.

I.

Trng THPT Nguyn Du

Chuyn Ha Hu C

Chuyn 2: Lp Cng Thc Phn T Hp Cht Hu C .

Dng 1: Lp Cng Thc Phn T Hp Cht Hu C Thng Qua Cng Thc n Gin Nht.

L THUYT
+ Phng php chung:
Gi CTPT chung ca cht hu c A l CxHyOzNt
Lp t l: x : y : z : t = nC : nH : nO : nN
= mC/12 : mH/1 : mO/16 : mN/14
= %C/ 12 : %H/1 :%O/16 : %N/14
=a:b:c:d
CTGN l: CaHbOcNd
- T ta c cng thc thc nghim l: (CaHbOcNd)n ; MA = ( 12a + b + 16c + 14d)n
xc nh CTPT ca A ta cn xc nh h s n trong biu thc trn.
*TH1: Nu bit Mpt n = Mpt / ( 12a+b+16c+14d).
Trong trng hp ny th ngi ta thng cho d kin tnh c phn t khi ca cht hu
c A
Cch 1: Da vo t khi dA/B = MA / MB Mt s trng hp thng gp: MHe = 4, Mkk = 29
VD1: Tnh Phn T Khi ca hp cht hu c A. Bit rng t khi ca A so vi H2 bng 37.
Gii: Ta c: dA/H2 = 37 MA / MH2 = 37 MA = 37*2 = 74.
Vy Phn t khi ca A l: MA = 74 gam/mol.
Cch 2: Nu bi ton cho mA gam cht A (MA) c th tch hi ng bng th tch ca mB gam B
(MB) trong cng iu kin nhit p sut.
- Trong cng iu kin nhit v p sut th nu: VA = VB nA = nB
mA/MA = mB/MB

MA = [mA/mB]*MB
VD2: Tnh phn t khi ca hp cht hu c A bit khi ha hi hon ton 7,4 gam A th c th tch
ng bng th tch ca 3,2 gam O2 trong cng iu kin nhit p sut.
Gii: p dng cng thc ta c: MA = [ 7,4/3,2]*32 = 74 ( gam/mol)
Cch 3: mA gam cht hu c A c th tch l VA nhit tOC v p sut p (atm).
Khi p dng cng thc : pV = nRT
- P: p sut (atm) , V: Th tch, R = 0,082, T = t + 273, n: s mol
- T ta c: n = (pV)/(RT) = mA/MA MA = (mART)/(pV)
VD3: Tnh phn t khi ca hp cht hu c A bit 1 gam A c th tch 1,7 lt iu kin 50OC v
0,26atm.
Gii: p dng cng thc ta c: MA = (1*0,082*323)/(1,7*0,26) = 60 gam/mol.
Vy MA = 60 gam/mol
*TH2: Nu khng bit Mpt khi ta phi tin hnh bin lun ( xem chuyn 3)

MT S LU KHI GII BI TP V BI TP MU.

+ Thng thng bi ton s cho d kin tnh s mol ca CO2, H2O v N2, t tnh nC, nH, nO, nN.
Ri lm theo cc bc trn.
VD4: t chy hon ton 0,3 gam cht hu c X th thu c 0,44 gam CO2 v 0,18 gam H2O. T
khi ca X so vi H2 bng 30. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca X.
Gii: mX = 0,3gam, mCO2 = 0,44gam, mH2O = 0,18gam

Trng THPT Nguyn Du

Chuyn Ha Hu C

nC = nCO2 = 0,44/44 = 0,01 ; nH = 2nH2O = 2*(0,18/18) = 0,02

mH + mC = 0,02 + 12*0,01 = 0,14gam < mX
Trong X c cha O v mO = 0,3 0,14 = 0,16gam, nO = 0,16/16 = 0,01
Gi CTPT ca X l CxHyOz lp t l: x:y:z = 0,01:0,02:0,01 = 1:2:1
CTTN l (CH2O)n v MX = 30n (1)
Mt khc: dX/H2 = MX/MH2 = 17 MX = 2*30 = 60 (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c: 30n = 60 hay n = 2. Vy CTPT ca X l: C2H4O2
+ Nu bi ton cho hn hp sn phm chy qua bnh 1 (cha P2O5, CuSO4khan, CaCl2khan, H2SO4c)
ri qua bnh 2 (cha KOH, NaOH, Ca(OH)2, Ba(OH)2) th tng khi lng bnh 1 chnh l
khi lng H2O cn tng khi lng ca bnh 2 chnh l khi lng CO2, qua bnh 2 nu cn kh
th c th l N2 hoc l O2 d.
VD5: t chy hon ton 9,00 hp cht hu c A thu c hn hp sn phm. Cho hn hp ny
ln lt qua bnh 1 cha CaCl2 khan v bnh 2 cha KOH thy khi lng bnh 1 tng 17,6 gam,
bnh 2 tng 12,6 gam v cn 2,24 lt kh N2 (ktc) i ra khi bnh 2. Xc nh cng thc phn t ca
A bit rng khi ha hi 4,5 gam A th thu c th tch ng bng th tch ca 2,8 gam N2 cng
iu kin nhit p sut.
Gii: Ta c: mA = 9,00gam, mCO2 = 17,6gam, mH2O = 12,6gam, VN2 = 2,24lit.
NC = nCO2 = 17,6/44 = 0,4 ; nH = 2nH2O = 2*(12,6/18) = 1,4 ; nN = 2nN2 =2*(2,24/22,4) = 0,2
MC + mH + mN = 0,4*12 + 1,4 + 14*0,2 = 9,00gam = mA Trong X khng c O.
Gi CTPT ca A l: CxHyNt , lp t l : x:y:t = 0,4:1,4:0,2 = 2:7:1
CTTN l: (C2H7N)n ,MA = 45n (1)
Mt khc ta c: MA = [mA/mB]*MB = [4,5/2,8]*28 = 45 (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c: 45n = 45 n = 1
Vy CTPT ca A l: C2H7N
+ Nu bi ton cho hp th hn hp sn phm chy vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 d th khi tng
khi lng ca bnh cha bng tng khi lng ca CO2 v H2O. Gp dng ton ny cn ch ti:
nu bi ton cho khi lng kt ta th mkt ta = mCaCO3, nu bi ton cho bit khi lng ca cht
hu c em t v khi lng O2p th ch ti nh lut bo ton khi lng:
Xt phn ng: A
+
O2

CO2 +
H2 O +
N2
Th ta lun c mA + mO2p = mCO2 + mH2O + mN2

Thng thng ta tin hnh lp h phng trnh tm khi lng ca CO2 v

H2O
Thng th trong TH ny ngi ta thng cho thm mi lin h no gia CO2 v H2O, VD nh
khi lng CO2 to thnh nhiu hn khi lng H2O a gam mCO2 = mH2O + a, VCO2/VH2O = a/b
nCO2/nH2O = a/b hay mCO2/mH2O = 44a/18b
VD6: t chy hon ton a gam mt hidrocacbon A. Sn phm chy c dn qua bnh cha nc
vi trong c d. Sau th nghim ngi ta thu c 3gam kt ta, ng thi bnh cha nng thm
1,68 gam. Tnh a, xc nh CTPT ca A, bit t khi hi ca A i vi mtan l 2,5.
Gii: Khi lng ca bnh cha tng = mCO2 + mH2O
mCO2 + mH2O = 1,68 v mCaCO3 = 3gam nCO2 = 0,03 mol mCO2 = 1,32gam, mH2O =
0,36gam
nC = 0,03 ; nH = 0,04
a = 0,03*12 + 0,04*1 = 0,4gam.

Trng THPT Nguyn Du

Chuyn Ha Hu C

Gi CTPT ca A l: CxHy ; x;y = 0,03:0,04 = 3:4 CTTN l (C3H4)n , MA = 40n (1)

Mt khc ta c dA/CH4 = 2,5 MA = 40 (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c: 40n = 40 hay n=1.
Vy CTPT ca A l: C3H4

VD7: t chy hon ton 4,6 gam cht hu c A cn 6,72 lt O2 (ktc) ch to thnh CO2 v
H2O. Sn phm chy cho qua bnh cha dung dch Ba(OH)2 d, thy khi lng bnh cha tng
thm a gam. Tm CTGN ca A bit khi lng CO2 to thnh nhiu hn khi lng ca H2O l
3,4 gam.
Gii: nO2 = 6,72/22,4 = 0,3 , mO2 = 0,3*32 = 9,6gam
V khi A chy ch to CO2 v H2O, nn ta c: mA + mO2p = mCO2 + mH2O
mCO2 + mH2O = 4,6 + 9,6 = 14,2 (gam) (1)
Vy tng khi lng ca bnh cha l 14,2 gam.
Theo bi ra ta c: mCO2 mH2O = 3,4 (2)
T (1) v (2) lp h phng trnh v tm ra c mCO2 = 8,8gam, mH2O = 5,4gam.
- nC = nCO2 = 8,8/44 = 0,2
- nH = 2nH2O = 2*[5,4/18] = 0,6
- mC + mH = 0,2*12 +0,6 = 3,0 < mA Trong A c oxi, mO = 4,6 -3,0 = 1,6 ; nO = 1,6/16 = 0,1
- Gi CTPT ca A l CxHyOz Lp t l x:y:z = 0,2:0,6:0,1 = 2:6:1
- Vy CTGN ca A l: C2H6O
VD8: t chy hon ton 2,85 gam hp cht hu c X phi dung va ht 4,2 lt O2 (ktc). Sn
phm chy ch gm CO2 v H2O. theo t l 44:15 v khi lng. Xc nh CTGN ca X. Xc nh
CTPT t ca X bit t khi ca X so vi C2H6 l 3,8.
Gii: - mX = 2,85gam, mO2 p = [4,2/22,4]*32 = 6gam
- Gi mCO2, mH2O ln lt l khi lng ca CO2 v H2O
- Theo bi ra ta c: mCO2 / mH2O = 44/15 hay 15mCO2 44mH2O = 0 (1)
Xt phn ng: X
+
O2

CO2 +
H2 O +
N2
Th ta lun c mX + mO2p = mCO2 + mH2O
Hay mCO2 + mH2O = 8,85gam (2)
T (1) v (2) ta tnh c mCO2 = 6,6gam, mH2O = 2,25gam
- nC = nCO2 = 6,6/44 = 0,15 mol, nH = 2*[2,25/18] = 0,25 mol
- mC + mH = 0,15*12 + 0,25*1 = 2,05 < 2,85 Trong X c cha O v nO = 0,05mol
- Gi CTPT l CxHyOz; lp t l : x:y:z = 0,15:0,25:0,05 = 3:5:1
- CTGN l: C3H5O CTTN l: (C3H5O)n ; MX = 57n
- Mt khc ta c: t khi ca X so vi C2H6 l 3,8 MX = 114 n= 2.
- Vy CTPT ca X l: C6H10O2
+ Nu bi ton cho hp th hn hp sn phm chy vo dung dch Ca(OH)2 th khi tng khi
lng ca bnh cha bng tng khi lng ca CO2 v H2O. V Ca(OH)2 khng cho d nn c th
to thnh 2 mui c mui trung ha (CaCO3) v mui axit ( Ca(HCO3)2)). Nu bi ton cho bit
s mol ca c 2 mui th ta c: nCO2 = nCaCO3 + 2 nCa(HCO3)2, Phng trnh phn ng:
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
2CO2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3)2

Trng THPT Nguyn Du

Chuyn Ha Hu C

+ Nu bi ton cho sc hn hp sn phm vo dd nc vi trong to ra m1 gam kt ta, khi un

nng li to ra m2 gam kt ta th c to thnh c 2 mui trung ha v mui axit ( tng khi lng
ca bnh cha bng tng khi lng ca CO2 v H2O), phn ng:
CO2 + Ca(OH)2 CaCO3 + H2O
2CO2 + Ca(OH)2 Ca(HCO3)2
Ca(HCO3)2 CaCO3 + H2O + CO2
D dng tnh c nCO2 = m1/100 + 2m2/100.
VD9: t chy hon ton 4,4 gam hp cht hu c X thu c hn hp sn phm chy. Hp th
hon ton hn hp ny vo dung dch nc vi trong thu c 10 gam kt ta, trong dung dch cn
li 16,2 gam mui axit. ng thi khi lng bnh cha tng thm 20,4 gam. Xc nh CTPT ca
X, bit X c CTPTN trng vi CTGN.
Gii:
-

Theo bi ra ta c: Khi lng bnh cha tng = mCO2 + mH2O = 20,4 gam.

M nCO2 = nCaCO3 + 2nCa(HCO3)2 = 10/100 + 2*[16,2/162] = 0,3 mol

mH2O = 20,4 0,3*44 = 7,2gam

T tnh c : nC = 0,3 ; nH = 0,8

mC + mH = 0,3*12 + 0,8*1 = 4,4 gam X khng cha O.

Gi CTPT ca X l CxHy x:y = 0,3:0,8 = 3:8

V X c CTGN trng vi CTTN do CTPT ca X l: C3H8

VD 10: t chy hon ton 2,3 gam mt cht hu c X bng oxi va , ri cho hn hp sn phm
chy qua dung dch nc vi trong thy to thnh 5gam kt ta, un nng dung dch thu c 2,5
gam kt ta na, ng thi bnh cha tng thm 7,1gam. Xc nh CTPT ca X bit t khi ca X
so vi He l 11,5.
Gii: Khi lng bnh cha tng = mCO2 + mH2O = 7,1 gam
M : nCO2 = m1/100 + 2m2/100 = 5/100 + 2*[2,5/100] = 0,1 mol
mH2O = 7,1 0,1*44 = 2,7 gam
-

Ln lt tnh c : nC = 0,1mol, nH = 0,3 mol mC + mH = 1,5 < 2,3. Trong X c cha O,

mO = 0,8gam , nO = 0,8/16 = 0,05 mol.

Gi CTPT ca X l: CxHyOz lp t l : x:y:z = 0,1:0,3:0,05 = 2:6:1

CTGN l: C2H6O CTTN l: (C2H6O)n ; MX = 46n

Mt khc ta c: t khi ca X so vi He l 11,5 MX = 46 n= 1

Trng THPT Nguyn Du

-

Chuyn Ha Hu C

Vy CTPT ca X l: C2H6O

+ Thng thng vic hp th CO2 hay hn hp gm CO2 v H2O vo dung dch nc vi trong bao
gi cng c s tng gim khi lng ca dung dch so vi dung dch ban u ( ch phn bit vi
s tng khi lng ca bnh cha.)
TH1: Nu ch hp th CO2 th mdd = mkt ta mCO2 hp th nu mdd > 0, khi lng ca dung dch
gim, mdd < 0 th khi lng ca dung dch tng. Hay:

mdd gim = mkt ta mCO2 hp th , mdd tng = mCO2 hp th - mkt ta

TH2: Nu hp th c CO2 v H2O th: mdd = mkt ta (mCO2 + mH2O)hp th nu mdd > 0, khi lng
ca dung dch gim, mdd < 0 th khi lng ca dung dch tng. Hay:

mdd gim = mkt ta - (mCO2 + mH2O)hp th, mdd tng = (mCO2 + mH2O)hp th - mkt ta
Tm li nu khi lng hp th ln hn khi lng kt ta th khi lng dung dch tng, cn nu
khi lng hp th nh hn khi lng kt ta th khi lng ca dung dch gim.
VD11: t chy hon ton 5,60 hp cht hu c A thu c hn hp sn phm. Cho hn hp ny
ln lt qua bnh 1 cha CaCl2 khan v bnh 2 cha Ca(OH)2 thy khi lng bnh 1 tng 7,2
gam, khi lng dung dch bnh 2 tng 7,6 gam v thu c 10 gam kt ta. Xc nh cng thc
phn t ca A bit rng khi ha hi 2,8 gam A th thu c th tch ng bng th tch ca 1,6 gam
O2 cng iu kin nhit p sut.
Gii: Ta c: mA = 5,6gam, mH2O = 7,2gam, v mCO2 = 10 + 7,6 = 17,6gam
NC = nCO2 = 17,6/44 = 0,4 ; nH = 2nH2O = 2*(7,2/18) = 0,8
mC + mH = 0,4*12 + 0,8 = 5,6gam = mA Trong X khng c O.
Gi CTPT ca A l: CxHy, lp t l : x:y = 0,4:0,8: = 1:2
CTTN l: (CH2)n ,MA = 14n (1)
Mt khc ta c: MA = [mA/mB]*MB = [2,8/1,6]*32 = 56 (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c: 14n = 56 n = 4
Vy CTPT ca A l: C4H8
VD12: t chy hon ton 3,2 gam mt hidrocacbon A. Sn phm chy c dn qua bnh cha
nc vi trong c d. Sau th nghim ngi ta thu c 20gam kt ta, ng thi khi lng dd
gim i 4gam. Xc nh CTPT ca A, bit A c CTGN trng vi CTPT.
Gii:
V dd Ca(OH)2 d, do ton b CO2 chuyn vo kt ta, tc l nCO2 = nCaCO3 = 0,2 mol.
Mt khc mdd gim = mkt ta - (mCO2 + mH2O)hp th mH2O =mkt ta - mdd gim - mCO2
= 20 4 8,8 = 7,2 gam.
- Tnh c nC = 0,2 ; nH = 0,8
Gi CTPT ca A l: CxHy ; x;y = 0,2:0,8 = 1:4
Vy CTPT ca A l: CH4 ( V A c CTPT trng vi CTGN)
VD12: t chy hon ton 3,2 gam mt hidrocacbon A Ngi ta thu c khi luongj ca CO2
nhiu hn khi lng ca H2O l 1,6gam . Sn phm chy c dn qua bnh cha nc vi trong.
Sau th nghim ngi ta thu c 10gam kt ta, ng thi khi lng dd tng 6,0gam. Xc nh
CTPT ca A, bit A c CTGN trng vi CTPT.

Trng THPT Nguyn Du

Chuyn Ha Hu C

Gii: V khng bit Ca(OH)2 d hay khng do ta khng th c: nCO2 = nCaCO3 = 0,1 mol.
Ta c: mdd tng = (mCO2 + mH2O)hp th - mkt ta mCO2 + mH2O = mdd tng + mkt ta = 16 (1)
Theo bi ra ta c: mCO2 - mH2O = 1,6 (2). T (1) v (2) ta c mCO2 = 8,8gam v 7,2gam
- Tnh c nC = 0,2 ; nH = 0,8
Gi CTPT ca A l: CxHy ; x;y = 0,2:0,8 = 1:4
Vy CTPT ca A l: CH4 ( V A c CTPT trng vi CTGN)
+ Nhiu khi ngi ta c th cho phn tch mA gam cht A ta c mC: mH:mO:mN = a:b:c:d . Khi
chuyn v t l s mol nh sau: nC:nH:nO:mN = a/12:b/1:c/16:d/14
VD13: Cht hu c X c M = 123 v khi lng C, H, O v N trong phn t theo th t t l vi
72 : 5 : 32 : 14. Xc nh CTPT ca X
Gii:
Gi CTPT ca X l CxHyOzNt lp t l x:y:z:t = 72/12:5/1:32/16:14/14 = 6:5:2:1
CTGN l: C6H5O2N (C6H5O2N)n ; MX = 123n =123 n=1
Vy CTPT ca X l C6H5O2N.
+ Ngoi cch dung O2 t chy hp cht hu c A, ngi ta c th dng CuO un nng vi hp
cht hu c chuyn C CO2 , H H2O
Khi n gin ha bi ton chng ta c th coi c cc phn ng sau:
Ctrong A +2[O] CO2 ; 2Htrong A + [O] H2O
Vi nOp = nO(CuO) + nO(A)
Trng hp ring: Nu A l hidrocacon th nOp = nO(CuO) ngha l khi lng CuO gim cjinhs l
khi lng O tham gia phn ng c 2 phn ng.
VD14: Phn tch 1,47 gam cht hu c A (C, H, O) bng CuO th thu c 2,156 gam CO 2 v
lng CuO gim 1,568 gam. Xc nh CTGN ca A.
Gii: mCuO gim = mO(CuO)p = 1,568 gam nO = 0,098 mol, nC = nCO2 = 0,049 mol.
Khi n gin ha bi ton chng ta c th coi c cc phn ng sau:
Ctrong A + 2[O] CO2
(1)
0,098 0,049
2Htrong A + [O] H2O
(2)
2 nO(A) nO(A)
M nOp = nO(CuO) + nO(A) t phn ng 2 ta thy trong A c nH = 2nO (1)
Mt khc trong A ta c: mA = mC + mH + mO mH + mO =mA mc = 1,47 0,558 = 0,882
Hay nH + 16nO = 0,882 (2)
T (1) v (2) ta c nH = 0,098, nO = 0,049.
Lp t l: x:y:z = 0,049:0,098:0,049 = 1:2:1
Vy CTGN ca A l: CH2O

Trng THPT Nguyn Du

Chuyn Ha Hu C

Dng 2: Lp CTPT hp cht hu c bng phng php bin lun.

L Thuyt

+ bt bo ha ca mt hp cht hu c l tng s lin kt v s vng trong mt hp cht

hu c.
+ Cng thc tnh:
2 + [S nguyn t tng nguyn t (ha tr ca nguyn t - 2) ]
=
2
VD: Hp cht hu c c cng thc phn t CxHyOzNtXq (X l halogen) th ta c:
=

2x + 2 y q + t
2

Ch : - Cng thc tnh trn ch p dng cho hp cht cng ha tr.

- Cc nguyn t ha tr II nh oxi, lu hunh khng nh hng ti bt bo ha.
- 1 lin kt i ( = ) bt bo ha = 1
- 1 lin kt ba ( ) bt bo ha = 2
- 1 vng no bt bo ha = 1
2.6 + 2 6

=4
2
VD: - Benzen: C6H6 c
Phn t c 3 lin kt + 1 vng = 4.
H
CH = CH2
2.7 + 2 6

=
=5
2
=

- Stiren: C7H8 c

Phn t c 4 lin kt

+ 1 vng = 5.

Mt s nhm chc thng gp v s lin kt ca nhm chc

TT
1
2
3

NHM CHC
Ancol
Ete

CNG THC
- OH
-O-

Xeton (cacbonyl)

- CO-

Anehit (fomyl)

- CHO

Axit (cacboxyl)

- COOH

Este

- COO -

CU TO
-OH
C
||
O
C H
||
O
C O - H
||
O
C O ||
O

S LIN KT
0
0
1

I.

Trng THPT Nguyn Du

Chuyn Ha Hu C

+ Nh vy t bt bo ha trn ta c: 0. T ta c c iu kin tn ti ca mt s loi

hp cht hu c trong bng sau:
Hp Cht
CxHy (loi I)

M
12x + y

CxHyOz (loi II)

12x + y + 16z

CxHyNt (loi III)

12x + y + 14t

CxHyOzNt (loi IV)

12x + y + 16z + 14t

iu kin bin lun

x,y,z nguyn
x,y,z 1
y lun l s chn
y 2x + 2
z M/16 Chn z
x,y,z,t nguyn
x,y,z, 1
y 2x + 2 + t
y chn khi t chn
y l khi t l

Mt S Lu Khi Gii Bi Tp V Bi Tp Mu.

Nu bi ton cho phn trm khi lng ca mt nguyn t no : u tin ta phi d on cc
nguyn t c mt trong hp cht hu c ( VD nu t chy hp cht hu c A thu c CO2 v
H2O th A c th thuc loi I hoc II, nu nu t chy hp cht hu c A thu c CO2 ,H2O v
N2 th A c th thuc loi III hoc IV). Sau vit biu thc tnh phn trm khi lng ca
nguyn t ri tin hnh bin lun theo iu kin tn ti ca dng hp cht hu c tng ng.
VD1: Hidrocacbon X c phn trm khi lng ca Cacbon l 83,33%. Xc nh CTPT ca X.
Gii:
Gi CTPT ca X l: CxHy
Khi phn trm khi lng ca C c tnh theo biu thc:
%C = (12x/[12x + y])*100% = 83,33% hay 12x + y = 14,4x y = 2,4x
Lp bng bin lun ( km theo iu kin y 2x + 2 v y lun l s chn)
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
y
2,4
4,8
7,2
9,6
12
14,4
Ta thy cp nghim ph hp l x = 5 v y = 12 CTPT l C5H12
VD2: Khi phn tch thnh phn 1 ancol n chc X thy phn trm khi lng ca O l 50%. Xc
nh CTPT ca X.
Gii:
V X l ancol n chc do c cng thc dng: CxHyO
%O = (16/(12x + y + 16)]*100% = 50% hay 12x + y + 16 = 32 12x + y =
16
Lp bng bin lun ( km theo iu kin y 2x + 2 v y lun l s chn)
x
1
2
3
y
4
-8
-20
Ta thy cp nghim ph hp l x = 1 v y = 4 CTPT l CH4O

Trng THPT Nguyn Du

Chuyn Ha Hu C

VD3: Hp cht hu c X (cha C, H, O, N) trong c 12% N, 27,3%. T khi hi ca X so vi H2

bng 58,5. Xc nh CTPT ca X.
Gii:
Gi CTPT ca X l: CxHyOzNt MX = 12x + y + 16z + 14t = dX/H2*MH2 = 117 (*)
Ta c: %N = [14t/MX]*100% = 12% 14t = (MX* 12)/100 = 14 t = 1
%O = [16z/MX]*100% = 27,3% 16z = (MX*27,3)/100 = 32 z = 2
Thay t = 1; z = 2 vo * ta c: 12x + y = 71
Lp bng bin lun ta c:
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
y
59
47
35
23
11
-1
Ta thy cp nghim ph hp l x = 5 v y = 11 CTPT l C5H11O2N
Nu bi ton ch cho Phn T Khi thng thng ta gii hn s nguyn t ca mt nguyn t no
, ri tin hnh bin lun theo cc iu kin trn.
VD4: Xc nh CTPT ca hp cht hu c A bit A c t khi so vi H2 l 30, bit rng khi t
chy A ch thu c CO2 v H2O.
Gii:
dX/H2 = 30 MX = 60
Gi CTPT ca X l: CxHyOz MX = 12x + y + 16z = 60
Ta c : z M/16 z 3,75 hay z = 0,1,2,3
+ z = 0 12x + y = 60
- Lp bng bin lun:
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
y
48
36
24
12
0
-12
- Khng c trng hp no tha mn.
+ z = 1 12x + y = 44
- Lp bng bin lun:
x
1
2
3
4
y
32
20
8
-4
- Cp nghim tha mn l x = 3, y = 8 Vy CTPT l C3H8O
+ z = 2 12x + y = 28
- Lp bng bin lun:
x
1
2
3
y
16
4
-8
- Cp nghim tha mn l x = 2, y = 4 Vy CTPT l C2H4O2
+ z = 3 12x + y = 12. TH ny d thy khng c nghim ph hp
Vy X c th l C3H8O hoc l C2H4O2
C th bin lun theo phn ng chy ca hp cht hu c, trong trng hp ny cn ch ti t l
v th tch cng chnh l t l v s mol
Mt s phn ng chy thng gp:
C x Hy
+
(x + y/4)O2

xCO2 +
y/2H2O
CxHyOz

(x + y/4 z/2)O2

xCO2 +

y/2H2O

Trng THPT Nguyn Du

CxHyNt
t/2N2
CxHyOzNt

Chuyn Ha Hu C

+
+

(x + y/4)O2

(x + y/4 z/2)O2

xCO2 +

xCO2 +

y/2H2O

y/2H2O

+
t/2N2

VD5: Khi t chy hon ton 1 th tch ( hi) hidrocacbon X cn 7,5 th tch O2. Xc nh CTPT
ca X.
Gii:
Gi CTPT ca X l: CxHy ta c phn ng chy l:
C x Hy
+
(x + y/4)O2

xCO2 +
y/2H2O
Theo p:
1 mol
(x + y/4) mol
nX / nO2 = VX / VO2 = 1/(x+y/4)
(1)
Theo bi rat a c : VX/VO2 = 1/7,5
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c: x + y/4 = 7,5 hay 4x + y = 30
Lp bng bin lun ta c:
x
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
y
26
22
18
14
10
6
2
Chng ta c 3 cp nghim ph hp ng vi cc CTPT l: C5H10, C6H6, C7H2
VD6: t chy hon ton 1 mol ancol no A c CTPT CnH2n+2Om ( m n) cn 3,5 mol O2. Xc nh
CTPT ca A.
Gii:
Ta c phn ng chy:
CnH2n+2Om + (3n+1-m)/2 O2 nCO2 +
(n+1) H2O
Theo p:
1 mol
(3n+1-m)/2 mol
Theo bi ra: 1mol
3,5 mol
3n + 1 x = 7 hay 3n m = 6 n = (m+ 6)/3
Lp bng:
m
1
2
3
4
5
6
n
7/3
8/3
3
10/3
11/3
4
Thy rng ch c n=3 v m=3 l tha mn. Vy CTPT ca A l: C3H8O3
Trong nhiu trng hp khi bit CTGN ta cng c th bin lun tm ra CTPT ca hp cht
hu c.
VD7: Xc nh CTPT ca hp cht hu c trong cc trng hp sau y:
a) A c CTGN l: CH3O
b) B c CTGN l: CH4N
Gii:
a) CTTN ca A l: (CH3O)n hay CnH3nOn ta c:
3n 2n + 2 ( n nguyn) hay n 2 n = 1,2
Vi n = 1 CH3O (loi v s nguyn t H l)
Vi n = 2 C2H6O2 ( nhn v s nguyn t H chn)
Vy CTPT ca A l: C2H6O2
b) CTTN ca B l: (CH4N)n hay CnH4nNn ta c:
4n 2n + 2 + n hay n 2 n=1,2
Vi n = 1 CH4N ( loi v s nguyn t H chn cn s nguyn t N l)

Trng THPT Nguyn Du

Chuyn Ha Hu C

Vi n = 2 C2H8N2 ( nhn v s nguyn t H chn v s nguyn t N chn)

Vy CTPT ca B l: C2H8N2

Khi bit CTGN v bit dy ng ng ca mt hp cht hu c no ta c th da vo bt

bo ha tm CTPT ca hp cht hu c.
Sau y l bng CTTQ ca mt s dy ng ng thng gp:
Hp cht
CTTQ
Hp cht
CTTQ

Ankan
CnH2n + 2
0
Ancol n
CnH2nO ( 3 n)
1
chc, phn t
cha 1 lk i
Anken
CnH2n
1
Andehit
CnH2nO
1
(xeton) no, n
chc
Ankin
CnH2n - 2
2
Axit ( este) no,
CnH2nO2
1
n chc
Aren
CnH2n - 6
4
Andehit
CnH2n+1(CHO)m
m
(xeton) no, a
chc
Ancol no, n
CnH2n + 2
0
Axit ( este) no, CnH2n+1(COOH)m
m
chc
a chc
Ancol no, a
CnH2n + 2Om
0
Amin no, n
CnH2n+3N
0
chc
(n m)
chc
VD8: Axit cacboxylic no, mch h X c CTTN l (C3H4O3)n. Xc nh CTPT ca X.
Gii:
+ X c CTTN l: (C3H4O3)n hay CTPT C3nH4nO3n
p dng cng thc tnh bt bo ha ta c:
= [2 + 3n*2 4n]/2 = n + 1
(1)
+ Mt khc ta c: trong phn t axit c 3n nguyn t oxi th c 1,5n nhm chc axit, m mi nhm
chc axit c bt bo ha = 1,5n
(2)
T (1) v (2) ta c : n + 1 = 1,5n hay n = 2
CTPT ca axit l: C6H8O6
VD9: Mt ankan X c CTTN l (C3H7)n. Tm CTPT ca X.
Gii:
+ T CTTN ta c CTPT ca ankan l: C3nH7n c = [2 + 3n*2 7n]/2 = [2 n]/2
+ Mt khc ankan c = 0
T (1) v (2) ta c: 2 n = 0 hay n = 2.
Vy CTPT ca ankan l: C6H14
VD10: Anehit no mch h X c CTDDGN l C2H3O. Xc nh CTPT ca X.
Gii:
+ T CTGN CTTN l (C2H3O)n hay CTPT ca X l C2nH3nOn
p dng CT tnh bt bo ha ta c: = [2 + 2n*2 3n]/2 = [2+n]/2
+ Trong phn t ca X c n Nguyn t O c n nhm chc anhit tc l c = n

(1)
(2)

(1)
(2)

II.

Trng THPT Nguyn Du

Chuyn Ha Hu C

T (1) v (2) ta c 2 + n = 2n hay n = 2.

Vy CTPT ca anehit l C4H6O2

BI TP LUYN TP
Phn T Lun
Bi 1: Linomen l mt cht c mi thm d chu c tch t tinh du chanh. Kt qu phn tch nguyn t
cho thy linomen c to bi hai nguyn t l C v H, trong C chim 88,235% v khi lng. T khi
hi ca linomen so vi khng kh gn bng 4,690.
Lp CTPT ca linomen.
Bi 2: t chy hon ton 0,30 gam cht A ( phn t ch cha C, H, O) thu c 0,44 gam kh cacbonic v
0,18 gam H2O. Th tch hi ca A bng th tch ca 0,16 gam kh oxi ( cng iu kin v nhit p
sut).
Xc nh cng thc phn t ca A.
Bi 3: T tinh du hoa hi, ngi ta tch c anetol mt cht thm c s dng sn xut ko cao su.
Anetol c khi lng mol phn t l 148,0 gam/mol. Phn tch nguyn t cho thy anetol c %C = 81,08% ;
%H = 8,10%, cn li l oxi. Lp CTGN v CTPT ca anetol.
Bi 4: Hp cht X c phn trm khi lng cacbon, hidro v oxi ln lt l 54,54%; 9,10% ; v 36,36%.
Khi lng mol phn t ca X bng 88,00 g/mol.
Xc nh CTPT ca X.
Bi 5: Hp cht Z c cng thc n gin nht l CH3O v c t khi hi so vi hidro bng 31. Tm CTPT
ca hp cht Z.
Bi 6: T ogenol (trong tinh du hng nhu) iu ch c metylogenol (M = 178 g/mol) l cht dn d
cn trng. Kt qu phn tch nguyn t cho thy %C = 74,16%, %H = 7,86%, cn li l oxi.
Lp CTGN v CTPT ca ogenol.
Bi 7: Hy thit lp CTPT ca cc hp cht A v B ng vi cc d kin thc nghim sau ( khng ghi %O).
a) C: 49,40% ; H: 9,80%, N: 19,10% ; dA/kk = 2,52
b) C: 54,54%, H: 9,09% ; dB/CO2 = 2,00
Bi 8: Mt hp cht A cha 54,8%C ; 4,8%H ; 9,3%N cn li l O, cho bit phn t khi ca n l 153.
Xc nh CTPT ca A. Hy gii thch ti sao phn t khi ca cc chp cht cha C, H, O l s chn m
phn t khi ca A li l s l?
Bi 9: Phn tch nguyn t mt hp cht hu c A cho kt qu 70,97%C ; 10,15%H cn li l O. Thc
nghim cho thy khi lng mol phn t ca A vo khong 340 g/mol. Xc nh CTPT ca A theo 2 cch
di y v rt ra kt lun.
a) Qua CTGN
b) Khng qua CTGN.
Bi 10*: t chy hon ton 4,1 gam cht hu c A ngi ta thu c 2,65 gam Na2CO3; 1,35 gam H2O v
1,,68 lt CO2 (ktc). Xc nh CTGN ca A.

Phn Trc Nghim

Cu 1: t chy hon ton 0,42 gam hp cht hu c X ri dn ton b sn phm chy (ch gm CO 2 v
H2O) ln lt qua bnh (1) ng H2SO4 c. d, bnh (2) ng dung dch KOH d. Kt thc th nghim thy
khi lng bnh (1) v bnh (2) tng ln lt l 0,54 gam v 1,32 gam. Bit rng 0,42 gam X chim th tch
hi bng th tch ca 0,192 gam O2 cng iu kin nhit v p sut. Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. C5H10O
B. C5H10
C. C4H6O
D. C3H2O2.
Cu 2: Mt hp cht X cha 3 nguyn t C, H, O c t l khi lng mC : mH : mO = 21 : 2 :4. Hp cht X
c cng thc n gin nht trng vi CTPT. CTPT X l:
A. C7H8O
B. C8H10O
C. C6H6O2
D. C7H8O2.
Cu 3: Hidrocacbon X c 83,33% khi lng Cacbon. S ng phn cu to ca X l:

Trng THPT Nguyn Du

Chuyn Ha Hu C
A. 4
B. 3
C. 2
D. 1
Cu 4: Axit cacboxylic no, mch h X c cng thc thc nghim (C3H4O3)n. CTPT ca X l:
A. C6H8O6
B. C3H4O3
C. C6H12O6
D. C9H12O9.
Cu 5: C bao nhiu CTPT hp cht hu c X (cha C, H, O) c t khi hi so vi H2 bng 37:
A. 1
B. 2
C. 3
D. 4.
Ch : gi cng thc hchc l CxHyOz trong y lun chn y 2x + 2;
Bin lun: + x, y, z 1 v l s nguyn
+ ychn 2x + 2
M = 74 => z < 74/16 = 4,625
z = 1 => x= 4, y = 10 => C4H10O
z = 2 => x= 3, y = 6 => C3H6O2
z = 3 => x= 2, y = 2 => C2H2O3
z = 4 => 12x + y = 10 => loi
Cu 6: Trong mt bnh kn cha hi cht hu c X (c cng thc tng qut C nH2nO2) v O2 (s mol O2 gp
i s mol cn cho p chy) 139,90C; p sut trong bnh l 0,8 atm. t chy hon ton X sau a v
nhit ban u, p sut trong bnh lc ny l 0,95 atm. Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. C2H4O2
B. C3H6O2
C. C4H8O2
D. CH2O2.
( thi tuyn sinh H C khi B 2007)
Gi : Vit ptp chy sau xc nh t s s mol kh u v s mol kh sau p bng Pu/Psau => n = 3
Cu 7: Hai este n chc X v Y l ng phn ca nhau. Khi ha hi 1,85 gam X, thu c th tch hi
ng bng th tch ca 0,7 gam N2(o cng iu kin). Cng thc cu to thu gn ca X l:
A. C2H5COOCH3 v HCOOCH(CH3)2
B. HCOOCH2CH2CH3 v CH3COOC2H5.
C. C2H3COOC2H5 v C2H5COOC2H3
D. HCOOC2H5 v CH3COOCH3.
Cu 8: Vitamin A l mt cht dinh dng thit yu cho con ngi. Trong thc phm, vitamin A tn ti
dng chnh l renitol (cha C, H, O) trong thnh phn % khi lng H v O tng ng l 10,49% v
5,594%. Bit renitol cha mt nguyn t O. CTPT ca retinol l:
A. C20H30O
B. C22H26O
C. C21H18O
D. C18H30O
Gi : T thnh phn phn trm ca O => MA=286 => 12x + y= 270. Bit MA v %H => y = 30 =>
x=20
Cu 9: Arteminisin (X) c chit xut t l cy Thanh hao hoa vng l thnh phn chnh ca thuc tr
bnh st rt hin nay. t chy hon ton 14,1 gam X ri cho hp th ton b sn phm chy (ch gm CO 2
v H2O) vo dung dch Ba(OH)2 d to ra 147,75 gam kt ta, dung dch sau phn ng c khi lng gim
104,85 gam so vi dung dch Ba(OH)2 ban u. Bit t khi ca X i vi H2 bng 141. CTPT ca X l:
A. C15H22O4
B. C14H18O6
C. C16H26O4
D. C15H22O5.
Gi : mdung dch gim = mBaCO3 (mCO2 + mH2O)
Cu 10: Anddehit no, mch h c cng thc n gin nht C2H3O. Cng thc phn t ca X l:
A. C8H12O4 g
B. C6H9O3
C. C2H3O
D. C4H6O2 .
( thi tuyn sinh C 2010)
(C2H3O)n C2nH3nOn CnH2n(CHO)n . bt bo ha = (2n + 2 3n)/2 = n (andehit no, trong CHO)
Cu 11: C bao nhiu CTPT hp cht hu c X (cha C, H, O) c t khi hi so vi H2 bng 30.
A. 2
B. 3
C. 4
D. 1.
Cu 12: Mt hp cht hu c Y khi t chy hon ton thu c CO 2 v H2O c s mol bng nhau. ng
thi s mol oxi ti thiu cn dng bng 4 ln s mol ca Y. Cng thc phn t ca Y l:
A. C2H6O
B. C4H8O
C. C3H6O
D. C3H6O2.
nCO2 = nH2O => loi A. CnH2nOz + 4O2 nCO2 + nH2O. BTNT vi O: z + 8 = 2n + n => z = 3n 8.
Cu 13: un 0,875 gam lng trng trng vi dung dch NaOH m c, cht kh thot ra c mi khai v
c hp th hon ton bi 200 ml dung dch H2SO4 0,2M. Sau phi dng 70 ml dung dch NaOH 1M
trung ha ht lng axit d. Hm lng %N c trong lng trng trng l:

Trng THPT Nguyn Du

Chuyn Ha Hu C
A. 16%
B. 15%
C. 18%
D. 14%.
Cu 14: t chy hon ton 10 ml hi cht hu c X cn ti thiu 25 ml O2, ch to ra 20 ml CO2 v 20 ml
hi nc (cc th tch o cng iu kin). CTPT X l:
A. C2H4
B. C2H6O
C. C2H4O
D. C2H4O2.
Gi : p dng pp th tch v bo ton nguyn t i vi O.
Cu 15: t chy hon ton 0,12 mol cht hu c X mch h cn ti thiu 10,08 lt O2 (ktc). Dn ton b
sn phm chy (gm CO2, H2O v N2) qua bnh ng dung dch Ba(OH)2 d, thy khi lng bnh tng 23,4
gam v c 70,92 gam kt ta. Kh thot ra khi bnh c th tch 1,344 lt (ktc). CTPT ca X l:
A. C3H7O4N
B. C3H5O2N
C. C3H7O2N
D. C2H7O2N.
Gi : CxHyOzNt Tm c s mol CO2, H2O, N2 tnh c x, y, t. p dng BTNT vi Oxi => z
Cu 16: t chy hon ton 100 ml hi cht hu c X (cha C, H, O) vi 500 ml kh O 2. Sau phn ng thu
c hn hp kh v hi Y c tng th tch l 750 ml, khi cho Y i qua dung dch H 2SO4 c, d cn li 350
ml v sau i qua dung dch KOH d cn li 50 ml. Cc th tch o cng iu kin. CTPT X l:
A. C3H8O2
B. C3H6O
C. C3H8O
D. C3H8O3.
Gi : tnh ton x,y theo pp th tch. Vit li ptp chy ri p dng bo ton nguyn t vi O.
Cu 17: t chy hon ton 0,025 mol cht hu c X cn ti thiu 1,12 lt kh O 2 (ktc), dn ton b sn
phm chy thu c qua bnh (1) ng P2O5 khan, d v bnh 2 ng Ca(OH)2 d thy khi lng bnh (1)
tng 0,9 gam, bnh (2) tng 2,2 gam. CTPT X l:
A. C2H4O
B. C3H6O
C. C3H6O2
D. C2H4O2.
Cu 18: Khi t chy hon ton 0,29 gam cht hu c X (cha C, H, O) ri cho ton b sn phm chy cho
qua bnh ng Ca(OH)2 d thy khi lng bnh tng 0,93 gam, nhng nu qua bnh ng P2O5 th khi
lng ch tng 0,27 gam. Thnh phn khi lng nguyn t O trong X l:
A. 27,59%
B. 33,46%
C. 42,51%
D. 62,07%.
Cu 19: t chy hon ton cht hu c X thu c sn phm chy ch gm CO2 v H2O vi t l khi
lng tng ng l 44 : 22,5. Bit t khi hi ca X i vi H2 bng 37. CTPT ca X l:
A. C4H10O
B. C4H10
C. C3H6O2
D. C2H2O3.
Cu 20: Hp cht hu c X (cha C, H, O, N) trong c 12% N, 27,3% O. T khi hi ca X so vi
Hidro bng 58,5. CTPT ca X l:
A. C5H11O2N
B. C6H7O2N
C. C5H11ON
D. C6H7ON.
p dng cng thc
=> z = 2, t = 1 => 12x + y = 71 => p n A
Cu 21: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol hp cht hu c X c khi lng 7,6 gam cn ti thiu 8,96 lt kh O2
(ktc), sau phn ng ch thu c CO2 v H2O. Bit mCO2 mH2O = 6 gam. Cng thc n gin nht ca X
l:
A. C3H8O
B. C3H8O2
C. C3H8O3
D. C3H8.
Cu 22: Trn 400 ml hi ca mt hp cht hu c X (cha C, H, O) vi 2 lt O2 ri t chy. Hn hp kh
sinh ra nu dn qua CaCl2 khan th th tch gim 1,6 lt. Nu dn tip qua KOH d th th tch gim thm 1,2
lt na v thot ra sau cng l 400 ml O2 cn d. CTPT ca X l:
A. C3H8O2
B. C3H8O
C. C3H8O3
D. C4H6O2.
Cu 23: Mt hp cht X c phn t khi nh hn 170 gam/mol. t chy hon ton 0,48 gam X sinh ra
403,2 ml CO2 (ktc) v 0,270 gam H2O. CTPT ca X l
A. C6H10O5
B. C3H5O2
C. C6H12O5
D. C6H10O4.
Cu 24: X l mt hp cht hu c c to bi 3 nguyn t C, H v Cl. Qua s phn tch nh lng cho
thy c mt phn khi lng H th c 24 phn khi lng C v 35,5 phn khi lng Cl. T khi hi ca X
so vi Hidro bng 90,75. S ng phn thm ca X l:
A. 4
B. 3
C. 1
D. 2
Cu 25: Oxi ha hon ton m gam cht hu c X bng CuO ri cho sn phm sinh ra (gm CO2 v H2O)
ln lt i qua bnh (1) ng CaCl2 khan, bnh (2) ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d. Sau khi cc phn ng xy ra
hon ton thy khi lng bnh (1) tng 5,4 gam, bnh (2) thu c 25 gam kt ta. Bit rng khi lng
CuO sau phn ng oxi ha gim 12 gam v khi lng mol phn t ca X nh hn khi lng mol phn t
ca Glixerol. Gi tr ca m v CTPT ca X ln lt l:

Trng THPT Nguyn Du

Chuyn Ha Hu C
A. 4,4 v C5H12O
B. 4,4 v C5H12O2
C. 3,6 v C3H8O
D. 3,6 v C5H12O.
Cu 26: t chy hon ton 0,1 mol mt hp cht hu c X cn ti thiu 6,72 lt O2 (ktc). Sn phm chy
i qua bnh ng H2SO4 c, khi lng tng 5,4 gam. Sau cho qua bnh ng Ba(OH) 2 thy c 19,7 gam
kt ta. Lc b kt ta, un nng nc lc li thu c 9,85 gam kt ta na. CTPT ca X l:
A. C2H6O
B. C2H6
C. C2H6O2
D. CH2O2.
Cu 27: t chy hon ton m gam cht hu c X (cha C, H, N) cn dng 11,76 lt O2 (ktc). Sn phm
chy cho li tht chm qua dung dch nc vi trong d th thy xut hin 30 gam kt ta trng v cn 1120
ml kh (ktc) khng b hp th. Xc inh CTPT ca X bit trong phn t X ch cha mt nguyn t N.
A. C3H7N
B. C3H5N
C. C3H9N
D. C4H911N.
Cu 28: t chy hon ton 4,45 gam mt hp cht hu c X thu c 6,6 gam CO2, 3,15 gam nc v
0,56 lt kh N2 (ktc). T khi hi ca X so vi Hidro l 44,5. CTPT ca X l:
A. C2H5O2N2
B. C3H7O2N
C. C3H7O3N
D. C4H11ON.
Cu 29: t chy hon ton 4,45 gam mt hp cht hu c X cn 7,84 lt O2 (ktc), sau p thu c 11
gam CO2, 4,5 gam nc v 5,3 gam Na2CO3. CTPT ca X l:
A. C2H3O2Na
B. C3H5O2Na
C. C3H3O2Na
D. C4H5O2Na
*Cu 30: T tinh du hi, ngi ta tch c anetol (mt cht thm dng trong sn xut ko cao su). Phn
tch nguyn t cho thy anetol co %C = 81,081%; %H = 8,108%; cn li l oxi. T khi hi ca anetol so
vi O2 l 4,625. CTPT ca anetol l:
A. C10H12O2
B. C8H20O2
C. C10H12O
D. C6H12O4.
Cu 31: Nicotine l mt cht hu c c trong thuc l. Hp cht ny c to bi 3 nguyn t l C, H v N.
em t chy ht 2,349 gam nicotine thu c nit n cht, 1,827 gam H2O v 6,38 gam CO2. Cng thc
n gin ca nicotine l:
A. C3H7N2
B. C5H7N
C. C3H5N
D. C4H9N.
Cu 32: Amphetamin (X) l thnh phn chnh trong cc loi ma ty tng hp, c tc dng nguy him hn
rt nhiu so vi cc loi ma ty t nhin v bn tng hp. Phn tch nh lng X cho thy thnh phn %
khi lng cc nguyn t C, H v N ln lt l 80%, 9,63% v 10,37%. Bit phn t khi ca X nh hn
200 gam/mol. CTPT ca X l:
A. C9H10N2
B. C18H26N2
C. C9H13N
D. C10H13N2.
Cu 33: Melamin (X) l mt cht gy nguy him cho thn ca tr em, nm 2008 c pht hin c trong
sa bt ca tp on Sanlu Trung Quc v l nguyn nhn khin 6 tr em t vong v hn 300.000 tr khc
b bnh. t chy hon ton 18,9 gam X ri dn sn phm chy qua bnh (1)
ng H2SO4 c, bnh (2)
ng Ba(OH)2 d, sau p thy khi lng bnh (1) tng 8,1 gam, bnh (2) thu c 88,65 gam kt ta v cn
10,08 lt kh (ktc) N2 thot ra. Bit Melamine c cu to gm 1 vng v 3 lin kt , CTPT ca Melamin l:
A. CH2N2
B. C4H8N8
C. C3H6N6
D. C3H6O12N6 .
Gi : Bin lun ko c Oxi, xc nh c CTG l (CH2N2)n ri t cng thc tnh bt bo ha => n=3
Cu 34: Paracetamol (X) l thnh phn chnh ca thuc h st v gim au. t hon ton 5,285 gam X,
dn sn phm chy ln lt qua bnh (1) ng H2SO4 c, bnh (2) ng Ba(OH)2 d, sau p thy khi
lng bnh (1) tng 2,835 gam, bnh (2) thu c 55,16 gam kt ta v cn 0,392 lt kh N2 thot ra (ktc).
Bit rng CTPT cng l cng thc n gin nht. CTPT ca X l:
A. C8H9N
B. C8H9N2
C. C8H9O2N2
D. C8H9ON.
Cu 35: Tamiflu cha hot cht oseltamivir (X) c chit sut t cy hoa Hi l thuc chng li dch cm
A/H1N1 trn th gii hin nay. t chy hon ton 15,6 gam X thu c 35,2 gam CO 2, 12,6 gam H2O v
1,12 lt N2 ( ktc). T khi hi ca X so vi O2 l 9,75. CTPT ca X l:
A. C20H28N2O
B. C16H28N2O4
C. C8H14NO2
D. C16H26NO5.
Gi : gi CTTQ CxHyOzNt, nX:nO2:nH2O:nN2 = 1 : 16 : 14 : 1 => lp h s vo p chy.
Cu 36: Phenol phtalein (X) l cht ch th mu, thng c dng trong chun axit baz. Trong X, t
l khi lng ca cc nguyn t l mC : mH : mO = 60 : 3,5 : 16. Bit khi lng phn t nm trong khong
300 n 320 vC. S nguyn t Cacbon c trong X l:
A. 10
B. 12
C. 5
D. 20.

Trng THPT Nguyn Du

Chuyn Ha Hu C
Cu 37: Vitamin C (axit ascorbic) l mt cht gip tng cng h thng min dch cho c th ngi. t
chy hon ton 3,53 gam Vitamin C ri cho ton b sn phm chy (ch gm CO2 v H2O) ln lt i qua
bnh (1) ng dung dch H2SO4 c, d v bnh (2) ng dung dch Ca(OH)2 d. Sau p thy khi lng
bnh (1) tng 1,44 gam, bnh (2) thu c 12 gam kt ta. Bit tng s lin kt v vng trong vitamin C
bng 3. CTPT ca Vitamin C l:
A. C9H12O9
B. C5H6O4
C. C6H8O6
D. C3H4O3.
Cu 38: Hin nay, cht 3 MCPD (X) c xem l mt trong cc hot cht gy ung th. Phn tch lng X
cho thy t l khi lng mC : mH : mCl : mO = 72 : 14 : 71 : 64. Ha hi hon ton 22,1 gam X thu c th
tch hi bng th tch ca 5,6 gam N2 ( cng iu kin nhit , p sut). CTPT ca X l:
A. C4H11ClO
B. C3H7ClO
C. C6H14Cl2O4
D. C3H7ClO2.
Cu 39: Cho 400 ml mt hn hp gm nit v mt cht hu c th kh cha cacbon , hiro vo 900 ml
oxi (d) ri t .Th tch hn hp thu c sau khi t l 1,4 lt .Sau khi cho nc ngng t cn 800 ml hn
hp , ngi ta cho li qua dung dch KOH thy cn 400 ml kh .Cc th tch kh u o cng iu kin
nhit , p sut .Cng thc phn t ca cht hu c l :
A. C3H8
B. C2H4
C. C2H2
D. C2H6
Cu 40: t chy hon ton 0,4524 gam hp cht A sinh ra 0,3318 gam CO2 v 0,2714 gam H2O.un nng
0,3682 gam cht A vi vi ti xt chuyn tt c nit trong A thnh amoniac ,ri dn kh NH 3 vo 20 ml
dung dch H2SO4 0,5 M . trung ho axit cn d sau khi tc dng vi NH 3 cn dng 7,7 ml dung dch
NaOH 1M.Bit MA= 60 .Cng thc phn t ca A l :
A. CH4ON2
B. C2H7N
C. C3H9N
D. CH4ON.
Gi : tnh %C %H v %N sau tnh %O. ch khi lng xc nh N khc khi lng xc nh C, H
Cu 41: t 0,336 gam mt cht hu c A thu c 0,729 gam CO2 , 0,234 gam H2O .Mt khc phn hu
0,549 gam cht thu c 37,42 ml N2 (o 270C , 750 mmHg ). Xc nh cng thc phn t ca A bit
rng phn t ca n ch c 1 nguyn t nit.
A. C9H11O3N
B. C9H13O3N
C. C9H15O3N D.
D. C9H12O3N2
Gi : tnh mC, mH, mN sau bin lun c O ri tnh mO. Xc nh CTG
*Cu 42: t chy hon ton 1,12g cht hu c A, ri cho hp th ton b sn phm chy trong dung dch
Ba(OH)2 d thy khi lng bnh cha tng 3,36g. Bit rng n CO 2 = 1,5.n H 2O . Xc inh CTPT A bit A c
1 nguyn t oxi:
A. C3H4O
B. C3H6O
C. C3H8O
D. C6H8O
Cu 43: t chy hon ton 18g cht hu c A cn va 16,8 lt O2 (ktc), hn hp sn phm chy gm
CO2 v H2O c t l th tch VCO2 : VH 2O = 3: 2. Xc nh C.T.P.T A bit t khi hi ca A vi H2 l 36.
A. C4H6O2
B. C3H4O2
C. C3H4O
D. C4H6O.
mCO2
VCO2 .M CO2
3.44 11
=
=
=
T t l th tch => t l khi lng
mH 2O VH 2O ( gas) .M H2 O 2.18 3
p dng bo ton khi lng mCO2 + mH 2O = mA + mO2 = 24 g => mCO2 , mH 2O
Cu 44: t chy cht hu c A (cha C, H, O) phi dng mt lng oxi bng 8 ln lng oxi c trong A
v thu c lng kh CO2 v H2O theo t l khi lng m CO2 : m H2 O = 22 : 9.Xc nh cng thc phn t
ca A bit rng A ch cha 1 nguyn t oxi :
A. C2H4O
B. CH2O
C. C3H6O
D. C4H8O
Cu 45: t chy hon ton 1,48g cht hu c A dng 2,016 lt oxi (ktc) th thu c hn hp kh c
thnh phn nh sau: VCO2 = 3.VO2 v m CO2 = 2, 444.m H2 O . Tm cng thc phn t ca A. Bit khi ho hi
1,85g A chim th tch bng th tch ca 0,8g oxi cng iu kin.
A. C4H10O
B. C2H2O3
C. C3H6O2
D. C2H4O2

Trng THPT Nguyn Du

Gi :
mCO2
mO2 ( du )

mCO2 + mH 2O + mO2
=

VCO2 .M CO2
VO2 ( du ) .M H2 O

Chuyn Ha Hu C

(d) = mA + mO (ban u) = 1,48 + (2,016/22,4).32 = 4,36 g

2

8.mCO2
3.44 33
=
mO2 ( du ) =
1.32 8
33

=>

mCO2 + mH 2O + mO2

(d) = mCO2 +

mCO2
2, 444

8.mCO2

=4,36
33
F => mCO2 = 2,64 gam => => mC : mH : mO => C3H6O2

Cu 46: t chy hon ton 0,01 mol cht hu c X cn va 0,616 lt O 2. Sau th nghim thu c 1,344
lt hn hp sn phm Y gm: CO2, N2 v hi H2O. Lm lnh ngng t hi H2O ch cn 0,56 lt hn hp
kh Z (c t khi hi vi H2 l 20,4).Xc nh cng thc phn t X. Bit th tch cc kh u o ktc.
A. C2H5ON
B. C2H5O2N
C. C2H7O2N
D. C2H7ON.
Gi : tnh c th tch ca CO2, N2 v hi H2O, xc nh s mol ri lp vo h s ca p chy.
*Cu 47: t chy hon ton m(g) cht hu c A cha C, H,O khi lng sn phm chy l P(g). Cho ton
b sn phm ny qua dung dch nc vi trong c d th sau cng thu c t g kt ta, bit P = 0,71t v t =

(m + p)
.Xc nh C.T.P.T ca A
1,02
A. C2H6O2

B. C2H6O

C. C3H8O3

D. C3H8O

t
= 0, 01t mCO2 = 0, 44t
100
m+ p
mH 2O = 0, 71t 0, 44t = 0, 27t. t =
m + p = 1, 02t m = 0,31t
1, 02
Bin lun tm c mC, mH, mO => t l mC : mH : mO
nCO 2 = nCaCO3 =

Cu 48: Phn tch a(g) cht hu c A thu c m(g) CO2 v n(g) H2O. Cho bit m =

22n
v a =
9

15(m + n)
.Xc nh C.T.P.T ca A. Bit nu t d l t khi hi ca A i vi khng kh th 2 < d <3.
31
A. C3H6O

B. C3H6O2

C. C2H4O2

D. C2H4O

22
22n
15(m + n) 15( n + n) 5n
3a
22 3a 22a
Gi : v m =
=> a =
=
=
=> n =
v m = . =
9
5
9 5
15
9
31
3
31
2a a 7 a
7 a 8a
+ =
< a A c O m O = a =
=> mC : mH : mO=1:2:1
5 15 15
15 15
Cu 49: Cho 2 cht hu c X, Y (gm C, H, O) u c cha 53,33% oxi v khi lng. Khi t chy
0,02mol hn hp X, Y cn 0,05mol oxi. Khi lng phn t ca Y gp 1,5 ln khi lng phn t ca X.M
ca hai cht X v Y ln lt bng :
A. 60 v 90
B. 30 v 45
C. 40 v 60
D. 80 v 120
16 z
53,33
=
y = 14 z 12 x . Gi s z=1 th x=1,
Gi : gi CT chung ca (X) v (Y) l CxHyOz,
12 x + y + 16 z
100
y=2
=>CTG: CH2O. Gi CTPT ca (X) l (CH2O)n a mol v (Y) l (CH2O)n b mol.
Ta c MY = 1,5MX 30m = 1,5.30n m = 1,5n.
P chy: CnH2nOn + n O2 nCO2 + nH2O
CmH2mOm + m O2 mCO2 + mH2O
a
na
b
mb
(mol)
mC + mH =

Trng THPT Nguyn Du

Chuyn Ha Hu C

na + mb = 0, 05
0, 05 0, 02n
0, 05 0, 02n
b=
> 0 n < 2,5
ta c h
, b>0
mn
mn
a + b = 0, 02
0 < b < 0, 02
0, 05 0, 02n
< 0, 02 m > 2,5
vi k
b<0,02

m, n > 0
mn
m = 1, 5n
n = 1, m = 1,5(loai )
=> X(C2H4O2 c M=60), Y(C3H6O3 c M=90)
m, n nguyn

n = 2, m = 3