di vn t hn nu so vi kt cu theo h thng ngang. ng dng h thng dc trn cc tu vn ti c th thy r qua cc v d. Tu vn ti hng kh, c ln, chiu di tu di, chu tc ng momen un chung s mang ga tr ln. Trong cc kt cu chnh to nn thn tu, tm y v tm boong nm xa trc trung ha nht.
1

ngh bn c xem thm phn L thuyt n hi.

37

Ti hai nhm kt cu ny ngi ta phi x l ng sut nn nhiu khi t gi tr nguy him cho n nh tm. Tnh hnh ny i hi y v boong c thit k theo h thng dc, cc tm c b tr theo cch c li nht v mt m bo n nh. Tu hng phi c cc ming hm hng rng, di nhm tng tnh thun li bc d hng , rt ngn thi gian thao tc hng. Tu hin i thng b tr t mt dy n nhiu dy ming hm hng, v nh vy chiu rng l khet ti tm boong rt ln. Hu qu ca vic lm ny l di tn cn lin tc ca boong, di tn c php tham gia vo thnh phn mt ct ngang dm tng ng cn li khng nhiu. Ngi thit k b bt buc phi tng cng cc np dc, cc kt cu dc khc lm tng din tch boong trong thnh phn mt ct ngang dm tng ng v tng momen qun tnh cng m un chng un ca mt ct. iu ny gii thch tu vn ti c ln c thit k theo h thng dc l chnh. Kt cu c bn tu hai thn chy sng, t chc theo h thng dc c gii thiu ti hnh 2.13 v 2.14. H thng dc ca tu b tr theo thng l nhm m bo bn chung ton tu trong cc ch khai thc. Kt cu ngang trong tu c tng cng vi mc ng k so vi cc tu chy sng mt thn nhm m bo bn cc b tu. Kt cu y v mn khu vc bung my theo h thng ngang nhm tng cng bn cc b. Mt ct ngang tu, hnh 2.13, trnh by thm chi tit, sn tu ti thng tng t chc trong h thng ngang, tm che trn cng c dp sng chy dc tng cng dc, t boong tr xung kt cu tu theo h thng dc.

Hnh 2.13. Mt ct ngang catamaran trong h thng kt cu dc

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Hnh 2.14 H thng kt cu dc tu catamaran

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4. H thng hn hp ngang dc

H thng hn hp dng ph bin cho tu vn ti c ln thng t chc theo m hnh nu ti hnh 2.15.

Hnh 2.15a

Hnh 2.15b
40

Cc ghi ch trn hnh 2.15a v 2.15b mang ngha: 1- sng chnh (center girder), 2- sng ph (side girder), 3- dm dc y di (bottom longgitudinal), 4- dm dc y trn (top longgitudinal of double bottom), 5- ngang c (solid foor), 6- di tn gia y (keel), 7- di tn A/k di tn gia y (A strake), 8- tn y (bottom plating), 9- di tn hng (bilge strake), 10- tn mn (side plating), 11- di tn nh mn (top side strake), 12- di tn mp mn (sheer strake), 13- tn y trn (inner bottom plating), 14m hng (tank side bracket), 15- tm p (gusset plate), 16- sn khoang (hold frame), 17- sn ni boong (tween deck frame), 18- x ngang boong th hai (2nd deck beam), 19- m x (beam bracket), 20- boong th hai (2nd deck), 21- boong trn (upper deck), 22- tm mp boong (stringer plate), 23- m chng vn (tripping plate), 24- x ngang boong (deck transverse beam), 25- dm dc boong (deck longitudinal), 26sng boong (deck girder), 27- thnh ming khoang (hatch coming), 28- x ngang boong kho (strong beam), 29- sn kho (web frame), 30- ct chng khoang (hold pillar), 31- ct chng boong ni khoang (tween deck pillar), 32- tn mn chn sng (bulwark plate), 33- tay vn (hand rail), 34- ct np mn chn sng (bulwark stay), 35- np nm (horizontal bracket), 36- vy gim lc (bilge keel), 37- m gia cng sng chnh (docking bracket), 38- m gia cng sng hng (bracket to margin plate), 39- m hng (tank side bracket), 40- m lin kt dm dc y (bracket to longgitudinal bottom), 41- np ng (vetical stiffener), 42- thanh chng (strut), 43- l khot cho ng hn chui qua (scallop or serration), 44- l khot gim trng lng (lightening hole), 45- sng hng nghing (margin plate), 46- l khot ngi chui (manhole), 47- vch kn nc (water tight bukhead), 48- np vch (bukhead stiffener), 49- tm m chn ct chng (doubling). ng dng thc t ca m hnh c gii thiu ti hnh 2.16 di y. Trong y tu t chc theo h thng dc vi cc c cu gm np dc y L200x100x10, t cch nhau 900. dc chnh (ki ng) chy sut khu vc gia tu 0,4L cao 1160mm dy 13mm. dc ph b tr i xng qua tm dc tu, mi bn hai dc. hai boong u t chc theo h thng dc. Cc khung khe ca h thng ngang t cch nhau 3,0m. X ngang boong trn c chiu cao tm thnh 350, chiu cao cho x ngang boong gia 380. Sn khe b tr ti khu vc bung my, cch nhau 3,0m. C cu sn khe t thp m 340x12,5.

Hnh 2.16 H thng kt cu hn hp dng trn tu hng

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H thng kt cu hn hp cn c ch ng trn cc tu ch du c trung hoc c ln. Bn v phi cnh miu t h thng hn hp ngang dc trn tu du c trnh by ti hnh 2.17.

Hnh 2.17 Trn hnh c th thy r, kt du dc p dng ng nguyn tc cho gin y, gin boong. Gin mn tu t chc theo nguyn tc h thng ngang. Hai vch dc ca tu vi t cch thnh phn chnh tham gia bn dc tu, c tng cng bng cc c cu t chc trong h thng ngang. Cc np ng lm t thp nh hnh lm chc nng c cu cng, hn vo vch nh sn tu vo mn. Hai u np ng ngi ta s dng m ln, b mp, lin kt np ng vi tn boong v tm y. Chiu rng chn m di, ting Anh vit l bracket, phi vn n np dc y gn n nht. Chiu cao bracket thng phi t 1,5 n 2 ln chiu rng. M lin kt u trn thng c kch thc nh hn. Bn v k thut mt ct ngang cng tu c trnh by hnh 2.18 sau:

Hnh 2.18. Mt ct ngang tu ch du

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5. Kt cu cc tu vn ti thng dng

Trong phn tm hiu h thng kt cu ny bn c c th tm hiu k kt cu cc tu trong nhm tu ch hng tng hp (general cargo ships) tu du (tankers), tu ch hng ri (bulkcarries), tu ch qung (ore carries), tu ch hng thng (container ships), nhng tu c kt cu theo h thng ngang v/hoc h thng dc. 5.1. Tu vn ti hng kh. Tu nhm ny c gi chung l tu ch hng tng hp, ng gi hoc cu kin, l tu ra i sm, s lng ng o nht. Tu vn ti i bin sc ch t 7.000 dwt n trn 10.000 dwt, tu cn hi (ven b) sc ch khim tn hn, t vi trm tn n 1.500 dwt. Mt s kiu tu vn ti hng kh ra i khong nhng nm nm mi tr v sau c gii thiu ti chng 1, mc 1.1.

Hnh 2.19 Tng chiu rng cc ming hm hng so vi chiu rng tu vt qu gii hn cho php ca nhng nm gia th k XX. T l ny ngy nay c th t n 80% - 85%, hnh 2.19. Ngoi tnh trng trn y, nhng tu chuyn ch hng kch thc ln, kh a ln tu qua ming hm hng trn boong ngi ta phi m cc ming hm hng ti mn. S lng l khet ny c khi t con s khng nh. Cc l khot lm cho kt cu mn b yu, hnh 2.20.

Hnh 2.20 c im kt cu tu hng c ln cn ch, s boong trn tu khng ch mt m thng c thm cc boong gia. Kt cu c trng ca tu c ln trong nhm l tu ba boong, bn c nhiu ln lm quen trong ti liu ny. Hai hnh va nu trn l tu ba boong, tnh theo chiu cao. Trong mi trng hp vi tu ming hm hng rng nht thit phi tm mi bin php tng din tch phn tn lin tc nm ti boong, tham gia vo thnh phn mt ct dm tng ng, tng m un chng un ca mt ct. Thnh ming hm hng (hatch coaming) cc tu ang cp phi ch to theo yu cu b p bn cho boong b khet. Kt cu thnh ming hm hng tu vn ti v vy thng c kch thc khng thng thng, chiu dy tm thnh khng nh v kt cu ny chy dc, lin tc trn sut chiu di phn gia tu. Mt s tu trong nhm tm kim bin php tng bn dc qua kt cu y i, mn i.
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Chia khoang tu vn ti theo qui tc chung, cc vch ngang, kn nc c b tr cch nhau khng qu 0,2 chiu di tu. Nhng nm cui th k XX chiu di gia hai vch ngang k nhau trn cc tu vn ti chy nhanh nh cc liner ships tu vn ti trn cc tuyn ng di, c nh, tu ch hng lnh, b thu ngn hn nhm tng tnh chng chm. y i tu p dng trn cc tu khng phi tu c nh. Tu di t 60 m tr ln u c y i, chy lin tc t vch chng va mi n vch khoang li. Chiu cao y i c chiu cao ti thiu 620 mm ngi c th kim tra, thao tc cc cng vic cn thit trong hm y i. Chiu cao y i thng gp ca tu hng kh t 1,0m n 1,20m. Khong khng trong y c s dng cho nhiu mc ch, ngoi chc nng khoang chng chm. Trong y i c th b tr kt cha nc dn, nu cn phi th, cha du, nc cho tu. Kt cu c trng tu vn ti c nh, thm ch c trung bnh l kt cu theo h thng ngang. Mt ct ngang tu gii thiu ti hnh 2.4, hnh 2.9 i din cho kt cu ny. Cn ni r thm, h thng ngang p dng cho c tu vn ti hng kh vi lng chim nc trn 20.000 dwt. Tu vn ti vi chiu di kh ln thng c kt cu thuc h thng hn hp ngang dc. Mt trong nhng v d kt cu hn hp c trnh by ti hnh 2.15. Mt ct ngang qua khu vc khoang hng gia tu ca tu vn ti i bin, ch hng kh thuc nhm general cargo vi b tr nhiu tng boong c nu ti hnh 2.21. Kt cu y v boong chnh tu theo h thng dc. ngang, x ngang boong chnh ti cng hnh c b tr cch ba khong sn. Sng boong kt cu dng hp nhm gia tng tit din mt ct ngang b p cho phn din tch boong b khot l ln. Mn tu v tweendeck t chc theo h thng ngang. Kt cu c bit nh nu ti hnh ra i khong nhng nm su mi, t ta hu hiu trong khai thc. Hnh 2.22 tip theo trnh by b tr chung ca tu. Tu dnh 5 khoang hng trc bung my ch hng general tng hp. Hm hng 1 b tr trn kt dn, ko n boong mi. Khoang hng 2 c 2 tweendeck. Cc khoang 3, 4, 5 s tweendeck tng ln 3. Khoang hng lnh t sau bung my. Np hm hng b tr thun tin cho vic bc d hng tng khoang hng. Khu vc gia tu, ti cc hm hng 4 v 5 b tr hai dy np hm hng. Khoang hng 1, 2, 3 b tr mt dy np hm. Np cc khoang hng lnh b tr thnh ba dy nh trnh by ti hnh.
44

Hnh 2.21. Mt ct ngang tu vn ti nhiu boong

Hnh 2.22. B tr chung tu vn ti thuc nhm general cargo

5.2. Tu ch du

Tu ch du hin i thng l c kt cu theo h thng dc ti khu vc gia tu, ni b tr cc khoang hng, cn khu vc mi tu, li tu h thng chuyn sang ngang. Nh cp trong phn bn v h thng ngang, khu vc mi tu, li tu chu tc ng momen un chung vi gi tr khng cao song tc ng ti trng cc b khng nh. Tu nhm ny phong ph v kch c. Tu du sc ch ch vi trm tn chy sng hoc ven bin xut hin t th k trc XX. Nhng nm by mi th gii chng kin s pht trin rm r i tu du khng l, gi l voi ma mt trn bin, sc ch c na triu tn. Tu du sc ch mt triu tn c thit k song ngi ta khng ch to v nhng l do kinh t.
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Kt cu tu hng lng, trong c tu ch du, ph thuc nhiu vo loi hng c ch trong . Nhng im chung ca kt cu tu nhm ny l tu mt boong v thng l boong bng. Tu c chia khoang theo qui tc cht ch nhm tng tnh chng chm. Ngoi cc vch ngang nh tu hng kh vn c, tu du thng c t mt n hai, thm ch ba vch dc tu, hnh 2.23. Hnh 2.23 c im khc ca tu du ng hn chc nm v trc l vng bng y i k c trong tu kch thc v cng ln. Ming hm hng tu du rt nh, ch phuc v vic cho ng ng i qua v l ch vo, ra khoang hng cho ngi kim tra hm hng. Din tch ming hm hng ca tu ch du, k c nhng tu khng l cng khong chng 1m2. Tuy nhin, kch thc ming hm phi cho php mt ngi c eo thit b dng kh v thit b bo v chui ln hoc xung cu thang m khng b cn tr. Chiu cao thnh ming hm ch t 0,3m n 0,75m. Nhn hng vo tu v a hng ra khi tu hon ton nh vo h thng bm hng cng h thng ng ng. Nhng c im do qu trnh khai thc gy ra vi tu du c th k thm sau y. Cc khoang hng thng rng v di, cht lng di chuyn trong khoang khng ch gy ra thay i trng tm hng m cn nh hng ln n n nh do hiu ng mt thong. nh hng tnh do dch chuyn hng ny n bn kt cu khng nh, nh hng ng do hin tng sloshing kh ln n kt cu boong, vch khoang hng. Hng lng trong tu thay i th tch theo nhit , do vy cc khoang cha hng lng phi c dung tch cho s thay i th tch kh v cht lng. Tu vn ti hng kh t gp tnh trng chy di ballast nu cng tc chun b hng hai u bn tin hnh bnh thng. Ngc li i tu ch hng lng lun phi tnh n kh nng ch ch hng mt chiu, chiu ngc li phi chy theo ch di ballast. Tnh trng khai thc nh vy s nh hng n bn cc kt cu trn tu. B tr chung ca tu du thng thng nh sau. Bung my tu nm sau, thng tng b tr trn khu vc bung my. Khoang bm hoc khoang cch ly ngn cch bung my vi cc khoang hng. Cc khoang hng, theo chiu dc b cc vch ngang kn nc, kn du ngn cch. Khong cch gia cc vch ngang khng qu 15m. S liu thng k cho thy, chiu di khoang hng khng qu 0,12 chiu di tu. Kt cu c trng ca tu du l h thng kt dc. Trong h thng ny cc gin y, mn v boong t chc theo h thng dc ng ngha. Cc vch dc ca tu chy qua sut cc hm hng, tham gia vo thnh phn cc kt cu tng cng bn chung. Cc khung khe gm ngang, sn khe, x ngang boong khe nm cch nhau chng 3m 4m. Phn li, k c bung my tu, thng l chuyn sang h thng kt cu ngang nhm tng cng bn cc b. Phn mi tu cng thng thit k v ch to trong khun kh h thng kt cu ngang. Chng ta th xem xt k hn mt phn on thn tu trong khu vc gia tu, qua cc khoang hng, t chc trong khun kh h thng dc, hnh 2.24. Trong h thng ny nhng chi tit c trng ca thn tu gm: 1 - cc np dc y (bottom longitudinals), 16 dc gia (bottom centre line web), 3 - dc y (bottom girder), 6 np dc mn (side longitudinals) , 7 np dc boong (deck longitudinals), 8,9 - sng dc boong (deck webs), 4 np dc vch (bulkhead longitudinals) v 10 sng dc boong (deck centre line girder). Nhng thnh phn tng cng bn ngang, bn cc b gm: 2 46

 ngang y (bottom tranverse), 5 sn khe (vertical tranverse web), 11 - x ngang boong khe (deck transverse web).

Hnh 2.24 Tu ch du c nh, chy sng c mt ct ngang nh trnh by ti hnh 2.25.

Hnh 2.25. Mt ct ngang tu du c nh, chy sng.

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Mt ct ngang tu du c trung bnh vi cc chi tit va nu c th hin trn bn v k thut c gii thiu ti hnh 2.26.

Hnh 2.26. Kt cu theo h thng dc ca tu du Ngy nay tu du phi c thit k v ng theo nhng yu cu khc khe nhm trnh tnh trng trn du ra bin khi s c. Yu cu tu phi c y i, tu y i mn i c hiu lc t nhng nm tm mi. Tu thn i (theo cch vit ca ngi Anh: double hull) khng ch c y i nh chng ta quen trn tu hng kh, m cn i lin vi mn i. Khong khng gian trong thn i ny c s dng a mc ch. Cc khoang c th dng cha ballast, nhin liu v nc ngt. Trong nhiu trng hp li i c m ngay trong khu vc mn i. Hnh 2.27 gii thiu mt ct ngang tu y i, mn i c trung bnh. Chiu cao y i bng chiu rng trong mn kp, bng 1200mm. Li i bn trong xuyn qua cc vch phn vch i dc gia tu. Tu c thit k theo h thng kt cu dc cho c y, mn v boong.
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Hnh 2.27. Mt ct ngang tu du thn kp double hull Kt cu thn kp (double hull) tu du c tnh bt buc vi tu sc ch ln hn gii hn xc nh bng lut ng tu. Mn kp ca tu du c th khng cn b tr trn tu sc ch di 5000 dwt v mi dung tch khoang hng khng qu 700m3. y i khng bt buc vi tu du sc ch 5000dwt hoc hn nu tha mn nhng iu kin khc khe qui nh ring cho tu du, s c bn tip sau y. Tu du sc ch di 600 tn deadweight c php khng s dng y i, mn i. y i tu phi m bo dung tch cn thit do vy chiu cao y i khng c php di mc qui nh. Chiu cao y i tnh bng B/15 (m) hoc 2,0m, chn gi tr b hn, song trong mi trng hp khng c php nh hn 1,0m, vi tu c sc ch hn 5000 dwt. Chiu cao thp nht p dng cho tu c sc ch 600 < DWT < 5000 s l 0,76m. DWT (m) hoc b = 2,0 (m), chn gi tr b khi 20000 tnh. Tuy nhin yu cu bt buc, chiu rng ny trong mi trng hp khng c php nh hn 1,0m. 2,4 DWT (m) Trng hp tu c sc ch 600 < DWT < 5000 chiu rng tnh theo cng thc: b = 0,4 + 20000 hoc 0,76 (m), chn gi tr b trong tnh ton. Chiu rng mn i tnh theo cch : b = 0,5 +

Kt cu hn hp theo h thng dc v h thng ngang khng ch dng trong tu hng kh m cn tm thy ch ng trong tu du. Mt ct ngang miu t kt cu hn hp ca tu ch du 13.500DWT ng trong nhng nm gn y c trnh by trn hnh 2.28 tip theo. Hnh 2.28a m t kt cu mt ct ngang khung sn thng cn hnh 2.28b m t kt cu mt ct ngang khung sn khe.
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Hnh 2.28a. Mt ct ngang khung sn thng tu du 13.500DWT Trn hnh ta thy, tu s dng kt cu thn kp ph hp vi lut ng tu ngy nay. y i ti dc tm tu cao 1400, ra ngoi mn ct ln cao 1600, khong cch gia mn trong v mn ngoi l 1200. Boong, y v mn trong kt cu theo h thng dc, mn ngoi kt cu theo h thng ngang. Khong cch gia cc dm c cu l 600. Tu s dng kt cu sng chnh y dng hp, khong cch gia hai tm sng chnh y bng chnh chiu cao sng hnh thang ca kt cu vch dc, cn di tn sng nm rng 1500, dy 15,5mm. Tn y ngoi 11,5mm; tn y trong 13mm; tn mn 14mm; tn hng 11,5mm; tn boong 11,5mm. Dm c cu ca cc dn s dng thp m, quy cch dm c cu nh sau: dm dc boong 200x11,5; dm dc mn trong 220x10; dm dc y trn 260x11; dm dc y ngoi 240x10; sn thng 200x11.

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Hnh 2.28b. Mt ct ngang khung sn khe tu du 13.500DWT H thng hn hp dng trong tu du ven bin c trnh by ti hnh 2.29. M hnh dng ny cn c dng ph bin cho tu du chy sng.

Hnh 2.29. Mt ct gia tu du ven bin, c nh

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c tnh chung kt cu cc tu du nh cp, khu vc t bung my v sau v khu vc pha mi h thng kt cu dc khng xm nhp vo hoc xm nhp c mc . Trong hai vng ang cp kt cu tu ch yu tun th qui nh ca h thng ngang. nhng i hi t ra cho nhng nh thit k khi x l kt cu tu du l m bo tnh lin tc ca bn thn kt cu ti khu vc qu t h thng dc sang h thng ngang. Ni cch khc, phi dnh u tin cho s lin tc cc c cu dc nhm m bo bn chung ca tu. Trong thc t chng ta c th thy, gi tr momen un tu ti khu vc cui tu b gim ng k nu so vi gi tr momen un tnh cho khu vc gia tu. iu ny cho php ngi thit k tm cch gim dn s tham gia ca c cu dc trong khu vc ny, min rng cng vic xy ra hi ha, khng gy s xo trn t ngt. Hnh 2.29 gii thiu hai mt ct tu qua khu vc bung my tu ch du i bin, c trung bnh. H thng kt cu dng ti y mang c trng h thng ngang. Cc c cu dc ca h thng dc tu sau khi i sut cc khoang hng cn c tip tc di cc hnh thc tha ng. Sn trong khu vc bung my t ngang mc m sng dc mn (stringer) ang chim gi v nh vy c cu kho ny vn tip tc cho n ht phm vi bung my. Cc sng dc mn khc c ko di cho n vm ui ca tu. Cc c cu khc thuc h thng kt cu ngang thit k yu cu m bo bn cc b m yu cu ny thng rt cao i vi bung my tu. B my trong khu vc ny c kt cu cng vng nh cc b my trong tu vn ti bin bt k no.

Hnh 2.29. Mt ct ngang qua bung my tu du

52

Cch lm khc dng trong kt cu khu vc mi v khu vc li tu du l tun th cch b tr ca h thng dc. Hnh 2.30 trnh by mt ct ngang qua khu vc bung my tu du i bin, b tr c cu trong h thng kt cu dc. Trong trng hp ny cc np dc ko di sut t mi n li. iu cn bn ti y, y i ca tu trong vng ny cn c gii quyt theo cch thch ng, khng nht thit phi tun th cc qui nh ca h thng kt cu dc mt cch cng nhc. Khong khng trong y i ti vng ny c chia ra cc vng cha du d tr, nht, nc vv do vy phi c qui hoch theo cch hp l nht. H thng kt cu ngang dng cho vng ny to nhiu thun li hn cho cc cng vic. Ngoi iu ra, yu cu m bo bn cc b ti y phi c t ln v tr cao; h thng kt cu ngang nh chng ta bn n, lm vic ny tt hn.

Hnh 2.30
53

5.3. Tu ch hng ri

Tu ch hng ri dng ch hng ha th ht, ch qung hoc vt liu tng t, cha ng gi. Hng thng c cht ng trong qu trnh bo qun v c khi chuyn ch. Trong ting Anh t bulk c dng ch hng loi ny. Trong trng hp ny hng bulk nn c hiu hng cht ng, hng khi (s lng) ln vv Tu ny c gi chung l tu ch hng ri bulk carrier trong ting Anh hoc Massengutschiff nu dng ting c . Nhng mt hng thng gp trong nhm hng ny l qung kim loi, khng kim loi, than , ht ng cc, mt s loi ha cht, ct, xi mng vvHnh 2.31 gii thiu s b tr tu ch qung lp Panamax.

Hnh 2.31 Tu ch hng ri c pht trin theo hai hng chnh. Hng th nht tp trung chuyn mn ha tu c ch to. Theo hng ny tu ch ch mt mt hng, khai thc theo nhng tuyn ng c hoch nh. Trong qu kh c nhng tu ch dng ch qung (tu ch qung), tu ch than , tu ch xi mng, tu ch ng vv
Tu ch qung: c tnh ni bt ca mt hng ch bng tu ny l trng lng ring ca qung ln hoc rt ln. Mt khc cc vn chuyn qung thp hn rt nhiu nu so vi vn chuyn mt hng khc. Hai iu trn i hi ngi thit k phi c cch x l, tu ch qung kt cu khng qu phc tp, cu k, song tu phi to mi thun li cho vic thao tc bc d hng, ln hng. Tu phi bn, c bn chung v bn cc b, m bo tu an ton trong qu trnh khai thc.

Nhng i hi kht khe va nu a n kt cc kh hp dn, kt cu tu ch qung lun c dng bt thng nu so vi tu vn ti bt k m chng ta gp. Hnh 2.32 trnh by ba mt ct ngang tu ch qung tiu biu. Hnh 2.32a gii thiu tu ch qung xp x 60.000dwt, hnh 2.32b dnh cho tu 24.200dwt v hnh th ba trong nhm dnh cho tu 18.900dwt.
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Hnh 2.32. Mt ct ngang tu ch qung Mt ct dc tu ch qung tiu biu c gii thiu ti hnh 2.33 sau.

Hnh 2.33. Mt ct dc tu ch qung Hng th hai tp trung x l nhng vn k thut to ra nhng tu ch c nhiu mt hng. Trong hng ny ngi ta ch to nhng tu kt hp dng ch nhng mt hng khc khc nhau trong cc chuyn i v v. V d, tu ch qung khi i song lc v thay v chy ballasst tu c th ch than. Mt hng ca tu dng ny bao gm t hng ri, hng kh n hng lng. Bng k di y trnh by dung tch ring , tnh bng m3/t cho mt s mt hng dng trn cc tu ch hng ri ni chung v tu kt hp ni ring. Qung st 0,25 0,85 Boc xit 0,72 - 1,0 Phot phat 0,7 1,2 Than 1,10 1,65 Ng cc (nng) 1,13 1,45 Ng cc (nh) 1,50 2,2 Xi mng 0,70 - 0,75 ng 0,90 1,30 Trong hng ny ngi ta cn to ra lot tu tng hp (hoc hiu theo cch khc, tu vn nng). Tn gi tu ny c th l tu ch hng ri tng hp - Universal Bulk Carrier (UBC) hoc Universal Bulk Ship, vit tt UBS. Tu ny dng ch hng dng bulk cho c chuyn i v c chuyn v. Tu ch hng ri c ng c ln trung bnh, tnh bng DWT nm trong bng tng kt sau. Tu ch du th 60.000 Tu ch qung 40.000 Tu tng hp 32.000 Tu ch bc xt 16.600 Tu ch than 4.000 Vn tc khai thc ca i tu ny khng qu 14 16 Hl/h. Tu chy chm trong nhm thuc tu ch than, xi mng, vn tc ch vo khong 11,0 11,5 Hl/h. Tu tng hp c khi chy nhanh hn 16Hl/h. Hnh 2.34 gii thiu tu ch hng ri a nng (UBC) loi ang c ng v khai thc ph bin nht hin nay, lp Diamond 53 (53.000 DWT), hin ang c ng hng lot t nm 2003 ti cc xng ng tu Trung Quc v Vit Nam. Hnh 2.35 gii thiu mt ct ngang cng tu.
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56 Hnh 2.34. Tu ch hng ri a nng (UBC) 53.000 DWT /DIAMOND 53

Hnh 2.35. Mt ct ngang tu hng ri 53.000DWT (Diamand 53)

57

Tu ch du-qung. Mt trong nhng tu kt hp cng vic c nhng nh ng tu thit k u tin l tu ch du trong chuyn i v qung chuyn v (ting Anh: Combination Vessels). Nhn chung kt cu tu ch qung du, gi tt l tu O-O (Ore-Oil carrier), khng khc tu ch qung, ting Anh ch gi Ore carrier, gii thiu trn hnh 2.36. im khc nhau chnh ng thi l du hiu phn bit tu O v O-O l trn tu ch mt hng du nht thit c bung bm v h thng bm hng. Ngoi ra tu O-O cn c h thng thot kh do du, cc khoang cch ly gia hnh lang, khoang hng mn.

Hnh 2.36. S b tr tu O-O Sn phm du vn chuyn trong tu dng ny c t trng trong gii hn 0,80 0,90 t/m3, tng ng h s dung tch ch hng ca tu 1,10 1,25 m3/t. T y c th thy iu cn suy tnh l dung tch cn cho vic cha hng nh, trong trng hp ny l sn phm t du, s gp hai ln dung tch cn cho hng nng. Hng lng trn tu O-O cha trong cc kt b tr trong cc khoang mn hoc y i, trong cc kt mt ct ngang dng ch L, cc deeptank vv B tr bung bm v s lng bm trn tu O-O nhm m bo bm hng, gm nhn hng, chuyn hng n v tr tp kt trong hn nh chun. Thng thng thi gian bm hng khong 10 12 gi.

Hnh 2.37
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Hnh 2.37 trnh by b tr tu O-O deadweight 44.500t c ch to v s dng c hiu qu. Ghi ch trn hnh mang ngha: 1 - kt hng, 2 kt ballast, 3 kt d tr tu, 4 bung bm, 5 kho. Sn phm t du c cha trong cc kt ti cc vng nh du bng 2, 3, 5, 6. Qung ch c b tr trong vng 1 v 4. T cc hnh va trnh by c th nhn xt chung v tu nhm ny nh sau. y l nhm tu mt boong, b tr bung my pha li, y i, mn i. y i ca tu ny c chiu cao qu c, mn i, nu c, thnh thong cng qu c. Chiu di khoang hng di hn tu nhm khc. Vi tu ch qung l mt hng nng, dung tch hm hng khng i phi ln nht m ch mc va . Thng l chng ta thit k tu ch qung theo yu cu v dung tch ring hm hng trong gii hn = 0,50 0,60 m3/t. Cn ni thm, nhng nm cui th k XX kh nhiu tu trong nhm c dung tch ring dnh cho hm hng t n gi tr 0,70 0,85 m3/t. Dung tch hm hng thc t ca tu c tnh sau khi loi tr dung tch mn i v y i trong khu vc ny. Cng thc kinh nghim xc nh chiu rng hm hng bhh (chiu rng tu tr hai ln chiu rng khoang mn) v chiu cao y i tu ch qung hdd nh sau:
bhh h = 0,50 0,60 ; dd = 0,25 0,30 B H

Dung tch cc khoang mn, y i dng cho vic cha d tr v ballast. iu khc thng na, ballast cn c cha ti cc kt trn chng ta lm quen. Cc kt trn tuy dung tch khng ln song lng ballast ti y gip cho vic ko trng tm tu ln cao trong cc ch khai thc. Cn ni li cho r, vi tu vn ti thng dng hoc tu du chng ta tm mi cch h thp trng tm tu nhm tng kh nng n nh. Ngc li vi tu ch qung, tnh th thng o ngc, vi hng nng, trng tm tu thng nm thp lm cho chiu cao tm nghing ca tu tng nhiu nu so vi tu thng thng. Vi tu c GM ln qu c nh chng ta quen gi trong phn l thuyt tu, tu s cng qu. Tu cng s lc vi bin khng nh song chu k lc qu ngn, tnh m ca tu khng cn, an ton ca tu kh m bo. Cu hnh mt ct ngang tu ch hng ri c trnh by ti hnh 2.38. Cc ghi ch mang ngha: 1 l trng cho hng (opening with portable plate), 2 tm chn cnh (side panel), 3 ti hng ht (grain), 4 boong dng (raised quarter deck), 5 li i (passage). Mt trong nhng c tnh thuc kt cu tu ch qung cn l li i trong tu, b tr di boong. y khng ging ng hm (tunnel) m l li i (passage) hay cn gi l hnh lang, cho php ngi i t li n mi v ngc li trong mi iu kin thi tit bn ngoi tr nn xu. T hnh lang ny c li thot ra ngoi v cng c c li dn ra khoang mn, n y i. Li i b ngn thnh tng on nh cc ca ra vo. Ti vch kn nc nht thit phi b tr ca kn nc. Hnh 2.38. Mt ngang in hnh tu hng ri
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Tu ch hng lng v hng ri: H tu ch hng lng hng ri kh a dng, tuy nhin khng khc nhiu so vi tu tng hp trnh by. Nhng yu cu b sung cho tu lm nhim v kt hp thng dnh cho hng lng, c th hn cho cc sn phm t du. Cc tu u tin ca nhm ny ra i t nhng nm su mi v ngy cng pht trin kiu cch, mu m. Tu ch hng kt hp du-hng ri-qung: Tu nhm ny c vit bng ting Anh Oil-Bulk-Ore Carrier, vit tt OBO carrier, c kt cu a dng (hnh 2.39).

Hnh 2.39. S b tr tu OBO Kh khn ln khi gii quyt nhng vn thit k kt cu tu ch hng kt hp l tm gii php dung ha cho hai kt cu tiu biu nu tip ti hnh 2.40. Kt cu bn tri dng cho tu ch hng ri chnh hiu (Bulk carrier), hnh bn phi l kt cu c trng ca tu ch qung (Ore carrier), c v cng t l.

Hnh 2.40. Mt ct ngang tu Bulk carrier (a) v Ore carrier (b)

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Kt cu c trng ca tu ch hng ri (bulk carrier) c th thy trn hnh 2.41 trnh by sau y. Tu y i vi chiu cao y kh cao, c trng hp n 6m. y trong thng t bng sut c chiu rng tu. Tm y trong c hn c nh vi tm mn v c lin kt vi tm mn qua m hng (bracket). Kch thc m hng thng rt ln. c im th hai ca kt cu ny l, kt thng (top tank) c kch thc kh ln, dung tch ln dng vo hai vic khc nhau: hoc cha nc dn hoc dng cha hng. Hng c a vo kt qua h thng ming hm hng din tch kh nh trn boong.

Hnh 2.41. Mt ct ngang tu hng ri c kt cu hn hp Kt cu tu thuc kiu kt cu hn hp ngang dc. Cc np dc y, dc boong b tr theo cch quen thuc nh vn dng cho cc tu vn ti khc theo h thng kt cu dc. H thng cc sn m bo bn cc b khng khc nhiu nu so vi tu vn ti hng kh. Tu vi kt cu kiu ny dng vo vic vn chuyn than, ht nng v cc hng nng khc ch trong hm hng, v hng ht nh va trong khoang hng va trong kt thng. Khi ch hng nng trong khoang, cc kt thng cha nc dn nhm nng cao trng tm tu, bng cch h thp chiu cao tm nghing ban u GM0, gim lc ngang cho tu. Bin php chng tu cng ny c p dng cho tu ch hng nng, m bo tnh m v m bo an ton cho tu. Kt cu v vai tr tm nghing trong tu ch hng ri a dng. Vch nghing ti hng (hopperside) b tr di nhng gc xc nh, to thun li cho qu trnh bc d hng v bo qun hng trong vn chuyn. Vi tu ch hng nng, vch hng hn ch dung tch phn di ca khoang, bt buc hng phi dn ln cao, trng tm hng nng theo. Hng ri theo trin dc ca vch nghing xung vng tp kt nhanh hn khi bc d hng. vch nghing pha trn lm nhim v chnh l nn che st mt thong hng ht khi ch hng y khoang. Vch nghing thit k ph hp vi dc t nhin ca ngn hng c tc dng ngn dch chuyn mt thong hng. Kt cu ca vch nghing gii thiu ti hnh 2.42.

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Hnh 2.42a. S b tr kt cu tu hm hng Bulk carrier Nhng chi tit chnh ghi trn hnh 2.42 mang ngha sau: 1- Sn khoang (side shell frame), 2Ranh gii ca vch ngang v vch nghing (boundaries of transverse bulhkeads and bukhead stools), 3boong ngang (cross deck), 4- Thnh quy ming hm hng (hatch coaming), 5- Sn ngang trong kt ballast (hopper side transverse), 6- tn y trn (inner bottom plating). hiu r hn b tr ny, hnh 2.42b gii thiu mt ct ngang cng hnh.

Hnh 2.42b. mt ct ngang in hnh hm hng Bulk carrier

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Mt cch tng t, hnh 2.43 nu di y trnh by y kt cu vch nghing hng lm chc nng thnh kt hng v vch nghing trn lm chc nng y kt thng trong tu ch qung kiu c.

Hnh 2.43

Hnh 2.44

iu c th ni thm, kt cu cc khoang ny theo h thng ngang trong trng hp c th ny. Li i trn tu ny b tr khong gia hai kt nc dn ang nu. Trng hp tu c hai vch dc, b tr vch nghing hng v vch nghing trn nh ti hnh 2.44. Trng hp sau chng ta c th thy rng li i c t cao, ng vo v tr top tank m cc tu khc vn thc hin. Tu ch qung c cp v gii thiu ti cc hnh 2.32, 2.40b c kt cu thc s phc tp. Kt cu theo h thng dc p dng trit cho y, mn, boong v cc vch dc, khng k vch ng hay nghing. Qung thuc nhm hng t trng ln cn c quan tm lc cht hng trng tm hng nm cao nht trong iu kin c th. Khoang cha qung c dung tch khng ln, nm cao. Chnh v l chiu cao y i tu t con s chng mt nh nu. Vch dc tu kin c, nm rt gn mt dc gia tu. Vch nghing phn vch di thay cho vch nghing hng nu trn, hn ch lan rng ca qung ti y trong, vch nghing phn trn ca vch ngn dch chuyn qung ti mt thong. Hnh 2.45. Kt cu tu ch qung bn cc b phi c xem xt k v c bin php x l thch hp trn tu ch qung. H thng khung sn kho, hay ni hn, rt kho, m nhn chc nng sau. Hnh 2.45 trnh by trong bn v
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phi cnh kt cu tu ch qung. Nhng chi tit chnh ghi trn hnh mang ngha sau: Ki chnh hay cn gi sng chnh, ki ng mang s 1, cn 2 khoang cha qung, 3 li i v 4 kt ballast. Hnh 2.46 tip theo trnh by bn v mt ct ngang tu chuyn dng trong lnh vc chng ta ang quan tm.

Hnh 2.46. Kt cu mt ct ngang tu ch qung Tu O-O nhc ti phn di y c kt cu gn ging m hnh va cp ti hnh 2.46. c trng ca tu nhm ny, tu mt boong, hai vch dc, y i cao, hnh 2.47.

Hnh 2.47 Mt hng th nht, t ch O u c xut x t Ore, c xp ti khoang trung tm, b ngn bng hai vch dc bn. Trng hp ny tu lm vic khng khc tu ch qung. Mt hng O th hai, Oil du, ch trong cc kt hnh L b tr ti cc khoang mn v y i. Trn hnh 2.47 k hiu 2 ch cc kt dng L dng cha hng (oil - du), 3 qung (ore).
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Mt ct ngang c trng ca tu O-O gii thiu pha phi hnh 2.47. C th nhn thy r, kt cu tu O-O theo h thng dc. H thng cc thanh ging lun phi c mt nhm tng cng bn cc b. Tu UBC trnh by ti hnh 2.34 cng cc mt ct ngang ph bin ti hnh 2.35 l hnh mu ca nhm tu bulk carrier hin i. Tu khng ch ch mt loi hng duy nht m phi ch kt hp, ch nhiu loi hng tnh nng khc nhau. im khc ca tu ang trnh by l h thng cc boong gia (tweendeck) c b tr xen k trong cc khoang hng ca tu. Hnh nh b tr tweendeck nh minh ha ti hnh 2.38e. Tu chng ta ang xem xt, chiu dc chia thnh 5 khoang hng di, b tr ba cm tweendeck mn. Vch dc khng ton phn, hiu theo ngha, vch khng gn chn vo sn y, khng ko di lin tc sut chiu di nh nhng vch chng ta gp trong tu du, cho php to nhiu khoang hng mang tnh c o. Theo m hnh 2.38e, khng gian b vch dc v tweendeck ngn nm ti v tr cao, thun tin cha hng ht hoc nc dn. Trng hp s dng cc khoang ang nu cha hng ht, khoang di cha qung chng ta c tu ch t nht hai loi hng. Ngoi khu vc tweendeck khng ton phn vch dc thay i kt cu. Thng thng vch dc h thp phn chn n ngang tm sng dc mn (stringer) hoc su hn song khng chm y, hnh 2.38g v 2.38f. Cc vch ny c th coi l vch treo, lun b hng chn. Vch hng chn kiu ny c tc dng rt tt ngn nh mt thong ti ngn cht hng ht ti khoang tu, trong khi cho php hng tun t cc khoang mn vo dy khoang gia. Bin php ngn nh hng mt thong nh th ny t ra rt hiu nghim. Trng hp sau cho php s dng tu vo vic ch hng ri t trng khng cao trong tt c cc khoang hng. S cht hng ca hng Mc Gregor p dng cho tu UBC ang cp c dng nh ti hnh 2.48. Trn s ti hnh 2.48 phn bit cc loi hng sau: a) qung nng, dung tch ring hm hng: 0,45 m3 /t; b) than , dung tch ring hm hng: 1,33 m3 /t; c) ht nng, dung tch ring hm hng: 1,25 m3 /t; d) ht nh, dung tch ring hm hng: 1,56 m3 /t; hnh 2.48e dnh ring cho trng hp chy di ballast.

Hnh 2.48

Hnh 2.49 cho s ng hng v vai tr ca cc kt trong vng khoang hng ca qu trnh chuyn ch hng ho
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Hnh 2.49
5.4. Tu ch hng thng tiu chun (container).

Thng tiu chun c xut t rt sm, trc nhng nm nm mi. n nhng nm su mi thng tiu chun c thng nht ho v c dng trn khp th gii. Thng (container) kch thc LxBxH tnh bng n v feet (20x8x8) c thng nht l n v chun dng cho tu container. Mt n v thng di 20 t trn tu gi l TEU (Tweenty feet Equivalent Unit). Nm 1964 t chc quc t v tiu chun ha IOS (International Organization for Standarnization) thng nht a ra tiu chun cho cc thng dng vn chuyn hng ha trn tu thy. Cc thng ny c kch thc o trong h metric, theo qui nh mang tn gi tiu chun ISO nh sau:
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Kiu Di IA IB IC ID IE IF IIA IIB IIC

Kch thc ph b, (m) Rng Cao 2,44 2,44 2,44 2,44 2,44 2,44 2,3 2,1 2,30 2,44 2,44 2,44 2,44 2,44 2,44 2,1 2,1 2,1

NHM I

NHM II

12,20 9,15 6,10 3,05 2,04 1,52 2,92 2,40 1,45

Trng lng ti a, t 30,5 25,4 20,3 10,2 7,1 5,1 7,1 7,1 7,1

Thng nhm I c chiu rng v chiu cao cng mt c 8 (tng ng 2,44m trong tiu chun ISO), thng nhm II c chiu cao cng c 2,10m. Trng lng ti a ghi trong tiu chun tnh n lng hng trong thng. Hnh nh thng container c tham kho trn hnh 2.50 di y:

Hnh 2.50 Cng c vn chuyn container trong vn ti bin l tu ch container (container ship), bao gm: Tu ch hng bch ho (General Cargo Ship): ch yu ch hng bch ho thng thng, nhng trong mi chuyn c th nhn ch mt s lng hn ch container xp trn boong. Tu bn container (Semi-Container Ships): thng c ci to t cc tu hng bch ho, trn tu c vi hm tu thch ng cha container v mt s container c xp trn boong. S hm hng cn li ch hng bao gi thng thng. Tu container kiu t ong (Full Cellular container ships): loi ny c cu trc mt boong, chia lm nhiu hm, c nhiu vch ngn, trong mi hm c th xp 7 8 tng container. Trn boong cng c cu trc c bit c th xp c khong 40% tng s container. Tu container kiu RO-RO: loi tu ny c cu trc nhiu boong, gia cc boong c cc ng dc nghing, c b tr mi, ui, hoc bn mn tu c ca xp d container. Phng php xp d
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theo phng nm ngang (phng tin ln Roll on and Roll off). Theo cch ny, container c trn xe r moc, t hoc toa xe mt phng, ri c u my ko a thng vo hm tu. cng n, li dng u my ko a thng container cng r moc, toa xe t hm ln b. Tu container kiu LASH (Light Aboard Ships): l loi tu c cu trc c bit, c trang b cn cu khung c sc nng 500 1500 tn xp d s lan. Sc ch moi s lan t 100 1000 tn. Trn mi s lan c th xp hng ho thng thng hoc xp container c cha hng (gi l s lan container Light container ship). Cc s lan c xp ln tu m (Mother Ships). Mt ct ngang qua hnh 2.51 di y nu r cch sp xp thng trong tu Semi-Container c ng vo u thp nin su mi ca th k XX. Tu c thit k y, boong the h thng dc, mn the h thng ngang vi 02 sng dc mn. im c bit l tu c thit k li i t thng tng li ti thng tng mi trong hm boong.

Hnh 2.51. S xp thng tu Semi-Container. Tu ch container tiu chun c cc khoang hng hnh khi, cha nhiu dy v nhiu chng thng. Tu dng ang nu c th gi l tu (ch) ch container, tng ng cch gi ca ngi Anh Full Container Ship hoc cch gi ca ngi c Vollkontainerschiff. hnh 2.52 di y nu r cch sp xp thng trong tu full-Container. Kt cu trong khoang tu ch hng thng tiu chun khc tu ch hng kh thng thng ch, trn cc thnh ng ca khoang hng phi lp t cc thanh dn hng thng. Cc thanh ny lm hai chc nng ng thi: gip y nhanh qu trnh a thng vo, ly thng ra v ngn cn x dch thng khi
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tu chuyn ng. Thng gp trn cc tu ang khai thc cc thanh dn hng lm t thp hnh c 100x100 hoc 150x150 mm, hnh 2.53 m t vic b tr cc thanh dn hng thng nh vy.

Hnh 2.52. S xp thng tu full container

Hnh 2.58. B tr ray dn hng Thng l, bung my tu container t pha sau. Thng tng tu b tr li pha sau bung my. iu khc thng ca tu hng thng cng th hin ti khu vc ny. Trn mt phn boong l thin trn khu vc bung my v boong l thin vng khoang hng, ngi ta ln sn cng vng cht thng cao ln. Tu ch container c ln, sc ch 1700TEU c gii thiu ti hnh 2.53. iu cn c quan tm c bit khi thit k tu kiu ny l b tr cc khoang hng cha s thng nh v kt cu phi m bo bn khi ch thng tiu chun. Ti liu trch t thit k tu container trn c th tham kho khi thit k kt cu tu kiu ny. Tu mang cp ng kim c (GL CLASS 100 A5) vi chiu di ton b LOA = 184,10m; chiu di gia hai tr Lpp =171,94m, chiu rng B = 25,30m, chiu cao mn D = 13,50m, chiu chm d = 9,50m, lng chim nc = 23.000 tn, trang b my chnh c cng sut 13320 KW, d tnh khai thc vi vn tc v = 19,7 Hl/h. Tu mt boong, bn khoang hng. Bung my tu t pha li. Tu c thit k ch thng tiu chun 20 (TEU) theo chun ISO, kiu IC song c th ch thng 40 (FEU) kiu IA ca ISO. Sc ch ca tu 1730 TEU. Trong s thng ny 634 TEU b tr trong cc khoang, 1096 TEU (chim ~ 64%) b tr trn boong.
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70 Hnh 2.54. B tr chung tu container 1700TEU

Hnh 2.54. B tr thng tu container 1700TEU

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Vic b tr cc thng container nh sau: phn gia tu ngi ta sp container thnh 8 hng ngang, trn ming hm hng b tr mi hng container, theo chiu dc v chiu cao tin hnh b tr cc hng v chng theo s trn hnh 2.54. Mt iu ht sc lu trong qu trnh b tr thng l kt cu khng gian vng mi nhm va m bo b tr hp l thng trong hm va bn kt cu cho khng gian vn cht hp v chu ti trng lm vic nng n , v vn ny, bn c c th tham kho c nhiu iu t s b tr thng hnh trn. Mt ct ngang in hnh ca tu container c gii thiu ti hnh 2.55 tip theo, mt ct ngang khe vng gia tu th hin trn hnh 2.55a, mt ct ngang thng vng gia tu th hin trn hnh 2.55b.

Hnh 2.54a. Mt ct ngang khung sn khe tu container 564TEU y i tu cao 1400mm. Mn i ca tu c chiu rng mi mn ti vng gia tu l 1600mm. Kt cu y, boong, mn trong tu theo h thng dc, mn ngoi theo h thng ngang. Chiu dy tn t v ngoi 11mm, tn y trong 16mm v tn mn trong 13mm. Cc dm dc boong s dng thp bn 200x20, cn dm dc y, dm dc mn trong v sn mn s dng thp m ln lt c quy cch cho mn ngoi 180x9; mn trong 180x8; y trong 260x10; y ngoi 220x10. Thanh dn hng t ng bng thp gc 130 x 130 x 12 (mm).
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Hnh 2.54b. Mt ct ngang khung sn thng tu container 564TEU Tip theo, trn hnh 2.55 bn c c th tham kho mt ct ngang ca cng tu k trn ti vng mi, y, mt ln na lu v b tr khng gian xp thng trong hm v phng n kt cu cho vng ny. Tu ch hng thng pht trin khng ch s lng m c v ln trong vi mi nm gn y. Cng vi s i thay kch c, kt cu tu cng phi i thay nhm m bo bn tu ming hm hng m qu rng, trong khi vn phi m bo thao tc xp thng tin hnh nhanh nht nhm gii phng hng ngn thng trong thi gian rt hn ch. Hin nay i tu container chim khong 14% v trng ti v 18% v s tu ca i tu bun th gii. Phn ln tu container c ng v khai thc t nhng nm 70 ca th k XX, sc cha trung bnh ca tu container t 1200 TEU (1989); 1500 TEU (1993) v vn c xu hng tng ln. Tu container bc sang th h th 4 v sc ch ngy cng ln, c th vi tu trn hnh 2.53 c ng ti Vit Nam nm 2005 vi sc ch 1700TEU.

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74 Hnh 2.55. Mt ct ngang khung sn vng mi tu container 564TEU

5.5. Tu ch kh ha lng (Liquid Gas Carriers) Tu ch kh ho lng thuc nhm tu vn ti ch kh ha lng trong tu, thc cht l cc bnh chu p lc cao trong iu kin nhit h thp n mc cn thit. Ngoi tu ch kh gc du cn c tu ch kh t nhin. Kiu th nht dnh cho tu ch kh t cng nghip du kh, sau ha lng (liquefied petroleum gas LPG), kiu sau dnh ch kh t nhin ha lng (liquefied natural gas LNG). LPG l tn gi c xut x t cng nghip du kh, ch chung cho nhm kh trong cng nghip ny l hydrocarbon , ch yu gm propane v butane v c kh pha trn ca chng. Kh ny c th ha lng v vn chuyn chuyn theo mt trong ba cch:

Di p sut thng v nhit mi trng, Lm lnh hon ton n nhit si, t -30C n -48C, Lm lnh bn phn n nhit xc nh v p lc cao.

Mt s kh khc nh ammonia, propylen v ethylene cng c th ch bng tu tu ch kh kiu ny.

LNG l kh t nhin c loi b lu hunh v carbon dioxide. Cn thit lm lnh kh n nhit si ca n, vo khong -165C. p lc gi kh ho lng ny c th ch bng hoc gn nh p sut kh quyn. Trong nhm ny vn chuyn methane lng i hi phi tha mn nhng yu cu ring ca n. c tnh ca methane nh chng ta bit, c p lc gii hn 45,6 kG/cm2 v nhit gii hn 82,5C, iu ny c ngha methane ch c th ha lng di p lc ln, nhit v cng thp.

Tu ch kh kiu u c vit bng ting Anh Liquefied Petroleum Gas Ship c phn loi theo kt cu cc khoang ch hng. hn 2.000m3 . Tu dng ch ch yu propane, butane cha trong cc bnh tr , t hai n 6 bnh, t hon ton hoc khng hon ton di boong. Cc bnh ny c thit k chu p lc n 17,5 kG/cm2. p lc ny gn trng vi vi p lc bc hi ca propane ti nhit 45C.

Khoang hng chu p lc (fully pressured tanks). Dung tch cc tu ny thng khng ln

Khoang hng nn bn phn (mt na) hoc lm lnh bn phn (semi-pressured or semirefrigerated tanks). Dung tch tu nhm ny ln n 5.000m3. Cc bnh trn tu c thit k chu c nhit -5C v p lc ln nht khong 8 kG/cm2. Pha ngoi bnh c cch nhit. Hng trong tu c lm lnh v bo qun ti p lc tnh ton.
Khoang lnh (fully-refrigerated tanks). Dung tch tu nhm th ba ny c th t 10.000 m3 n 100.000 m3. Tu dung tch nh trong nhm thng l tu dng ch nhiu mt hng, tu ln thuc tu chuyn dng cho mt mt hng. Tu ch kh t nhin (Liquefied Natural Gas Ship) c thit k v ch to theo nhng chun nht nh. Trong thi gian qua nhng nh ng tu ng k hn 20 sng ch cho thit k tu LNG, phn ng trong thuc v nhm kt cu mng mng (membrane category) hoc kt cu c lp (independent category). Theo khuyn co ca t chc hng hi quc t IMO ghi trong Internatinal Gas Carrier Code trn tu ch kh c th s dng cc kt cu dng sau.

Kt lin hay bnh kh lin (integral tanks), theo ngha cc khoang hng tu vn ti c kt cu lin thn tu chng ta quen trong cc chng trc, c dng ch LPG ti p lc kh quyn hoc gn nh vy. Kt mng mng (membrane tanks) thuc kt cu tu, lm t cc lp vt liu (gi l membrane) ta trn cc tm cch nhit, cn cc tm cch nhit l chi tit thuc kt cu thn tu. Kt mng mng ch yu dng cho tu LNG.
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Tu ch kh ha lng v cc kiu dng c trng trnh by ti hnh 2.56. Trn hnh gii thiu tm tu a vo s dng trong thp nin su mi, thit k v ng ti: Germany (a), Nht bn (b, c, h), Php (d), Na-uy (f), Thy in (g). Chiu di cc tu nu ti y nh sau: tu c nh Ultrgas L = 22,6m, hnh 2.56a; tu L.P. Maru No 2, hnh 2.56b, L = 47m; tu Nordphone v Petrogas, hnh 2.56d, 2.56e L = 100m; tu Mundagas Brasilia, hnh 2.56f, L = 119,5m; tu Paul Endakott, hnh 2.56g, L = 167,6m.
a) e)

b) c)

f)

g) d) h)

Hnh 2.63 Kt cu khoang ch hng cho tu ch kh ha lng thc hin theo cch trnh by nh hnh 2.64 sau. Hnh 2.64a trnh by s mt ct ngang tu thuc nhm gas tanker, hnh 2.64b gii thiu mt ct ngang cng tu nhm ny song mang tn gi c trng bng ting Anh gas carrier, ng dng trnh by ti 2.63b, c, d. C th phn bit k chi tit hn vi tn gi gn lin vi tu ch kh ha lng ny. Hnh 2.64c gii thiu kt cu mang tn Kvaerner-Moss, ng dng ca n th hin trn s 2.63f, hnh 2.64d trnh by h thng membrane dng rt nhiu trong nhm. Hnh 2.64
c) a)

b) d)

B tr tu ch kh methane ha lng trnh by ti hnh 2.65. Kt cu c trng tu nhm ny c gii thiu ti hnh 2.66.
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Hnh 2.65. Tu ch kh methane ha lng

Hnh 2.66. Kt cu c trng tu ch kh methane ho lng

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5.6. Tu khch Khc vi cc kiu tu chng ta ang xem xt c v b tr v kt cu, trong nhm tu khch ngi ta phn bit tu i bin thng c ch to vi kch thc ln, tin nghi y vi tu chy ni a gm tu sng, tu trong vnh. Tu khch ni a thng c kch thc nh, hoc c s dng ch khch chy chuyn tuyn (tu ch) hoc ch khch du lch. B tr ca cc tu ni a nhn chung kh n gin do thi gian hnh trnh ngn. Kt cu ca tu thng thng theo h thng kt cu ngang. Hnh 2.67 gii thiu cc chi tit cu trc ca tu khch hng ven bin thuc loi ny, trong hnh 2.67a gii thiu cc chi tit tng th, cn hnh 2.67b m t kt cu y.

b)

Hnh 2.67. Chi tit cu trc tu khch hng ven bin Cc ghi ch trn hnh 2.67 c ngha: a) phn tng th (general view): 1- chn vt (propeller); 2sng ui (stern frame); 3- bnh li (rudder); 4- xung cng tc (tender); 5- cu xung (boat davit); 6- n ui (stern light); 8- cu neo (anchor davit); 9- soma (fair-lead); 10- sn xc t (quadrant grating); 11- ct buc/bt (bollard); 12- thng gi hnh nm (mushroom ventilator); 13- trng ti qun dy (wire reel); 14ct chnh (main mast); 15- ng khi nh bp (funnel of galley); 16- kt v sinh (sanitary tank); 17- ca tri bung my (engine room skylight); 18- ng khi (funnel); 19- ng thng gi mt kh (cowl head ventiltor); 20- ci hi (air whistle); 21- lan can/tay vn (hand rail); 22- cabin/lu li (bridge); 23- lan can h (open rail); 24- ng thng hi kt (tank air pipe); 25- n mn (side light); 26- vn np hm (hatch
78

board); 27- ming hm (hatch); 28- x ming hm (hatch beam); 29- cn cu dy ging (derrick boom); 30- ct cu (foremast/derrick post); 31- n nh ct (mast head light); 32- ti neo nm (windlass); 33- ct c mi (jack staff); 34- hm dy (rope hole); 35- neo (anchor); 36- ca mn/ca hpl (scuttle); 37- ng lun dy (mooring pipe); 38- l thot nc (freeing port); 39- cu thang mn (gangway port); 40- hm hng (cargo hold); 41- bung khch (passenger accommodation); 42- bung my (engine room); 43- vch ui (after peak bulkhead); 44- vch ngang kn nc (water tight bulkhead); 45- y i (double bottom); 46- y n (single bottom); 47- sn khe (web frame). b) Kt cu y (bottom construction): 1- tn gia y (plate keel); 2- sng chnh y (keel son); 3- tm mp (rider plate); 4- dm ngang y di (main frame); 5- dm ngang y trn (reverse frame); 6- ngang c (solid floor); 7- tm y ngoi (bottom plate); 8- tm y trong (inner bottom plate); 9- sn (frame); 10- m (bracket); 11- ngang y (floor); 12- sng ph cnh (side keelson); 13- m hng (bilge bracket); 14- vy gim lc (bilge keel); 15- di tn hng (bilge plate); 16- tn mn (side plate). Hnh 2.68 tip theo gii thiu kt cu mt s mt ct ngang in hnh ca tu khch hng i bin cp hn ch II Kin Giang 57. Tu c chiu di ton b 37,35m; chiu rng 6,5m; chiu cao mn 2,80m; lp my 900 CV; sc ch 190 hnh khch v 50 tn hng. Tu c kin trc gm boong chnh b tr khch, lu li b tr trn boong khch v hm hng di. Tu kt cu theo h thng ngang, y n, mn n, sn khe xen ln sn thng v c sng dc mn. Quy cch kt cu: tn y, tn boong v tn mn dy 8 mm, tn vch dy 6 mm; sng chnh y T150x10/600x8; sng ph y v ngang y b 60/8; sng boong v x ngang boong khe T100x8/300x6; sn khe T100x8/200x6. Hnh 2.69 tip theo gii thiu kt cu c bn cng tu.

Hnh 2.68 Mt ct ngang tu khch hng Kin Giang 57

79

80

Hnh 2.69. Kt cu c bn tu khch- hng ven bin Kin Giang 57

Tu khch i bin thng l tu c chiu rng ln, chiu cao hn hn chiu cao tu khc kiu. Tu c nhiu boong trong thn v nhiu boong thng tng. Mn tu khch phi tr nhiu ca s, ca ra vo hoc ca bc xp hng. Ca dng ny nh chng ta bn n, thng lm yu kt cu tu. Tu khch hin i t chc dng khch sn cao cp. Kt cu c trng tu khch c ln mang tnh cht ca h thng hn hp. Tu cn cng chu tc ng momen un chung song yu cu bn cc b ht sc cao. Kinh nghim thit k ch to tu i bin c ln c tp trung gii quyt nhng vn lin quan thit k tu khch. Hnh 2.70 trnh by mt ct ngang tu khch v thp cng thng tng lm t vt liu nh, di 122,65m. Trn tu cc boong pha trn c dng lm bung khch, cc boong khc lm bi u xe khch. Trn hnh c th thy r h thng kt cu hn hp c s dng hp l cho i tng ang c quan tm.

Hnh 2.70 Hnh 2.71 gii thiu tip nhng mt ct ngang qua khu vc li v mi cng tu.
81

Hnh 2.71
5.7. Tu nh bt c Tu nh bt c v thp kch c khc nhau nhiu. Nhng chuyn gia trong ngnh tu c phn bit cc nhm tu theo cng dng v kch thc. Nhm nh nht thuc tu l vy v tu ko li c nh. Trong nhm ny chiu di tu ch t 20m n 30m, lng chim nc khng qu 150 200T chim s ng. Nhm trung bnh tu li vy di t 30m n 40m, lng chim nc n 500T. Tu li ko nhm trung bnh di t 45m n 60m, lng chim nc n 2.000T. Hnh 2.73 a ra m t b tr v kt cu in hnh ca tu nh c kiu li gi i.

Tu c ln trong h tu c c hiu l tu chiu di 45m n 55mm cho tu l vy, v L = 70 90m khi bn n tu l ko. Lng chim nc ln nht tu li ko trong nhm ang cp 5.000T. Tu c ln hn gm l tu li vy siu ln vi chiu di n 90m, lng chim nc n 4.000T, tu l ko di 90m 120m, lng chim nc D = 5.000T 10.000T ang c mt trn cc i dng. Hnh 2.72 gii thiu cc chi tit kt cu ca tu nh c bng li vy, cc chi tit v tn gi ti hnh cng l tn gi chung cho tu cng loi, trong hnh 2.72b gii thiu kt cu mt ct ngang cng tu.

82

a)

b)

Hnh 2.71. Tu nh li gi i Cc ghi ch trn hnh 2.71 mang ngha sau: a) Tng th (general view): 1- bnh li (rudder); 2sng ui (stern frame); 3- chn vt (propeller); 4- bu trc (boss plate); 6- trc chn vt (tail shaft); 7- trc trung gian (intermediate shaft); 8- my chnh (main diesel engine); 9- tm ky (bar keel); 10- ngang tm (floor plate); 11- vch chng va (collision bulkhead); 12- sng mi (stem); 13- l thot nc (scupper); 14- ng lun neo (hawse pipe); 15- con ln mi (forward roller); 16- ct bt mi (forward bitt); 17- ct tu (mast); 18- n nh ct (mast head light); 19- ct bt mn (side bitt); 20- ca thot nc (freeing port); 21- ct np mn chn sng (bulwark stay); 22- tn mn chn sng (bulkhead plate); 23- ming hm (hatchway); 24- phao trn (lifebouy); 25- ca tri bung my (engine room skylight); 26- ng khi (funnel); 27- ct c ui (ensign staff); 28- n ui tu (stern light); 29- ng khi nh bp (galleys chimney); 30- l lun dy (mooring hole); 31- ct bt ui (after bitt); 32- con ln pha sau (after roller); 33- ti nh c ( fishing winch); 34- n mn (side light); 35- tm chn n mn (side light screen); 36bung thuyn vin ui tu (after crews accommondation); 37- bung my (engine room); 38- hm c (fishing hold); 39- kho (store room); 40- bung li (steering room); 41- bung thuyn trng (coptain room); 42- nh bp (galley); 43- kt nc ngt (fresh water tank). b) Kt cu y (bottom construction): 1- tm ki (bar keel); 2- di tn bao lin k sng chnh (garboard strake); 3- tm y ngoi (bottom
83

plating); 4- di tn hng (bilge strake); 5- tm mn (side plating); 6- ngang (floor); 7- sn (frame); 8di tn mp boong (deck stringer); 9- sng chnh (keel son); 10- sng ph cnh (side keelson); 11- x di ming hm (beam runner); 12- thnh dc ming hm hng (side coaming of hatch way); 13- p chng va (rubbing strip); 14- ct np mn chn sng (bukwark stay); 15- x boong (deck beam); 16- m x (beam bracket); 17- vy gim lc (billge keel). Hnh 2.74 gii thiu tu nh c li vy kiu California ng ti chu u, tu c kch thc chnh: L=76,30m; B=13,60m; D=9,50m, dung tch hm hng 1900 m3. Tu dng vo vic nh bt c ng i dng theo cng ngh chu u.

Hnh 2.74. Tu nh c li vy kiu California . c trng kt cu tu nh c l h thng kt cu ngang c bin minh theo cng ngh ch to. Nh chng ta c dp bn, kt cu theo h thng ngang d ch to v d s dng. c tnh khai thc ca tu c khc tu vn ti, tu lun lm vic trong ch nng v yu cu m bo bn cc b rt ln. Tu c phi quay tr lin tc, b va p gn nh thng xuyn vv do vy cn c bin php tng cng bn chng tc ng thng xuyn . Hnh 2.75
84

Nhng minh ha v kt cu tu c c th tm thy ti cc hnh tip theo. Hnh 2.75 trnh by mt ct ngang tu l ko c nh, di L = 34,8m, rng B = 7,3m v D = 3,48m. Tu ch c y n, v y l c trng ca tu c nh, h thng kt cu ngang, sn thng L 80x55x8 trong khoang hng; trong bung my c sn khe kt cu ch T, thnh ng 240x8, tm mt 120x10. Tn boong lt lp g dy 60mm nhm chng trt v bo v b mt boong trn. Tu c t 45m n 60m cn thit c y i khu vc bung my v trc bung my y i phi ko n tn vch trnh va mi. Tu di trn 60m bt buc c y i ko di t vch li n vch mi. Kt cu mt ct ngang tu li ko c ln, di 75m, rng 14m, chiu cao mn 10m c dng nh ti hnh 2.76. Kt cu tu vn thuc kt cu c trng ca tu c vi kt cu theo h thng ngang, y i, mn 150 x14 n, sn khe T , xen ln sn thng bng thp m, loi k hiu 20a. Tn y ngoi 11mm, 330 x8 y trong 10mm, tn mn 11mm, ngang y v sng y dy 9mm.

Hnh 2.76 Hnh 2.77 m t kt cu mt ct ngang ca tu c c ln Natania Kovsova c ng ti Php nm 1966. Tu di 127,68m, rng 19m, cao 12 m, chiu chm 7m, lng chim nc 9930t, lp 3 my 2520 CV, bo qun c bng kho lnh nhit -280C. Tu c kt ti mn i. y i tu chy sut
85

chiu di tu. y tu t chc theo h thng kt cu dc, trong khi nhng gin cn li b tr theo h thng ngang. Nhn chung kt cu dng ny trn tu ln khng khc kt cu tu vn ti hng kh.

Hnh 2.77
5.8. Cng trnh ni ngoi khi Trong thc t, cc cng trnh ni ngoi khi hot ng nh cc tu c ln song vi s khc bit r nt, cng trnh ni khng my khi di chuyn v khi di chuyn s chy vi vn tc khng ng k. Nhng kt cu cc phng tin sau y gn ging kt cu tu. Gin khoan bn chm (semi-submersible) Gin khoan bn chm (semi-submersible) phc v cng vic thm d v khoan khai thc du kh. Cng trnh dng ny c th lm vic ti vng bin c chiu su nc n c 1000m. Kt cu c trng ca cng trnh ny l hai poton chm trong nc, bng cc ct chng ln poton ny ton b h thng 86

gin. Trn gin, phn ni trn nc khng khc tu cng trnh c ln, hin i, cha tt c trang thit b khai thc, x l, cc phng sinh hot cho on cng nhn, trang thit b nng h, sn bay ln thng vv Hnh 2.78 gii thiu gin na chm ch to sm nht.

Hnh 2.78. Gin bn chm Gin khoan t nng Gin khoan ni kiu t nng c tn gi bng ting Anh l jack-up, jack-up rig hoc SelfElevating Platform, l kiu thng dng nht trong h gin khoan lm vic trn thm lc a. Nhng nm gn y t gin dng ny ngi ta ci bin thnh nhng cng trnh ni lm c nhim v nh cn cu ni, c s hu cn ni, xng ni. Gin t nng cho n nay u bng kt cu thp. Trong trng thi lm vic gin ta trn cc chn, ba hoc bn chn. Cc chn c kh nng trt trong cc l xuyn qua thn gin cn thn gin thng nm pha trn. Chn ta trn nn y bin, thn gin c nng cao dn , tch khi mt nc v sau ln hn trn mt nc.. trng thi khng lm vic gin ni trn nc, cc chn c rt ln cao. Trng hp ny gin ni nh tu thy thng thng. Thng tng trong h thng ny thc ra l mt thn tu cha thit b my mc, phng sinh hot, phn xng, sn h my bay vv Thn gin c thit k nhm m bo tnh ni cho bn thn v ton b thit b my mc cng cc chn. Chi tit thu ht s ch ca ngi thit k v ngi dng l cc chn ca gin. Kt cu v hnh dng ca chn nh sau. Chn gm bn ng thp t ti bn gc hnh vung to nn. Cc ng tr ny (chord) c ni vi nhau thng qua cc thanh ging ngang. C hai loi thanh ging: thanh ging ngang nm trn ng cho v thanh nm ngang nm trn cnh hnh vung. Thanh ging cho b tr trn bn mt ca chn chng, to nn kt cu ch Z. Trn mt gin ang hot ng ti vng bin Vit nam, chn lm t vt liu sau: cc chord lm t thp RIVER ACE 80 tng ng thp ASTMA-514 grade F ca M. Cc thanh ging cho hoc ngang lm t thp SUMSTRONG 80QC, tng ng ng MANESMANN 70V. M ni ng ng lm bng thp cng mc vi chord. Phn trn cng cc chord di khong 29,4m s c tho ri khi ko bin ng di. Phng iu khin h thng ko chn ln xung c thit lp ring cho mi chn. Kt cu phng bng thp bn cao, chu c tc ng t
87

pha cc dn hng, chu tc ng mi trng. B phn dch chuyn, phc v khoan trn gin gi l cantilever (dm con son), kt cu rt vng. Kt cu cantilever gm hai phn chnh l phn di, thut ng chuyn mn ting Anh gi l cantilevered substructure v phn trn phc v trc tip cng vic khoan, gi l drill floor. B phn di c kh nng di chuyn ra-vo, tnh t vch ui phao, dch chuyn dc tu, cch xa vch sau khong cch ln nht n 10,67m, ng thi c th lm ch ta cho php cm kt cu trn x dch theo hng ngang, qua phi-tri 6,1m , n c 9 l khoan. Dm con son di chng 25,45m, cao 4,72m. Vt liu lm dm ASTM 3-36, ngoi tr dm chnh lm bng thp ASTM A78 grade C. Sn khoan rng b tr gin khoan , mm quay, neo nh v, mt bng cha vt t vi tng ti trng n 227t. Nh nu sn c kh nng x dch sang tri-phi mi bn xp x 3m, tnh t ng dc tm. Kh nng lm vic: khi tm khoan cch vch ui 9,14m v cch ng dc tm 2,44m kh nng chu ti l 453t. Khi tm khoan cch vch ui 10,67m v cch ng dc tm 3,05m kh nng chu ti l 354t. Ton b h thng nng h b tr ngay ti ba chn. Mi chn c hai dy thanh rng b tr i din nhau theo ng cho hnh vung. Mi thanh rng c ba bnh rng n khp v lm nhim v quay rng nng/ h thn gin . Nh vy mi chn c 6 b bnh rng cng lm vic.

Hnh 2.79. Gin khoan t nng

i tu khoan

i tu khoan hot ng trn cc bin ngy nay vt qua con s trm. Tu khoan c hnh dng rt ging tu vn ti, ngoi tr thp khoan. Thp khoan thng nm khu vc gia tu, vn ln rt cao khi lm vic. Ti khu vc ny ngi ta b tr h thng my mc, thit b khoan. nh v tu ti v tr khoan nh h thng chng buc, ging h thng dng trn gin na chm.

88

Tu khoan thch hp cho cng vic khoan thm d. Trong trng hp ny tu khoan (drillship) v tu thng thng (ship) khng khc nhau nhiu. im khc d hnh dung l h thng nh v ca tu khoan ht sc phc tp nhm gi cho tu nm ng v tr khai thc khi lm vic. Hnh 2.80 gii thiu b tr chung tu khoan c ng vo nhng nm cui th k XX, tu Discoverer Seven Seas.

Hnh 2.80 Tu khoan Discoverer Seven Seas

Cn cu ni

Cn cu ni dng trong ngnh khai thc du khi c kch thc khng l, sc nng ht sc ln, t vi trm tn n vi ngn tn. Cn cu gii thiu ti hnh 81 trang b hai cu, mi cu sc nng 7.000 tn. Mc cu ph ca cng trnh ni chu ti trng 2.400 tn. Bn knh tm quay ca cu khi cu hng nng 74m. Bn knh ln nht cu c th vn 150m.

Hnh 2.81. Cn cu SAIPEM, sc nng 7.000T

89

Ti cc khu vc khai thc du kh ngi ta b tr cc kho cha du khng bn, gi bng ting Anh hin i l Floating Production Storage and Offloading Unit, vit tt FPSO. Trong thc t t nhm FPSO ngi ta sn xut lot tu ch lm nhim v cha m khng ch bin, vit tt FSO. n nm 2001, Vietsovpetro, x nghip lin doanh gia Vit nam v Lin bang Nga trong lnh vc khai thc du kh ang s dng bn trm FSO. Trm cha du khng bn mang tn gi Vietsovpetro 01 do hng Hitachi Zosen, Nht bn ng nm 2001, di s gim st ng kim ABS l trm th t ti vng bin Vit nam, c kch thc nh sau: chiu di gia hai tr 258,0m, chiu rng 46,0m, chiu cao mn 23,9m, mn nc 16,84m, deadweight 154.146 T. Hnh 2.82 gii thiu b tr chung ca Vietsovpetro 01. Hin nay trm cha du khng bn c dng rng ri chnh l cc tu du c ln, trang b thm h thng neo gi v bm chuyn sn phm t ng ng ca gin khoan ln kho hoc bm t kho n phng tin vn chuyn ngi mua a n. Trm cha du u tin c cng ty lin doanh Vietsovpetro a vo khai thc thuc dng ny. Nguyn thy trm cha du u tin ny l tu ch du mang tn Crym, ng ti xng mang tn Zaliv - Vnh ti Kertchen. Hnh 2.83 trang sau trnh by b tr chung v phn khoang cng kt cu dc trm FSO u tin ca Vit nam tn gi Ch Linh.

Hnh 2.82

90

Hnh 2.83. Tu FSO Ch Linh

91

5.9. Tu c nh

Tu c nh c dng rng ri trong vn ti ng sng, vnh, ven b, l phng tin thng dng vn chuyn ngi, vt t, phc v cng tc tun tra, tham quan, du lch. Thng thng cc tu nh c kt cu theo h thng ngang. Nhng thit k tu c nh, c thc t chng minh c tnh hp l c trnh by nh ti liu tham kho cho bn c quan tm. H thng kt cu ngang t ra ph hp vi yu cu cng ngh ch to v s dng. Nhng tu khch kch c tng ng u mang c tnh ca kt cu ny, nh hnh 2.67 2.69 phn trc gii thiu v tu khch hng ven b Kin Giang 57. Hnh 2.84 tip tc gii thiu mt ct ngang tu khch ven b, ni ting mt thi, tu A.Green, di 33m, rng 5,1m, chiu cao mn 2,55m, ch 200 khch. Hnh 2.86 gii thiu kt cu c bn cng tu.

Hnh 2.84
92

Hnh 2.85a. Kt cu c bn tu khch ven b

93

94 Hnh 2.85b. Kt cu c bn tu khch ven b

Tuy nhin trong thc t kt cu theo h thng dc vn c ch ng trn nhng tu nhm ny. Hnh 2.86 sau y gii thiu mt ct ngang tu khch cao tc 120 khch, c L=37,52m; B= 5,4m; D=2,52m; lng chim nc 65,56 tn; vn tc 28 hl/h, hot ng trn tuyn sng SI t Vit Nam i Campuchia, ng ti nh my ng tu khu vc pha Nam nm 2006. Thp ng tu s dng l loi c cng cao, tn v bao tu du 5mm, tn boong, tn nc cabin dy 4mm, cc gn gia cng dc l cc bn thp c tit din 4x40mm.

5.10.

Hnh 2.86. Mt ct ngang tu khch cao tc 28hl/h. Tu trn cnh ngm ch khch

Tu cnh ngm ch khch c ch to t hp kim nhm xut hin t nhng nm gia th k XX. Tu tuy c kch thc khng ln song thng ch to theo h thng kt cu dc. Kt cu c trng mt tu trn cnh, tu Kometa ng ti Nga, khai thc trn sng. V tu lm bng hp kim nhm, kt cu hn th hin ti hnh 2.87 di y. Tu c chiu di L=35,10m, chiu rng B=9,60m, chiu cao ton b H= 7,80m, chiu cao mn n boong chnh D=3,20m, chiu chm d=1,40m, lng chim nc D=55,80 tn, lp 02 my vi tng cng sut 1600HP, vn tc 34 hi l/gi, sc ch 118 hnh khch. Trn hnh, hnh 2.87a m t kt cu ct dc ca tu ; hnh 2.87b bn tri m t kt cu boong chnh, bn phi m t kt cu dn y; hnh 2.87c m t kt cu boong sn khch; hnh 2.87d m t kt cu boong dng mi v hnh 2.87e m t kt cu sn bung my. c trng kt cu mt ct ngang ca tu trn cnh vi cu hnh c o trnh by ti hnh 2.88, miu t hai mt ct ngang qua tu Komieta. Trn hnh, hnh 2.88a trnh by sn nm sau mt gia, trong kh , hnh bn phi 2.88b trnh by mt ct gn pha mi. Trn hnh trnh by r chiu dy tm hp kim nhm, chi tit v kch thc sn, m, np dc vv
95

96 Hnh 2.87. Kt cu tu cnh ngm Kometa

Hnh 2.88. Mt ct ngang tu cnh ngm Kometa

97

CHNG 3 CHI TIT KT CU THN TU

1. Chi tit kt cu thn tu

Nh gii thiu chng 2, v tu thu c dng chung nht c xt nh kt cu dng v mng c gia cng dc v ngang, m bo tu ni trn nc v lm vic an ton trong cc ch khai thc. Thng thng ngi ta quan nim, xt theo chiu dc, coi tu gm ba phn chnh (hnh 3.1):
-

Phn li (aft end region) chim khong 30% chiu di tu; Phn gia tu (midship region) chim 40% chiu di tu; Phn mi (fore end region) chim phn cn li; Phn mt tu c hiu l phn thuc 0,1L tnh t mi mt tu.

Hnh 3.1 Trong cc phn ny ngi k s phi i su vo phn tch, tnh ton v hnh thnh kt cu c trng tng vng:
-

Khu vc gia i c quan tm ng mc. Cc kt cu c tm quan trng c bit gm lp tn bao, mt ct ngang tng ng ca thn tu v m un chng un ca mt ct, cc vch ngang, vch dc (bulkhead), y tu, boong. Vng trc ca tu gm nhng phn quan trng nh sng mi (stem), boong mi, kt su (deep tanks), kt cu c trng khu vc trc vch chng va (fore peak structure). Nhng kt cu ti phn ui hoc phn li nh va gi thng thng gm c kt cu vng li, sau vch ui (after peak structure), kt cu vm ui, sng li (sternframe, shaft brackets and bossings).

Theo chiu cao, nhng ngi tnh ton kt cu tip xc vi nhng kt cu chnh ca tu, tnh t di ln nh:
-

y tu (c th dng y n, y i) thng l b phn quan trng nht nh, nm di cng thn tu. Trong cm kt cu ny sng chnh tu (center girder) phi c quan tm hng u v y l xng sng ca tu.

98

Dn mn, cc vch, ct chng vv nh nhng thnh ng, tr ng lm cho tu cng vng.

Boong hoc cc boong (decks) v kt cu boong lm nhng chc nng khc nhau nh boong gia (tweendeck) lm ni cha hng, boong trn (upper deck) ng vai tr boong thi tit khng ch che ma nng cho tu m cn ng vai tr boong sc bn. Nhng chi tit chnh ca thn tu chng ta tip tc lm quen hnh 3.2.

Hnh 3.2. Cc cm kt cu tu vn ti Ti hnh v cc k hiu bng s c tn gi thng dng sau: 1- boong thng tng ui (poop deck), 2- boong trn (upper deck), 3- boong i li (saloon deck), 4- boong xung (boat deck), 5- boong do (promenade deck), 6- boong iu khin (navigation deck), 7- boong la bn (compass flat), 8- boong thng tng mi (forecastle deck), 9- boong hai/boong ni khoang (second deck), 10- bung my li (steering engine room), 11- hm trc li (rudder trunk), 12- kt ui (after peak tank), 13- kt mn (wing tank), 14hm trc (shaft tunnel), 15- deep tank (kt su), 16- bung my (engine room), 17- khoang hng (hold), 18hm xch neo (chain locker), 19- kt mi (fore peak tank), 20- thnh ming bung my (engine casing), 21sng ui (stern frame), 22- ngang dng cao (deep floor), 23- vch ui (after peak bulkhead), 24- vch kn nc (water tight bulkhead), 25- vch sng (corrugated bulkhead), 26- b my (engine bed), 27- y i (double bottom), 28- vch dc tm (center line bulkhead), 29- sng boong (deck girder), 30- vch chng va (collision bulkhead).
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2. Dn y 2.1. y n

Tu vn ti c nh, tu c c trung bnh tr li, cc tu kch thc khng ln c kt cu y thng dng y n. y n tu thy c nhng c cu chnh nh sau. Ki hay cn gi sng chnh (hoc long ct, nh gii thch) nm chnh mt dc gia tu, chy dc sut thn tu. Sng chnh phi c ni vi im gp sng mi v sng li ti v tr xa nht trong iu kin c th. Sng chnh c kt cu lin tc, trnh b khot l ty tin. Ngoi sng chnh, vi tu c chiu rng kh ln, nht thit b tr cc dc y hoc gi l sng ph, cch sng chnh on theo qui cch xc nh, c th hn, khong cch ny khng qu 2,25m, chy gn nh song song vi sng chnh. Cn nh thm, ti khu vc mi, tc phm vi 25%L, tnh t sng mi, khong cch gia sng chnh v ph khng c qu 1,0m. Thnh ca dc y trong kt cu theo h thng ngang, b ct ti v tr t ngang v hn cng vo thnh ng ngang. Dn y c to ra trong trng hp ny c th m hnh dng dn phng gm hai h dm t vung gc nhau. H thng cc dc (ki, dc y) chy theo chiu dc tu v h thng cc ngang y to thnh h trc giao. Nu s lng cc ngang ln hn nhiu nu so vi dc (cc ngang khi c gi l cc dm hng chnh) th ta c h thng kt cu ngang, ngc li nu s lng cc dc ln hn nhiu nu so vi ngang th ta c h thng kt cu dc. Tn y c hn vo khung dn ang cp. Pha trn dn y ngi ta thng lt tm sn bng g hoc vt liu thch hp, cn hng ha s t trn sn va nu. Hnh 3.3 trn y gii thiu trch on kt cu y n theo h thng kt cu ngang ca tu vn ti. Trn hnh ang nu ki ng (center keelson) nm trng trc i xng dc tu, hai sng ph (side keelson) cch u ki ng, cng ct vung gc h thng ngang (floor flanged at top).

Hnh 3.3. Khung dn y n tu vn ti. Ti y cn nhc li qui cch hn gia h thng dc v ngang. Trong h thng ngang ny, sng ph (side keelson) b ct ti v tr t ngang (floor flanged at top)v ni vo ngang bng ng hn lin, ng ng giao nhau ca hai ang cp. Tm bn ca cc kt cu dc ang nu phi c lin tc, c ngha tm bn trn ngang b ct t ti v tr tm bn girder i qua, sau hn vo thnh tm bn dc. Vt liu lm dc phi c chn ty theo kch thc tu. Tu vi chiu di khng qu 50m c th dng thp hnh lm dc.
100

Hnh 3.4 tip tc m t kt cu y n tu vn ti. trong , tm bn ca ki ng v ca dc b t ti vch ngang v hn c nh vo vch bng mi hn lin. Phi lm m tng cng cho mi ni ny. M c th ng nh ti hnh 3.4a, song c th dng m nm nu iu kin cho php, hnh 3.4b.
a, b,

Hnh 3.4. y n tu vn ti Trn hnh 3.4 cc ghi ch mang ngha sau: 1 ki ng, 2 dc y (sng ph bottom girder), 3 ngang c, 4 np ng, 5 vch ngang, 6 m ni, 7 m nm. Qui cch thng dng cc ngang tu y n nh sau. Chiu cao o ti mt i xng dc tu t 220mm trn tu c nh n 450mm cho tu ln. Trn cc tu c nghing hng ln, chiu cao ngang c th gim dn khi ra pha mn, tuy nhin chiu cao ti thiu ti khong cch 3/8 B, tnh t mt i xng, khng c nh hn mt na chiu cao ti mt i xng. ngang y n thng thng ch to dng c, t thp tm, hn vi tm y, vi tm thnh ki ng v vi sn bn mn. Hnh 3.5 trnh by cc mi hn quan trng va nu dng cho ngang nng cao, tu nh. Hnh 2.5
101

Lin kt ngang vi mn tu y bng, s lan vv nh cc m ng, chiu cao ln. M thng c mp b, chiu rng mp b khong 50mm n 65mm, hnh 3.6a. Cch ni ngang vi sn trn tu hng vt ln nn theo cch lm trnh by ti hnh 3.6b.
a) b)

Hnh 3.6 Hnh 3.7 tip tc gii thiu trch on kt cu y n theo h thng dc. Hnh 3.7a gii thiu kt cu y tu v thp, hnh 3.7b gii thiu kt cu y tu v hp kim nhm. Trong thc t kt cu theo h thng dc vn c ch ng trn nhng tu c nh bi nhng u im hn hn ca n v phng din n nh tm, iu ny cho php gim chiu dy tn v bao mt cch ng k, m iu ny t l thun vi gim trng lng tu, mt yu t v cng c ngha i vi cc tu c nh chy nhanh.
a) b)

Hnh 3.7. Kt cu y n h thng dc Trn hnh 3.7, cc ghi ch mang ngha: 1- Di tn gia y (Keel); 2- Sng chnh (Center girder); 3- Bn cnh sng chnh (Rider plate); 4- Sng dc (Longitudinal girder); 5- Dm dc y (Botttom longitudinal); 6- ngang y (Bottom frame); 7- Sn mn (Side frame); 8- Dm dc mn (Side longitudinal); 9- Sng boong (Deck girder); 10- Tn boong (Deck plate); 11- Tn mp boong (Stringer plate); 12- Di tn mp mn (Sheer strake); 13- Tn mn (Side strake); 14- Di tn hng (. Bilge strake); 15- Tn y (Bottom strake); 16- Di tn k tn gia y (Garboard strake); 17- Vy gim lc (Bilge
102

keel); 18- Ct chng (Pillar); 19- Mp mn (Gunwale); 20- X boong (Deck beam); 21- Np ke hng (Chine); 22- M ni (Lugs); 23- M (Bracket). y n kt cu theo h thng dc bao gm cc np dc y nh gii thiu ti chng hai, ki ng ti mt dc gia tu, hn vo tn y. Cc np dc y qui cch kh ln, t u nhau trn ton b chiu rng y hoc ch khu vc khoang gia, ty thuc yu cu m bo bn. Trn tu c nh, chiu di n 50m, khong cch gia cc np dc khong 600mm. Tu c ln, khong cch ny khong chng 900mm. Cc np dc i xuyn qua cc ngang. Trong h thng kt cu dc khong cch gia cc ngang khng ln hn 3,75m. Ni np dc y vi vch ngang kn nc thc hin theo cc bin php thng dng nu ti hnh 3.9. Thng l ngi ta ni ngang vi vch dc, mn bng m (brackets) cng, hnh 3.9a.
a)

b)

c)

d)

Hnh 3.8. Ni np dc y vi vch kn nc Chiu cao ngang trong khu vc khoang gia cao hn hn chiu cao nm trong vng kt mn. Trong mi trng hp, mi lin kt gia ngang vi vch dc v mn phi c ch y . Ki ng c ch to theo mt trong hai cch: lin tc trong sut khoang hng hoc b t qung ti cc ngang. Trong c hai trng hp, tm bn vn phi lin tc. Mi hn ng gia ki ng v ngang dng
103

trong trng hp ki t on phi vng, kn. Chiu cao ki ng thng l ch bng chiu cao ngang, tuy nhin trng hp cn tng cng bn dc chiu cao ki phi vt tri nu so vi ngang, hnh 8. Thnh ng ki ng trong phm vi gia hai ngang phi c lm cng bng cc m ng, hai pha, xem hnh 3.8 v 3.10. Chiu rng chn m ko n tn np dc gn nht.

Hnh 3.10. Ki ng tu du.

2.2 y i

y i tu ko di t vch li n vch chng va mi. Kt cu y i t chc theo mt trong hai h thng: h thng kt cu ngang v h thng kt cu dc. Cc chi tit quan trng ca h thng kt cu ngang ghi r ti hnh 3.10.

Hnh 3.10. H thng kt cu ngang y i tu vn ti

104

Cc ghi ch trong hnh 3.10 c ngha sau: ngang c (Solid floor); 2- ngang h (Bracket floor); 3- Sng chnh (Center girder); 4- Sng ph (Side girder); 5- Sng hng (Magrin plate); 6- Di tn dc tm y trn (Center strake); 7- Tn y trn (Inner bottom plating); 8- ngang tm (Floor plate); 9Dm ngang y trn (Reverse frame); 10- Dm ngang y di (Main frame); 11- Di tn gia y (Keel); 12- Di tn A (A trake); 13- Tn y (Bottom plating); 14- Di tn hng (Bilge strake); 15- Vy gim lc (Bilge keel); 16- M hng (Tank side bracket); 17- Tm p (Gusset plate); 18- Tm p gc (Gusset ange); 19- Sn khoang (Hold frame); 20- Ct chng khoang (Hold pillar); 21- Tm m/tm kp (Double plate); 22- Vn lt sn (Bottom ceiling); 23- L thng kh (Air hole); 24- L ngi chui (Manhole); 25- L thot nc (Limber hole); 26- Np ng (Vertical stiffener); 27- Thanh gia cng ng (Vertical bar); 28- Thanh chng (Strut); 29- M gia cng sng chnh (Center bracket); 30- M gia cng sng chnh (Bracket to margin plate); 31- L khot gim trng lng (Lightening hole). H thng kt cu dc c m t trn hnh 3.11 sau:

Hnh 3.11. H thng kt cu dc y i tu vn ti Trong h thng dc ca y (longitudinally framed double bottom) trn hnh 3.11 chng ta lm quen vi cc chi tit sau: 1- Sng chnh (Center girder); 2- Sng ph (Side girder); 3- Dm dc y di (Bottom longitudinal); 4- Dm dc y trn (Top longitudinal of double bottom); 5- ngang c (Solid floor); 6- Di tn gia y (Keel); 7- Di tn A (A trake); 8- Tn y (Bottom plating); 9- Di tn hng (Bilge strake); 10- Tn mn (Side plating); 13- Tn y trn (Inner bottom plating); 14- M hng (Tank side bracket); 15- Tm p gc (Gusset ange); 16- Sn khoang (Hold frame); 29- Sn kho (Web frame); 39- M hng (Water tight floor); 40- M gia cng dm dc y (Bracket to water tight floor); 42Thanh chng (Strut); 43- L khot cho ng hn chui qua (Scallop or Serration); 45- Sng hng nghing (Lightening hole); 46- L khot ngi chui (Manhole); 49- Tm m chn ct chng (Doubling).
Chn h thng kt cu

Vic la chn h thng kt cu y thch hp nhm gim thiu trng lng vt t ch to v tu ng thi m bo bn kt cu. Chn h thng kt cu cho y tu mang tm quan trng c bit. Nhn vo h thng kt cu y ngi ta c th oan chc tu ang thit k mang mu sc ca h thng ngang hoc dc. Chn la h thng kt cu thch hp trn c s phn tch ti trng tc ng ln tu trong trng hp chung, trng hp ti cc b v c nh hng ti trng ng.
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y i trong h thng kt cu ngang tu vn ti p dng cho tu kch thc ln.Thng l tu di va n 40m khng cn thit b tr y i. Tu di t 45m n 60m c y i trong khu vc bung my v trc bung my, n vch chng va mi. Tu di trn 60m nht thit c y i ko t vch ui n vch mi. Trn tu kiu ny, khng b tr y i ti vng mi v li.

Ki ng trong h thng ny, chi tit 3 hnh 3.11, v nguyn tc phi kn nc. Cc l khot ch c thc hin cho khu vc u v cui tu. Chiu cao cc l khng qu 0,4 chiu cao ki ng hoc hiu theo ngha chung, chiu cao y i. Chiu di l khot, v d l hnh -van khng c php qu na chiu di khong sn. dc y phi c b tr trn cc tu c chiu rng ln, tu c chiu rng B trn 10m, khong cch gia dc vi ki ng hoc gia cc dc gn nhau khng vt qu gi tr sau: 3,0m - trong h thng ngang, cc ngang c xen k ngang h; 3,5m trong h thng kt cu ngang, ngang c t ti mi khong . Khong cch gia cc dc ang nu b thu nh li ti khu vc 0,25L tnh t mi, ti y gi tr i lng ny khng qu 2,2m, nhm mc ch tng cng bn trc tc ng ca cc lc ng lc. Khu vc gn vch ngang, c th cch vch ngang mt n hai khong sn, khng nn khot l ti dc. Trng hp bt buc phi c l khot v nhng l do nht nh, mp cc l khot phi c tng cng bng np, hnh 3.12. y c hai bin php gia cng bi thng, hoc bng gn cho (hnh 3.12a), hoc bng mp vin (hnh 3.12b).
a) b)

Hnh 3.12. Gia cng bi thng l khot: a) Gia cng bi thng bng gn cho; b) Gia cng bi thng bng mp vin Trong tu vn ti chng ta c th b tr cc kiu ngang khc nhau. ngang kn nc (Water tight floor) t di vch ngang kn nc. Bng cch ny kn nc chia khng gian trong y i thnh nhng khoang ring bit, kn kh v kn nc vi nhau. ngang kn nc b t ti ch ki ng i qua, hn vi ki ng bng ng hn lin tc, kn nc, hnh 3.13a. ngang c (Solid floor) c hn vo ki theo cch hn kn nc, hnh 3.13b. Cc ghi ch trn
106 a)

b)

Hnh 3.13

hnh 3.13 c ngha sau: 1 sng chnh y; 2- sng ph y. Hnh nh ngang c lin kt vi ki ng 1 v vi dc y (sng ph) 1 nh miu t th hin ti minh ha, hnh 3.14.

Hnh 3.14. H thng kt cu ngang vi cc c Cc ghi ch trn hnh 3.14 c ngha sau: 1 sng chnh y; 2- ngang c; 3- l khot; 4- np ng; 5- sng dc. ngang h tn ti hai kiu kt cu l ngang h kiu khot l (open floor) v ngang h kiu gn xng (bracket floor). Chi tit 2 hnh 3.10 m t ngang h kiu gn xng. h kiu gn xng c kt cu gm hai phn, phn trn dng np ngang bt vo y trong v phn di vo y tu. Hai phn trn di lin kt vi nhau m bo bn vng theo mt trong cc cch trnh by ti hnh 3.15.

a,

b,

c,

Hnh 3.15. ngang h kiu gn xng (bracket floor) ngang h c th t cch qung hoc t lin nhau t hai n ba khong ngang trn tu. Cn lu thm, nhiu tu vn ti khng b tr h, xem hnh 3.14. Trong mi trng hp, khi c mt ngang h, cc ngang c khng cch nhau xa qu 3,2m, cn s ngang h b tr lin nhau khng qu 3. iu sau y mang tnh bt buc: khu vc 0,25L tnh t tr mi ch b tr ngang c trong kt cu theo h thng ngang. Trong kt cu theo h thng dc h c t xen k trong khu vc ny.
107

Trong khu vc bung my, ngang c nm ti mi khong sn. Cc khoang y i phi c l thng hi, u ng ko ln trn boong trn cng. khng kn nc c php khot cc l nhm gim trng lng tu v lm ni qua li, tuy nhin chiu cao l khot khng qu chiu cao . Gia cc l khot cn b tr np ng ngang cch nhau khng qu 1,5m. Khong cch np ng rt ngn li ch cn 0,9m ti ngang kn nc.
y i trong h thng kt cu dc tu vn ti p dng cho tu di hn mc va nu trn. Tu c chiu rng trn 12m ngoi ki ng cn b tr cc dc y nm v hai pha mn (side girder). Khong cch gia ki v dc, gia hai dc k nhau, nu c, khng qu 4,5m. Tu vi B nh hn 12m khng cn t dc y ngoi khu vc bung my.

Khong cch gia hai np dc y tu di c t 70m n 180m ch t 600 n 950mm. Phi n iu mang tnh nguyn tc, np dc y ngoi v np dc y trong nm cng mt phng vi np ng ngang, hnh 3.16.

Hnh 3.16 Cc ghi ch trn hnh 3.16 c ngha sau: 1 tn mn; 2- tn vch ngang; 3- sn; 4- np ng; 5tn y trong; 6- sng chnh; 7- sng ph y; 8- ngang c; 9- dm dc y; 10- m gia cng. Gii php gim kch thc np dc y p dng ln cc tu nhiu khi mang tnh c o. Gia cc ngang ngi ta b tr cc thanh (cc) chng n gin, cao ngang mc b khot cho np qua, np chnh gia si, hnh 3.17 Hnh 3.17

108

Cc ghi ch trn hnh 3.17 c ngha sau: 1 m gia cng ki ng; 2- ngang y; 3-np dc y ngoi; 4- thanh chng ng; 5- np ng gia cng sng y; 6- m hng. Np dc kt thc ti kn nc, c hn cht vi ny bng m ng, bt u t y, kt thc ti mp trong tn y trong, hnh 3.18.

Hnh 3.18 Nhng gii php kt cu dng cho cc ngang trong h thng dc c gii thiu tip theo. Hnh 3.19 trnh by ngang c tu vn ti i bin. Cn lu y nguyn tc va nu khi khot cc kiu l khot trn c, chiu cao l khot ngi chui/ l thng thng (manhole), l khot gim trng lng (lightening hole), l thot kh (air hole), l thot nc (drain hole) phi nm trong hn nh. Cch hn cc np ng kn nc t ng v tr m np dc hai y ang i qua.

Hnh 3.19. Kt cu ngang y tu ch hng ri, trong h thng dc, c gii thiu ti hnh 3.20.
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Hnh 3.20. ngang y tu ch hng ri Trong y i, trong nhng trng hp cn thit ngi ta b tr cc ng hm cho cc ng ng chy dc. Kch thc cc ng hm ny ng k do vy phi quan tm n vng chc ca kt cu. Hnh 3.20 trn trnh by mt trong cc gii php t ng hm. y i tu ch hng kiu c gii thiu di y, hnh 3.21, miu t kt cu mt ct ngang cng ng hm trong y i.

Hnh 3.21. ngang y tu vn ti cng ng hm trong y i Cc gii php lin kt np dc vi ngang ang c dng c dng nh sau. Hnh 3.22 trnh by mi ni np dc vi ngang kn nc, lin kt qua m tm. Ni np dc vi sng y c m t nh ti hnh 3.23. Hnh 3.22

110

Hnh 3.23 Chi tit cn quan tm khi thit k kt cu y tu vn ti l b tr hp l mi ni tm y trong vi mn tu. Ngi ta thc hin cc cch ni d dng v mt cng ngh. Tm y trong t bng, ko st vo tm mn v hn vi tm mn l mt trong nhng cch lm. Phng n tip theo, y trong khng ko st mn ngay m kt thc cch mn khong cch nht nh. Tm tn lin kt tm y vi tm mn tr thnh tm vch nghing xung (margin plate) hoc nghing dc ln (hopperside plate) lm cho mi lin kt tr nn mm hn (hnh 3.24). Nt kt cu ny kh a dng, mt vi kiu trong nhm c trnh by ti cc hnh tip theo. Hnh 3.26a trnh by cch thng dng lin kt tm y trong vi mn, nh m nm ti hng. Hnh 26b gii thiu cch ni th hai, cng thng dng trn tu vn ti. Hnh 3.26c v 3.26d nhng phng n cng cho mt gii php. Hnh 2.24
a, b,

c,

d,

Hnh 3.25. Nt kt cu
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Nh bit, nguyn tc thit k kt cu tu l cc dm ngng khot l cho cc dm hng chnh chui qua, vic gia cng bi thng l khot c thc hin nh ch dn di hnh 3.26 sau.

Hnh 3.26
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Hnh 3.27 tip theo gii thiu kt cu ngang kn nc, ngang c v ngang h b tr trn tu ch g chy bin 8.700 DWT. Kch thc ghi ti hnh l nhng s c trong thc t, gip ngi c c thm ti liu tham kho khi thit k nhng chi tit kiu ny. Trn hnh nu y yu cu v quy cch khch thc gia cng cc chi tit, chiu dy tn cng nh quy cc mi hn.

Hnh 3.27. Kt cu ngang tu ch g 8.700DWT Kt cu y i tu vn ti nh trnh by, gm h thng dc, cc ngang vung gc vi dc, cc chi tit lin kt kt cu y vi cc kt cu tip gip. Ph ngoi khung xng ny l tn bao gm tn y, tn y trong. Th hin trn hnh chiu bng kt cu y i trong h thng kt cu dc tu ch hng kh 4.000DWT ng nm 2005 c dng nh trnh by ti hnh 3.28. Trn hnh c th thy r tn y trong cng cc mi hn trnh by pha mn tri, tnh t tm dc tu, trn c th nhn thy vt biu din cc ng ni tn. V tr t cc np dc, ngang c v chnh xc trn cng hnh. Pha mn phi c th thy r b tr cc dm, phn khoang trong lng y i. Tn y c biu din trn cng hnh.

113

114 Hnh 3.28. Kt cu y i trong h thng dc tu hng kh 4.000DWT

y i trong h thng ngang trn tu vn ti i bin, ng trong nhng nm su mi trnh by ti hnh 3.29, trong hnh 3.29a trnh by kt cu y phn sau v 3.29b v tip phn trc ca dn y. Ti y chng ta c th thy r kt cu y, y trong, ngang c, kn nc. Trn cng bn v chi tit kt cu dc phi c th hin r, y .

Hnh 3.29a. Kt cu y i tu vn ti trong h thng kt cu ngang (phn sau) 115

116 Hnh 2.29b. Kt cu y i tu vn ti trong h thng kt cu ngang (phn trc)

3. Mn tu

Mn tu l dn kt cu th hai, sau dn y cn c quan tm y lc thit k. Dn mn chu tc ng ng thi cc lc php tuyn do nc ngoi mn v hng ha trong tu gy cng ng lc xut hin trong qu trnh tu b un chung. gnh chu c cc vic nng n kt cu dn mn mang y c trng kt cu khung dn tu nh khung dn mn lm ch ta tin cho lp v kn nc. Cc m hnh tnh ton cho dn mn tu vn ti mt boong, nhiu boong c trnh by c th ti [8]. Kt cu thc t trn cc tu vn ti c th tng kt nh hnh 3.30 sau.

Hnh 3.30. S b tr dn mn Trn hnh 3.30 cc ghi ch mang ngha: 1- vch ngang (tranverse bulkhead), 2 boong (deck), 3 y tu (bottom), 4 sn thng (side frame), 5 sn kho (web), 6 dm dc mn (side stringer), 7 np dc mn (side longitudinal). Tu vn ti i bin, ch hng kh thuc nhm mang tn gi chung general cargo ships c dn mn hu nh t chc trong h thng kt cu ngang, hnh 3.30a v 3.30b. Mt s tu c chiu di ng k dn mn mi chuyn sang h thng dc. H thng kt cu ngang dnh cho dn mn tu vn ti khng ph thuc vo h thng kt cu chung ton tu, hiu theo ngha, h thng kt cu ca dn y v boong cao c th theo h thng dc. Nh cp ti chng hai, rt nhiu tu t chc theo h thng kt cu hn hp ngang dc, trong y v boong theo h thng dc cn mn theo h thng ngang. H thng ngang p dng vo y c ngha thc t v lm gim vt liu ch to tu. Dn mn thng l c xt c bin ti cc vch ngang tu (1), tnh theo chiu dc v b chn ti y tu pha di (3), cc boong pha trn (2), hnh 3.30. Trn tt c cc tu vn ti, khong cch gia y v boong bao gi cng nh hn khong cch gia hai vch ngang. Nhn qua cu hnh ny c th thy ngay rng b tr c cu cng theo chiu ngn hn ca dn vi s lng thch ng lm tng kh nng m bo bn cc b ca kt cu, hnh 30a. Chnh v vy ngi ta chn h thng ngang cho mn tu vn ti nhm tng tnh u vit va nu. Trong thc t chiu di gia hai vch ngang ln hn hai ln chiu cao dn mn ang nu, cch sp xp sn thch hp nht l ch b tr mt kiu sn kch thc m bo cng vng. ngha ca cch t vn ti y l trn tu vn ti thng dng, kt cu mn tu trong khu vc cc khoang hng ch b tr sn thng, khng b tr sn khe nhm m bo khng ch bn m c dung tch hu ch cha hng.
117

Trng hp chiu di gia hai vch k nhau, hn ch tm mn v chiu cao t y n boong gn bng nhau, nht thit thay i c cu t chc, phi tin hnh lm sng dc mn v cc sn khe sc chu ng tc ng bn ngoi, hnh 3.30c. Cn thit phi nu r, tu ch hng kh rt cn dung tch hm hng ln do vy phi cn nhc k vn a sn khe (web) v sng dc mn (side stringer) vo cc khoang hng. V mt cng ngh, ch to dn mn t chc theo h thng ngang d hn nhiu nu so vi c cu h thng dc. Cc chi tit ni trong h thng ny, v d m ni sn x ngang, chn sn y vv khng phi l s ng, cc l khot cho c cu khc chiu i qua cng khng nhiu trong h thng ny v nh vy cng b ra cho cng vic ny khng ln. ngha ca vn cn ch, c cu ny chu lc ct tu tt hn nu so vi kt cu theo h thng dc.

Hnh 3.31. H thng kt cu dc tu du Chiu dy tn mn cn tnh ton theo cc kha cnh khng ch m bo bn cc b m cn kh nng trnh mt n nh tm khi b un chung v b ct. Bn knh gc ln tm hng cng chiu dy tm hng nh hng n kh nng trnh mt n nh ca tm nm xa trc trung ha ny. iu d nhn bit tm hng tu c tng nu so vi cc tm ln cn trong thit k kt cu. Bng cch din gii tng t, tm tn tuy thuc v kt cu mn song xa trc trung ha, ni tip mp boong cn c quan tm
118

ng mc trn mt bn v n nh. ng sut nn trong tm ny, gi l tm mp mn (sheerstrake) ln gn bng gi tr ng sut nn tm boong lc tu b gp trn nc. Di tc ng ng sut nn ang cp v ng sut ct t pha lc ct, tm d chuyn sang trng thi mt n nh. V l trong cc kt cu thc t tm mp mn dy hn tm ln cn c khi n 25%. Nhng v d nu ti chng hai nhc n nhng con s ng . H thng kt cu dc dn mn p dng cho tu ch du t trc n nay. H thng dc ca dn mn dng ph bin trn tu hng ri v tu ch qung. Trn cc tu kch thc ln, chiu cao o t y n boong ca tu mt boong nh tu du, tu hng ri, thng rt ln, khong cch tnh t trc trung ha n cc tm tn nm gn pha y v pha boong s ln. iu c th thy ngay, cn thit b tr np dc mn nhm tng cng kh nng trnh mt n nh tm. Kt cu kh l mt ca tu ch du c ln kiu c M/T Apolo ti hnh 3.31 trnh by chi tit chiu dy tn, khong cc cc np dc mn, c cu tng cng, chng xon vvnh mt v d minh ha cho kiu kt cu ny. Cng trn bn v bn c c dp so snh cc gii php trnh tp trung ng sut ti cc mi ni c cu lm cng vi chi tip tip gip.
Xc nh khong cch sn (khong sn) phi da trn yu cu thit yu ca kt cu tu : m bo bn, n nh v d thi cng, ch to. Thng l c th coi khong sn l n s ca bi ton thit k ti u m mc tiu t ra khng g hn l vt liu ch to tu theo cch chn ang a ra phi t nht, cng ngh ch to d nht, gi thnh phi thp nht v nhiu iu nht na. Khong sn ang nu khng ch dng cho ng sn m cn l khong cch chun cho cc x ngang boong, ngang y. C th nu nhng nh sau khi tnh chn khong sn, tt nhin khong cch cng l khong cch , khong cch x ngang boong, rng khong sn ngn, kch thc lm sn khng ln, vt t cn thit cho mt sn khng nhiu song s lng sn cho ton tu s ln. iu ny dn n cng lao ng cho lm sn chc chn tng. Nu khong sn di, s lng sn trn tu gim song kch thc mi sn phi tng, chiu dy tn bao phi tng v ko theo trng lng tu tng. Trong thit k thc t khi iu kin tnh t u xc nh khong sn cha c iu kin thc hin c th tham kho ti liu chun b sn sau y, bng 1.

Quay li hnh 3.30 c th thy thm, trong h thng chun dng trong khu vc hm hng tu vn ti ch c cc sn thng c b tr nhm m bo iu kin khai thc d dng, dung tch hm hng ln. Trng hp chiu cao gia y v boong ln, cn thit t sng dc mn, thng nm gia khong cch , hnh 3.30b. Phng n tip theo khng ch b tr mt sng dc nh va nu, nhm tng bn phi t sn kho v cc sng dc mn b sung. iu ny c ngha vi cc tu hot ng vng cc khi phi i u vi bng. Bung my tu vn ti thng l t chc theo hng trnh by ti hnh 3.30c. Thng l sn kho, v ko theo x ngang boong kho, t c ba hoc bn khong sn. Hnh 3.30c trnh by phng n, sn khe t c bn khong sn. Khong sn s, (mm) 500, 560 630 710 750 Bng 1 Chiu di tu Lpp, (m) < 40 40 < Lpp < 75 Lpp > 75 40 < Lpp < 120 Lpp > 120 90 < Lpp < 140 110 < Lpp < 220 Lpp > 220 Vng s dng Ton tu Ton tu Vng mi (0,05L) Phn gia tu Phn mi Phn gia Phn gia Phn gia
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Kt cu dn mn tu du thng theo m hnh ti 3.30d, sn kho trong khoang hng khng qu ba hoc bn. Mt vi tn gi lin quan n chi tit dn mn c nhc li di y. Kt cu thng ng tng cng tm mn gi l sn (frame), ni sn vi x ngang boong t trong cng mt ngang mang tn gi m (ting Anh gi l ch gp ti u gi, knee), m ni chn sn vi y cc nc u dng t braket ch. Sn khe trong tu c cch gi bng ting Anh l Web, t y ngy nay tr thnh t thng dng trang ch trong thi i InterNet (hnh 3.32) Hnh nh c trng cho kt cu dn mn c miu t bng hnh v trong khng gian c dng nh ti hnh 3.33, trong 3.33a miu t h thng ngang ca dn mn trong khu vc bung my tu vn ti, hnh 3.33b miu t b tr np dc v sn khe h thng kt dc. Cc ghi ch trn hnh 3.33 c ngha: 1- tn mn (side plating); 2- sn khoang (hold frame); 3sng dc mn (side stringer); 4- sn kho (web frame); 5- dm dc mn (side longitudinal); 6- tn boong (deck plating).

Hnh 3.32
a, b,

Hnh 3.33 Hnh 3.34 gii thiu kt cu trn tu hng ba boong, ch to t nhng nm gia th k XX, lm ti liu tham kho. y tu t chc theo h thng dc song dn mn theo h thng ngang. Kch thc sn thay i theo phng thc m bo bn nhng phi tit kim vt liu trong iu kin c th.
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Hnh 3.34 Hnh 3.35 trnh by chi tit c cu sn hm hng, cc m ni v cch hn chng vi boong v y.

Hnh 3.35
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Trn hnh 3.35, m t mi ni chn sn vi sn y trn bng m , m lin kt u trn sn c ko ti dm dc boong gn nht, hnh bn tri, cn hnh bn phi m t lin kt u trn sn vi x ngang khe. Quy cch ca m lin kt c m t chi tit trn hnh. V d v kt cu sn khe nu ti hnh 3.36, quan st trn hnh v, ta thy sn khe, x ngang boong khe c kt cu dng hp tit din 1500x1200mm, y l mt dng kt cu khung sn in hnh hin nay. Dng kt cu ny c p dng kh ph bin trn cc tu hng kh chy bin m seri tu 6500DWT, seri tu 8700DWT ng ti cc nh my ng tu Vit Nam trong nhng nm gn y l mt v d minh ha in hnh.

Hnh 3.36 Tu hng ri trong mt s trng hp c mn theo h thng kt cu ngang. Mt trong nhng v d tu nhm ny c nu trn hnh 2.35, y ta thy mn kt cu dng mn kp, mn trong v mn ngoi u kt cu theo h thng ngang, c tng cng nh sng dc mn. y cng l mt dng kt cu mn in hnh ca dng tu ny hin nay vi kt cu v kp nhm p ng nhng yu cu ngt ngho ngy nay ca IMO. Trn cng hnh ny chng ta cn thy mt s chi tit tuy khng hon ton nm ti mn song mi lin h gia chng v mn l khng th b qua c. Hnh 3.37 tip sau gii thiu mt ct E-E; F-F v G-G trn hnh 2.35 k trn m t nhng kt cu ny.
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Hnh 2.37 Kt cu dn theo h thng ngang tng cng thm sng dc mn c nhc li trn hnh phi cnh 3.38, trong ch r tm mn 1 c cc sn thng cng sng dc mn 6 . ngang cng kt cu khe ca sn ch ko n sng dc song to thnh khung khe cho tu. Vch dc tu 3 nh nhc ti chng hai lun l thnh phn quan trng trong bn chung. im c th , vch ngang 2 c kt cu cng vng rt ging dn mn. Nhng vn lin quan vch s xem xt ti phn sau cng ti liu.

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Hnh 3.38 Minh ha cho kt cu dng ny bn c tm thy ti mt ct ngang tu nh c voi nu ti hnh 3.39. Cc tu kiu ny hot ng trn cc i dng mt cch an ton. Kt cu dng ny c p dng rng ri trong thit k tu du c nh.

Hnh 3.39
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Mt dng kt cu mn na hin nay ang c s dng kh ph bin trn nhng tu vn ti c trung bnh m tu ch du chy bin 13500DWT c ng nm 2005 ti mt trong nhng nh my ng tu ca Vit Nam l mt i din in hnh, hnh 3.40. Tu c kt cu mn kp, mn trong kt cu theo h thng dc, mn ngoi kt cu theo h thng ngang, khong cch gia hai mn l 1500mm, trn b tr hai sng dc mn i t mn trong ti mn ngoi. Quy cch chi tit cc phn t kt cu c m t trn hnh.

Hnh 3.40 Lin kt gia cc chi tit kt cu dn mn vi cc thnh phn tip gip thng qua m hoc khng dng m. Yu cu ln nht t ra cho nhng c cu lin kt ny l m bo dn mn c bt cht vi dn boong, dn y, cc vch. Yu cu ny tng ng i hi phi ngm chi tit ca mn vi gi trong cc m hnh tnh dm hoc tm. Lin kt phi m bo chng dch chuyn k c xoay. Trong tt c m hnh kt cu chng ta lm quen, lc tc ng ti gi, ni lc, ni t chi tit lin kt thng tri hn cc v tr khc do vy yu cu t ra cho cc chi tit ny l, cng vi h dm ca dn mn, cc chi tit ang cp phi n nhn ti trng ln n mc cho php. Nhng gii php thit k v cng ngh dnh cho cc chi tit ny c tm tt li di y. Phn ln nhng iu cn bn chng ta lm quen trong phn tm hiu kt cu dn y tu. Bin php thng dng song hu hiu l dng m hng (bracket) lin kt mn vi y. M hng phi c kch thc ln, cng cao. Thng thng ngi ta cn b mp m ny hoc hn vo tm thnh cng vng. Chiu cao m theo va trnh by phi t 1,5 ln chiu cao ngang y tr ln. Trng hp sn ch T, m hng hn lin vo c cu ch T , mp t do m cng dng ch T hn u mp vi mp t do sn. Trng hp y tu bng, m phi lm cao n 0,1 chiu cao t mp tn y trong n boong gn nht.
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Trng hp khng dng m hng tn y trong ko st mn, kch thc sn tng nhm lm cho m un chng un tng. Trong mi trng hp phn di ca sn phi xuyn qua y trong, i su hn vo y tu. Hnh 3.41 m t mt s kiu lin kt gia sn mn v y.

Hnh 3.41 Nhng gii php to m un, lin x ngang c mt s nh pht minh a ra lm cho th gii cc m a dng v phong ph. Tc dng ln nht ca m dng c o ny l gim mc tp trung ng sut ti vng chuyn tip m kt cu cng nh x ngang boong, lm cho tui th mi chi tit n ln hn. cn ni r hn, chi tit ang nu trnh c nhiu mi hn v tp trung ng sut v nh vy s ph hy do mi kh tm thy t mu m xm nhp, hnh 3.42.

Hnh 3.42 iu cn ni thm, cc m trong tu du thng c lm dng khc vi cc kiu va nu. Thay v m tam gic trn tu vn ti, cc m ngy nay ca tu du ch di dng cung thay cho cnh huyn thng

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ngy trc, tm bn b un thnh cung m mp ca cnh huyn bin dng, bn c c th tham kho trn hnh 3.30. Tuy nhin, mt cch truyn thng, vic ni sn vi boong thng qua cc m (knee) kch thc ln, cng cao. Thng thng cc m ni mn vi boong chng khc g tm tam gic vung hoc gn vung, cnh tam gic khng c nh hn 2,5 ln chiu cao x ngang boong. nhng gii php hn m vo sn v x ngang boong c gii thiu ti hnh 3.43. Nt kt cu ti v tr chuyn tip t sn khoang hng, tn boong v sn boong gia tweendeck tin hnh theo hng dn nu ti hnh 3.43c, 3.43d v 3.43e.

Hnh 3.43
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4. Boong

Boong tu, theo cch gi quen ti nc ta (xut x t ny kh l tai vi ngi ng tu: pont, ting Php nguyn gc, mang ngha chic cu) c nhiu chc nng cn thit trn tu. L cc thnh phn lin tc, nu thc t c vy, nm pha cao ca thn tu nh dm tng ng, ngc vi y song cng vi y v mn m bo bn chung thn tu. Trn boong ngi ta c th cha hng, dng cc lu, thng tng lm ni sinh hot, cha cc trang thit b. Boong tu lun l ch ta ng tin cho dn mn phi ng mi chu so trc mi trng nc, sng, gi ng thi l ch ta cho cc vch dc, ngang. Dn boong tu vi kt cu tng t hai dn chng ta lm quen, s l dn chu lc. Nhng chi tit quan trng trong dn boong, nh gii thiu ti chng u, trong h thng kt cu ngang thng dng gm x ngang boong nm cng mt phng sn, x ngang boong khe nu c, nm cng mt vi sn khe. X dc boong (deck girder) t vung gc vi h thng cc x ngang, chy dc tu. Kt cu x dc ang cp khe hn nhiu nu so vi x ngang. Thng thng x dc tu vn ti c dng kt cu ch T hn. Thnh x dc cao cho x ngang boong chui qua m khng gy hi n bn. B tr boong theo chiu dc ca tu vn ti ba boong trnh by ti hnh 3.50.

Hnh 3.44. B tr boong tu hng kh Trn hnh 3.44, phn bit cc tn gi sau: 1 boong mi (forecastle deck), bonng lu gia (bridge deck), boong lu li (poop deck); Cc boong cn li c th mang tn gi khc nhau ty chc nng c th, boong trn cng, 4, c th coi l boong trn, boong thi tit v nu l boong chnh s c gi main deck. Boong tip theo, thp hn c th gi boong II, sau boong III. Tu c boong che ch (shelterdeck ship) c boong chnh nm ti tng th hai, boong trn gi l boong bo v (shelter deck). Boong trn tu vn ti lun c dc v pha hai u mi v li. Thng l dc mi ln hn. cong dc ca boong c ngi yu mn gi cong yn nga. C th tm thy li gii cho ct mi thnh qui lut ny, mi tu cao c kh nng ngn c tc ng trc tip nh hng ca sng n boong. Tuy nhin bn c c th thy trong thc t nhiu tu khng lm dc boong, tc khng c yn nga, m tu vn hot ng trn bin c. Trng hp sau phi c gii thch cch khc, c tu nh, hot ng khng xa b, v ch hot ng trong nhng iu kin sng thp, tu boong phng cho php ngi quan st ng trn tu nhn rng hn, thoi mi hn. iu ny khng l, cc tu k sau thng ca nhm tu tun tra. Theo chiu ngang boong tu ch hng khng my ai lm phng m lun c cong boong. cao ln nht o ti mt i xng dc gia, bng 1/50B, tnh t mp boong. cong ngang ny m bo cho nc trn ln boong v mt l do no nhanh chng xc nh ch n l thot ra mp boong v sau ra mn. L do th hai tu phi c cong boong l, nh cong ny kh nng chng un ca mp trn dm tng ng chng ta va nhc ln hn, tuy trong cc bng tnh khng my ai b cng tnh chi tit ny. Kt cu boong thuc mt trong hai nhm, kt cu theo h thng ngang hoc theo h thng dc. Trong khng gian ba chiu c th phn bit hai h thng theo cch nhn rt quen ca bn c gio trnh ny. Hnh 3.45 gii thiu h thng kt cu boong theo h thng dc v h thng ngang.

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a) H thng kt cu ngang

b) H thng kt cu dc

Hnh 3.45. H thng kt cu boong Trong h thng ngang, hnh 3.45a, tm tn boong ta trn khung dn gm cc x ngang boong nm theo hng chnh. Cc x ngang ny c th chy ht chiu ngang tu, hai u ta ln c cu mn tu va bn, song nhiu x ngang bt u t mn v kt thc ti ming hm hng. Quy ming hm hng (hatch coaming) cng ming hm hng (hatch side girder) thng l kt cu rt cng vng, l ch ta l tng cho cc c cu yu hn nh x ngang boong. Gc ming hm c c cu kh c bit, m bo cng vng gn nh tuyt i. Chiu dy thp tm ti gc ming hm thng dy hn nhng tm ln cn n vi mi phn trm. C th gp trng hp, gc ming hm hng l cc chng sc cng chu gnh nng ca c dn pha trn. Trong h thng kt cu dc, cc chi tit m bo bn dc nhiu hn. l cc np dc boong (deck longitudinal) nh gii thiu, chy dc tu. Cc np ny kt thc ti vch ngang kn nc ca tu. cc np ti boong l vic ca cc c cu ngang khe, chng ta gi l x ngang boong khe. Phn b cc x ngang khe hon ton trng vi phn b khe, sn khe ca h thng, nh bn. iu quan trng trong b tr l ba chi tit va gi l khe ny phi nm trong mt mt phng, c ni vi nhau theo cch chc nht, v nh vy ti y c mt khung khe lm chc nng m bo bn kt cu. Hnh 3.46 di y trnh by bn v phi cnh dn boong ang ta vng trn mn v cc cc chng.

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Hnh 3.46 Cc ghi ch trn hnh 3.46 c ngha sau: 1- tn boong trn (upper deck plae); 2- x ngang boong (deck transverse beam); 3- tn mn chn sng (bulwark plate); 4- tn mn (side plate); 5- sn khoang (hold frame); 6- vch ngang kn nc (water tight bulkhead); 7- ct chng (hold pillar); 8- sng boong (deck girder); 9- thnh ming khoang hng (hatch coaming); 10- boong th hai (second deck). Cn nhc li vi iu t gio trnh [8], dn boong c th coi l dn phng, chu tc ng ti trong theo phng php tuyn. Trong c cu ca dm tng dng khi m hnh ha thn tu, boong l lp trn cng, gnh chu ng sut ln nht do un chung. Boong trn hng chu ma gi ca thin nhin song phi bo v cho cc khoang di boong c an ton. Cc boong nm thp hn dng lm ni cha hng. Ti trng hng tc ng trc tip ln boong cn boong truyn tc ng n cc chi tit lin quan gm mn, vch. Nh vy boong tu vn ti phi trc tip chu cc tc ng sau: ng lc do un chung, trng lng hng ha trn boong, p lc nc nu boong b ngp, chu p lc do dn mn v cc vch truyn tr li. Trong tnh ton kt cu, t ti liu [8] c th nhn bit cc gi tr ti trng qui c sau, dng cho kt cu boong. Gi tr p lc tnh ton ghi nhn di dng chiu cao ct p h, n v m cn, nh sau: Boong trn cho tu di n 60m Boong trn tu di hn 140m Boong trn tu ch g Boong gia Boong cc bung sinh hot Boong trong cc lu gia, lu li Boong do Boong xung : 0,8 - 1,0 : 1,6 1,8 : 2,0 : h/1,35 : 0,5 : nh boong trn : 0,6 : 0,5

C s trn y c th gip bn c trong thit k dn boong nhm m bo bn, lm ng chc nng. Chng ta cng tm hiu mt s cng trnh qua s dng v mang li hiu qu.
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Boong theo h thng ngang, dng cho tu vn ti c ming hm hng rng. Hnh 3.47 trnh by chi tit cc c cu tham gia dn boong dng ny.

Khong cch gia cc x ngang boong t 520 mm n 840mm trn cc tu ang c mt trn cc i dng. Chn khong cch thch hp trong trng hp ny khng phi chuyn cng thng. Thc t ngi ta sp xp cc x ngang boong cch nhau on ng bng khong sn chn trc . Kch thc chi tit cho x ngang boong tnh chn trn c s xc nh khong cch gia chng, ty thuc vo ti trng n s phi gnh. Trong nhiu trng hp nhm gim kch thc x ngang boong, m bo boong khng b mt n nh chng ta phi t thm cc sng dc boong, cc chng. Nhng phng n b tr sng dc boong, cc chng c trnh by ti hnh 3.47.

Hnh 3.47. S b tr sng dc boong v ct chng S sng dc trn tu hin i c th t mt n ba. Cn lu iu ny, trng hp ch b tr mt sng dc v sng y nm ti mt dc gia tu, cn to kt cu hp l cho v tr gp nhau gia sng dc v ming hm hng nm ngang. Trong mi trng hp im gp nhau ang nu ng thi l im kt thc ca on dm lm chc nng sng dc boong. chia s gnh nng m sng dc va nhng li, kt cu ming hm phi hp l. Ngoi ra hai thnh dc ming hm phi kt thc theo cch bt thng bng cch ko di thm t nht hai khong sn, hnh 3.48. Hnh 3.48 Cc ghi ch trn hnh 3.48 c
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ngha sau: 1- tn boong trn (upper deck plae); 2- sng boong (deck girder); 3- x ngang boong (deck transverse beam); 4- thnh ming khoang hng (hatch coaming); 5- ct chng (hold pillar); 6- x ngang boong kho (web deck and beam); 7- x ngang boong thng (deck and beam). Trng hp s dng hai sng dc boong trong kt cu chng ta nh ng sng dc vo thnh dc ming hm hng, hnh 3.49. Cc ghi ch trn hnh 3.49 c ngha sau: 1- thnh dc ming khoang hng (longitudinal hatch coaming); 2- np nm (horizontal stiffener); 3- tn boong trn (upper deck plae); 4- x ngang boong (deck transverse and beam); 5- tm p gc (gusset plate); 6- sng boong (deck girder); 7- ct chng (hold pillar); 8- thnh ngang ming khoang hng (transverse hatch coaming). Hnh 3.49 Sng dc boong l kt cu khe in hnh. Sng dc ny kt thc ti vch ngang bng mi ni u u vo vch v nh m. Cc x ngang boong chui qua thnh sng dc theo cc l khet v tip hn vo thnh sng dc. Thnh sng dc cn c tng cng tnh n nh thng phi hn thm np ng. Trong khu vc ming hm hng, khi sng dc thnh ming hm hng, tm thnh di boong phi c np bng m. Thnh ngang hai u ming hm hng c tn gi l l, x ngang ming hm hng, c mt phn nm di tm boong v phn phi gp thnh dc ca ming to thnh bc thnh kn. Tm tn ti khu vc ny c tng dy ng k, trn di 25% dy hn cc tm khc st n. Chiu rng tm dy rng ra t nht 1,5 khong sn, chung quanh gc ming hm hng. Cc m lin kt cc chi tit thnh ng ngang vi sn c kch thc ln hn nhng m khc. Hnh 3.50 m t kt cu gc ming hm hng kiu ny. Hnh 3.56. Gc ming hm
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Chiu cao ming hm hng tu kiu ny phi t 600 mm tr ln boong mn kh l thin, boong ui l thin v boong thng tng l thin pha trc vng 0,25L k t sau tr mi. Chiu cao ny c th gim xung 450mm cho nhng vng sau 0,25L. Trong thc t c nhng tu dng ming hm hng chiu cao trn boong 760mm n 900mm. Chiu cao ming hm trong thng tng kn ch cn t 230mm. Hnh 3.51 trnh by kt cu ming hm hng tu vn ti hng kh.

Hnh 3.51 Hnh 3.52 gii thiu kt cu ming hm tiu biu ca nhng nm nm mi. Dng kt cu ny vn cn c dng kh ph bin trn nhng tu c nh v va ngy nay do dng kt cu n gin v tin cy ca n.

Hnh 3.52

Hnh 3.53

Mt chi tit kh th v trong kt cu gc hm hng l tm dy cu hnh ging ch thp , thnh ca sng dc ang hi nhp vi tm thnh x ngang boong u ming hm, gi l tm kim cng diament plate. Chi tit v tm kim cng trn tu vn ti c gii thiu hnh bn cnh, hnh 3.53.
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Trong h thng kt cu ngang cc thnh vin quan trng c dng nh sau. X ngang boong ko di t mn n mn c kt cu c trng dng nu ti hnh 3.54.

Hnh 3.54. X ngang boong X ngang boong ct ni t mn n thnh dc ming hm, hnh 3.55. Qui cch lin kt gia x ngang boong vi sn, gia x ngang vi ming hm c trnh by k ti hnh. Trong mi iu kin, ngi thit k phi dnh khe h ti thiu gia sn v tm boong, gia sn v u mt x ngang boong lm cho cng vic lp ghp thun li, d dng hn. M ni theo qui cch, mt trong nhng qui cch c gii thiu cng hnh.

Hnh 3.55 Kt cu x ngang boong ti cui ming hm hng lm chc nng ca x ngang khe ng thi l thnh phn ming hm hng nn c cu to kh c bit. Kt cu c trng c nu ti hnh 3.56.

Hnh 3.56. X ngang boong lm thanh quy ngang ming hm hng

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Cc sng dc boong c kt cu cng vng, l ch ta cho h thng x ngang. Sng dc trong khoang hng, hn ch gia hai vch ngang phi l dm kt cu lin tc, chy sut t vch n vch. Mi ni sng dc vi vch c kt cu c trng, ni vi vch qua m. Chiu rng m khng nh hn hai khong sn, cnh tip xc ca m vi sng dc bng chiu cao sng. Chiu cao m khng nh hn hai ln chiu cao va nu. Mi ni c trnh by ti hnh 3.57.

Hnh 3.57. Ni sng dc boong vi vch kn nc Nh gii trnh, phn trn ca sng dc boong s khet l cho x ngang boong chui qua, cn x ngang boong khe s khot l cho x dc boong chui qua. Quy cch cc l khot trnh by ti hnh 3.58 (cc hnh a). Sau , cc l khot phi c gia cng bi thng, quy cch phn gia cng bi thng c m t ti cc phn b,c cng hnh. y bn c lu , quy cch ca cc tm gia cng bi thng c trnh by theo bng cui hnh. Trong trng hp cc c cu dc i xuyn qua vch kn nc, vic gia cng bi thng c thc hin nh ti hnh 3.59 di y.

Hnh 3.58

135

Hnh 3.59 Sng dc thng c sn xut dng kt cu nh hnh i xng. Mt ct ngang tiu biu cho kt cu sng trn tu hng, boong kt cu theo h thng ngang c dng nh ti hnh 3.60. Sng dc ti cng ming hm hng chuyn sang dng khng i xng theo yu cu ca vic xp d hng ho qua ming hm hng. Kt cu tiu biu trnh by ti hnh 3.61.

136

Hnh 3.60

Hnh 3.61

Boong theo h thng dc trn tu vn ti ngy nay kh ph bin. Hnh 15a, 16 chng hai trnh by hai phng n hp dn. Trong h thng ny np dc boong chy di sut boong, ta trn cc x ngang boong khe. Cc x ngang boong khe thng ch to dng dm mt ct ch T i xng, chiu cao thnh t nht gp i chiu cao np. Cc np dc chui qua thnh x ngang boong khe. Mi ni u cc np cn c b tr ti nhng vng momen un nh nht, lc ct b nht.

H thng c cu khe lin kt vi ming hm hng c gi nh trong h thng ngang trnh by. Cc cc chng b tr ti nhng v tr giao nhau ca cc x dc boong khe, thnh ming hm hng v x ngang boong khe. Cc tu ng gn y c ming hm hng kh rng, c nhng trng hp vt qu 80% chiu rng tu, dn n lm yu c cu boong. Ngi ta phi tng chiu dy tn boong ln qu cao. Tu vn ti hng kh c khi phi dng tn chiu dy n 40mm trn tm boong. Vi nhng tu c ny, cc np dc b tr gn nhau hn so vi khong cch chun bn ti. Thc cht ca vic lm ny l tng t phn ca din tch tn boong trong mt ct ngang dm tng ng ch cha phi tng n nh tm. Trong h thng ny x ngang boong khe v x ngang ct khe ta ln x dc (girder) nh ng khc h thng ngang nu trn, khng lm l cho x chui, hnh 3.62. X ngang khe dng ti x dc v hn vo thnh ng chi tit ny.

Hnh 3.62 Cn thit b tr np dc cng mt phng vi np ng cc vch v ni vi nhau qua m. Theo cch ny cc c cu va nu, trong cng mt phng, to thnh khung chu lc. Sp xp hng cho cc c cu khe trong vng gia hai thnh ming hm hng thuc tm boong c thc hin theo c hai cch: sp ngang v sp dc. Nguyn tc chung cho sp xp ny nh sau: khong cch gia hai thnh ming hm thuc boong ngn nn sp np ngang, trng hp th hai tin hnh ngc li.
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iu cn ni ti y, cng ngh ch to d dng cc np dc phi b tr chy song song vi tm dc tu.. Hnh 3.63 gii thiu kt cu boong tu hng kh 6500 DWT ang c ng v khai thc ph bin hin nay. Tu thit k 02 ming khoang hng, boong vng gia tu b tr theo h thng dc; vng mt mi v mt ui, vng gia hai thnh dc ming khoang hng vng gia tu b tr theo h thng ngang. y l mt thit k in hnh cho dng kt cu ny.

Hnh 2.63

138

H thng dc boong tu du l h thng ph bin cho hu nh ton b tu du, tu ch hng ri, ch qung. Khong cch gia cc np dc cho tu di t 50 180m ch trong gii hn 640 860mm. Cn quan tm b tr cc chi tit gm np dc y, np dc boong, np ng vch ngang cng nm trong mt phng ng chy dc, trong khi x ngang boong khe, sn khe v ngang khe cng nm trong mt phng ngang tu.

Cc np dc chy qua x ngang khe, hn chc vo thnh x ngang, cn ti vch ngang c th b ct v hn u vo vch nh m cao gp i np. Tu du di trn 200m bt buc cc np chy sut tu, khng dng ti vch ngang theo cch va cp.
a)

b)

Hnh 3.64 Cc ghi ch trn hnh 3.64 c ngha sau: 1- sng boong/vch dc lng (deck girder); 2- dm dc boong (deck longitudinal); 3- x ngang boong (deck transverse beam); 4- m gia cng (bracket); 5- tn mn (side plate); 6- m x ngang boong (beam bracket); 7- m chng vn (tripping plate) Tu du c hai vch dc cn thit c th b tr thm vch lng (wash bulkhead, wash plate) ging nh dm dc boong, ngay ti mt dc gia tu, c np bng cc np ng/m chng vn cch nhau khng qu 1,5m. Vch lng ny tng cng kt cu ng thi ngn mt thong cht lng cha trong kt gia. Chiu cao vch ny ln hn hai ln chiu cao x ngang boong khe. X ngang boong lin kt cng vi sn khe v np ng khe vch dc nh cc m 6. Trng hp ch t mt vch dc gia, kt cu ny thng gp trn tu ch du chy sng, s lan ch hng lng, cc np dc boong c b tr ng cch dng cho tu cng h kt cu nhc ti cc phn trn.

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Trn cc tu du c nh, dng ch yu cho vn ti ng sng, trn boong c b tr c cu nng cao, c th coi l boong nng hay cn gi l hm boong. Khong khng di boong nng cao va to gi l kt gin n. Boong nng ny cng phi c b tr np dc, x ngang boong khe y nh vi boong chnh, hnh 3.65.

Hnh 3.65. Tu ch du c nh vi kt gin n (hm boong) Mt ct ngang tu du chy sng c nu ti hnh 2.25, chng 2 trnh by k cc ang cp.
Cc chng dng trong tu vn ti thuc kt cu dm ng ta trn sn y hoc boong, trng lng nng ln u trn ca cc. Nh cc chng c th tng cng bn ngang v n nh dn boong. Cc chng thng t ti v tr giao nhau dm dc v x ngang hoc ti gc ming hm hng, l gi l tng cho dm dc boong, cho x ngang boong.

S b tr cc chng trnh by ti hnh 3.47 cng chng. Nhng v tr nh du () ti hnh 3.47 l ni t cc chng. Hnh nh cc chng trong s ny nh du bng s 5 ti hnh 3.48. Nhn tin trnh by thm, chn cc chng ta ln sn tu (y trong) ti v tr nh du bng s 21 ti hnh 3.10, phn bn v y tu. Trn nhng tu rt ln cc chng c b tr chng ln nhau, to thnh mi lin kt chc cho cc boong, hnh 3.34. B tr cc chng nhm tng bn dn boong l l do chnh ng, tuy nhin c mt cc chng trong cc hm hng lun cn tr vic xp hng, bc d hng. Quyt nh b tr hay khng b tr cc chng khng n gin. Khi cn b tr cc chng, sp xp cc thnh mt dy hay nhiu dy cng s l vn phc tp v kh khn. Trong mi trng hp ngi b tr cc chng phi trc tin n yu cu s dng ca tu. Yu cu trc ht cho cng vic ny l cc chng khng cn tr chc nng hm hng tu ch hng. Chnh v vy phi t r vn s lng cc chng trong hm hng, trong bung my, khi phi c, l t nht. Ti liu [8] dnh mt phn chng ba bn v cc chng. Trc khi thit k cc chng cho tu bn c c th tham kho thm cc iu nu trong ti liu chuyn ngnh va cp. ngang y v x ngang boong thng b un di tc ng ngoi lc, iu khng gy un cc chng t gia chng cn thit thit k cm gi cng cc chi tit lin kt mt cch hp l. Un cc s gy ra nhiu rc ri cho kt cu lin quan nh vng dm, vn dm ngang, dm dc. Cc chng phi c kim tra tnh n
140

nh khi thit k. Cn thit tnh ton kh nng chu va do hng ha v do cc thit b bc d hng gy ra cho cc chng. Cc chng trn cc tu ng trong nhng nm sau by mi thng i kt cu boong qua tm lt bng thp dy. Trn tm lt mi l kt cu x dc hoc thnh dc ming hm hng, gp x ngang boong khe hoc thnh cui hm hng, nh miu t trn. Nhn vo cm chi thit trn u cc chng chng ta thy r s quan tm ca nhng nh ng tu n chi tit chu ti nng ny.

Hnh 3.66

Hnh 3.67

Trn hnh 3.66 nu sau: 1 thnh dc ming hm hng, 2 thnh ngang, 3 x ngang boong ct, 4 x dc boong, 5 tm lt, 6 x ngang boon, 7 m, 8 np, 9 x ngang cui hm hng, 10 cc chng v 11- np ngang thnh ming hm hng. Cc chng c th gi ln hai gi theo cch gin n nu ti hnh 3.67. Cc chi tit cn gii thch thm ti hnh 3.70 gm : 6 tm y trong, 7 ngang y, 8 ki ng, 9 tn v, 11 tm lt di. C th thy rng, mi lin kt hai u ca cc chng trnh dng m. Cch lm ny rt ph bin trong cc tu vn ti thng dng. Nhng phng cch nh v hai u cc chng c trnh by ti hnh 3.68. trong hnh 3.68a m t kt cu u cc trn v hnh 3.68b m t kt cu u cc di.

Hnh 3.68a. Cc hnh thc b tr kt cu u cc trn

141

Hnh 3.68b. Cc hnh thc b tr kt cu u cc di

Kt cu np hm hng tu ch hng kh. Tu kiu c ming hm hng khng qu rng, chng ta c th s dng kiu y hm hng truyn thng, ku np ri, di ng. B tr chung np hm hng kiu c c dng nh ti hnh 3.69.

Thnh dc ming hm hng 2 cng nh thnh hai u hm hng 3 l kt cu khe, t th vung gc vi boong. Phn nm di boong ca tm thnh c nu trong phn bn v kt cu x dc boong kim thnh hm hng, phn trn c a ln cao khi mp tn boong. Chiu cao ny khng nh hn 600mm trn tu vn ti, np hm kiu c. Chiu cao bt buc phi dng trong vng 0,25L t mi, sau vng ny chiu cao ming hm hng c th ch l 450mm. Tuy nhin trong thc t c ming hm hng cao n 900mm hoc 1m.

Hnh 3.69. Np y ming hm hng Cc ghi ch trn hnh 3.69 c ngha: 1- tn boong (deck plate); 2- thnh dc ming khoang (side coaming); 3- thnh ngang ming khoang (end coaming); 4- thanh vin mp trn ming khoang (moulding bar); 5- u mt x ngang (end beam); 6- gn gia cng tng cng/np nm (horizontal stiffener); 7- x ngang ming khoang hng (hatch beam); 8- gi x ngang ming khoang (hatch beam carrier); 9- m x (beam bracket); 10- m ming khoang (coaming stay); 11- thanh gi bt ming khoang (hacth batten); 12- m kp/ nm (hacth cleat); 13- nm (wedge); 14- bt ph ming khoang (hacth tarpaulin); 15- thanh
142

gi tm np ming khoang (locking bar); 16- sng boong (deck girder); 17- tm np y ming khoang (hacth board). Thit k c coi np y khng khc mi nh. Cc x ngang ch to ri c dng khi cn y hm. Sp xp cc x ngang nh hnh 3.70. Cc x cch nhau khong 1,5m, ty tnh hnh c th. Thng l ngi ta dng g lt lm vt liu lp mi nh ang cp. Cc tm g ch di gn bng khong cch x ngang, xp dc tu to thnh mi che. Trn g dng vi bt hoc tm kim loi ph ln che ma, gi. Thit k x phi lu n im, phi dnh ch gc u thanh g vo x.

Hnh 3.70 Kt cu x cng cc tm g y c v li ti hnh 3.71.

Hnh 3.71 Cc thit b gi bt hoc tm lp kim loi c trnh by ti hnh 3.72.

143

Hnh 3.72 Hnh 3.73 m t k lng kt cu thnh ming khoang hng ph hp theo dng kt cu m t.

Hnh 3.73.
144

Cc ghi ch trn hnh 3.73 tng t nh trn hnh 3.69, mang ngha sau: 1 x ngang ming khoang hng (hatch beam); 2- tm np y ming khoang (hacth board); 3- thnh dc ming khoang (side coaming); 4- m ming khoang (coaming stay); 5- thanh vin mp trn ming khoang (moulding bar); 6- gn gia cng tng cng/np nm (horizontal stiffener); 7- gi x ngang ming khoang (hatch beam carrier). Ngy nay cch y ny ch cn lu li trn mt s tu chy sng, hoc ven bin. Tu vn ti i bin khng s dng cch y kiu ny. Np y c kh ho, c gii ho thay ch cho cch lm truyn thng. Thit b y hm hng ca cc hng chuyn ngnh Mc Gregor v Kvaerner vv a ra nhng thit k mi tin li v an ton hn nhiu nu so vi kiu c. Np y hm hng c gii ha gm nhiu phn on, gn kn vi nhau qua cc khp. ng v m cc tm ny hon ton nh vo thit b ti nng hn vn c trang b trn tu kiu ny. Nhng gii php tt cho c cu y hm hng c pht trin ngy mt phong ph. Nh tnh an ton ca cc thit b ny ngy mt cao, trng lng cc np y c nghin cu gim bt ngi ta c iu kin m rng cc ming hm hng n mc ngy trc khng dm m. Ming hm hng tu hng kh rng 7 8m tn ti kh lu, ming rng 9 10m c xu hng pht trin. Hnh 3.74 trnh by mt trong nhng gii php c a chung nhiu nm qua. M np hm hng theo cch sau, s dng h thng ti nng h ko cc np theo kiu dn toa xe tp kt np ti v tr nh, u hm hng. Cng on y hm hng tin hnh theo cch ngc li, dng thit b t nng h ko cc tm tri ming hm cho n khi che kn ton b hm hng.

Hnh 3.74. Np hm hng kiu Mc Gregor Cc ghi ch trn hnh 3.74 trn mang ngha: 1- thanh dn hng con ln gia; 2- tm np u; 3cp ko; 4- tm np gia; 5- tm np cui; 6- thanh dn hng ngoi; 7- cp ni; 8- con ln gia. Cch dn np v xp chng vo ni qui nh c m t ti hnh 75.

145

Hnh 3.75. Xp np hm hng ng m kiu "Mc Gregor Hnh tip theo, hnh 3.76 trnh by np y hm hng "Mc Gregor ng m bng thy lc. Khi ng, cc phn on s b dn v mt pha/hoc hai pha ca hm hng tu theo phng php b tr v dng ng ln bng cch gp i. Khi y, tm ny c cc my thy lc dui ra che kn ming hm hng.

146

Hnh 3.76
147

Tu ch container s dng h thng np y kiu pon ton. C cu y dng ny ch mt phn on. Lc cn nhc np ra ngi ta dng h cn cu thao tc vi n. Mt trong nhng cch gii quyt tt c dng trn nhng tu vi ming hm khng qu rng l s dng np y dng chiu c th cun li thnh cun khi m np hm v tri chiu ra khp ming hm khi ng. S lm vic ca h thng ny c miu t ti hnh 3.77.

Hnh 3.77
5. Kt cu phn mi

Phn tin phong ca thn tu khi hot ng trong nc l l mi, ni gp nhau ca hai gii tn mn. Sng mi phi c c cu cng, chu ng va p ca nc, ca vt th l bt k c th xut hin khi tu hot ng. Sng mi cn lm vic r nc, m ng tu i do vy kt cu phi c dng thot nc, t c nguy t to sc cn ln. Tip sau l mi cc kt cu quan trng khc ca phn mi cn c: cc sn ngang, ngang c bit khe trong khu vc, cc sng dc mn bin thnh cc np nm ngang vng, vch lng, v tip n vch chng va (collision bulkhead), hnh 3.78.
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Hnh 3.78a. Cc chi tit kt cu mi

Hnh 3.78b. Cc chi tit kt cu mi qu l

149

Cc ghi ch trn hnh 3.78a; 3.78b v 3.78c c ngha: 1- hm xch (chain locker); 2kt mi (fore peak tank); 3- kho thu th trng (boatwains store); 4- mi qu l (bolbous bow); 5- tm tn to mi (fashion plate); 6- m ngang (breast hook); 7- boong th hai (second deck); 8boong trn (upper deck); 9- boong thng tng mi (forecastle deck); 10- vch dc pha mi tu (center division); 11- tm chn (wash plate); 12vch chng va (collision bulkhear); 13- sng dc mn (side stringer); 14- sng dc chng va (panting beam); 15- x chng va (pating beam); 16- ct chng (pillar); 17- sn (frame); 18- m hng (tank side bracket); 19- m x (beam bracket); 20- x ngang boong (beam); 21- sng dc boong (deck girder); 22- sng chnh (center girder); 23- thanh gia cng (rider plate); 24- np nm (horizontal stiffener); 25- ngang dng cao (deep floor); 26- sng chng va di x (panting stringer under beam); 27- m gia cng (rib); 28np dc gia cng tm v (shell long); 29- sng chnh (keel); 30- tm sng mi (plate stem). Hnh 3.78c. Cc chi tit k cu mi thng
Sng mi, t chuyn ngnh c gc t ngn ng x t thp Netherlands, vit l voorsteven l phn tin phong (voor) song li l b phn ko di, rt kin c ca ki chnh tu. Trong ting Anh ngy nay ngi ta dng t stem ch sng mi. Sng mi dng trn tu c thit k di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau. Sng c th lm t thp thi, thp trn ng knh ln, c un theo hnh tnh, bn ngoi hn p tn bc kn. C th hn u trc tip hai mp tn bao vo sng. Hnh 3.79 trnh by cch hn tn mp mi vo sng mi tu dng thanh (ting Anh: stem bar). Trong thc t, thay v thanh thp c nh ang cp ngi ta cn dng ng thp lm sng cho cc tu c nh.

Hnh 3.79 Cc tu ln hn khng s dng l mi kt cu t thanh nh va nu. Phn trn ca l mi thng lm t tm, kt cu hn nh minh ha ti hnh 3.81 nu trn. Kt cu tiu biu sng mi tm (plate stem) trnh by ti hnh 3.80. Kt cu dng ny i ngi ng tu phi b nhiu cng sc thc hin nhm m bo chnh xc mong mun. Sng mi tu khng ch m bo bn, ch yu bn va p m cn l vt th c hnh dng that nc.
150

Hnh 3.80. Sng mi tu vn ti i bin Sng mi c thnh hnh trong giai on cng ngh ng tu v thp cha mc hon thin nh ngy nay. Mt trong nhng kh khn thng gp khi s dng gii php ny l bin php ni tm thp vi l mi c. Mt trong nhng kt cu dng ny ghi li ti hnh 3.81 nh mt k nim.

Hnh 3.81. Sng mi c t thp c

151

Ngy nay sng mi hn chim s ng trn cc tu vn ti. Kt cu cc sng ny c thc hin theo cch chia thnh nhiu phn on, mi phn on di chng 3,5 4,0m. Cc phn on c hn u vi nhau theo mi hn ch X. Trung bnh chiu dy tn bao trc sng mi dy hn cc tm cn k 5mm. Theo chiu ng nht thit phi b tr cc m nm, ni tip trong v bao sng, chiu dy tm m khng nh hn 0,7 n 0,8 chiu dy va cp. Khong cch gia cc chi tit k sau ny khng qu 915mm, dng cho vng di ng nc. Khong cch c th tng n 1200mm khi ln cao hn ng nc, hnh 3.82.

Hnh 3.82
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Hnh 3.83 trnh by v d ng dng sng mi hn t tm, cng cc chi tit gn sng mi, trn tu vn ti i bin ng t nhng nm nm mi.

Hnh 3.83

Mt vi cng thc gip xc nh chiu dy tn sng mi c gii thiu sau gip bn c trong thit k b phn ny. Cng thc kinh nghim tnh chiu dy tn: t = 0,1L + 4mm, trong L chiu di tu o bng m. Trn ng nc chiu dy ny gim dn ri khi ln n v tr cao nht chiu dy t bng chiu dy tn mn. Kt cu phn mi trong c chi tit sng mi va cp c chc nng qu nng trn tu. Phn ny thn tu thng xuyn chu tc ng sng p, sng v, c th chu va p ca cc vt ni khng thnh qui lut trn nc, chu va p vu cu, cng khi c s c vv Phn mi tu v l lun c tng cng v mt bn. Khu vc cn quan tm bao gm c min 0,2L tnh t tr mi v gia tu.
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Khu vc ny chia lm hai phn, phn ng mi chu so tnh t l mi n vch trnh va v phn cn li t vch chng va mi n 0,20L nh va nu. Kt cu trong c hai phn u phi c tng cng v cng vng, tuy mc c khc nhau. Tng cng bn cho khu vc t vch chng va n 0,2L bao gm cc vic: Gim khong cch sn, xung ch vo khong 685mm, p dng c cho cc tu ln. M un chng un ca c cu lm cng, c th ca sn ti vng ny tng thm n 20% cho tu vi D 10,7m v 5% cho tu vi H 15,25m. Tng cng kt cu dc cho y tu khu vc ny, trong phm vi 0,05L n 0,25L khong cch kt cu cng chy dc khng qu 1,12m. iu bt buc na l phi b tr c ti mi khong ti y. Tng chiu dy tn y dng cc gii tn chy dc. Lp t trong phm vi 0,05L n 0,15L, tnh t mi, cc sng dc mn, cch nhau khng qu 1,85m n 2,0m. Phn t vch chng va v trc, l khoang mi theo cch gi ca chng ta, t k thut c xut x t Netherlands vit l voorpiek, ngi Anh chuyn thnh forepeak, c tm quan trng sng cn ca tu. Khong sn trong vng ch cn 610mm, thm ch ch nn 600mm. Thng l khong sn trong vng ch bng 2/3 khong sn khu vc gia tu. Chiu dy ngang ti y nht thit ln hn chiu dy trung bnh trn 1 mm, cn chiu cao tng dn v pha mi. ngang phi c ch to dng ch T hoc b mp vi chiu rng mp khng b hn 60 75 mm. Mp quay v mi, hnh 3.84.

Hnh 3.84 Sng gia phi c mt trong vng ny, hn c nh vo sng mi. Sn trong vng forepeak phi lin tc n boong chnh. Cc sng dc cng lm ch ta cho sn. Sn i xuyn qua cc kt cu
154

nm ngang ang nu. Chiu rng kt cu nm ngang phi ln, t 600mm n 900mm. Mt s sng dc trn nhiu tu c ln tr thnh sn (platform) nhm tng cng kt cu, hnh 3.85. Hnh 3.86 trnh by mt v d tng cng bn vng sng mi c mi dng bng n trn quen thuc.

Hnh 3.85

Hnh 3.86

iu c coi l thng l, trc vch chng va ngi ta b tr thng ng xch hai ngn. y l kt kn nc, dung tch cha xch neo, mi ngn cha mt si. Tu i bin thng trang b xch neo di c trn 100m, ng knh khong 18mm, mi tu hai xch, cho n xch ln di 2x300m, ng knh n gn 100mm. ra vo kt phi dnh khong trng, cao chng 1,2m n 1,8m. Thng xch chim t ra t 3 n 4 khong sn. y thng xch phi dc xung theo pha mn nc c th dn vo v tr tp kt d tnh. Bm bc t thng bng thit b chuyn ngnh chng ta cp trong phn h thng tu. Cn thit phi c gii php thch ng lin kt thng xch vi cc chi tit ln cn thuc thn tu, c bit vi vch chng va. iu cn quan tm hn c, trong thng xch c mt trng vt vi khi lng qu ln, sn sng gy chuyn vi hng xm. y thng xch rt cn c bng cc nng cao, cng v tin, hnh 3.87.
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Hnh 3.87. Thng xch trc vch chng va Trong vng ny nhiu khi phi lm thm cc vch dc. Chiu dy vch khong 6 7mm ty thuc tu thuc c nh hay ln v kch thc cc kt. Hnh tip theo 3.88 trnh by kt cu vng mi tu c ln, mi qu l vi nhng tng cng bn va cp. Ti hnh, bn c nhn thy sng dc mn phn di c ko thnh cc sn tng cng, cn cc sng y pha trn thnh cc sn cng tc. Chiu cao cc c ko rt cao theo yu cu tng cng bn khu vc mi tu. Khong sn dng trong khu vc ny khng khc xa vi chun 600mm. Trn cc tu c trung hoc nh thng xch c cc ngang nng cao . Nhng chi tit khc tuy nh song cn c quan tm khi thit k kt cu vng mi. Nhng khong khng qu cht chi, kh vo hoc khng th vo, khng nn b trng m nn lp bng vt liu thch hp. C th dng b tng hoc vt liu tng t vo mc ch ny

156

Hnh 3.88. Kt cu mi tu c ln Bn c c th quan tm thm vi kt cu mi tu hng vn ti i bin trng ti 4000DWT di y c ng ti cng ty cng nghip tu thy Si Gn nhng gii php tng t.

157

Hnh 3.89. Kt cu mi tu hng vn ti bin 4000DWT

158

Trn boong cao khu vc mi cn b tr ng lun xch (hawse pipe), thnh rt dy, ng knh ng kh ln. ng lun xch bt u t sn boong, chi tit bt u kh rc ri, hnh th trng khng ging ai, xem hnh 3.90. Chi tit kh coi ny phi c bt mt cch hi ha vo boong tu nhm m bo bn cho tm boong. u th hai ca kt cu ny m ly mn tu. Vnh l ca ming ng xch ti mn cng phi bt vo tn mn mt cch thch hp. Chung quanh chi tit c rt dy ny ca ng lun xch cn b tr thm tm thp dy, rng n neo, mi neo va p thng xuyn.

Hnh 3.90. ng lun xch

6. Kt cu phn li

Phn li ca tu chia lm hai khu vc, theo cch lm trnh by phn trn. Phn sau vch khoang li, t chuyn ngnh c gc t ting Netherlands l achterpiek (ting Anh: afterpeak) v vng tip theo. Phn vng mang tn gi afterpeak ko di t sng ui n vch khoang li, hay cn gi vch chng va pha li. Trn cc tu vn ti bin phn ny ca tu dng ch nc ngt, nc v sinh hoc cha nc dn. ng trc chn vt tu mt chn vt phi xuyn qua khu vc ny ra sau. Cm kt cu phc tp lm chc nng cng h thng bc , bi trn bc vv u cha trong l khot qua sng ui. H thng ng bao ng trc (sterntube) thng l ta ti l ny mt u cn u kia gn vi phn cn li ca ng bao bng mt bch, ti vch khoang li.
Sng ui tu , nguyn gc ting Netherlands achtersteven, trn tu mt ng trc phi lm ch ta cho ng trc ng thi vi phn m rng ca n cn lm ch t gi xoay trc bnh li tu. C cu ny phi m bo bn cho phn sau ca tu, l vng chn vt hot ng v gy nhiu bt li v mt bn thn tu, l vng bnh li lm vic, to lc v momen quay tu trong trng hp b li.

Trong bc tranh chung sng ui chng ta quan tm (ting Anh: stern frame) nm ti v tr c cc nht. Sng ui phi c lin kt bn vi cc chi tit lm cng thn tu khu vc ny gm cc ngang y, sn, tn bao. Chng ta c bc tranh ton cnh v kt cu vng ui tu c th hin trn cc hnh 3.91 sau:
159

Hnh 3.91a

Hnh 3.91b
160

Hnh 3.91c Sng ui kt cu hn dng cho cc tu c nh thng l gm cc chi tit n gin, ni ghp bng hn, dng nh ti hnh 3.92. Trong cm kt cu ny, thng l qu to - chi tit ng vnh khuyn s cho ng bao trc i qua c kch thc kh ln ngi ta phi s dng cng ngh c ch to, sau hn vi cc chi tit ca cm. Cc chi tit khc lin kt vi nhau bng mi hn u u.

Cc ghi ch trn hnh 3.91a; 3.91b v 3.91c c ngha sau: 1- kt ui (after peak tank); 2- hm trc bnh li (rudder stock trunk); 3- sng ui (stern frame); 4- bnh li (rudder); 5- ngang dng cao (deep floor); 6tn nc kt (tank top plate); 7- boong trn (upper deck); 8- vch ui (after peak bulkhead); 9- sn quay (cant frame); 10- xi mng (cement); 11- tn y trn (inner bottom plate); 12- sng dc chng va (panting stringer); 13- ngang ui tu (transom floor); 14- gn gia cng (rib); 15- gi bnh li (gudgeon); 16- thn trn ca sng ui (crown); 17- gi trc chn vt (boss); 18trc chn vt (propeller post); 19- gt ki li (heel piece); 20- sng dc boong (deck girder); 21- x boong (deck beam); 22- sn (frame); 23- np nm (horizontal stiffener); 24- x chng va (panting beam); 25- m x (beam bracket); 26 ngang (floor); 27- tm chn (wash plate).

Hnh 3.92. Sng ui hn trn tu c nh

161

Tu c trung, thm ch c ln c th dng sng ui hn. V d s dng kt cu hn cho tu c ln trnh by ti hnh 3.93. Sng ui c c ch to di dng lin hoc dng ni ghp. Nhng tu c ln c sng c t nhiu phn on. Trn mt tu du c trung ngi ta phi thit k chi tit ny vi khi lng 200 tn, di gn 20m. Trong iu kin ngi thi cng bt buc chia kt cu lm nhiu phn on c, sau ni chng li ti hin trng. Hnh 3.94 gii thiu sng ui c dng k trn.

Hnh 3.93

Hnh 3.94
162

Hnh 3.95 trch dn kt cu sng ui c tu c ln, ch to t nhng nm nm mi, nh ti liu tham kho qu gi cho nhng ngi ng tu hin i.

Hnh 3.95
Gi trc chn vt trn tu nhiu ng trc khng th b tr chy qua sng ui do vy phi c nhng c cu khc lm nhim v ng trc nh sng ui vn lm. H thng hai ng trc c dng kh ph bin trn tu chy nhanh, tu nh v cc tu c ln, trang b hai my chnh vi tng cng sut ln. g trc trong trng hp sau phi c ko ra xa l khot trn v tu khi n i qua, chn vt nm tn cui ng trc. Nht thit phi b tr cho ng trc v kh b tr ny phi nm gn chn vt, gim thu chiu di on dm cn xn mang chn vt.

B tr gi theo chiu ngang tu hai chn vt c dng nh nu ti hnh 3.96. Hnh 3.96
163

Cc ghi ch trn hnh 3.96 c ngha sau: 1, 5 - ngang y; 2- gi trc chn vt; 3- sng ui; 4- tm p. Khong cch gia hai gi phi m bo c ly ngi thit k nh, m bo hai chn vt hot ng nhp nhng, hiu sut cao. Vt tr phi nh v chc nht, trong iu kin c th, trnh gy rung cho h trc. Cc gii php cng ngh c thc t chng minh tt nu sau nh ti liu tham kho khi thit k, ch ti gi . Vi cc tu c nh nh tu sng, tu ko, tu tun tra v c tu dng trong cc lc lng v trang, c th thc hin ch to gi trc kiu nh. Khi nim nh c hiu r l kt cu n gin, khi lng chi tit khng ln, nu thin v trng lng th c th coi thuc nhm trng lng nh. Phn ng bao lm chc nng (boss) c gn hai chn, t gn nh vung gc nhau, ri hai chn y gn vo thnh tu. Ngi Vit nam gi c cu ny l gi ch nhn do mn hnh nh gc cho ca hai chn va nu, hnh nh m ngi Trung Hoa gi l nhn ngi con trai trong ch tng hnh. Hai chn thng lm t thp bn, chiu dy n 20mm hoc hn. Nh tm mng lm chn, h gi cho nc chy qua m khng to ra sc cn ng lo. Chn di c th hn vo ki ko di hoc c cu gi ki ko di. Nhiu nc chu u ch to gi cng dng kh hp dn. Chn pha di khng hn vi chi tit ko di m bn thn chn c b gp sang th nm ngang, song song vi y tu. Phn nm dc ca chn ko n tn v tr t ci di cho trc bnh li. Nh vy gi gi y lm c hai vic nng, trc chn vt v trc li. Kt cu gi i cng vng v phi c lp rp chnh xc ln tu. Hnh 3.97 trnh by b tr chung ca h trc chn vt, gi trc, trc bnh li dng trn tu ko chy sng.

Hnh 3.97 Gn chn ca gi ch nhn vo thn tu theo cc gii php thch hp. Hnh 3.98 gii thiu gi trc chn vt ch to bng cng ngh hn. Cch gn chn vo thn tu c trnh by ti phn di ca hnh. Kt cu gi trn tu c ln, dng cho my cng sut ln phc tp hn nhiu nu so vi cch lm va trnh by. Kt cu gi c khi phi chuyn sang c, qui trnh lp rp tr nn nng n, phc tp. V d thit k gi chn vt c ln gii thiu ti hnh 3.99 ni ln phc tp ca chi tit ny.
164

Cc ghi ch trn hnh 3.98 mang ngha: 1- sng y; 2- tm gia cng sng y; 3- ngang y; 4- vch dc; 5- sn boong ph; 6- tm m; 7- trc chn vt; 8tn v bao; 9- tm gia cng. Kt cu vm li khng khc nhiu so vi cng vic lm dnh cho vng mi. Cc c cu cn c tng cng v bn. Sn trong vm li c m un chng un bng gi tr tnh cho sn vng mi tu cn khong cch sn ging ht nh dng cho vng mi, 600mm hoc 610 mm ty theo yu cu ca tng quc gia. Sn phi chy n x ngang boong v lin kt bng m vi chi tit ny. Cc ngang phi tng chiu dy ln thm 1mm nu so vi vng gia tu, cn chiu cao ca n c khi n vi mt. Nhim v nng ca ngang l m bo cng vng cho h ng trc chn vt. Hnh 3.98 Sng chnh ca tu phi vt qua vch khoang li, i thm hai hoc ba khong sn mi dng. ngang b mp rng 60mm n 75mm, hng mp ra sau. Thng l sau lp ng bao trc ngi ta b tng v lng xi mng, cao n mp . Mt sn b tng dc xung v pha vch nc c th dn n cc h chun b sn gn chn vch ngang. Cc tu ln, chiu cao gia mp trn ngang v trn qu 2,80m cn thit phi lm nhng sng dc nm ngang y nh bn cho mi tu. C iu, cc c cu khe, nm bng ny khng vt qu gii hn vch ngang. Vch lng (wash bulkhead) phi c mt ti mt dc gia tu, chiu dy vch 7mm. Vch c nhng l cho php ngi qua li song mp phi c vin chc chn.

Hnh 3.99
165

Kt cu c trng vng li tu vn ti c gii thiu ti hnh 3.100.

Hnh 3.100 Hnh tip theo, hnh 3.101 trnh by kt cu phn di ca tu vn tti container 564 TEU c ng trog nhng nm gn y ti Vit Nam.
166

Hnh 3.101. Kt cu vng li tu container 564 TEU

167

Trong khu vc ny chng ta cn phi quan tm y hn phn trn ca vm li, c th hn khoang sau cng ca tu, nm trn tm sn ngang. C th coi y nh khoang boong gia (tweendeck) ca vm li. Kt cu ny ch c trn tu c ln, thng l tu c ui dng tun dng. m bo bn cho khng gian kh ln , nm ti v tr chu tc ng trc tip ca sng v khi tu chi dc, thng xuyn chu rung ng do chn vt hot ng ti vm li nm ngay di , cc chi tit phi c tng bn. H thng sn khe c tng cng nhm m bo bn cc b. Trong khu vc ny cn b tr ging li (rudder trunk), trong t trn trc li. Ging c ng t trn bng qua h thng ng m c kh. Hnh 3.91 gii thiu khu vc ging ti phn 3.91a. Ging ny cng c trnh by ti hnh 3.100 v hnh cc sau , hnh 3.101, hnh 3.102.

Hnh 3.102
168

7. Vch

Vch tu gm h thng vch ngang v vch dc hoc cc vch dc, chia khng gian trong tu thnh nhng khoang kn nc. S lng vch ngang v vch dc trn tu c chia ng qui nh nhm m bo tnh chng chm ca tu. Cng vic trong ngnh tu gi l phn khoang chng chm. Phn khoang cho tu nhm mc ch ngn nga ri ro chm tu khi nc trn vo tu, c ch t th k XIII. Tuy nhin vn bn mang tnh php l cp yu cu v lm vch kn nc hm my tu thy mi ra i t 1854 trong British Marine Shipping Act. Nm 1862 vn bn ny c nhc li. ng kim Lloyds khai thc c s php l ca vn bn ny khi ra yu cu phn khoang cho tu m ngy nay chng ta gi l Qui phm phn khoang v chng chm. Thut ng chuyn ngnh bng ting Anh dng cho lnh vc ny thng din t bng cm t phn khoang kn nc: Watertigh Subdivision. Nhng giai on hnh thnh chng c bit ny ca Qui phm c th thy nh sau. Nm 1891 Phn ban vch tu ca British Board of Trade, UK, hot ng tch cc nhm xy dng tiu chun phn chia khoang, theo cch lm ny tu khch i bin trn 425ft (129,5m) v tu khch hot ng trn knh La Manche phi c chia khoang nh ra b nc trn vo hai khoang lin nhau tu vn cn kh nng khng chm. iu ny khng c chp nhn vo lc c xut. Ch sau nhiu s c ng tic, c bit sau s kin Titanic vo nm 1912 cp i sinh mng 1430 ngi , ngi ta mi thc s tch cc thit lp nhng qui tc chng chm p dng chung cho cc nc. Nm 1913 theo li mi ca Chnh ph Anh, hi ngh quc t v an ton sinh mng trn bin c triu tp ti London. Trong hi ngh quc t ny (ting Anh: International Conference on Safety of Life at Sea) tin hnh xem xt ti liu lin quan vn ny ca British Board of Trade, nhng iu khon mang tnh cng c c Berufsgenossenschaft ca c chp nhn trc v h thng phn khoang chng chm Php ngh. V kt qu l nhng iu khon mang tnh dung ha ca ba vn bn ln trn c hnh thnh, ri cht lng trong thi gian th chin ln th nht. Mi n ngy 1.11.1974 hi ngh quc t v an ton sinh mng con ngi trn bin thng qua Cng c quc t v an ton v sinh mng con ngi trn bin gi tt l SOLAS-74 v tip Ngh nh th 1978 ca SOLAS c ban hnh ngy 17.2.1978. Cng c SOLAS do t chc hng hi quc t IMO ban hnh, c hiu lc t 25.5.1980 v Vit nam l nc tham gia cng c. Cng c ny sau c nhiu ln b sung v sa i cho ph hp vi tnh hnh pht trin ngnh hng hi. Uy ban an ton hng hi ca IMO thng qua b sung sa i cho SOLAS 1974, gi l b sung sa i 1981, v b sung c hiu lc t 1.9.1984. Nm 1983 y ban ny tip tc b sung, v cc b sung 1983 c hiu lc t 1.7.1986. Cc vch trn tu phi m bo kn nc v /hoc kn du, ng thi m bo bn cho tu. Trong trng hp c ho hon trn tu vch m bo l ro cn ngn la lan t khoang s c n cc khoang ln cn. S lng ti thiu cc vch ngang trn tu theo bng sau. Chiu di tu, m, S vch 80 34 80100 5 100120 6 120140 7 140160 8 160180 9

Vch khoang mi cn gi l vch chng va (collision bulkhead), b tr ti khong cch t nht 0,05L t tr mi, Khong cch t vch mi trn tu hin i c th thay di n v tr xa hn, c th n 0,075L tnh t tr mi hoc 0,05L + 3,5m. Vch khoang li b tr ti v tr sng ui cng sau trc chn vt nm trong khoang li m chng ta lm quen trn. Vch phi cao n tn boong chnh. Ngoi hai vch khng th thiu trn bt c tu no, cc vch ngang cn li b tr gia hai c cu cc k quan trng , trong nht thit phi c cc vch ngn bung my vi nhng phn cn li. S vch ngang trn tu, ty thuc chiu di v cng dng, b tr theo cc qui nh theo lut ng tu nhm tha mn qui nh ghi trong Cng c quc t v an ton v sinh mng con ngi trn bin. Cn nh
169

li, trc y ch tu khch mi b lit vo danh sch tun th cng c ny, ngy nay danh sch tu ph thuc cng c m rng hn. Vch kn nc phi ln n boong lin tc gi l boong vch (bulkhead deck), ring vch chng va ti mi phi ln n boong cao nht trn n. Vch kn nc cu to t thp tm, cc np v cc chi tit lin kt vch vi y tu, mn, boong v trong trng hp c vch dc chy qua, lin kt vi vch dc. Tn xp cnh di theo chiu ngang, chiu dy tn vch, ty thuc tu gim dn khi ln cao, tng ng phn b ln p lc thy tnh p ln vch. Mi hn thc hin theo cch hn kn, hn hai pha theo cng ngh c, hn mt pha nu trang b thit b ca cng ngh hin i. hnh 3.103 gii thiu tm vch ngang vng ui tu vi s kt cu np ng, quy cch np v chiu dy tn tng tm c th c cho trn hnh. Trn hnh cng ch ra quy cch cc m lin kt np vch vi boong v y cng nh quy cch hn.

Hnh 3.103. Vch ngang kn nc tu vn ti Vch khoang li ni c ng bao ng trc i qua c cu to c gii thiu ti hnh 104. Chiu rng gii tn thp nht phi trn 900mm, chiu dy phi hn 1mm nu so vi tnh ton phng chng b r. V d v vch kn nc tm thy ti hnh 106 di y. Chiu dy tm ni c khet l cho ng bao trc qua c tng dy ng k, v d trnh by ti hnh ch r chiu dy tm t = 20mm trong trng hp c th. Khong cch gia cc np ng thng l 750mm. Phn b cc np ny theo chiu ngang vch li l thuc vo chiu rng cc ming hm hng m vch ny ang ngn. Np ng ca vch trong phi
170

nm trong mt phng dc tu cng vi np dc boong to thnh kt cu khung. Cc np dc boong s ta ln cc np ng vch.

Hnh 3.104 Thng l vch ngang ch to dng vch phng. Trong nhng trng hp ngoi l vch kn nc vn c php lm dng c bc nhy. iu cn quan tm hng u ca vch kiu ny l m bo kn nc cho vch v bn kt cu vch gy khc. Hnh 3.105 gii thiu vch c bc nhy bt buc ny. Khong cch np ng tng ln ko theo vic tng chiu dy tm vch. Tuy nhin khng nn bt khong cch ny ln qu 910mm trn tu c ln. Tu nh ngi ta s dng khong cch chun 500mm 600mm lm khong cch np ng vch. nh mc cho khang cch ny 750mm hoc nh hn khi p dng cho tu c nh. iu cn quan tm vi cc np ng cn l bin php lin kt chng vi sn v vi cc c cu lin quan khc. Trong thc t ngi ta s dng ba cch lm sau lin kt np vch vi sn: - Khng ni cng chn np vi sn - Ni vi sn nh m ni - Lin kt nh thp nh hnh Cch u ch p dng cho cc vch nm trn boong vch. Mt trong cc cch lm th hin ti hnh 3.106b. V mt cng ngh y l cch lm c a chung v tnh n gin ca n.
171

Cch ni th ba dng trong thi tu cn dng inh tn. Ngy nay thnh thong chng ta cn gp trn cc phng tin rt gi c. Thay v inh tn, ngi ta s dng hn, cch lm ny cha phi ht ch ng khi lin kt np ng vi sn v vi boong. Lin kt theo cch th ba vi chi tit khng th thiu l m, thng l m hnh tam gic c b mp, dng khi ni chn np ng vch vi tn y i v vi tn boong nm u trn np. Chiu rng chn m cn phi tri n mt khong sn, m ni vi x ngang boong khi c th. Hnh 3.106, trch t thit k tu vn ti i bin, trnh by ba cch lm ang cp. Hnh 3.105

a) b)

c)

d) e)

Hnh 3.106
172

Vch chng va pha mi c tm quan trng c bit cho an ton tu. Hnh 3.81 gii thiu vi bn c mt phng n thit k vch chng va mi. Nhng hnh tip theo trnh by thm cc phng n kh thi. Chiu dy tn vch chng va hn chiu dy cc vch kn nc khc 12%, cn gii tn st y dy thm t nht 2,5mm. Khong cch cc np ng ch cn 610mm. Chn np phi c lin kt cng vi sn qua m. M c mp b vung gc vi tm. Trn cc tu phi lm vic vng c bng, di ng nc cc np chuyn sang t th nm. Hnh 3.107 gii thiu vch mi tu c mi qu l, ng ti chu u. Hnh 3.108 trnh by thm vch mi cng kt cu lin n, thng xch, ca tu c ln.

Hnh 3.107

173

Hnh 3.l08
174

Vch tu du. Cc khoang tu du v cc kt trn tu vn ti dng vo vic cha du, nc cc loi theo chc nng nh trc. chu c tc ng thng xuyn p lc thy tnh, thy ng cc vch kn nc, kn du phi c thit k thch hp chc nng. Nhn chung chiu dy vch phi ln, ti thiu phi l 7,5mm.

Np ng vch cch nhau khng qu 610mm, chn np lin kt vi cc chi tit khc qua m. Nu chiu cao kt qu 3m cn thit t np ngang khe. Chiu cao ln hn phi lm thm np ngang. Chiu cao np ngang t nht phi bng hai ln chiu cao np ng. Cc np ng chui qua thnh ca np ngang v lin kt cng vi np ngang bng m. M kiu ny c php t cch qung. S thit k vch tu du, vch kt nh ti hnh 3.109. Vch tu du vi cc np ng cng hai np ngang c trnh by ti bn v phi cnh, hnh 3.110 gip chng ta hnh dung cch sp xp no ng, np ngang v ni bng m.

Hnh 3.109

Hnh 3.110. Vch tu du

175

Cc ghi ch trn hnh 3.110 mang ngha sau: 1- sng dc mn (side stringer); 2- vch dc (longitudinal bulkhead); 3 sng ng vch (vertical bulkhead girder ); 4- vch kn nc (water tight bulkhead); (5 np ng vch (vertical bulkhead stiffener); 6- sng nm vch (horizontal bulkhead girder); 7- sng chnh (keel). Mt s qui tc chung khi thit k vch tu du c th tm tt nh sau. Nu t l gia chiu rng vch vi chiu cao ca n ln hn hai, B/H > 2, ch cn b tr np ng cch u nhau theo hng dn va nu. Np ngang ch nn b tr cho vch cao m khng rng, c th hn, t l gia chiu rng v chiu cao gn bng . Trong tu du np ngang khoang hng c bin tng thnh cc sn, thu tin cho cng vic. Trng hp khng dng np ngang lm sn trong cc khoang hng ch tu phi yu cu lm thm cc c cu lm chc nng va nu. Hnh 3.111 trnh by vch tu du thit k theo nguyn tc va nu. Mt s cch ni np vch vi cc chi tit lin quan cng c trch dn trn cng hnh.

Hnh 111. Vch ngang tu du Cc ghi ch bng s trn hnh 3.111 c hiu nh sau: 1 - np ng vch, 2 x dc boong, 3 x ngang vch, 4 np dc vch dc, 5 np dc mn. Hnh 3.112 trnh by li thit k vch tu du ng vo nhng nm su mi. ti hnh ny chng ta c iu kin xem xt k hn kt cu np ngang v cc hnh thc lin kt np vi cc chi tit ln cn. Cng trn hnh ny c th quan st kt cu sng dc boong trong khu vc hm hng.

176

Hnh 3.112 Hnh 3.113 trnh by thit k vch kt nhin liu, cn gi l kt su (deep tank), dng trn tu, trong k c tu vn ti. Kt loi ny c b tr ti khu vc pha li hoc pha mi, trong khu vc cn c tng cng bn kt cu. Khong sn trong phn ny 600mm, khong cch np ch 650mm, ng yu cu nu ti phn trc ca ti liu.
177

Hnh 3.113. Kt su (depp tank)

178

Vch ln sng dng ph bin trong tu du. Nhng kiu dng to sng cho vch c th tng kt ti hnh 3.116. e) a)

b)

f)

c)

g)

d)

Hnh 3.114. Cc kiu sng dng lm vch tu- a) sng hnh Thay v cc tm phng dng lm tm vch cng cc np ng lm cng, trong cng ngh ch to vch hnh sng ngi ta dp thp tm, phng thnh tm ln sng nh trnh by ti hnh. Cng lao ng khi sn xut vch ln sng gim khong 10 15% so vi vic lm vch phng c np. Trng lng vch ln sng, khng cn np ng, gim hn so vi vch phng, i lc gim n 25%. M hnh tnh cc vch ln sng bn c tm hiu li ti ti liu [8]. Nhn chung c th m hnh dn vch dng dn phng, dm dc ti y do np ngang ng vai, cc dm hng chnh do cc nh sng th vai. Cch sp xp h thng dm trc giao y c minh ha ti hnh 3.115.

Hnh 3.115
179

Trong nhng trng hp khc ngi ta b tr cc tm ln sng theo chiu nm ngang, khi y cn thit a cc np ng tham gia cng trnh. Vch dc tu du lm bng tm ln sng, t ngang c a ton b din tch mt ct tham gia vo mt dm tng ng trong mi php tnh bn dc, hnh 3.116.

Hnh 3.116 Hnh 3.117 gii thiu vch ngang dng vch ln sng dng trn tu du t chc theo h thng kt cu dc. Tu cn c hai vch dc cng dng ln sng. Mi lin h gia cc chi tit quan trng c trnh by cng trn hnh.

Hnh 3.117. Vch ngang kn nc tu du Cc ghi ch trn hnh 3.117 mang ngha: 1- sng ng vch; 2- vch dc; 3- m lin kt; 4- dm dc boong; 5- dm dc mn; 6- dm dc y; 7- vch sng.
180

 bn c c thm ti liu tham kho chng ti cung cp nhng ti liu lin quan vch ln sng dng trn mt tu du c th, trng ti 13.500 DWT, ng nm 2006 ti nh my ng tu Bch ng. Tn lm vch c dp theo khun sng hnh thang, chiu di cnh sng v chiu cao sng 800, tn c chiu dy 23.5 mm, hng sng c dng ng khi a vo c vch ngang v vch dc, hnh 3.118.

Hnh 3.118 Vic ni vch dc vi vch ngang trong trng hp s dng vch dng sng c thc hin theo cc phng n c m t nh hnh 3.119 di y.

Hnh 3.119. Ni vch dc vi vch ngang

181

8. V bao

Bn v khai trin tn bao, mt trong s cc bn v k thut cn thit cho ng tu trnh by r b tr cc tm tn: 1/ Chiu di, chiu rng v chiu dy tng tm tham gia vo kt cu v tu, 2/ V tr cc mi hn dc, mi ngang trn nn cc c cu ca khung dn tu, v tr cc vch ngang, dc, boong tu v y trong ca tu. c th chia tn, nh du mi ni, k chn vch, b tr , np vv.. nht thit phi khai trin tn v v tri ton b tm v ra mt phng. Trong thc t chng ta khng th tin hnh khai trin v tri nhng mt cong ba chiu trong cc iu kin sn xut hin hu. Cch lm thc t c s dng chnh thc ti tt c nh my ng tu l tin hnh ri rc ha mt cong ba chiu v tu v dng mt cong cp thp hn. Tin hnh tri mt cong hai chiu sau ri rc ho v ghi nhn mt tri t khai trin thnh mt khai trin tn v. Cch lm mang tnh truyn thng miu t ti hnh 3.120.

H Hnh 3.120 Theo cch lm ny, mt v trong khu vc gia a v dng v hai chiu, cn c vo ngi ta tri cung mt ct tu ra theo hng vung gc vi ng ki chnh. Cc ng khai trin cung ny cng nm trn mt phng c bn , qua ki. Khi khai trin phi quan tm n v tr chn np dc, sng dc, dc, chn vch v c trch tri vt ca ng giao nhau gia cc chi tit vi v ra tm khai trin. Mt khai trin ca na v tu v theo cch ny c dng nh ti hnh 3.121.
X ngang boong Vch dc

y i

Sng dc mn

ng boong

Sng y

Hnh 3.121. khai trin tn v v tn boong

182

V theo cch ny tung ca tm khng b sai st nhiu song honh khng p ng thc t mt cch y . Chia tn theo chiu rng tu t phm sai st hn cn theo chiu di phi c s co gin khi phn tn.
Chiu dy ti thiu tn v k trong chiu dy tn v bao y, mn, boong khng hon ton ging nhau ngay trong mt tu. Chiu dy thay i theo yu cu m bo bn ca kt cu thn tu. Chiu dy ti thiu trnh by bng 1 di y dng cho phn gia tu vn ti i bin.

Bng 1 Chiu di tu, (m) 80 100 120 140 160 180 Tm y, (mm) 10 12 14 15,5 17 19 Boong trn, (mm) 9 9,5 10,5 11,5 12,5 13 Boong gia, (mm) 7 7,5 8,5 9 9,5 10,5

Chiu dy tn, tnh bng mm, dng cho vng mi v ui tu, p dng cho tu vn ti i bin trnh by ti bng 2. Bng 2 Chiu di tu, (m) 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180 Mn 5 5,5 6 7 8 8,5 9 9,5 10 10,5 11 11 11,5 12 12,5 13 13,5 Boong trn 4,5 5 5,5 6 6,5 7 7 7 7,5 7,5 7,5 8 8 8,5 8,5 8,5 9 Boong gia 5 5,5 6 6 6 6 6,5 6,5 6,5 7 7 7,5 7,5 8 8
183

Nguyn tc chung chia tn l tri tn dc tu, iu ny c ngha, cnh di tm tn trng vi chiu di tu, cnh ngn nm ngang. Vi tu vn ti c th thc hin theo mt trong hai cch chia nh trnh by ti hnh 3.122. Cch trnh by ti bn tri hnh gi l cch tri gin n, chiu rng cc tm c gi nguyn trn sut chiu di, hoc gn nh vy. Cch sau ch khc trc im nh, cc tm tri cho dn y c thay i chiu rng, c gng bao ng mt tri khng phi dng hnh ch nht m l hnh thang ca tm tn khai trin y.

Hnh 3.122 Bn v khai trin tn v tu vn ti bn c tham kho thm ti hnh 3.123 v hnh 3.124.

Hnh 3.123 Ri tn boong trnh by ti hnh 3.125. Hnh 125a gii thiu tn boong tu ko, 3.125b tn boong tu vn ti.
184

Hnh 3.124. Tn mn

185

186 Hnh 3.125. Tn boong

Thng thng, vi tu c ln, di tn c m ho v nh k hiu t gia y ra ln n mn. Di tn gia y gi l di tn sng nm (keel), di tn k vi di tn gia y c nh k hiu l A (A strake), hnh 3.126. Quy cch ca tng t tn c m t di dng bng.

Hnh 3.126. bn v di tn
187

9. Vy gim lc

Vy gim lc b tr ti hng tu, mt cnh hn c nh vi v tu ti khu vc ny. Chiu di vy khong 1/3 L, chiu rng vy (hay thng gi chiu cao tm vy) t 250mm n 450mm. B tr vy pht huy hiu qu gim lc c gii thiu ti hnh 3.127.

Hnh 3.127 Vy c th lm t thp hnh hoc hn t thp bn. Mp ngoi ca tm cn c tng cng bng cc bin php d thc hin, v d hn vi thp thanh, ng thp, ng knh khong 30mm 40mm. Thp m ngnh ng tu c th dng vo y. Cc phng n lm vy gim lc v cch hn u vo v tu trnh by ti hnh 3.128. Hnh 3.128a trnh by chi tit k cu vy dng tm v 3.128b trnh by chi tit kt cu vy dng hp kn.
b) a)

Hnh 3.128 Hnh 3.129 gii thiu kt cu vy gim lc ang dng trn cc c tu i bin v tu chy sng. Hnh 3.130 trnh by nhng phng php h dn cao vy ti hai u v gn hai u vy vo v tu.
188

Hnh 3.129
10. Vm trc chn vt

Hnh 3.130

Vm ng trc hay cn gi ng ngm ng trc xy ngay trong khu vc hm hng m trc chn vt i qua. Hm ny bt u t vch sau bung my n vch khoang li. ng trc qua vch bung my, vch khoang li trong h thng cc c cu kn nc m bo nht. Li vo ng ngm t vch sau bung my, qua h thng ca kn nc, kt cu nng. iu khin ng m li vo t bung my v t trn boong. Hnh 3.131 m t b tr khng gian hm trc dng ny.

Hnh 3.131. B tr hm trc chn vt

189

Vm b tr lch so vi tm dc tu, thng l pha mn phi rng hn. Li i nm pha rng. Ngi ta c th i li kim tra bo dng ng trc bng li i duy nht ny. Chiu cao ng ngm, ty thuc kch thc tu, c th t 2,0 tr ln, n khong 3,0m. Chiu rng t 1,5m n 2,0m. Vch dc ng ngm hn vi tn y. Pha trn c xy dng vm, t c tn gi vm trc chn vt. Vm ngy nay thng lm dng c nh. B tr chung mt ng hm trn tu vn ti i bin c v li ti hnh 3.132.

Hnh 3.132. B tr ng hm trc chn vt Kt cu ng hm cng mi vm s c gii thch tip theo ti hnh 3.133.

Hnh 3.133. Mt ct ngang ng hm trc

190

Ngoi dng vm nu tai hnh, trn nhiu tu ngi ta chn vm cung trn. Trong vng t ng hm trn tu hp khng gia tr thnh cht hp, bc d hng vo ra khu vc cnh ng hm rt kh. Ngi ta tin hnh lm khoang dng hm to thun li hn cho thao tc bc xp hng. T chuyn ngnh gi y l stuffing-box recess. B tr recess trong cm ny c trnh by ti hnh 3.134. y l bin tng ca tweendeck trong khu vc khng th b tr boong, t cao hn trn hm t 100mm n vi trm mm. Vch ngang kn nc ngn khng gian ny vi phn trc ca tu.

Hnh 3.134 Cc ghi ch trn hnh 3.134 mang ngha: 1- sng chnh; 2- trc chn vt; 3- vch sau li; 4- ng gii hn y di; 5- vch kn nc; 6- mn; 7- vch dc hm trc; 8- b gi trc trong hm trc; 9sn; 10- lp g bc ngoi hm trc. Kt cu vch khoang hm ging nh kt cu dnh cho vch bn c quen. Hnh 3.135 gii thiu mt khoang hm c mt trn tu vn ti Hnh 3.136 trnh by ng hm trong khu vc kt du, cng ti vng ny. Hnh tip theo 3.137 trnh by kt cu vch ngn khoang ny vi th gii bn ngoi.

Hnh 3.135

Hnh 3.136
191

Hnh 3.137. Vch khoang hm

192

CHNG 4 THNG TNG V LU

Thng tng ca tu l nhng kt cu kn, thng kh cao, t trn boong chnh, chiu rng ko t mn tri sang mn phi tu. Trong mt s trng hp vch dc thng tng t li vo trong, tc xa ng mp mn khong cch khng qu 0,04B ca tu. Ty thuc v tr ca thng tng trn tu c th gp trong thc t thng tng mi, thng tng li v thng tng gia tu. Tu vn ti nh gii thiu ti hnh 1.2 chng I, thng tng c b tr trn bung my, nm vo khu vc gia tu hoc bung my cng thng tng trn n t pha li. Tu du, tu hng ri thng l b tr thng tng pha sau. Thng tng c th b tr ti v tr trung gian gia tu v li. Sau bung my, tc sau thng tng, ngi ta cn b tr mt hoc vi khoang hng. Tu vn ti ngy nay phn ln b tr thng tng v sau hn, v d d nhn bit l b tr thng tng tu ch container, tu hng kh, tu ch hng ri, tu du. Hnh 4.1 gii thiu mu hnh tu ch hng 6500 DWT mi c ng trong nhng nm gn y vi thng tng nm hn pha sau li.

Hnh 4.1 Thng l thng tng tu c kh nhiu boong, mi boong b tr cc phng ginh ring cho nhn vin on thy th. Tn gi cc boong gn nh c thng nht gia cc nh ng tu v ngi s dng tu. Bong cao nht c coi l nc, trn b tr cc thit b hng hi, n tn hiu, n pha v nhng thit b ngoi tri song quan trng. Boong li nm ti v tr cao, d quan st. Di boong li c
193

th b tr boong xung, ni y c h thng cu sinh dng cho ton i thy th. Boong do c th nm trn boong chnh hoc cao hn, ty iu kin c th ca mi tu. S b tr cc tng thng tng c dng nh trnh by ti hnh 4.2. Chiu cao ti thiu gia cc tng lu khng th km hn 2,1m. Nhng quc gia chu u yu cu chiu cao ny khng nh hn 2,2m trn tu c nh, cn 2,45m trn tu ln hn.

Hnh 4.2. Thng tng tu vn ti i bin

1. Lu mi

Tu i bin gn nh thnh l u c thng tng pha mi, gi bng tn hay hay lu i pha mi, chiu di khng km hn 0,07L. C cu ny lm chc nng chn sng trnh boong pha trc b tt t. Thnh thong trn mt vi tu thng tng mi ko v sau kh di, che c khoang hng mi.

Hnh 4.3. Boong thng tng mi

194

Vch hng thng tng mi thc t l tm mn dng cao. Sn ca tm mn ny b tr trong phm vi thng tng. Vch sau ca kt cu c bit ny l vch kn nc v phi l vch bn, bo v thng tng t pha sau. Gii tn thp nht ca vch ti thiu rng 610mm, dy 7,5mm. Tn cc gii cao hn s nh dn. Np ng b tr cch nhau khng qu 760mm. u cui ca np ng hn vi sn boong chnh. Cc ca ra vo thng tng khng ch kn nc m cn thuc cp cao hn kn c nc bn di p lc. Chiu cao l khet trn ca khng thp hn 610mm. Boong thng tng mi phi dy, khng b hn 6 8mm. Kt cu boong gii thiu ti hnh 4.3. Ti nhng v tr t b ti ko neo v c thit b nng khc, nu c, tn boong phi c tng ng k, thng thng phi dng tn dy 12mm cho vng ny. 2. Thng tng Thng tng nm khu vc gia tu l ni thn tu chu momen un ln nht, cc c cu ni y l kt cu hn, lm vic nng v lun i u vi ng sut ln tc ng trong cc c cu. Ngi ta gi y l khu vc nhy cm. Trnh cc ri ro c th xy ra phi tng cng tm mn, v gii tn mn c khi phi tng thm 50% chiu dy nu s b tr ti y thng tng di. Gi tr trn c th gim xung cn 30% nu thng tng ngn. Tm mp boong vn dy phi c tng thm 25% chiu dy khi d nh t thng tng di v 10% cho thng tng ngn. iu phi nhc li rng, tng dy va nu khng ch bt buc cho sut chiu di thng tng m phi ko di thm v hai pha, trc v sau, t nht t ba n bn khong sn. S tng chiu dy c cu trnh by ti hnh 4.4. Hnh 4.4 Tm tn di cng ca vch dc thng tng st mn phi tng thm 25% chiu dy, ko di ra hai pha t nht ba khong sn, sau mi ha vo mn gi, nu cn. Gii php tt cho mi ni ny l ni mm, c ngha to mi iu kin thng tng t do, khng b li cun vo un chung tu. Kt cu mm ang cp c p dng nghim tc trn cc tu i bin. Gii php trnh by ti hnh 4.5 c xem kh hu hiu.

Hnh 4.5

195

Cc ghi ch trn hnh 4.5 mang ngha: 1- vch dc thng tng (; 2- vch ngang thng tng; 3m chuyn tip; 4- tn mn (side plate); 5- vch ngang (tight bullkhead); 6- di tn mp mn (sheer strake); 7- boong trn (upper deck); 8- x ngang boong (deck transverse beam); 9- sn (hold frame); 10np ng vch (vertical bullkhead stiffener); 11- tn mn chn sng (bulwark plate). Phng n tip theo gii thiu ti hnh 4.6 cho php thng tng c dch chuyn trong c li xc nh, l bin php tho ngi n cho s cng thng ti y.

Hnh 4.6 Tm k vch thng tng va nu phi c ko di v gim dn chiu cao theo cch thch hp, trnh tp trung ng sut. Nhng gii php k thut x l vic ny c cp ti hnh 4.7 v 4.8.

Hnh 4.7 ng vin ti hnh 4.7 mang dng cung trn, tri, hoc ellip, phi. Hnh 4.8 gii thch k hn iu trnh by ti hnh 4.5, rng tng chiu dy tm mp mn v tm di thng tng nn theo s ch r ti y.

196

Hnh 4.8 Cc c cu tham gia vo kt cu thng tng c tnh ton cho tng trng hp c th. Vch trc thng tng l kt cu hng chu cc cn cung phong cu thin nhin, nhng trn bo khng cht hin ha gy p lc ln ln vch, a sng bin p vo vch vv phi c quan tm trc tin. Chiu dy vch trc lun phi ln hn so vi cc vch khc. Chiu dy ti thiu ca vch ny trn tu c nh khng b hn 7,5mm v 11mm trn tu ln. Gii tn di cng phi dy hn cc tm trn 1,0mm. Np ng vch phi cng vng, cc nhau khng qu 760mm. Thng l u cui np c th hn vo sn, tuy nhin nu khng b vng v nhng l do thc t no nn dng m lin kt chn np vi boong. T ti liu [8] chng ta cn nh cng thc xc nh chiu cao ct p khi tnh ton p lc thy tnh ln vch nng thng tng. Gi tr tham kho bn nh li nh sau, chiu cao ct p tnh ton dng cho vch trc 0,07L +1, ca vch hng (0,07L + 1) /2 cn ca vch sau (0,07L + 1)/4. Theo kiu lm ny, chiu dy tn vch sau ch nn 5,0mm trn tu c nh v 7,5mm cho tu ln. Kt cu tiu biu vch thng tng gii thiu ti hnh 4.9.

Hnh 4.9. Vch trc thng tng gia

197

Mt boong thng tng gia c v li trn hnh 4.10 di y c th gip bn c trong thit k thng tng tu vn ti.

Hnh 4.10. Boong thng tng gia Lu khc thng tng va nu trn ch, lu khng tri di t mn n mn, vch mn ca lu nm tht vo trong khong cch ln khi b i hi nh vy. Tu vn ti c th c lu ti v tr m chng ta ginh cho thng tng li. Lu thng c mt trn tu nh c thay vo v tr thng tng tu khc kiu. Lu c mt trn tu ko, chim ngay v tr gia tu. Kt cu lu cng vng chng khc bn vi thng tng. Mi ni lu vi thng tng phi cng, vng. Cc vch lu cng nh vch thng tng phi sc chu ng tc ng thin nhin v c bn. Cc vch trong ca lu v thng tng c chiu dy mng hn nu so vi vch nm ngoi. Vch phi c np cng v lin kt bng hn. Cng ln tng cao vch thng tng c chiu dy nh hn. Chng ta thng gp nhng gi tr thng dng sau, chiu dy tn vch trong trn tu ch vo khong 5mm, c khi ch 4mm. Tuy nhin trong mi trng hp c cu cng phi , ng yu cu m bo bn. Hnh 4.11 trang tip trnh by mt ct ngang tu khch c nh, trong lu c ch to bng thp mng dy 3mm, ta trn sn lm bng tn dy 4mm. C cu gn, nh t ra hiu nghim cho nhng phng tin c b dng ny. Bn c c iu kin xem xt cc mi ni khng m ti chn np lu vi sn v cch thc thc hin np ng bng thp un c b mp. Trong thc t chng ta gp nhng trng hp, tng trn ca thng tng b thu hp kch thc theo nhng yu cu s dng c th, cn thit tnh ton v chn la phng n kt cu ti u cho nhng vn mi t ra. Hnh 4.12 gii thiu thng tng c s i thay theo hng v gii php gii quyt cho n. Thng l h thng kt cu dng cho kt cu thng tng l h thng ngang, khi cn thay i c th chuyn sang h thng an xen, chuyn gin boong ti nc sang dng bn c lm tng kh nng chu ti cc b ca c cu nm cao nht ti khu vc nhy cm ca un chung.

198

Hnh 4.11. Kt cu thn tu v lu ca tu c nh

Hnh 4.12
199

Vn rt cn c quan tm l lin kt cc vch thng tng vi sn v trn. Trn nguyn tc, cc vch ny phi c ni chc vi sn. Nh bn n, c th dng bin php ni trc tip vch vi sn songcn c th s dng m (bracket). Trng hp lu trn ngn hn hoc/v hp hn lu di n, cn thit tng cng np ng khe vch lu trn. Hnh 4.13 trnh by cch vch lu trn ca thng tng thay i kch thc. Nguyn tc chung c th thy trn cng hnh, chn np, np thng v np khe hn trc tip vo sn, u trn np bt vi x ngang hoc x dc qua m ni. Tuy nhin qui tc ny khng hon ton cng nhc khi thit k kt cu vch thng tng.

Hnh 4.13. Ni vch lu vi sn Thit k b phn co gin thng tng nhm gim mc tham gia vo bn chung tu t pha thng tng lun cn thit cho kt cu thng tng. Cc bin php nu ti hnh 4.5, hnh 4.6 ngt phn no tham gia ca thng tng trong un chung tu. Cc bin php nu tip theo nhm to khp mm cho h thng thng tng thn tu. Hnh 4.14 trnh by gii php lp khp mm vo gia chng vch dc tu. Theo s ny, vch dc 1 b x thnh rnh rng, khong 200mm, v thay vo khp mm dng tn un sng. Thn tu b un, boong chnh b cong ko theo vch dc thng tng un ng. Nh co gin rt thoi mi ca khp mm vch dc ny c th ln theo chiu cong ca boong m khng gy ra ng sut ng ngi.

Hnh 4.14 Kt cu cm khp mm c miu t k hn ti hnh 4.15. Hnh tip theo, hnh 4.16 trnh by b tr khp mm hot ng theo nguyn tc co gin theo chiu dc, ti thng tng di. C cu gin n 3, bt u t sn boong 1, i theo chiu ng, theo vch mn, n nc thng tng ri vt qua mn bn kia, cch li hai phn on thng tng 2.

200

Hnh 4.15

Hnh 4.16 Kt cu boong lng ti thng tng mang nhng c tnh ring. C cu ny ra i do yu cu s dng song khng hp vi yu cu m bo bn chng ta thng quen. Nguyn tc lm vic ca sn boong th ra pha trc thng tng chng khc g cch lm vic dm cn sn. Kh khn t ra khi thit k boong lng hay l sn cn sn nm ch, phi m bo tnh lin tc kt cu boong thng tng, ca vch mn v trong mi trng hp m bo bn. Chiu di phn ko di ca boong thng tng v trc ch hn ch t bn n nm khong sn. Bc ca n ch nn t 0,6m n 1,2m. Vng mn phi c tng chiu dy, theo s chung nu ti hnh 4.17. Cc tm ti y phi tng thm t 30% n 50% chiu dy. C th hn na, chiu dy gii tn mp mn tng thm 40%, ko di t nht ba n bn khong sn. Tm mn boon thng tng tng thm 30% chiu dy.

Hnh 4.17 Kt cu bc gy ca boong lng trnh by ti hnh 4.18.

201

Hnh 4.18
1. Be gi (bulwark)

Trn cc tu cng nh lan can t trn boong h, cao nht, bo v ngi v hnh khch trn tu, khi b ng xung bin trong trng hp v hoc khi thi tit xu. Be gi cn c gi mn gi, cch gi ngi ca ngi c, theo h ghp hai ch gi v mn tu thnh Falshbord, l kt cu tm c gia cng bng np, cao chng 1,0m, t ng ti mp boong. Kt cu tm c tc dng trong chng mc ngn nc bin ph ln boong, l vt cn tt khi trnh cho hng trn boong b x. Cc tu c chiu cao mn khng ln, tu vn ti hng kh l mt trong s , thng trang b be gi, cn tu mn cao thng thay vo bng lan can tay vn. Tu du tuy mn thp song thng l ngi ta lm lan can thay cho be gi vi thanh minh n gin, rng tu du rt cn that nhanh nc trn boong, qua mn, khi tu nghing m bo n nh. B tr be gi hay thc cht l phn mn ko cao, gi mn gi tht c l, c trnh by ti hnh 21. B tr chung mn gi c trch on, phn trn ca hnh. Chiu cao mn gi tu di trn 75m phi khng thp hn 1,0m. Cng thc tnh chiu cao, o bng cm, theo cch lm ca ngi Netherlands c dng: L h = + 75 3 Chiu di tu L tnh bng mt khi dng cng thc ny.

Hnh 4.19. B tr be gi trn tu

202

Chiu dy tm lm be gi nn t 3mm n 8mm, ty thuc c tu. Np ng ca be gi t cch nhau chng 1,5m n 1,8m , cng mt phng vi sn tu. Trong h thng kt cu ngang, np ng be gi t cch sn. Phm vi b tr mn gi khng ging nhau trn cc tu. Tu ba o phi b tr hai dy mn gi, ni lin thng tng li vi thng tng gia cn dy hai ni thng tng gia vi thng tng mi. Cc np ng ca mn gi ni vi sn nh m. Li ra v vo tu khng tr trn mn gi m i bng thang mn ln boong thng tng. Tu khc dng va nu b tr be gi theo nguyn tc m bo chn c sng cho nhng vng khng c thng tng ti boong. Thang ln xung t mc tng th nht ca lu hoc thng tng. Be gi c u im ni bt l che chn sng cho boong song yu im ca be gi cng ch ny, khi nc trn ln boong, be ny l vt cn tho nc. Nguy him v mt n nh lun rnh rp nhng tu c be gi ng kn sut tu. Mt trong nhng bin php tho g phin toi ny l tr ca thot nc ngay ti mn gi ny hoc ct chn cc tm lm be vi din tch l ct cho nc that nhanh. Cn nhn mnh iu ny v rt nhiu nh thit k tu qun mt ngha v thot nc ca be gi m ch nh n chc nng che chn nc. Hnh nh ca thot nc gii thiu ti hnh 4.20. Hnh 4.20 B tr ca thot nc ti mn gi nh trnh by ti hnh 4.21. Trong kt cu hn be gi khng gn trc tip vi tm tn mp boong m kt thc sm, trn tn boong chng 150mm n 200mm. Khe h ny, nu c th gi nh vy, lm chc nng ca s thot nc va nu. Khong cch ny khng nn to hn v rng khi to qu nc c th trn vo thoi mi, tuy khi ra cng thoi mi khng km. iu phin toi na, khe ny ln qu cc vt nh trn boong khng c buc cht s lao ra khi tu theo dng nc vo khe h.

Hnh 4.21 Phn trn chng ta bit, ti vng gn gp thng tng, vch thng tng dy v ko ra trc hoc v sau on di nh cp. Trn cc tu ln ti y phi b tr b phn m dng khe h cho tm mn thng tng ko di, trnh tnh trng b nt mn gi, hnh 4.22.

203

Hnh 2.22 Kt cu mn gi thng thng c dng nh miu t ti hnh 4.23 v 4.24 sau y.

Hnh 4.23

Hnh 4.24

Mn gi tu bin gn thp hnh kh ln ti mp trn mn, v thp hnh ny thng l thp m, cao 160 180 mm. Np cng ca be t cch nhau chng 1,8m, hn chn vo sn boong, ngay trn ch t x ngang boong. Khong cch ny phi thu nh trong vng c tr ca ra vo, ca s t mc lun dy buc tu. Khong cch np trong vng ny ch vo khong 1,2m. Trn khe h cn thit b tr mt np dc thng bng thp gc tng cng cho l khet bt buc ny. Np ng thng l lm nh m ng, dy 6 8mm, b mp chng 70 90mm. Chn np rng chng 400mm 450mm trn tu ln. Ngy nay be gi c gn vi mn khng hon ton nh cch ang nu. Rt nhiu nh thit k mun a mn gi tham gia bn chung tu khi un do vy phi c cch gia c mn gi ng thi gn cht vi mn. Ba cch gn thng dng c nu tn hnh 4.25 lm v d in hnh.
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Cch u, hnh 4.25a, mn gi gn lin vi mn tht, trng hp ny mn s phi tham gia un chung. Cch th hai, hnh 4.25b, chn mn gi ni vi mn tng on ngn cn cch th ba, hnh 4.25c, ging kt cu nu ti hnh 25, mn gi chng lin quan g n mn tht do vy chng th tham gia bn chung.

Hnh 4.25 B tr be gi thc t trn tu i bin gii thiu ti hnh 4.26. Ti hnh chi tit 1 miu t kt cu mi ni t nghing, be c th trt theo mp m ni, 2 b phn gin n.

Hnh 4.26 Chi tit 1 trn y khi phng to s c nhn thy nh hnh 4.27. C cu dng ny m bo cho mn gi khi tham gia vo bn chung tu.

Hnh 4.27
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Ti mn tu cn b tr cc gi thit b cho dy buc tu i qua. T chc n gin v d thc hin l to nhng l khet hnh van ngay ti mn gi, vin mp l bng tn v tng cng np cng ngang, ng quanh ming l. C cu dng ny gii thiu ti hnh 4.28.

Hnh 4.28 L lun dy c th ch to ri sau lin kt vi boong v mn gi theo cch trnh by ti hnh 4.29. Trong c cu ny chi tit 5 thit b lun dy ch to theo qui trnh c ring, b tr trn boong 3 bng hn. Cng chi tit 5 cn c hai np ng ca mn 4. Ti mn 2 cn khot l 6 dy i qua. C cu cng lm b bt con ln dn dy t st mn gi c gii thiu trn hnh 4.30

Hnh 4.29

Hnh 4.30

Tip theo, hnh 4.31 gii thiu tip kt cu mn gi trn tu container 1700 TEU ang c ng ti mt trong nhng nh my thuc tp on VINASHIN. Nhn trn hnh, ta thy hng mn gi c m ra ph hp theo hng m ca mn pht trin ln, trn c gn cc ca lun dy c ch to sn (thng l c). Vic gn cc ca lun dy kiu ny c th tham kho trn hnh 4.32.

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Hnh 4.31
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Hnh 4.32 Cc ghi ch trn hnh 4.32 mang ngha sau: 1- mp mn gi; 2- thanh gia cng dc; 3- mn gi; 4- ca lun dy; 5- m gia cng ng. Thit k mn gi cn lu n iu ny, cn b tr ch cn cho xp thang mn gi bng ting H lan trap trong thi gian tu thc thi cng vic trn bin. Khong cch cn ln vo ca be 350mm, chiu di khong 8 10m. Thit k mn gi khu vc ny trn tu ng c dng ti hnh 4.33.

Hnh 4.33

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Lan can, tay vn trn boong thi tit lm ng chc nng ca mn gi, ti nhng ni khng b tr mn gi. T chuyn ngnh gi y l guard rail hoc life rail. Lan can tu c chiu cao ti thiu 1,20m dng cho cc tu i bin. Tay vn v cc cc ng, lan can lm bng thp ng thng bng thp m km. Chn cc cc ng lin kt vi boong qua bch v bulng. Thang ngang lan can lm bng thp ng hoc thp hnh. Khong cch gia cc thang ngang khng ln hn 230mm. Trong nhiu trng hp thay v thp ng ngi ta dng xch cng chng lm chc nng hng ro cn. Hnh 4.34 trnh by thit k lan can trn tu i bin, cc cc v thanh ngang u lm t thp ng. Kt cu ng quan tm ti y l ca ra vo trn lan can. Cm kt cu gm hai cc ng, gia hnh, cng cc thanh ngang trn d dng tho khi hng ro cn lm li i. Cc c cu gip tho d trnh by trn cng hnh.

Hnh 4.34. Lan can tu

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CHNG 5 KT CU BNH LI, B MY, NG KHI

1. Bnh li

Trong phn tm hiu kt cu vm li, chng ta c dp lm quen kt cu l li v cc chi tit lin quan trc quay bnh li. Thc ra y l c mt cm cc kt cu quan h vi nhau rt khng kht, lin quan cc chi tit trc chn vt, gi trc bnh li. Bn thn bnh li l chi tit quan trng trong cm. Cc chi tit ca cm thit b ang nu c th hnh dung qua hai hnh sau y. Hnh 5.1 trnh by cc chi tit kt cu hn cm chi tit ny, trong bn thn l li cng qu to vi gi trc chn vt cp ti chng hai nm pha tri hnh. Pha bn phi hnh, trnh by b phn m chng ta quan tm ti phn ny, bnh li, trc bnh li, gi di gi trn.

Hnh 5.1. Kt cu sng ui v bnh li Cc ghi ch trn hnh c ngha: 1- gi trn (top dudgeon); 2- mu lin kt (rib); 3- thn trn sng ui (crown); 4- gi trc chn vt (boss); 5- tr chn vt (propeller post); 6- gt ky (heel piece); 7- ky li (sole piece); 8- gi di (bottom gudgeon); 9- tr li (rudder post); 10- trc li (rudder stock); 11- bch ni (flange); 12- bu lng ni (bolt); 13- l treo bnh li (lifting hole); 14- tn bnh li (rudder plate); 15xng gia cng bnh li (rudder frame); 16- gn gia cng bnh li (arm); 17- cht bnh li (pintle). Hnh 5.2 trnh by cch chi tit chng ta quan tm trn tu kiu mi, tuy xut hin t nhng nm gia th k XX: bnh li treo, hai . Chn tc phn ko di t ki chnh nhm trc bnh li khng cn cn thit ti y, thay vo cm kt cu trc vi cc chi tit c bng thp, nm bn tri hnh lm nhim v cha hai quan trng trc li. Bnh li treo na cn bng th hin bng nt chm gch ti hnh, nm sau chn vt tu cng bng nt chm gch.
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Hnh 5.2. B tr bnh li treo Bnh li tu t sau chn vt , c gi thng ng nh trc li. Bnh li phi quay c sanh hai pha ca mn, gc quay ln nht bt buc cho tu bin 35, sang tri v sang phi. Cc tu chy sng, tu cn c tnh quay tr cao bnh li c gc quay ln nht t n 80 90 . Cc kiu bnh li mt ct ngang dng frofil cnh my bay, s dng trn tu bin gm: kiu Oertz, bnh li Simplex, bnh li treo, bnh li Mariner vv Ngoi cc bnh li va k chng ta cn dng bnh li ch ng, trong bnh li c t thit b y ring cho bnh li cho php quay bnh li theo yu cu ngi iu khin. Profile bnh li c ngun gc t profile cnh my bay. Thng dng nht trong ngnh tu l pforfile G 539 ca b th Gttingen vi chiu dy tng i t/b = 0,2 v profile NASA 0018. B tr chung bnh li kiu Simplex c gii thiu ti hnh 5.3. Trong h thng ny, trc quay bnh li nm lt trong lng bnh li, u trn trc bt vo vm li tu, u di quay trong di, ti gt li ca tu. Cm chi tit ny v bng nt m trn hnh 3, s c nhc li phn sau. Tay quay bnh li thng kh ln, bt cht bng bulon vi bnh li ti mt trn bnh li, u cn li tay quay quay lin h vi my li, chu s iu khin ca my li.

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Hnh 5.3. Bnh li kiu Simplex Bnh li tu c nh chy sng c gii thiu tip hnh 5.4, hnh 5.4a gii thiu dng bnh li c profin dng hp, cn hnh 5.4b gii thiu bnh li c profin dng tm.

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a)

b)

Hnh 5.4. Bnh li tu sng

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2. B my

Kt cu b my c im chung, b dc l kt cu cng, vng, c cc dm t ngang gi t th n nh, khng b un, khng b vn. Tm thnh b thng kh cao, p ng yu cu b tr chn my, mt b hn vi thnh dng ch T khng i xng, c thin hng lch sang ch trong rt nhiu trng hp. Tm thnh khng ch c gi bng cc ngang m cn c lin kt bng m ln vi sn. C cu mt b t my trn tu c dng nh hnh 5.5. Ti y chng ta c th nhn thy hai thnh ng b my 1 t theo chiu dc, b cc m 2, 3, 4, 5 gi c nh. Tm bn trn mt b thng lm t thp tm dy cn chn my s ngi ln tm mt ny.

Hnh 5.5. B my Thit k b my theo nguyn tc chung, c cu dc b (b my) chy lin tc, cc ngang, nu c, u u vo thnh ng b my, hn chc vo thnh . M ng 1 phi cao n mt b, chn rng, ty thuc chiu cao b my. Cc m u phi b mp. Tm mt t vung gc vi tm thnh, c thm bng cc m tam gic 2, mt mp ta thnh b, mp kia tm mt. B tr cc m hp l khng b chn vo cc chn bu lng chn my.

Hnh 5.6 Ghi ch trn hnh mang ngha: 1- m ng; 2- m tam gic. B my chnh trn tu c t chc theo hnh thc ging cch trnh by ti hnh 5.7. Trong nhng trng hp c yu cu tng cng bn cn t thm cc dm dc, ghi bng ch s 2 trn hnh, v ngang ph 1. Trong mi trng hp cc l khoan bt bu long 3 khng c php i qua kt cu ngang tng cng. M t ngoi v m nh hn pha trong ca thnh phi c mt ti cc khong sn m b my i qua.
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Hnh 5.7 V tr my ngi trn b, v trong mt ct ngang tu c nh trnh by ti hnh 5.8. Trong mi trng hp phi m bo khe h gia tm di kt y ca my, thng gi bng tn Vit ha l cc te, v mt nm gia hai thnh ng th my c th thao tc cc cng vic thay du, x cn trong khu vc . Hnh 5.8

Kt cu b my tiu biu c v li ti hnh 5.9. B my chnh trn tu c nh c dng nh nu ti hnh 5.10 di y. Cn hnh 5.11 gii thiu b my ti c ln.

Hnh 5.9
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216 Hnh 5.10. Kt cu b my tu nh, khng y i

Hnh 5.11a. Kt cu b my tu vn ti c ln

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218 Hnh 5.11b. Kt cu b my tu vn ti c ln

Hnh 5.11c. Cc chi tit kt cu b my Cc my cng sut ln trn tu c ln i hi b my phi c cu trc vng, bn. Khi thit k thn tu ngi thit k phi nm c yu cu trang b my chnh, trong c kch thc v b tr chn my nhm c cch b tr cc dc y trng vi chn my chnh. B my chnh t trn y i, thnh ng chy dc trng trong mt phng dc vi dc y. Thnh ng b my c chiu dy ln hn chiu dy dc y. Trong thc t chiu dy b my t 18mm 20mm cho b my diesel cng sut c 8.000 HP. Chn b my c th ch l kt cu ch song cng c th lm dng hp. Trong nhng trng hp ny thnh b rt dy, t 40mm 50mm. Hnh 5.12 trnh by thm mt ct ngang qua b my ca tu hng chy bin 6500DWT, lp my Hanshin c cng sut 3600 PS c ng ti mt s nh my ng tu thuc VINASHIN nhng nm gn y. Hnh 5.12

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3. Ong khi

ng khi trn tu ra i khi con ngi t my ln tu. Tu chy my hi nc vt i Ty dng Savanna c ngi M a xung nc t 1819. Theo chn savanna cc tu lp my thi nhau xung nc. C l v my hi nc l kiu u tin c trang b ln tu, thay th cho bum v cho lm ng lc y tu, ngi ta gi l tu lp my l steam ship. Trn cc steam ship, k c tu lp my diesel cng b gi nh vy, ng khi lun chim v tr xng ng. C th ni nhng ng khi ca thi k u ca h tu lp my t ra hng dng, hin ngang. N vn ln cao nht, ng thay cho ct bum chim v tr p nht trn tu. Bn c c th xem li bc ha ghi cnh chy th tu hi nc t 1815 ti St Peterbourg thy v hin ngang ca chi tit chng ta ang quan tm, hnh 5.13.

Hnh 5.13 minh chng cho lun thuyt, ng khi l thnh phn quan trng ca kin trc tu bn c xem thm bc tranh ghi li hnh nh ca con tu ni ting Titanic nhng nm u th k XX. Nhn qua profil tu, ct n mi v bn ng khi hng v to dng v hi ho vi kin trc thng tng. V mt kin trc iu c th rt ra c, trong hon cnh bt kh khng nh th ny, kin trc s nn to cnh quan theo hng lm nh kt cu, c tm mi cch xa i nt nng n ca my mc cng nghip.

Hnh 5.14
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Theo nm thng ng khi tu c nn t ra hi ha trong qun th kin trc ny. T khi my diesel thay th cho my hi nc trn cc tu, hnh nh ng khi c nhng i thay ng nghi nhn. Ct ng khi khng cn vn cao, ng knh ng gim ng k cho trng hp dng my diesel trn tu. n y ngi ta c gng a rt nhiu thit b cng knh vo trong lng ng khi nh ni tn dng, bu gim m vv .. . v profil ca ng kh ln ra, d to hnh hn. ng khi thi mi c dng dp ca thng tng thu nh, c sn ph cc bng hiu, quc k, hoc cc biu tng khc. Hnh 5.15 m t ng khi trn tu khch du lch, i din in hnh cho xu hng kin trc ny.

Hnh 5.15 n thi k kin trc tu chung cc hnh khi vi ng nt thng, sc so, ng khi that khi cnh hnh kh ng hc tham gia vo qun th kin trc hp thi i. ng khi thi mi c tit din nh hn trc, mt ct ngang mang dng hnh thang, hnh ch nht. Hnh 5.16 i din cho xu th kin trc ny.

Hnh 16

Hnh 5.16

Hnh 5.17 a ra s b tr bung my tu du c ni hi kh x. Trn s th hin cc thit b c a vo bn trong bao ng khi, trong ng kh x my chnh mang ghi ch s 1.
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Hnh 5.17 B tr bung my tu du vi ni hi kh x. Cc hnh tip theo gii thiu kt cu c th ca ng khi tu hng vn ti chy bin 4000DWT

Hnh 5.18. B tr ng khi tu hng 4000dwt (nhn t li v mi)

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Hnh 5.19. Kt cu ng khi tu hng 4000dwt

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. M. M. DArcangelo, (editor), Ship Design and Construction, SNAME, N.Y., 1969. 2. D. Arnott, (editor), Design and Construction of Steel Merchant Ships, SNAME, N.Y. 1955. 3. N.V. Barabanov, Structural Design of Sea-Going Ships, Translation from the Russian, Publisher Mir, Moscow, 1966. 4. N.V. Barabanov, Konstrukxia korpusa morskich sudov, (Kt cu thn tu bin, ting Nga), NXB ng tu, Leningrad, 1969. 5. D.J. Eyres, Ship Construction, Third edition, Heinemann Professional Publishing Ltd., London, 1988. 6. R. Munro-Smith, Merchant Ship Types, London, 1975. 7. W. Wakula, Konstrukcja kadluba okretu, (Kt cu thn tu, ting Poland), NXB Bin, Gdansk, 1975. 8. ng kim Vit nam, Thut ng k thut ng tu v ng kim Anh Vit, NXB Giao thng vn ti, H Ni, 2002.

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BNG K THUT NG V KT CU THIT B TU

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