Phn tch t tng H Ch Minh v i on kt dn tc Ch tch H Ch Minh, anh hng gii phng dn tc v i, nh vn ha kit xut ca dn tc ta v ca nhn loi, li cho

ho chng ta mt di sn tinh thn v gi, mt h thng t tng v nhiu mt. Trong t tng v i on kt l t tng ni bt, c gi tr trng tn i vi qu trnh pht trin ca dn tc ta v ca ton nhn loi. y l t tng xuyn sut v nht qun trong t duy l lun v trong hot ng thc tin ca H Ch Minh v tr thnh chin lc cch mng ca ng ta, gn lin vi nhng thng li v vang ca dn tc.
I.

C S HNH THNH T TNG H CH MINH V I ON KT DN TC

T tng H Ch Minh v i on kt dn tc c ngun gc t nhiu yu t v c hnh thnh trn c s k tha v pht trin bin chng ch ngha yu nc v truyn thng on kt ca dn tc, tinh hoa vn ha nhn loi, c bit l ch ngha Mc Lnin c vn dng v pht trin sng to, ph hp vi tnh hnh v iu kin c th ca Vit Nam trong tng giai on cch mng. 1.1 Truyn thng yu nc, nhn i, tinh thn c kt cng ng ca dn tc Vit Nam. cp n ch ngha yu nc ca dn tc, ch tch H Ch Minh vit: Dn ta c mt lng nng nn yu nc. l mt truyn thng qu bu ca ta t xa n nay, mi khi T quc b xm lng, th tinh thn y li si ni, n kt thnh mt ln sng v cng mnh m, to ln, n lt qua mi s nguy him, kh khn, n nhn chm tt c l bn nc v cp nc. Tri qua hng ngn nm dng nc v gi nc, tinh thn yu nc gn lin vi thc cng ng, thc c kt dn tc, on kt dn tc Vit Nam hnh thnh v cng c, to thnh mt truyn thng bn vng. Tinh thn y, tnh cm y theo thi gian tr thnh l sng ca mi con ngi Vit Nam, chng lm cho vn mnh mi c nhn gn cht vo vn mnh ca cng ng, vo s sng cn v pht trin ca dn tc. Chng l c s ca ch kin cng, bt khut, tinh thn dng cm hy sinh v dn, v nc ca mi con ngi Vit Nam, ng thi l gi tr tinh thn thc y s pht trin ca cng ng v ca mi c nhn trong qu trnh dng nc v gi nc, lm nn truyn thng yu nc, on kt ca dn tc. D lc thng, lc trm nhng ch ngha yu nc v truyn thng on kt ca dn tc Vit Nam bao gi cng l tinh hoa c hun c v th nghim qua hng nghn nm lch s chinh phc thin nhin v chng gic ngoi xm bo v T quc ca ng cha ta. Ch ngha yu nc, truyn thng on kt, cng ng ca dn tc Vit Nam l c s u tin, su xa cho s hnh thnh t tng H Ch Minh v i on kt dn tc.
1.2 Quan im ca Ch ngha Mc Lnin coi cch mng l s nghip qun

chng

Ch ngha Mc- Lnin cho rng, cch mng l s nghip ca qun chng, nhn dn l ngi sng to lch s; giai cp v sn mun thc hin vai tr l lnh o cch mng phi tr thnh dn tc, lin minh cng nng l c s xy dng lc lng to ln ca cch mng. Ch ngha Mc-lnin ch ra cho cc dn tc b p bc con ng t gii phng. Ln nin cho rng, s lin kt giai cp, trc ht l lin minh giai cp cng nhn l ht sc cn thit, bo m cho thng li ca cch mng v sn. Rng nu khng c s ng tnh v ng h ca a s nhn dn lao ng vi i ng tin phong ca n, tc giai cp v sn, th cch mng v sn khng th thc hin c. l nhng quan im l lun ht sc cn thit H Ch Minh c c s khoa hc trong s nh gi chnh xc yu t tch cc cng nh nhng hn ch trong cc di sn truyn thng, trong t tng tp hp lc lng ca cc nh yu nc Vit Nam tin bi v cc nh cch mng ln trn th gii, t hnh thnh t tng H Ch Minh v i on kt dn tc. 1.3. Tng kt nhng kinh nghim thnh cng v tht bi ca cc phong tro cch mng Vit Nam v th gii. Khng ch c hnh thnh t nhng c s l lun sung, t tng ny cn xut pht t thc tin lch s ca dn tc v nhiu nm bn ba kho nghim nc ngai ca H Ch Minh. -Thc tin cch mng Vit Nam L mt ngi am hiu su sc lch s u tranh dng nc v gi nc ca dn tc mnh, H Ch Minh nhn thc c trong thi phong kin ch c nhng cuc u tranh thay i triu i nhng chng ghi li nhng tm gng tm huyt ca ng cha ta vi t tng Vua ti ng lng, anh em ha thun, c nc gp sc v Khoan th sc dn lm k su r bn gc l thng sch gi nc. Chnh ch ngha yu nc, truyn thng on kt ca dn tc trong chiu su v b dy ca lch s ny tc ng mnh m n H Ch Minh v c ngi ghi nhn nh nhng bi hc ln cho s hnh thnh t tng ca mnh. Nm 1858, thc dn Php tn cng bn o Sn Tr, m u cho thi k cai tr v p bc ca chng i vi dn tc ta trong sut gn 80 nm tri rng r. Nhng cng chnh trong vng gn 80 nm , ch ngha yu nc v truyn thng on kt ca dn tc li si ni hn bao gi ht. N kt thnh mt ln sng v cng to ln, mnh m, n lt qua mi s nguy him, kh khn thng qua cc xu hng khc nhau cu nc d cui cng tt c cc xu hng u b tht bi. H Ch Minh cm nhn c nhng hn ch trong ch trng tp hp lc lng ca cc nh yu nc tin bi v trong vic nm bt nhng i hi khch quan ca lch s trong giai an ny. y cng chnh l l do, l im xut pht Ngi quyt tm ra i tm ng cu nc ni bn cng Nh Rng. - Thc tin cch mng th gii

T 1911 n 1941 H Ch Minh i u khp ht cc chu lc. Cuc kho nghim thc tin rng ln v cng phu gip Ngi nhn thc mt s thc: Cc dn tc thuc a tim n mt sc mnh v i, song cuc u tranh ca h cha i n thng li bi v cc dn tc b p bc cha bit tp hp li, cha c s lin kt cht ch vi giai cp cng nhn cc nc t bn, quc, cha c t chc v cha bit t chc CMT10 Nga 1917 a H Ch Minh n bc ngot quyt nh trong vic chn con ng cu nc, gii phng dn tc, dn ch cho nhn dn. T ch chi tit n CMT10 mt cch cm tnh, Ngi nghin cu hiu mt cch thu o con ng CMT10 v nhng bi hc kinh nghim qu bu m cuc cch mng ny mang li cho phong tro cch mng th gii c bit l bi hc cho s huy ng, tp hp, on kt lc lng qun chng cng nng ng o ginh v gi chnh quyn cch mng. iu ny gip Ngi hiu su sc th no l mt cuc cch mng n ni chun b lnh o nhn dn Vit Nam i vo con ng cch mng nhng nm sau ny. NHNG QUAN IM C BN CA H CH MINH V I ON KT DN TC Khi nim i on kt dn tc trong t tng H Ch Minh: l mt h thng nhng lun im, nguyn tc, phng php gio dc. Tp hp v t chc cch mng v tin b nhm pht huy n mc cao nht sc mnh dn tc v sc mnh thi i trong s nghip u tranh v c lp dn tc, dn ch v ch ngha x hi. Ni mt cch khc, l t tng xy dng, cng c, m rng lc lng cch mng trong s nghip gii phng dn tc, gii phng giai on, gii phng con ngi. 2.1. i on kt dn tc l vn chin lc, bo m thnh cng ca cch mng. Vi H Ch Minh, on kt l mt truyn thng cc k qu bu ca nhn dn ta. Ngi cho rng: mun gii phng cc dn tc b p bc v nhn dn lao ng phi t mnh cu ly mnh bng u tranh v trang cch mng, bng cch mng v sn. Trong tng thi k, tng giai on cch mng ,c th v cn thit phi iu chnh chnh sch v phng php tp hp lc lng cho ph hp vi nhng i tng khc nhau, nhng i on kt dn tc lun lun c Ngi nhn thc l vn sng cn ca cch mng. -on kt khng phi l th on chnh tr nht thi m t tng on kt l t tng c bn, nht qun, xuyn sut tin trnh cch mng Vit Nam. -on kt quyt nh thnh cng cch mng v: on kt to nn sc mnh, l then cht ca thnh cng. Mun a cch mng n thng li phi c lc lng mnh, mun c lc lng phi quy t c dn tc vo mt mi thng nht.Gia on kt v thng li c mi quan h cht ch, qui m, mc ca thnh cng. -on kt phi lun c nhn thc l vn sng cn ca cch mng. II.

V d: Ti sao Php mt t nc c u th v vt cht, v phng tin chin tranh hin i li phi thua mt Vit Nam ngho nn, lc hu trong cuc chin xm lc? l v ng bo Vit Nam on kt nh ch tch H Ch Minh ni: Ton dn Vit Nam ch c mt lng: Quyt khng lm n l Ch c mt ch: Quyt khng chu mt nc Ch c mt mc ch: Quyt khng chin tranh th thng nht v c lp cho T quc S ng tm ca ng bo ta c thnh mt bc tng ng vng chc xung quanh T quc. D ch hung tn, xo quyt n mc no, ng u nhm bc tng , chng cng phi tht bi. thy r hn v tr ca sc mnh lc lng ton dn on kt trong thng li ca Cch Mng Thng Tm, ch tch H Ch Minh cn ch ra: V sao c cuc thng li ? Mt phn l v tnh hnh quc t thun li cho ta. Nht l v lc lng ca ton dn on kt. Tt c cc dn tc, cc giai cp, cc a phng, cc tn gio u ni dy theo l c Vit Nam tranh li quyn c lp cho T quc. Lc lng ton dn l lc lng v i hn ht. Khng ai thng c lc lng T thc tin , H Ch Minh rt ra kt lun: S dy cho ta bi hc ny: Lc no dn ta on kt mun ngi nh mt th nc ta c lp, t do. Tri li, lc no dn ta khng on kt th b nc ngoi xm ln. V Ngi khuyn dn ta rng: Dn ta xin nh ch ng: ng tnh, ng sc, ng lng, ng minh y chnh l con ng a dn ta ti c lp, t do. 2.2. on kt dn tc l mc tiu, nhim v hng u ca cch mng

H Ch Minh cho rng i on kt dn tc khng ch l mc tiu, nhim v hng u ca ng m cn l mc tiu, nhim v hng u ca c dn tc. Bi v, i on kt dn tc chnh l nhim v ca qun chng, do qun chng, v qun chng. ng c s mnh thc tnh, tp hp, on kt qun chng to thnh sc mnh v ch trong cuc u tranh v c lp cho dn tc, t do cho nhn dn, hnh phc cho con ngi. 2.3. i on kt dn tc l i on kt ton dn.

Theo t tng H Ch Minh, dn ch mi con dn t Vit, con rng chu tin, khng phn bit dn tc a s, ngi tn ngng vi ngi khng tn ngng, khng phn bit gi tr , gi, trai, giu, ngho. Ni dn i on kt dn tc cng c ngha phi tp hp mi ngi dn vo mt khi trong cuc u tranh chung. Ngi nhiu ln ni r: ta on kt u tranh cho thng nht v c lp t

quc; ta cn phi on kt xy dng nc nh. Ai c ti, c c, c sc, c lng phng s t quc v phng s nhn dn th ta on kt vi h Mun thc hin i on kt ton dn th phi k tha truyn thng yu ncnhn ngha- on kt ca dn tc, phi c tm lng khoan dung, lng vi con ngi. Xc nh khi i on kt l lin minh cng nng, tr thc. Tin vo dn, da vo dn, phn u v quyn li ca dn. Ngi cho rng: lin minh cng nng- lao ng tr c lm nn tng cho khi i on kt ton dn, nn tng c cng c vng chc th khi i on kt dn tc cng c m rng, khng e ngi bt c th lc no c th lm suy yu khi i on kt dn tc. 2.4. i on kt dn tc phi bin thnh sc mnh vt cht c t chc l Mt trn dn tc thng nht di s lnh o ca ng: Mt trn dn tc thng nht phi c xy dng theo nhng nguyn tc: + Trn nn tng lin minh cng nng (sau thm lao ng tr c) di s lnh o ca ng. + Mt trn hot ng theo nguyn tc hip thng, dn ch ly vic thng nht li ch ca tng lp nhn dn lm c s cng c v khng ngng m rng. + on kt lu di, cht ch, on kt thc s, chn thnh, thn i gip nhau cng tin b. Phng chm on kt cc giai cp, cc tng lp khc nhau ca H Ch Minh l: Cu ng tn d ly ci chung , cao ci chung, hn ch ci ring, ci khc bit. u nm 1951, ti hi ngh i biu Mt trn Lin Vit ton quc, Bc ni: i on kt tc l trc ht phi on kt i a s nhn dn, m i a s nhn dn ta l cng nhn, nng dn v cc tng lp lao ng khc Bt k ai m tht th tn thnh ho bnh, thng nht, c lp, dn ch th d nhng ngi trc y chng chng ta, by gi chng ta cng tht th on kt vi h. Bc ch r: on kt l mt chnh sch dn tc, khng phi l mt th on chnh tr. Ta on kt u tranh cho thng nht v c lp ca t quc, ta cn phi on kt xy dng nc nh. Ai c ti, c c, c sc, c lng phng s t quc v phc v nhn dn th ta on kt vi h. Bc cn nhn mnh:on kt rng ri, cht ch, ng thi phi cng c. Nn c vng, nh mi chc chn, gc c tt th cy mi tt ti. Trong chnh sch on kt phi chng hai khuynh hng sai lm: c c, hp hi v on kt v nguyn tc. Cng ti i hi , Bc cn pht biu: Ti rt sung sng c lnh ci trch nhim kt thc l khai mc ca i hi thng nht Vit Minh Lin Vit. Lng sung sng y l ca chung ton dn, ca c i hi, nhng ring cho ti l mt s sung sng khng th t, mt ngi cng cc v tranh u

trong by nhiu nm cho khi i on kt ton dn. Hm nay, trng thy rng cy i on kt y n hoa kt qu v gc r ca n ang n su lan rng khp ton dn, v n c mt ci tng lai trng xun bt lo. V vy cho nn lng ti sung sng v cng. Ngi ni ln khng ch nim vui v hn trc s ln mnh ca Mt trn dn tc thng nht, m cn l s cn thit phi m rng v cng c Mt trn cng nh nim tin vo s pht trin bn vng ca khi i on kt dn tc lu di v sau. iu ny c th hin trong ton b tin trnh cch mng Vit Nam, khi H Ch Minh cn sng cng nh sau khi Ngi mt III. NGUYN TC I ON KT CA H CH MINH D cch mng Vit Nam tri qua nhng thi k lch s khc nhau, song chin lc i on kt dn tc ca H Ch Minh lun c xy dng, hon thin v tun theo nhng nguyn tc nht qun sau: 3.1. i on kt phi c xy dng trn c s bo m nhng li ch ti cao ca dn tc, li ch ca nhn dn lao ng v quyn thing ling ca con ngi: Bi v trong mi quc gia, mi dn tc bao gi cng tn ti nhng tng lp, giai cp khc nhau. Mi giai cp, mi tng lp li c li ch khc nhau nhng tt c cc li ch khc nhau u c mt im chung l li ch dn tc. Quyn li ca cc tng lp, giai cp c thc hin c hay khng cn ph thuc vo dn tc c c c lp t do, c on kt hay khng v vic nhn thc, gii quyt ng n cc quan h li ch nh th no. Nguyn tc i on kt dn tc H Ch Minh l tm kim, trn trng v pht huy nhng yu t tng ng, thu hp n mc thp nht nhng yu t khc bit, mu thun v Ngi bao gi cng tm ra nhng yu t ca on kt dn tc thay cho s o su tch bit, thc hin s quy t thay cho vic loi tr nhng yu t khc nhau v li ch. Theo H Ch Minh, li ch ti cao ca dn tc l c lp, ch quyn v ton vn lnh th, l bnh ng, dn ch, t do. Li ch ti cao ny l ngn c on kt, l sc mnh dn tc v l nguyn tc bt di bt dch ca cch mng Vit Nam. cng l nguyn tc bt bin trong t tng H Ch Minh Ngi tm ra nhng phng php thc hin nguyn tc trong chin lc i on kt dn tc ca mnh. 3.1.1 Tin vo dn, da vo dn, phn u v quyn li ca dn y l nguyn tc xut pht t t tng ly dn lm gc ca ng cha ta c Ngi k tha v nng ln mt bc v l phm tr c bn ca ch ngha duy vt lch s: cch mng l s nghip ca qun chng, nhn dn l ngi sng to ra lch s. Tin vo dn, da vo dn v ly dn lm gc c ngha l phi tin tng vng chc vo sc mnh to ln v nng lc sng to ca nhn dn, phi nh gi ng vai tr ca lc lng nhn dn. Ngi vit: C lc lng dn chng vic to tt my, kh khn my cng lm c. Khng c th vic g lm cng khng xong.

Dn chng bit gii quyt nhiu vn mt cch gin n, mau chng, y m nhng ngi ti gii, nhng on th to ln ngh mi khng ra. 3.2i on kt mt cch t gic, c t chc, c lnh o; i on kt rng ri, lau di, bn vng: Theo H Ch Minh, c on kt mi to nn sc mnh ca cch mng. Mun on kt th trc ht phi c ng cch mng trong th vn ng, t chc dn chng, ngoi th lin minh vi cc dn tc b p bc v giai cp v sn mi ni. Nh vy, on kt v lnh o cch mng, iu kin tin quyt l phi c mt ng cch mng vi tnh cch l B tham mu, l ht nhn tp hp qun chng trong nc v t chc, gi mi lin h vi b bn ngoi nc. ng cch mng mun thng nht v chnh tr v t tng, m bo c vai tr , th phi gi vng bn cht ca giai cp cng nhn, phi c v trang bng ch ngha chn chnh, khoa hc v cch mng nht l ch ngha Mc Lnin: lm trn trch nhim ngi lnh o cch mng, ng ta phi da vo giai cp cng nhn, ly lin minh cng nng lm nn tng vng chc on kt cc tng lp khc trong nhn dn. C nh th mi pht trin v cng c c lc lng cch mng v a cch mng n thng li cui cng. i on kt mt cch t gic l mt tp hp bn vng ca cc lc lng x hi c nh hng, t chc v c lnh o. y l s khc bit mang tnh nguyn tc ca t tng H Ch Minh v chin lc i on kt dn tc vi t tng on kt, tp hp lc lng ca cc nh yu nc Vit Nam tin bi v mt s lnh t cch mng trong khu vc v trn th gii. i vo qun chng, thc tnh qun chng, on kt qun chng vo cuc u tranh t gii phng mnh theo nguyn tc ca ch ngha Mc Lnin l mc tiu nht qun ca H Ch Minh l i on kt dn tc lp trng v sn, m sc mnh ch yu ca n l lin minh cng nng. 3.3i on kt chn thnh, thn i, thng thn theo nguyn tc t ph bnh, ph bnh v s thng nht bn vng: Gia cc b phn ca khi i on kt dn tc, bn cnh nhng im tng ng cn c nhng im khc nhau cn phi gii quyt theo con ng i thoi, bn bc i n s nht tr; bn cnh nhng nhn t tch cc vn c nhng tiu cc cn phi khc phc. gii quyt vn ny, mt mt H Ch Minh nhn mnh phng chm cu ng tn d; mt khc, Ngi nu r: on kt phi gn vi u tranh, u tranh tng cng on kt v cn dn mi ngi phi ngn nga tnh trng on kt xui chiu, nu cao tinh thn ph bnh v t ph bnh biu dng mt tt, khc phc nhng mt cha tt, cng c on kt: on kt that s ngha l mc ch phi nht tr v lp trng cng phi nht tr. on kt thc s ngha l va on kt, va u tranh, hc hi nhng ci tt ca nhau, ph bnh nhng ci sai ca nhau v ph bnh trn lp trng thn i, v nc, v dn. Trong qu trnh xy dng, cng c v pht trin, ng ta v Mt trn dn tc thng nht lun u tranh chng khuynh hng hp hi, mt chiu, chng coi nh vic tranh th tt c nhng lc lng c th tranh th c; ng thi chng khuynh hung on kt m khng c u tranh ng mc trong khi

i on kt dn tc. Chng ta lm cch mng nhm mc ch ci to th gii, ci to x hi. Mun ci to th gii v ci to x hi th trc ht phi t ci to bn thn chng ta. 3.4i on kt dn tc phi gn lin vi on kt quc t; ch ngha yu nc chn chnh phi gn lin vi ch ngha quc t trong sng ca giai cp cng nhn: Ngay t khi con ng cu nc va sng t, H Ch Minh xc nh con ng cch mng Vit Nam l mt b phn ca cch mng th gii v ch c th ginh c thng li hon ton khi c s on kt cht ch vi phong tro cch mng th gii. V sau, trong qu trnh cch mng, t tng cu Ngi v vn on kt vi cch mng th gii cng c lm sng t hn v y hn: l vn cch mng trong nc phi gn vi phong tro v phong tro gii phng dn tc trn th gii. C th hn l vi nhn dn Php, M, nhn dn Lin X, Trung Quc v cc nc x hi ch ngha khc, vi phong tro u tranh v ho bnh, c lp dn tc v tin b x hi ca nhn dn th gii. T tng H Ch Minh nh hng cho vic hnh thnh 3 tng Mt trn: Mt trn i on kt dn tc; Mt trn on kt Vit-Min-Lo v Mt trn nhn dn th gii on kt vi Vit Nam trong cuc u tranh chng thc dn Php v quc M xm lc. y l s pht trin rc r v l thng li to ln ca t tng H Ch minh v i on kt. Nh vy i on kt dn tc phi l c s v phi i n vic thc hin on kt quc t, nu i on kt dn tc l mt trong nhng yu t quyt nh thng li ca cch mng Vit Nam, th on kt quc t cng l yu t ht sc quan trng gip cho cch mng dn tc dn ch Vit Nam i n thng li hon ton v a cch mng Vit Nam ln giai on cch mng x hi ch ngha.