VoIPv6 Pham Thi Huyen

Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6
LI NI U
Trong nhng nm gn y, s xut hin ca VoIP gy nn mt s ch c bit trong lnh vc vin thng th gii, li ch m n mang li l rt ln. i vi ngi tiu dng, li ch u tin m h t c l chi ph cuc gi s r hn ng k. Cn i vi cc nh sn xut, cung cp v khai thc mng, truyn thoi qua mng Internet m ra nhng thch thc mi nhng cng ha hn kh nng li nhun ng k. y cng l mt bc t ph trong vic tin ti mt xu th mng vin thng mi. Cng ngh VoIp c rt nhiu u im nh: gim cc ph dch v thoi ng di; h tr nhiu cuc gi vi bng tn thp hn; nhiu hn v tt hn cc dch v nng cao; s dng c hiu qu nht giao thc IP Tuy nhin vn tn ti mt s nhc im v bo mt v k thut phc tp. Vi tnh trng pht trin nhanhca cc dch v mng, di a ch IPv4 ang ngy cng cn kit, VoIP khng th pht huy ht sc mnh vn c ca n. tn dng ht nhng u im ca truyn thoi qua mng Internet ng thi gii quyt c nhc im ca c VoIP th h c v IPv4, th vic nghin cu v th nghim truyn thoi qua IPv6 c rt nhiu cng ty, t chc trn th gii ch . Vit Nam d vn cn nhiu hn ch v c s h tng v ngun lc song khng th nm ngoi xu th pht trin chung ca th gii.
SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
LI CM N
Em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c gio trong khoa: in in t, tn tnh dy bo v du dt em trong sut thi gian hc tp ti trng H Kinh T K Thut Cng Nghip, em c c kin thc v c th thc hin cng nh hon thnh ti ny. c bit em xin chn thnh cm n c gio ng Th Hng Giang, l gio vin hng dn nhit tnh gip , ch dn cho em trong sut qu trnh lm ti. V em xin cm n tt c cc bn trong v ngoi lp in t 16 gip em rt nhiu trong qu trnh tm kim ti liu v gp cho bi lm ca em c tt hn. Cui cng em xin chn thnh cm n gia nh em to iu kin cho em hc tp hm nay em c th hon thnh c ti ny. Em xin chc cc thy, c v cc bn cng gia nh em sc khe v hnh phc! H Ni thng 4 nm 2010 Sinh vin : Phm Th Huyn.
MC LC
Li Ni u..1 Li Cm n..2 Mc Lc3 Danh Mc Cc T Vit Tt..5 Danh mc Cc hnh V.8 Chng 1 : Tng quan v VoIP9
1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5
Khi nim VoIP9 c im ca in thoi IP v mng VoIP..11 Cc hnh thc truyn thoi qua IP...16 C ch lm vic ca VoIP...17 Cc vn cht lng ca VoIP.20 Kin trc v cc giao din ca mng VoIP.23 Cc thnh phn ca mng VoIP..24 Giao thc bo hiu H.323...32 Giao thc bo hiu SIP...43 So snh giao thc SIP v H.323.50 Giao thc SGCP.52 Giao thc MGCP52
Chng 2 : Kin trc h thng VoIP23

2.1 2.2
Chng 3 : Cc giao thc bo hiu VoIP32

3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5
Chng 4 : Tng quan a ch IPv654

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4
S ra i ca IPv6.54 S lc mt s c im ca IPv656 a ch IPv6...61 Hot ng ca a ch IPv6...68 M t h thng..76 Thc hin..77 Kt qu.78
Chng 5 : Thit k h thng VoIPv6...76

5.1 5.2 5.3
Kt lun.82 Ti liu tham kho.83
DANH MC CC T VIT TT
Vit tt VOIP TCP/IP LAN WAN PSTN SIP PBX RTP RTCP RSVP TCP UDP IPv4 IPv6 PC GSM PCM ETSI GK GW SCN ISDN DSL OAM MGW T ting anh Voice over Internet Protocol Transport control protocol / Internet protocol Local Area Network Wide Area Network Public Switched Telephone Network Session Inititation Protocol Private Branche Xchange Real Time Transport Protocol Real Time Transport control Protocol Reservation Protocol Transmission Control Protocol User Datagram Protocol Internet Protocol version 4 Internet Protocol version 6 Personnal Computer Global System for Mobie Pulse Code Modulation European Telecommunications Standards Institute Gatekeeper Gateway Switching Network Integrated Service Digital Network Digital Subcribe Line Operation And Maintenance Management Media Gateway Ngha ting vit Hnh thc truyn thoi qua Internet Giao thc truyn v sa li i vi Cc d liu. Mng vng cc b Mng rng Mng in thoi cng cng Giao thc khi to phin Tng i chi nhnh ring Vn chuyn thi gian thc iu khin truyn thi gian thc Giao thc gi trc ti nguyn Giao thc iu khin truyn tin D liu ngi s dng Giao thc Internet phin bn 4 Giao thc Internet phin bn 6 My tnh c nhn H thng ton cu cho in thoi di ng iu ch m xung Tiu chun vin thng chu u Cng qun l mng Cng ni mng Mng chuyn mch Mng dch v tch hp s ng k k thut s dng Vn hnh qun l v bo dng Cng trung gian
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 DTMF SGW RAS QoS DRQ HTTP IETF UA ACK SDP SMTP ITU RTT OPS OSP CPL NAT ID MAC DNS ISP ARP RFC MSN DAD ICMP NS RA DHCP MTU Dual Tone Multi Frequency Singnalling Gateway Registration Admission And Status Quality of Service Data Read Queue Hypertext Tranfer Protocol Internet Engineering Task Force User Agent Acknow Ledgement Sesion Descripion Protocol Simple Mail Tranfer Protocol International Telecommunication Union Radio Teletype Operations Per Second Operator Station Test Character Per Line Network Address Translation Information Divce Media Access Control Domain Name Server Internet Service Provider Address Resolution Protocol Request For Comments Multicast Solicited Node Duplicate Address Detection Internet Control Manager ment Protocol Network services Repeat to Address Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Maximum Transmition Unit
Cng bo hiu Tnh trng ng nhp Cht lng dch v Hng c d liu Giao thc chuyn siu vn bn Nhim v k thut Internet i din ngi s dng Ghi nhn Phin bn m t giao thc Di chuyn giao thc n gin Lin on vin thng quc t My v tuyn in bo Hot ng ph Nh iu hnh trm th nghim K t trn dng Cng ngh thay th a ch Thit b thng tin mng Kim sot truy cp phng tin truyn thng H thng tn min Cung cp dch v Internet Giao thc phn gii a ch Ti liu chun cho Internet Trng cu nt D tm a ch trng lp Cha giao thc qun l Internet Mng li dch v Lp li n a ch Giao thc cu hnh a ch ng n v ti a c th truyn c
DANH MC CC HNH V
Hnh 1.1 M ha m thanh9 Hnh 1.2 M hnh truyn thoi qua IP..10 Hnh 1.3 Cu trc phn lp ca hot ng VoIP..11 Hnh 1.4 Cc mc nh gi cht lng thoi...21 Hnh 3.1 Cu trc H.323...32 Hnh 3.2 S khi thit b u cui H.32332 Hnh 3.3 M t hot ng ca H.32337 Hnh 3.4 Tin trnh ng k vi gatekeeper.38 Hnh 3.5 Tin trnh thit lp knh media..39 Hnh 3.6 Tin trnh thay i bng thng...40 Hnh 3.7 Thit lp cuc gi ni vng41 Hnh 3.8 Thit lp cuc gi lin vng...42 Hnh 3.9 Tin trnh ngt kt ni lin vng43 Hinh 3.10 Cu trc ca SIP..44 Hnh 3.11 Thit lp cuc gi qua Proxy Server48 Hnh 3.12 Thit lp cuc gi qua Redirect Server49 Hnh 4.1 nh dng IPv6 header..58
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 Hnh 4.2 a ch Unicast ton cu63 Hnh 4.3 M t cu trc a ch link-local64 Hnh 4.4 M t cu trc a ch Site-Local..65 Hnh 4.5 M t cu trc a ch Multicast66 Hnh 4.6 M t cu trc a ch Node Solicited...68
CHNG 1 : TNG QUAN V VoIP

1.1 Khi nim VoIP : VoIP (vit tt ca Voice over Internet Protocol ngha l truyn ging ni trn giao thc IP) l truyn ting ni ca con ngi (thoi) qua mng thng tin s dng b giao thc TCP/IP. N s dng cc gi d liu trn mng LAN, WAN, Internet vi thng tin c truyn ti l m ha ca m thanh. VoIP l mt trong nhng cng ngh vin thng ang c quan tm nht hin nay khng ch i vi nh khai thc, cc nh sn xut m cn c vi ngi s dng dch v.
Hnh 1.1: m ha m thanh VoIP l mt cng ngh m cho php to cuc gi dng kt ni bng thng rng thay v dng ng dy in thoi tng t (analog). Nhiu dch v dng Voice over IP c th ch cho php bn gi ngi khc dng cng loi dch v, tuy nhin cng c nhng dch v cho php gi nhng ngi khc dng s in thoi nh s ni b,ng di, di ng, quc t. Trong khi cng c nhng dch v ch lm vic qua my tnh, hay loi in thoi qua IP(IP phone) c bit. Cng c vi dch v cho php dng in thoi truyn thng qua mt b iu hp (adaptor). VoIP cho php thc hin cuc dng my tnh qua mng d liu nh Internet. VoIP chuyn i tn hiu thoi t in thoi tng t analog vo tn hiu s (digital) trc khi truyn qua Internet, sau chuyn i ngc li u nhn. Khi to mt cuc gi VoIP dng in thoi vi mt b iu hp, chng ta s nghe m mi gi, quay s s xy ra sau tin trnh ny. VoIP c th cng s cho php to mt cuc gi trc tip t my tnh dng loi in thoi tng ng hay dng microphone.
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 VoIP cho php to cuc gi ng di qua mng d liu IP c sn thay v phi c truyn qua mng PSTN. Ngy nay nhiu cng ty thc hin gii php VoIP ca h gim chi ph cho nhng cuc gi ng di gia nhiu chi nhnh xa nhau.
Hnh 1.2 M hnh truyn thoi qua IP Nhn chung VoIP c th va thc hin mi cuc gi nh trn mng in thoi knh truyn thng PSTN, va ng thi truyn d trn c s mng truyn d liu. Do cc u im v gi thnh dch v v s tch hp nhiu loi hnh dch v nn VoIP ngy nay c trin khai mt cch rng ri. Cng ngh ny bn cht l da trn chuyn mch gi, nhm thay th cng ngh truyn thoi c dng chuyn mch knh. N ghp nhiu knh thoi trn mt ng truyn tn hiu, v nhng tn hiu ny c truyn qua mng Internet, v th c th gim gi thnh. Nguyn tc ca VoIP bao gm vic s ha tn hiu ting ni, thc hin vic nn tn hiu s, chia nh cc gi nu cn v truyn gi
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Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 tin ny qua mng, ti ni nhn cc gi tin ny c rp li theo ng th t ca bn tin, gii m tn hiu tng t phc hi li ting ni ban u. thc hin vic ny, in thoi IP thng c tch hp sn cc nghi thc bo hiu chun nh SIP hay H.323, kt ni ti mt tng i IP ( IP PBX ) ca doanh nghip hay ca nh cung cp dch v. in thoi IP c th dng nh mt in thoi thng thng ( ch khc l thay v ni vi mng in thoi qua ng dy th in thoi IP ni trc tip vo mng LAN qua cp Ethernet ) hoc phn mm thoi (soft-phone) ci trn my tnh. Cu trc phn lp ca h thng VoIP ph bin hin nay c m t ging nh cu trc phn lp ca m hnh TCP/IP v c biu din nh sau: H.323 RTP, RTCP, RSVP TCP, UDP IPv4, IPv6 Network, Access
Hnh 1.3 cu trc phn lp ca h thng VoIP 1.2 c im ca in thoi IP v mng VoIP: in thoi IP ra i nhm khai thc tnh hiu qu ca cc mng truyn s liu, khai thc tnh linh hot trong qu trnh pht trin cc ng dng mi ca giao thc IP v n c p dng trn mng ton cu l mng Internet. Cc tin b ca cng ngh mang n nhng u im nh sau:
Gim chi ph cuc gi: u im ni bt ca in thoi IP so vi dch v in thoi hin ti l kh nng cung cp nhng cuc gi ng di gi r vi cht lng chp
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Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 nhn c. Nu dch v in thoi IP c trin khai, th chi ph cho mt cuc gi ng di s ch tng ng vi chi ph truy nhp Internet. Nguyn nhn dn n chi ph thp nh vy l do tn hiu thoi c truyn ti trong mng IP c kh nng s dng knh hiu qu cao. ng thi, k thut nn thoi tin tin gim tc bt t 64Kbps xung thp ti 8Kbps kt hp vi tc x l nhanh ca cc b vi x l ngy nay cho php vic truyn ting ni theo thi gian thc l c th thc hin c vi lng ti nguyn bng thng thp hn nhiu so vi k thut c. So snh mt cuc gi trong mng PSTN vi mt cuc gi qua mng IP: + PSTN: Chi ph phi tr cho cuc gi trong mng PSTN l chi ph phi b ra duy tr cho mt knh 64kbps sut t u cui ny ti u cui kia thng qua mt h thng cc tng i. Chi ph ny i vi cc cuc gi ng di (lin tnh, quc t) l kh ln. + IP: Ngi s dng t mng PSTN ch phi duy tr knh 64kbps n Gateway ca nh cung cp dch v ti a phng. Nh cung cp dch v in thoi IP s m nhn nhim v nn, ng gi tn hiu thoi v gi chng i qua mng IP mt cch c hiu qu nht ti c Gateway ni ti mt mng in thoi khc c ngi lin lc u kia. Vic kt ni nh vy lm gim ng k chi ph cuc gi do phn ln knh truyn 64Kbps c thay th bng vic truyn thng tin qua mng d liu hiu qu cao
Tch hp mng thoi, mng s liu v mng bo hiu: Trong in thoi
IP, tn hiu thoi, s liu v ngay c bo hiu u c th i trn cng mt mng IP. iu ny s tit kim c chi ph u t xy dng nhng mng ring r.
Kh nng m rng: Nu nh cc h tng i thng l nhng h thng
kn, th rt kh thm vo nhng tnh nng th cc thit b trong mng SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
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Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 Internet thng c kh nng thm vo nhng tnh nng mi. Chnh tnh mm do mang li cho dch v in thoi IP kh nng m rng d dng hn so vi in thoi truyn thng.
Khng cn thng tin iu khin thit lp knh truyn vt l: Gi
thng tin trong mng IP truyn n ch m khng cn mt s thit lp knh no. Gi tin ch cn mang a ch ca ni nhn cui cng l thng tin c th n c ch. Do vy, vic iu khin cuc gi trong mng IP ch cn tp trung vo chc nng cuc gi m khng cn phi tp trung vo chc nng thit lp knh.
Qun l bng thng: Trong in thoi chuyn mch knh ti nguyn
bng thng cung cp cho mt cuc thoi l c nh, nhng trong in thoi IP vic phn chia ti nguyn cho cc cuc thoi linh hot hn nhiu. Khi mt cuc lin lc din ra, nu lu lng ca mng thp th bng thng dnh cho lin lc s cho cht lng thoi tt nht c th, nhng khi lu lng ca mng cao th mng s hn ch bng thng ca tng cuocj gi mc duy tr cht lng thoi chp nhn c nhm phc v cng lc c nhiu ngi nht. im ny cng l mt yu t lm tng hiu qu s dng ca in thoi IP.Vic qun l bng thng mt cch tit kim nh vy cho php ngi ta ngh ti nhng dch v cao cp hn nh in thoi hi ngh (l loi in thoi bn VoIP da trn SIP c kh nng m rng cao vi cng ngh hng u. in thoi hi ngh mang li m thanh r nt tuyt vi trong ton b phng hp trn h thng in thoi VoIP), iu m vi cng ngh chuyn mch c th khng thc hin v chi ph qu cao.
Nhiu tnh nng dch v: Tnh linh hot ca mng IP cho php to ra
nhiu tnh nng mi trong dch v thoi nh: Cho bit thng tin v ngi gi ti hay mt thu bao in thoi IP c th c nhiu s lin lc m ch cn mt thit b u cui duy nht.
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Kh nng multimedia: Trong mt cuc gi ngi s dng c th va
ni chuyn va s dng cc dch v khc nh truyn file, chia s d liu, hay xem hnh nh ca ngi ni chuyn bn kia.
S dng hiu qu: Nh bit VoIP truyn thoi qua mng Internet v
s dng giao thc IP, ngy nay IP l giao thc mng c s dng rng ri nht v c rt nhiu ng dng ang c khai thc trn c s cc giao thc ca mng IP, VoIP c th kt hp s dng cc ng dng ny nng cao hiu qu s dng mng. K thut VoIP c s dng ch yu kt hp vi cc mng my tnh do c th tn dng c s pht trin ca cng ngh thng tin nng cao hiu qu s dng, cc phn mm s h tr rt nhiu cho vic khai thc cc dch vujcua mng VoIP. Cng ngh thng tin cng pht trin th vic khai thc cng c hiu qu, s xut hin nhiu dch v mi h tr ngi s dng trong mi lnh vc. Tuy nhin cng ngh IP cng c nhng hn ch nh:
K thut phc tp: Truyn tn hiu theo thi gian thc trn mng
chuyn mch gi l rt kh thc hin do mt gi trong mng l khng th trnh v tr khng c nh ca cc gi thng tin khi truyn trn mng. c c mt dch v thoi chp nhn c cn phi c mt k thut nn tn hiu t c nhng yu cu kht khe nh: t s nn ln, c kh nng suy on v to li thng tin ca cc gi b tht lcTc x l ca cc b Codec (Coder and Decoderb m ha v gii m) phi nhanh khng lm cuc m thoi b gin on. ng thi c s h tng ca mng cng cn c nng cp ln cc cng ngh mi c tc cao hn v c c ch thc hin chc nng QoS (Quality of Service-cht lng dch v).
Vn bo mt: Mng Internet l mng c tnh rng khp v hn hp,
trng c rt nhiu loi my tnh khc nhau, cc dch v khc nhau cng s dng chung mt c s h tng. Do vy khng c g m bo rng thng tin lin quan n c nhn cng nh s lin lc truy nhp s dng dch v ca ngi dng SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
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Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 c gi b mt. V nguy c nghe ln cuc gi VoIP kh cao do cc gi d liu phi chuyn tip qua nhiu trm trung gian trc khi n ngi nghe hoc vn truy cp tri php (unauthorized access attack), hacker c th li dng cc l hng bo mt xm nhp vo h thng mng.
Ngoi ra: VoIP c th gp nhng vn nh khng th s dng c
dch v khi cp in, khng th kt ni n cc dch v khn nh: cp cu, bo chy...
) ng dng ca VoIP:
+ Internet Telephone: l thit b ging nh in thoi thng thng nhng c th kt ni vo mng my tnh ng thi c th h tr hoc khng h tr kt ni vo mng in thoi cng cng PSTN. Internet Telephone cn c kh nng truyn v nhn tn hiu m thanh trc tip t cc mng s liu, n c th s dng c nh mt thit b truy cp Internet thng thng. Internet Telephone trong tng lai s pht trin mnh vi m hnh nh cung cp dch v. + Gateway IP PSTN: c th s dng mng VoIP vi mng in thoi cng cng PSTN th gateway IP PSTN l mt cng kt ni cho php trao i cc thng tin trn hai mng. Gateway c th trc tip hai mng ni trn hoc c th s dng kt hp vi cc PBX. Gateway IP PSTN c hai giao din chnh l: giao din vi mng PSTN v giao din vi mng Internet. Gateway c nhim v chuyn i cc tn hiu cng nh chuyn i v x l cc bn tin bo hiu sao cho ph hp vi cc giao din + Cc ng dng m rng: Trn c s gateway IP PSTN, chng ta c th pht trin thit k gateway IP mobile c th trc tip trao i thng tin gia mng di ng vi mng Internet. iu ny c ngha ht sc to ln trong thi im thng tin di ng ang pht trin trn khp ton cu. Ngi s dng my di ng khng ch c th lin lc c m cn c kh nng truy SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
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Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 nhp thng tin v s dng cc dch v Internet. C th m rng kt hp vi cc ng dng web phone. Ngoi ra c th pht trin cc ng dng VoIP nh truyn hnh hi tho hay in thoi c hnh. Nh vy in thoi IP chng t n l mt loi hnh dch v mi rt c tim nng. Trong tng lai in thoi IP s cung cp cc dich v hin c ca inj thoi trong mng PSTN v cc dch v mi ca ring n nhm em li li ch cho ng o ngi dng. Tuy nhin in thoi IP vi t cch l mt dch v s khng tr nn hp dn hn PSTN v n chy trn mng IP. Khch hng ch chp nhn loi dch v ny v n a ra c mt chi ph thp v nhng tnh nng vt tri hn so vi dch v in thoi hin ti. 1.3 Cc hnh thc truyn thoi qua IP 1.3.1 M hnh PC to PC Trong m hnh ny, mi my tnh cn c trang b mt sound card, mt microphone, mt speraker v c kt ni trc tip vi mng Internet thng qua modem hoc card mng. Mi my tnh c cung cp mt a ch IP v hai my tnh, vy l c th trao i tn hiu thoi vi nhau thng qua mng Internet. Tt c cc thao tc nh ly mu tn hiu m thanh, m ha v gii m, nn v gii nn tn hiu u c my tnh thc hin. Trong m hnh ny ch c nhng my tnh ni vi cng mt mng mi c kh nng trao i thng tin vi nhau. 1.3.2 M hnh PC to phone M hnh PC to phone l mt m hnh c ci tin hn so vi m hnh PC to PC. M hnh ny cho php ngi s dng my tnh c th thc hin cuc gi n mng PSTN thng thng v ngc li. Trong m hnh ny mng Internet v mng PSTN c th giao tip vi nhau nh mt thit b c bit d l gateway. y l m hnh c s dn ti vic kt hp gia mng Internet v mng PSTN cng nh cc mng GSM hay a dch v khc. 1.3.3 M hnh phone to phone
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Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 y l m hnh m rng ca m hnh PC to phone, s dng Internet lm phng tin lin lc gia cc mng PSTN. Tt c cc mng PSTN u kt ni vi mng Internet thng qua cc gateway. Khi tin hnh cuc gi, mng PSTN s kt ni n gateway gn nht, ti y a ch s c chuyn i t a ch PSTN sang a ch IP c th nh tuyn cc gi tin n c mng ch. ng thi gateway ngun c nhim v chuyn i tn hiu thoi tng t thnh dng s sau m ha, nn, ng gi li v gi qua mng. Mng ch cng c kt ni vi gateway v ti a ch li c chuyn i tr thnh a ch PSTN v tn hiu c gii nn, gii m, ri chuyn i ngc li thnh tn hiu tng t gi vo mng PSTN n ch. 1.4 C ch lm vic ca VoIP: Khi ni vo ng nghe hay microphone, ging ni s to ra tn hiu in t, l nhng tn hiu analog. Tn hiu analog c chuyn sang tn hiu s dng thut ton c bit chuyn i. Nhng thit b khc nhau c cch chuyn i khc nhau nh IP phony hay soft phone, nu dng in thoi analog thng thng th cn mt Telephone Adapter (TA). Sau ging ni c s ha s c ng vo gi tin v gi trn mng IP. Trong sut tin trnh mt giao thc nh SIP hay H323 s c dng iu khin cuc gi nh l thit lp, quay s, ngt kt ni v RTP th c dng cho tnh nng m bo tin cy v duy tr cht lng dch v trong qu trnh truyn. 1.4.1 S ha tn hiu Analog: Biu din tn hiu tng t(analog) thnh dng s (digital) l cng vic kh khn. V bn thn dng m thanh nh ging ni con ngi dng analog do cn mt s lng ln cc gi tr digital biu din bin (amplitude), tn s(frequency) v pha (phase), chuyn i nhng gi tr thnh dng s nh phn (zero v one) l rt kh khn. Cn thit cn c c ch dng thc hin s chuyn i ny v kt qu ca s pht trin ny l s ra i ca nhng thit b SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
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Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 c gi l codec (coder-decoder) hay l thit b m ha v gii m. Tn hiu n thoi analog c t vo u vo ca thit b codec v c chuyn i thnh chui s nh phn u ra. Sau qu trnh ny thc hin tr li bng cch chuyn chui s thnh dng analog u cui, vi cng quy trnh codec.
1.4.2
Ly mu (Sampling):
Tn hiu m thanh trn mng in thoi c ph nng lng t n 10Khz. Tuy nhin, hu ht nng lng u tp trung phn thp hn trong di ny. Do tit kim bng thng trong cc h thng truyn c ghp knh theo FDM v c TDM. Cc knh in thoi thng gii hn bng tn trong khong t 300 n 3400Hz. Tuy nhin trong thc t s c mt t nng lng nhiu c chuyn qua di dng cc tn s cao hn tn s hiu dng 3400Hz. V th ph tn s c th c m rng n 4Khz, theo l thuyt Nyquist: khi mt tn hiu th c ly mu ng thi mi khong nh k v c tc t nht bng hai ln ph tn s cao nht, sau nhng mu ny s mang thng tin cho php vic ti to li chnh xc tn hiu thit b nhn. Vi ph tn s cao nht cho thoi l 4000Hz hay 8000 mu c ly trong mt giy, khong cch gia mi mu l 125 micro giy.
1.4.3
Lng t ho (Quantization):
Tin trnh k tip ca s ha tn hiu tun t l biu din gi tr chnh xc cho mi mu c ly. Mi mu c th c gn cho mt gi tr s, tng ng vi bin (theo chiu cao) ca mu. Sau khi thc hin gii hn u tin i vi bin tng ng vi di mu, n lt mi mu s c so snh vi mt tp hp cc mc lng t v gn vo mt mc xp x vi n. Qui nh rng tt c cc mu trong cng khong gia hai mc lng t c xem c cng gi tr. Sau gi tr gn c dng trong h thng truyn. S phc hi hnh dng tn hiu ban u i hi thc hin theo hng ngc li.
1.4.4
M ha (Encoding):
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Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 Mi mc lng t c ch nh mt gi tr s 8 bit, kt hp 8 bit c 256 mc hay gi tr. Qui c bit u tin dng nh du gi tr m hoc dng cho mu. By bt cn li biu din cho ln; bit u tin ch na trn hay na di ca dy, bit th hai ch phn t trn hay di, bit th 3 ch phn tm trn hay di v c th tip tc. Ba bc tin trnh ny s lp li 8000 ln mi giy cho dch v knh in thoi. Dng bc th t l ty chn nn hay tit kim bng thng. Vi ty chn ny th mt knh c th mang nhiu cuc gi ng thi.
1.4.5
Nn ging ni(Voice Compression):
Mc d k thut m ha PCM 64 Kps hin hnh l phng php c chun ha, nhng c vi phng php m ha khc c s dng trong nhng ng dng c bit. Cc phng php ny thc hin m ha ting ni vi tc nh hn tc ca PCM, nh tn dng c kh nng ca h thng truyn dn s. Chc hn, cc m ha tc thp ny s b hn ch v cht lng, t bit l nhiu v mo tn s.
1.4.6
Packetizing voice:
Mi khi ging ni c s ho v c nn li, n phi c chia thnh nhng phn nh, t vo gi IP, VoIP th khng hiu qu cho nhng gi tin nh, trong khi nhng gi tin ln th to ra nhiu tr, do nh hng ca vi loi header m kch thc cu d liu thoi (voice data ) cng s nh hng. V d header ca IP, UDP, RTP l 40 byte, nu gi tin voice cng ch khong 40 byte th hon ton khng hiu qu, kch thc gi tin ln nht c th trong mi trng Ethernet l 1500 byte, dng 40 byte cho header cn li 1460 byte c th s dng cho phn d liu thoi, tng ng vi 1460 mu (samples) khng c nn hay thi gian t phn d liu vo gi tin. Nu gi b mt nhiu hay n ch khng ng th t s lm cho cuc thoi b ngt qung. Thng thng, cn khong 10 s n 30 s (trung bnh l 20 s) t d liu thoi vo bn trong gi tin, v d phn SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
19
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 d liu thoi (voice data) v kch thc 160 byte khng nn cn khong 20
s t phn d liu thoi vo bn trong gi tin. S lng d liu thoi

bn trong gi tin cn cn bng gia s hiu qu trong s dng bng thng v cht lng ca cuc thoi. 1.5 Cc vn cht lng ca VoIP: i hi c bn nht ca h thng VoIP l phi c cht lng thoi tng ng vi cht lng thoi trong mng PSTN. Cht lng thoi c chia thnh cc cp khc nhau, vic nh gi cht lng thoi cn mang tnh ch quan nhng cng c mt s tham s c dng nh gi cht lng thoi. C 3 tham s chnh quyt nh cht lng thoi l : tr, trt v mt gi.
Cht lng nh ni chuyn trc tip Cht lng in thoi C th hiu c nhng cht lng cha tt lm Khng hiu ht t nhng hiu ca ngi ni Khng hiu c t v ca ngi ni
Hnh 1.4 Cc mc nh gi cht lng thoi Tr (Delay): Tr l mt nhn t nh hng nhiu n cht lng thoi, thi gian tr ln lm gim cht lng thoi rt nhiu. Mi h thng truyn thng ch cho php mt gii hn tr nht nh, khi thi gian tr trong h thng vt qu 400ms th cht lng
20
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 cuc lin lc l khng chp nhn c. Thi gian tr c th chp nhn c nm trong khong t 200ms n 400ms. Mun t c cht lng cuc gi tt th thi gian tr yu cu khng qu 200ms. Thi gian tr c phn chia thnh 2 loi l thi gian tr c nh (nh thi gian tr truyn dn) v tr bin i (nh thi gian tr do xp hng i router). Yu cu gim tr l rt cn thit trong h thng VoIP c th nng cao cht lng dch v. Trt (Jitter): Trt l s chnh lch v thi gian n ca cc gi trong mng gy ra do s chnh lch thi gian truyn dn ca cc gi thoi theo cc ng khc nhau t ngun n ch. c th ti to ting ni mt cch chnh xc trung thc th bn bn thu cn phi loi b Jitter. Phng php c s dng loi b Jitter hin ang c s dng l dng b m. Cc gi sau khi nhn s c lu trong b m v s c x l ln lt. Dng b m s trnh c nhng thi gian tr ln ca cc gi tin. Nhng b li th b m lm tng thm thi gian tr trong h thng, thi gian trt cng ln th dung lng b m cng phi ln. Nhng b m cng ln th thi gian tr gy ra cng ln. Do vy vic tnh ton dung lng ca b m thch hp vi tng h thng l rt cn thit, sao cho trnh c trt m thi gian tr khng lm gim cht lng ca h thng. Mt gi (packet loss): Mng Internet khng th m bo rng tt c cc gi tin u c chuyn giao. Cc gi tin c th b mt trong trng hp mng b qu ti, nghn mng hoc do ng kt ni khng m bo. Yu cu t l mt gi l nh hn 10%. Do hn ch ca thi gian tr nn cc giao thc truyn bo m khng thch hp gii quyt vn ny. duy tr cht lng thoi mc chp nhn c mc d khng th trnh khi cc nguyn nhn bt thng trong mng, mt s k thut c a ra. l k thut thay th cc gi tin mt bng nhng khong im lng. Ngi ta cng gim s lng cc gi truyn qua mng bng k thut nn tn hiu. SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
21
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 S dng b phn pht hin tch cc thoi, khi hai bn khng tch cc thoi th khng trao i thng tin v pht tp m d chu, s dng phng php ny lm tng hiu qu s dng knh truyn. Ngoi ra cn nng cao tin cy ca ng truyn nh tng tc knh truyn, tng dung lng h thng thit b truyn dn.
CHNG 2 : KIN TRC H THNG VoIP

2.1 Kin trc v cc giao din ca mng VoIP : 2.1.1 Kin trc ca mng VoIP : Theo tiu chun ca t chc ETSI, cu hnh chun ca mng VoIP c th gm cc phn sau: -
Thit b u cui kt ni vi mng IP. Mng xng sng, mng truy nhp Ip. Gateway iu khin phng tin. Gateway phng tin. Gateway bo hiu. Gatekeeper (GK). Mng chuyn mch (SCN).
22
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 Thit b u cui kt ni vi mng in thoi SCN. Cc dch v u cui (Back-end service). 2.1.2 Cc giao din ca mng VoIP: Cc giao din chun ca mng VoIP gm c: phng tin.
-
Giao din A: Giao din gia thit b u cui H.323 v GK. Giao din B: Giao din gia thit b u cui vi gateway Giao din C: Giao din gia gateway iu khin phng tin v Giao din D: giao din gia hai GK. Giao din E: c hai loi giao din E l Ea v Eb, trong Ea l
gatekeeper. -
giao din gia gateway phng tin v mng chuyn mch, cn Eb l l giao din gia gateway bo hiu vi mng SCN. IP. sng IP.
-
Giao din F: Giao din gia Back-end service v gateway iu Giao din G: Giao din gia Back-end service v GK. Giao din H: Giao din gia thit b u cui v mng truy nhp Giao din I: Giao din gia mng truy nhp IP v mng xng Giao din J: Giao din gia gateway bo hiu v gateway iu Giao din K: Giao din gia gateway iu khin phng tin v Mi thit b u cui giao tip vi mt GK v giao tip ny ging nh giao
khin phng tin.
khin phng tin. gateway phng tin. tip gia thit b u cui v GW. C th mi GK qun l mt vng, c th nhiu GK chia nhau qun l tng phn ca mt vng trong trng hp mt vng c SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
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Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 nhiu GK. Trong vng qun l ca GK, cc tn hiu bo hiu c th c chuyn tip qua mt hoc nhiu GK. Do cc GK phi c kh nng trao i cc thng tin vi nhau khi cuc gi c lin quan n nhiu GK. C th s dng nhiu cch thc ni hai GK hoc mt GK v mt GW nh: dnh ring, khng dnh ring, theo khong thi gian hoc theo nhu cu. 2.2 Cc thnh phn ca mng VoIP: 2.2.1 Thit b u cui: Mt thit b u cui l mt nt trong cu hnh chun ca mng VoIP, n c th c kt ni vi mng s dng mt trong cc giao din truy nhp. Mt thit b u cui c th cho php mt thu bao trong mng IP thc hin mt cuc gi ti mt thu bao khc trong mng chuyn mch. Cc cuc gi s c nm di s gim st ca Gk ca thit b u cui m thu bao c ng k. Mt thit b u cui c th bao gm cc khi chc nng sau: Chc nng u cui H.225: thu v nhn cc bn tin H.225 Chc nng u cui H.245: thu v nhn cc bn tin H.245 Bo mt knh truyn ti: m bo tnh bo mt ca knh truyn Bo mt knh bo hiu: m bo tnh bo mt ca knh bo hiu Chc nng xc nhn: thit lp c im nhn dng khch hng, Non-repudiaiton evidence gathering: thu thp cc thng tin dng
ti thng tin kt ni vi thit b u cui. kt ni vi thit b u cui. thit b hoc phn t mng. xc nhn l bn tin bo hiu hoc bn tin cha thng tin c truyn hoc nhn cha.
-
Chc nng qun l: giao tip vi h thng qun l mng. Chc nng ghi cc bn tin s dng: xc nh v ghi li cc thng
tin v s kin (truy nhp, cnh bo) v ti nguyn. SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
24

-
Chc nng bo co cc bn tin s dng: bo co cc bn tin s Mng truy nhp IP:
dng c ghi ra thit b ngoi vi. 2.2.2 Mng truy nhp IP cho php thit b u cui, gateway, gatekeeper truy nhp vo mng IP thng qua c s h tng sn c. Mt vi loi giao din chun truy nhp IP c s dng trong cu hnh chun ca mng VoIP l: Truy nhp PSTN Truy nhp ISDN Truy nhp LAN Truy nhp cp, DSL Truy nhp GSM
Trn y khng phi l tt c cc giao din truy nhp IP, bi cn mt vi loi khc ang c nghin cu s dng trong mng VoIP. c im ca cc giao din ny c th gy nh hng n cht lng v tnh bo mt ca cuc gi VoIP.
2.2.3
Gatekeeper:
Gatekeeper l phn t mng chu trch nhim qun l vic ng k chp nhn trng thi ca cc thit b u cui v gateway. Gatekeeper c th tham gia vo vic qun l vng, x l cuc gi v bo hiu cuc gi. N xc nh nh tuyn truyn bo hiu cuc gi v ni dung i vi mi cuc gi. Gatekeeper bao gm cc khi chc nng sau: gi H.323
-
Chuyn i a ch E.164: chuyn i t a ch E.164 sang tn Chuyn i tn gi H.323: chuyn i t tn gi H.323 sang s
E.164
25
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 Chuyn i a ch H.225.0: chuyn i t t tn gi H.323 sang
a ch Ip truyn hoc nhn cc bn tin H.225.0 v truyn a ch IP truyn cc bn tin H.225.0 bao gm c m la chn nh cung cp mng. -
Dch a ch knh thng tin: nhn v truyn a ch IP ca cc Dch a ch knh H.245: nhn v truyn a ch IP phc v cho GK H.225.0: truyn v nhn cc bn tin H.225.0 GK H.245: truyn v nhn cc bn tin H.245 Giao tip gia cc GK: thc hin trao i thng tin gia cc GK. ng k: cung cp cc thng tin cn ng k khi yu cu dch v. Xc nhn: thit lp cc c im nhn dng ca khch hng, thit iu khin GK chp nhn knh thng tin: cho php hoc khng Non-repudiation evdence gathering: thu thp cc thng tin xc
knh truyn ti thng tin, bao gm c m la chn nh cung cp mng. bo hiu H.245, bao gm c m la chn cho nh cung cp mng.
b u cui hoc cc phn t mng. nhn cha. dng. 2.2.4 Chc nng qun l: giao tip vi h thng qun l mng. Chc nng ghi cc bn tin s dng: bo co cc bn tin s dng Gateway:
26
cho php s dng cc knh truyn ti thng tin. nhn l cc bn tin bo hiu hoc bn tin cha thng tin c truyn hoc Bo mt knh bo hiu: m bo tnh bo mt ca knh bo hiu Tnh cc: thu nhp thng tin tnh cc. iu chnh tc v gi cc: xc nh tc v gi cc s
kt ni GK vi thit b u cui.
c ghi ra thit b ngoi vi.
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 Mt gateway c th kt ni vt l mt hoc nhiu mng IP vi mt hoc nhiu mng SCN. Mt gateway c th bao gm: gateway bo hiu, gateway iu khin phng tin v gateway phng tin. Mt hay mt s chc nng ny c th thc hin bi GK hoc mt GW khc. 2.2.4.1 Gateway bo hiu (SGW): SGW cung cp knh bo hiu gia mng IP v mng SCN, SGW l phn t trung gian chuyn i bo hiu trong mng IP v bo hiu trong mng SCN. SGW bao gm cc chc nng sau:
-
Kt cui cc giao thc iu khin cuc gi. Kt cui bo hiu t mng SCN: phi hp hot ng vi chc Chc nng bo hiu: chuyn i gia bo hiu IP vi bo hiu Bo mt knh bo hiu: m bo tnh nng bo mt ca knh bo Chc nng ghi cc bn tin s dng: xc nh v ghi cc bn tin Chc nng bo co cc bn tin s dng: bo co cc bn tin s OAM & P: vn hnh qun l v bo dng thng qua cc giao
nng bo hiu ca gateway iu khin phng tin. mng SCN khi phi hp hot ng vi gateway iu khin phng tin. hiu t GW. bo hiu v bn tin thng tin truyn v nhn. dng ra thit b ngoi vi. din logic cung cp cc thng tin khng trc tip phc v cho iu khin cuc gi ti cc phn t qun l h thng. -
Chc nng qun l : giao din vi h thng qun l mng. Giao din mng chuyn mch gi: kt cui mng chuyn mch Gateway truyn ti knh thoi (MGW):
gi. 2.2.4.2
27
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 MGW cung cp phng tin thc hin chc nng chuyn i m ha. N chuyn i gia cc m ha truyn trong mng IP (m ny c truyn trn knh RTP/UDP/IP) vi cc m ha truyn trong mng SCN (m PCM, GSM). MGW bao gm cc chc nng sau: Chc nng chuyn i a ch knh thng tin: cung cp a ch IP Chc nng chuyn i lung: chuyn i gia cc lung thng cho cc knh truyn v nhn. tin gia mng IP v mng SCN bao gm vic chuyn i m ha v trit ting vng. -
Chc nng dch m ha: nh tuyn cc lung thng tin gia Bo mt knh thng tin: m bo tnh ring t ca knh thng tin
mng IP v mng SCN. gia mng IP v mng SCN. Bo mt knh thng tin bao gm tt c cc phn cng v giao din cn thit kt cui cuc gi chuyn mch knh. N phi bao gm cc b m ha v gii m PCM lut A (theo tiu chun Bc M) v PCM lut U (theo tiu chun Chu u). Kt ni chuyn mch gi: bao gm tt c cc giao thc lin quan n vic kt ni knh thng tin trong mng chuyn mch gi, gm cc b m ha v gii m c th c s dng.
-
Giao din vi mng SCN: kt cui v iu khin cc knh mng Chc nng chuyn i knh thng tin gia IP v SCN: chuyn
nh knh DS0 t mng SCN.

-
i gia knh mang thng tin thoi, fax, s liu ca SCN v cc gi d liu trong mng chuyn mch gi. N cng thc hin chc nng x l tn hiu thch hp nh: nn tn hiu thoi, trit ting vng, trit khong im lng, m ha, chuyn i tn hiu fax, iu tit tc cho modem tng t. Thm vo n cn thc hin chuyn i gia tn hiu DTMF trong mng SCN v cc SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
28
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 tn hiu thch hp trong mng chuyn mch gi khi m cc b m ha tn hiu thoi khng m ha tn hiu DTMF. Chc nng chuyn i knh thng tin gia IP v SCN cng c th thu thp thng tin v lu lng gi v cht lng knh i vi mi cuc gi s dng trong vic bo co chi tit v iu khin cuc gi. -
Chc nng ghi cc bn tin s dng: xc nh v ghi cc bn tin Chc nng bo co cc bn tin s dng: bo co cc bn tin s OAM & P: vn hnh qun l v bo dng thng qua cc giao
bo hiu v cc bn tin thng tin truyn v nhn. dng ra thit b ngoi vi. din logic cung cp cc thng tin khng trc tip phc v cho iu khin cuc gi ti cc phn t qun l h thng.
-
Chc nng qun l: giao din vi h thng qun l mng. Giao din mng chuyn mch gi: kt cui mng chuyn mch Gateway iu khin truyn ti knh thoi (MGWC):
gi. 2.2.4.3
MGWC ng vai tr phn t kt ni MGW, SGW v GK, n cung cp chc nng x l cuc gi cho GK, iu khin MGW nhn thng tin bo hiu SCN t SGW v thng tin bo hiu IP t GK. GMWC bao gm cc khi chc nng sau: Chc nng GW H.225.0: truyn v nhn cc bn tin H.225.0 Chc nng GW H.245: truyn v nhn cc bn tin H.245 Chc nng xc nhn: thit lp c im nhn dng ca ngi s Chc nng iu khin GW chp nhn lung d liu: cho php
dng thit b hoc phn t mng. hoc khng cho php mt lung d liu.
29
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 Non-repudiaiton evidence gathering: thu thp thng tin dng
xc nhn l bn tin bo hiu hoc l bn tin cha thng tin c truyn hoc nhn cha. Bo hiu chuyn mch gi: bao gm tt c cc loi bo hiu cuc gi c th thc hin bi cc u cui trong mng. V d nh theo chun H.323 th bao gm: H.225.0, Q.913, H.225.0 RAS v H.245. i vi mt u cui H.323 ch nhn th n bao gm H225.0 RAS m khng bao gm H.245.
-
Giao din bo hiu chuyn mch gi: kt cui giao thc bo hiu
chuyn mch gi. N ch lu li va thng tin trng thi qun l giao din. V thc cht giao din bo hiu mng chuyn mch gi trong MGWC khng kt ni trc tip vi MGW nh l cc thng tin truyn t MGWC ti MGW thng qua chc nng iu khin cuc gi.
-
iu khin GW: bao gm cc chc nng iu khin kt ni logic, Gim st ti nguyn t xa: bao gm gim st kh dng ca cc
qun l ti nguyn, chuyn i giao din. knh trung k ca MGW, di thng v kh dng cho t l nh tuyn thnh cng cuc gi trong IP. Chc nng iu khin cuc gi: lu gi cc trng thi cuc gi ca GW. Chc nng iu khin cuc gi bao gm tt c cc chc nng iu khin kt ni logic ca GW. Qun l ti nguyn MGW: cp pht ti nguyn cho MGW. Chc nng bo hiu: chuyn i gia bo hiu mng IP v bo Chc nng ghi cc bn tin s dng: xc nh v ghi li cc thng
hiu mng SCN trong phi hp hot ng vi SGW. tin v s kin (truy nhp, cnh bo) v ti nguyn.
30
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 Chc nng bo co cc bn tin s dng: bo co cc bn tin s OAM & P: vn hnh qun l v bo dng thng qua cc giao
dng c ghi ra thit b ngoi vi. din logic cung cp cc thng tin khng trc tip phc v cho iu khin cuc gi ti cc phn t qun l h thng. gi. Chc nng qun l: giao din vi h thng qun l mng. Giao din mng chuyn mch gi: kt cui mng chuyn mch
CHNG 3: CC GIAO THC BO HIU VoIP

3.1 Giao thc bo hiu H.323: Giao thc H.323 l chun do ITU-T pht trin cho php truyn thng a phng tin qua cc h thng da trn mng chuyn mch gi (v d nh Internet). H.323 cung cp nn tng k thut cho truyn thoi, hnh nh, s liu mt cch ng thi qua mng IP, gii quyt cc ng dng ct li ca in thoi
31
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 IP (nh ngha tiu chun v tr, cc mc u tin). H323 bao gm c chc nng iu khin cuc gi, qun l thng tin a phng tin, qun l bng thng, cung cp giao din gia mng LAN v cc mng khc.
Hnh 3.1 cu trc H.323
Hnh 3.2 s khi thit b u cui H.323 3.1.1 Giao thc RAS (Registration Admission and Status): Cc bn tin RAS c dng trao i gia cc u cui v cc Gatekeeper cho cc chc nng nh tm Gatekeeper, ng k, qun l bng thng Knh bo hiu RAS c ti i trong gi tin UDP mang thng ip dng trong qu trnh tm Gatekeeper v ng k. Cc bn tin dng trong RAS: SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
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Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 Thng ip Gatekeeper Request (GRQ) Gatekeeper Confirm (GCF) Gatekeeper Reject (GRJ) Registration Request (RRQ) Registration Confirm (RCF) Registration Reject (RRJ) Unregistration Request (URQ) Unregistration Confirm (UCF) Unregistration Reject (URJ) Location Request (LRQ) Location Confirm (LCF) Location Reject (LRJ) Admission Request (ARQ) Admission Confirm (ACF) Admission Reject (ARJ) Bandwidth Change Request(BRQ) Bandwidth Change Confirm(BCF) Bandwidth Change Reject (BRJ) Information Request (IRQ) Information Request Respond(IRR) ngha Yu cu thm d gatekeeper Gatekeeper cho php ng k Gatekeeper khng cho php ng k Yu cu ng k Xc nhn ng k T chi ng k Yu cu hy ng k Xc nhn hy ng k T chi hy ng k Yu cu nh v Khng nh nh v T chi nh v Yu cu kt np cuc gi Xc nhn kt np cuc gi T chi kt np cuc gi Yu cu thay i thng lng cuc gi Xc nhn thay i thng lng cuc gi T chi thay i thng lng cuc gi Yu cu thng tin im cui Tr li yu cu thng tin
3.1.2 Giao thc bo hiu cuc gi H225 (Q.931): H225 c dng thit lp lin kt gia cc im cui H323 ( u cui, gateway ), qua lin kt d liu thi gian thc s c truyn i. Do yu cu tin cy nn cc thng bo ca H225 s c truyn i trong gi tin TCP. Cc thng ip Q.931 s dng trong bo hiu cuc gi :
33
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 Thng ip Alerting Call proceeding Connect Connect Acknowledge Release Complete Setup Setup Acknowledge User Information Progress ngha Hi m chung Cuc gi ang c x l B gi chp nhn cuc gi Phc p Gii phng knh iu khin cuc gi Yu cu thit lp cuc gi Phc p Thng tin b xung ang x l qu trnh nhn S dng Bt buc Bt buc Bt buc Ty chn Bt buc Bt buc Ty chn Ty chn Ty chn
3.1.3 Giao thc vn chuyn thi gian thc RTP/RTCP: RTP: L mt th tc da trn k thut IP to ra cc h tr truyn ti cc d liu yu cu thi gian thc. RTP c coi nh mt giao thc truyn t u cui n u cui (end to end) phc v truyn d liu thi gian thc nh audio v video. RTP thc hin vic qun l v thi gian truyn d liu v nhn dng d liu c truyn, nhng RTP khng cung cp bt c mt c ch no m bo thi gian truyn v cng khng cung cp bt c mt c ch no gim st cht lng dch v. Tng t nh cc giao thc truyn dn khc, gi tin RTP bao gm hai phn l header v data. Nhng khng ging cc giao thc truyn dn khc l s dng cc trng tong header thc hin cc chc nng iu khin, RTP s dng mt c ch iu khin c lp trong nh dng ca gi tin RTCP thc hin cc chc nng ny.
RTCP:
RTCP l giao thc h tr cho RTP, gim st cht lng ca qu trnh phn phi d liu v cung cp thng tin phn hi v cht lng truyn d liu. Giao thc iu khin ny cho php gi cc thng s v bn thu v s thch nghi vi SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
34
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 bn pht cho ph hp vi bn pht. Mi ngi tham gia mt phin truyn RTP phi gi nh k cc gi RTCP ti tt c nhng ngi khc cng tham gia phin truyn. Ty theo mc ch m RTCP thc hin 4 chc nng:
Chc nng chnh ca RTCP l cung cp mt s phn hi cht lng ca

d liu. Cc thng tin gip cho ng dng thc hieenjchuwcs nng iu khin lung v qun l tc nghn, cc thng tin cn c s dng chun on kt qu.
RTCP cung cp s nhn dng m c s dng tp hp cc kiu d liu

khc nhau. iu ny l cn thit v kh nng ny khng c RTP cung cp.
Nh vic nh k gi cc gi tin RTCP m mi phin truyn c th theo

di c s ngi tham gia. RTP khng th s dng c cho mc ch ny khi mt ai khn gi d liu m ch nhn d liu t nhng ngi khc.
Cui cng l mt chc nng la chn cho php c thm thng tin v
nhng ngi tham gia vo phin truyn. Ty thuc vo giao thc RTP c s dng cho loi d liu no m RTCP cung cp cc thng bo iu khin khc nhau. C 4 loi thng bo iu khin chnh c giao thc RTCP cung cp l:
Sender report (RT): thng bo ny cha cc thng tin thng k lin quan
n kt qu truyn nh: t l tn hao, s gi d liu b mt, khong tr. Cc thng bo ny pht ra t pha pht trong mt phin truyn thng.
Receiver report (RR): thng bo ny cha cc thng tin thng k lin
quan n kt qu nhn gia cc im cui. Cc thng bo ny c pht ra t pha thu trong mt phin truyn thng.
Source description (SDES): thng bo ny bao gm cc thng s mo t

ngun nh: tn, v tr
Application (APP): thng bo cho php truyn cc d liu ng dng.

3.1.4 Giao thc gi trc ti nguyn (RSVP): SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
35
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 Giao thc RSVP c s dng nh mt giao thc bo hiu h tr cho RTP, mc ch ca RSVP l cung cp mt c ch m bo bng thng cho cc hot ngca cc ng dng. RSVP gi tham s cht lng dch v QoS kt hp vi cc d liu thi gian thc c truyn trn mng TCP/IP. H tr giao thc RTP, giao thc RSVP c th gii quyt cc li xy ra trn ng truyn m bo cc tham s cht lng. Tht vy, giao thc RTP ch h tr vic truyn thng im - im v khng qun l cc tham s lin kt trn mng. RSVP khng nhng tc ng my pht, my thu m cn tc ng trn c cc router trong mng. RSVP thit lp v duy tr kt ni duy nht cho mt lung d liu, xc lp mt h thng qun l th t cc gi v to modun iu khin qun l cc ngun ti nguyn ca cc nt mng khc nhau. RSVP a ra mt m hnh ti u lin kt cc d liu t mt ngun ti nhiu ch. RSVP ng vai tr qun l bng cch lp cc host ch t thch nghi cc tham s cht lng gia kh nng cung cp v nhu cu p ng. Vic dnh ring cc ti nguyn c yu cu bi bn thu bng cch pht mt yu cu cht lng di dng mt bn tin RSVP tng thch vi nhu cu ca chng. Thc t s dng RSVP nhm m bo cht lng trong vic truyn tin. m bo ng truyn thng sut cc im cui phi hot ng ch kt ni. My thu phi thng xuyn gi cac sbanr tin RSVP n cc router m bo thng sut ng truyn. 3.1.5 Hot ng ca H.323:
36
Hnh 3.3 m t hot ng ca H.323
Hot ng pht hin gatekeeper:

L hot ng bt buc i vi mi im cui khi n ng nhp mng. u cui gi bn tin yu cu gatekeeper (GRQ), gatekeeper p ng li vi bn tin xc nhn (RCF), nu Gatekeeper chn khng lm Gatekeeper cho im cui s gi bn tin GRJ. Tin trnh pht hin gatekeeper c th thc hin bng hai c ch:
+ ) Theo c ch unicast: cc bn tin GRQ s c gi trn cng 1719 ca giao

thc UDP vi ia ch IP mc nh c cu hnh cho n.
+ ) Theo c ch multicast: pht bn ca n theo a ch multicast 224.0.1.41, v

n khng c cu hnh a ch IP mc nh ca gatekeeper trn mng. Nh vy, mt u cui c th nhn c nhiu bn tin GCF t cc gatekeepper trn mng. Khi , n phi c c ch la chn gatekeeper.
Hot ng ng k vi gatekeeper:
Khi hot ng pht hin gatekeeper xy ra, tin trnh ng k bt u. Hot ng ny nh ngha mt im cui tham gia vo mt vng nh th no v cung cp cho Gatekeeper s cng v a ch ca n.
37
Hnh 3.4 tin trnh ng k vi gatekeeper

1. 2.
im cui gi bn tin yu cu ng k RRQ ti Gatekeeper Gatekeeper p ng vi bn tin cng nhn ng k RCF hoc bn
tin t chi ng k RRJ. im cui hoc gatekeeper u c th hy b vic ng k, s hy b kt ni t im cui:

3. 4.
im cui gi bn tin yu cu hy ng k URQ. Gatekeeper p ng vi bn tin cng nhn hy ng k UCF hoc
bn tin t chi hy ng k URJ. Tng t, qu trnh 5 v 6 l trnh by s hy ng k t gatekeeper vi bn tin URQ v im cui p ng li vi bn tin UCF.
Thit lp knh media:

Knh iu khin H.245 c thit lp gia gateway A v gateway B, Gateway A s dng H.245 a ra kh nng ca n bng cch gi bn tin Terminal Capability Set n Gateway B.
38
Hnh 3.5 tin trnh thit lp knh media Tin trnh:

1.
Gateway A trao i kh nng ca n vi Gateway B bng cch gi Gateway B gi bn tin cng nhn kh nng ca Gateway A bng cc Gateway B trao i kh nng ca n vi Gateway A bng cch gi Gateway a gi bn tin cng nhn kh nng ca Gateway B bng cc Gateway A m knh Media vi Gateway B bng cch gi bn tin
bn tin Terminal Capability Set H.245 2. bn tin cng nhn Terminal Capability Set Acknowledge
3.
bn tin Terminal Capability Set 4. bn tin cng nhn Terminal Capability Set Acknowledge
5.
Open Logical Channel v a ch truyn ti ca knh RTCP(nu lung Media c qun l bi RTCP)
6.
Gateway B cng nhn s thit lp knh logic ca Gateway A bng
cch gi bn tin Open Logical Channel Acknowledge, bn tin ny gm:

-
a ch truyn ti RTP c phn phi bi Gateway B (a ch ny s c
s dng truyn lung media RTP) - a ch RTCP nhn c t Gateway A

7.
Gateway B m knh media vi Gateway A bng cch gi bn tin hon thnh vic thit lp knh media hai chiu, Gateway A cng
Open Logical Channel v a ch truyn ti ca knh RTCP

8.
nhn vic thit lp knh logic ca Gateway B bng cch gi bn tin cng nhn Open Logical Channel Acknowledge, bn tin ny gm:
-
a ch truyn ti RTP c phn phi bi Gateway. a ch RTCP nhn c t Gateway B.
Hot ng thay i bng thng:

39
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 Cc im cui (hoc Gateway) cng c th yu cu thay i bng thng. Gatekeeper phi qun l cc yu cu thay i bng thng ny (tng hoc gim).
Hnh 3.6 Tin trnh thay i bng thng Tin trnh: 1. Gateway gi bn tin yu cu bng thng BRQ n Gatekeeper yu cu bng thng mong mun. 2. Gatekeeper p ng yu cu bng thng bng bn tin BCF. 3. Mt knh logic c thit lp gia 2 gateway vi bng thng c ch nh. 4. Bn tin BRQ c gi n Gatekeeper yu cu thay i bng thng kt ni (gi s Gateway ny khng tha mn bng thng ch nh). 5. Gatekeeper p ng gateway bng bn tin BCF xc nhn bng thng mi. 6. Knh logic c thit lp vi bng thng mi.
Thit lp cuc gi Gatekeeper ni vng:
40
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 Hnh 3.7 tin trnh thit lp cuc gi ni vng 1: u cui A quay s in thoi B. 2: Gateway A gi ARQ n gatekeeper (yu cu cho php gi n B). 3: Gatekeeper tm B v gi tr ACF vi a ch IP ca gateway B. 4: Gateway A gi bn tin Q.931 cho gateway B vi s in thoi ca B. 5: Gateway B gi ARQ cho Gatekeeper (yu cu cho php tr li cuc gi t A). 6: Gatekeeper gi tr ACF vi a ch IP ca gateway A. 7: Gateway B thit lp cuc gi n u cui B. 8: Khi B tr li, gateway B gi Q.931 n gateway A.
Thit lp cuc gi gatekeeper lin vng:

Khc vi ni vng l c s lin kt gia hai Gatekeeper trn mng thit lp cuc gi cho hai thu bao u cui.
Hnh 3.8 thit lp cuc gi lin vng Tin trnh: 1: u cui A quay s in thoi B. 2: Gateway A gi ARQ n Gatekeeper A( yu cu cho php gi n B).
41
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 3: Gatekeeper A tm v khng thy s ng k ca u cui B. N tra cc s u v thy trng khp vi Gatekeeper B. N gi bn tin LRQ cho Gatekeeper B v bn tin RIP cho Gateway A. 4: Gatekeeper B tm v nhn thy s ng k ca u cui B. N gi Gatekeeper A bn tin LCF vi a ch IP ca Gateway B. 5: Gatekeeper A tr li bn tin ACF cho Gateway A vi a ch IP ca Gateway B. 6: Gateway A gi bn tin thit lp cuc gi Q.931 cho GatewayB vi s in thoi ca B. 7: Gateway B gi ARQ cho Gatekeeper B (yu cu cho php tr li cuc gi t Gateway A). 8: Gatekeeper B gi tr ACF vi a ch IP ca Gateway A. 9: Gateway B thit lp cuc gi n u cui B. 10: Khi B tr li, Gateway B gi Q.931 n Gateway A.
Ngt kt ni gia hai u cui H.323 lin vng:
Hnh 3.9 tin trnh ngt kt ni lin vng

1. 2.
u cui B gc my. Gateway B gi bn tin DRQ n Gatekeeper B yu cu ngt kt Gatekeeper B gi tr li bn tin DCF cng nhn bn tin DRQ.
42
ni gia A v B.
3.

4. 5.
Gateway B gi bn tin gii phng kt ni Q.931 n Gateway A. Gateway A gi bn tin DRQ n Gatekeeper A yu cu ngt kt Gatekeeper A gi tr li bn tin DCF. Gateway A gi bn tin ngt kt ni n A. Giao thc bo hiu SIP:
ni gia A v B.
6. 7.
3.2
SIP l giao thc iu khin bo hiu thuc lp ng dng, c pht trin nh l mt chun m RFC 2543 ca IEFT. Khc vi H.323, n da trn ngun gc Web (HTTP) v c thit k kiu modul, n gin v d dng m rng vi cc ng dng thoi SIP. SIP l mt giao thc bo hiu thit lp, duy tr v kt thc cc phin a phng tin nh: thoi IP, hi ngh v cc ng dng tng t khc lin quan n vic truyn thng tin a phng tin. u im chnh ca SIP so vi cc phng thc bo hiu khc l cung cp mt s mm do. N c thit k nhanh v n gin. Giao thc SIP cung cp cc chc nng sau :
-
nh v ngi dng thng qua a ch tng t nh email. Nng lc ngi dng : cc tham s phin c th thng lng gia hai Li ch ngi dng : xc nh da trn kiu bn b gi mun tin hnh
pha. truyn thng. 3.2.1 Cc thnh phn ca SIP:
43
Hnh 3.10 cu trc ca SIP Giao thc SIP gm hai thnh phn: i l trm ca ngi s dng (user agent) v my ch mng (network server). User agent l mt ng dng kt cui h thng m n bao gm c user agent client (UAC) khi to cuc gi v user agent server (UAS) n s tr li cuc gi. C UCA v UAS u c th kt thc cuc gi. Kin trc ca SIP cho php thng tin ngang cp s dng giao thc my khch/my ch Network server gm 4 kiu l: Proxy server (my ch y quyn), Location server (my ch nh v), Redirect server (my ch chuyn tip), Register server (my ch ng k): + My ch y quyn (Proxy server): l mt chng trnh trung gian, hot ng nh l mt server v mt client cho mc ch to cc yu cu thay mt cho cc client khc. Cc yu cu c phc v bn trong hoc truyn chng n cc server khc. Mt proxy c th dch v nu cn thit c th to li cc bn tin yu cu SIP trc khi chuyn chng n server khc hoc mt UA. Trong trng hp ny trng Via trong bn tin p ng, yu cu ch ra cc proxy trung gian tham gia vo tin trnh x l yu cu.
44
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 + My ch nh v (Location Server): l phn mm nh v thu bao, cung cp thng tin v nhng v tr c th ca thu bao b gi cho cc phn mm my ch y quyn v my ch chuyn i a ch. + My ch chuyn i a ch (Redirect Server): l phn mm nhn yu cu SIP v chuyn i a ch SIP sang mt s a ch khc v gi li cho u cui. Khng ging nh my ch y quyn, my ch chuyn i a ch khng bao gi hot ng nh mt u cui, tc l khng gi i bt c yu cu no. My ch chuyn i a ch cng khng nhn hoc hu cuc gi. + My ch ng k (Register Server): l phn mm nhn cc yu cu ng k. Trong nhiu trng hp my ch ng k m nhim lun mt s chc nng an ninh nh xc nhn ngi s dng. Thng thng my ch ng k c ci t cng vi my ch y quyn v my ch hay a ch hoc cung cp dch v nh v thu bao. Mi ln u cui c bt ln ( v d my in thoi hoc phn mm SIP) th u cui li ng k vi my ch. Nu u cui cn thng bo cho my ch v a im ca mnh th bn tin REGISTER cng c gi i. Ni chung cc u cui u thc hin vic ng k li mt cch nh k. 3.2.2 Cc bn tin trong giao thc SIP v phn hi: INVITE: Khi mt UAC mun khi to mt phin mi nh: video, audio
Cc bn tin:
hay game th n s to ra mt bn tin INVITE. Bn tin ny gi yu cu v server cho php thit lp mt phin lm vic. Bn tin ny c th c gi qua cc proxy, cc UAS. Cc UAS s kim tra thng xuyn xem ngi s dng c ng li mi khng. Nu ng (ngha l phin lm vic c thit lp) th cc UAS s gi bn tin phn hi 2xx v. Cn nu li mi khng dc chp nhn th phn hi 3xx, 4xx, 5xx hay 6xx s c gi i ty theo l do t chi. Trc khi gi tn hiu phn hi cui cng ny, UAS cn gi km mt bn tin 1xx thng bo UAC tip tc gi qu trnh lin lc vi ngi c gi. SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
45

-
ACK: bn tin ny khng nh my trm nhn c bn tin tr li bn tin
INVITE. SIP thc thi qu trnh bt tay qua ba bc: Pha gi gi bn tin INVITE; Pha c gi gi bn tin ACK chp nhn yu cu; Pha gi gi bn tin ACK thng bo qu trnh bt tay hon tt v qu trnh thit lp cuc gi bt u. Cho d bn tin INVITE u tin bao gm gi tin SDP (Session Description Protocol) hay khng th bn tin ACK u tin s c SDP ca pha c gi. Cc bn tin ACK khc cgi i kt thc qu trnh bt tay v bao gm SDP cn thit lp cuc gi. BYE: c s dng kt thc mt phin lm vic c th hoc mt phin CANCEL: Ging nh tn gi, bn tin CANCEL c s dng hy yu lm vic tm thi. cu trc c gi t pha cilent. N yu cu UAS tm dng x l yu cu v to ra mt phn hi li cho yu cu . Bn tin ny s khng c tc dng i vi yu cu m UAS gi i phn hi cui cng.V vy bn tin ny s rt c ch i vi nhng yu cu m server mt nhiu thi gian phn hi. Do , bn tin CANCEL thch hp nht vi bn tin INVITE, l bn tin mt nhiu thi gian phn hi. -
REGISTER: Bn tin ny s dng ng k UA vi UAS. OPTIONS: Bn tin ny cho php mt UA xc nh kh nng c th ca Ngoi ra cn mt s giao thc khc na c s dng nh: INFO,
Proxy Server hay UA khc. NOTIFY, SUBCRIBE, UNSUBCRIBE, UPDATE, MESSAGE, REFER
Cc phn hi:
1xx ( PROVISIONAL): phn hi tm thi, cho bit nhn c yu cu , 2xx (SUCCESS): thng bo nhn c y , hiu v chp nhn. tip tc qu trnh yu cu.
46
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 -
3xx (REDIRECTION): thng bo cn c cc bn tin khc hon thnh 4xx (CLIENT ERORR): thng bo yu cu cha cu trc sai hoc khng 5xx (SERVER ERORR): thng bo server khng th p ng c yu 6xx (GLOBAL FAILURE): thng bo yu cu khng th x l c bt Cc bc thit lp, duy tr v hy cuc gi:
yu cu. c p ng server. cu c cu trc hp l. c server no. 3.2.3
g ng k, khi to v xc nh v tr ngi dng. g Xc nh bng thng cn thit c s dng. g Xc nh s sn sng ca pha c gi, pha c gi phi gi mt bn tin
phn hi th hin cuc gi (chp nhn hay t chi).
g Cuc gi c thit lp. g Chnh sa cuc gi (chuyn cuc gi v duy tr). g Kt thc cuc gi.
3.2.4 Hot ng ca SIP: +) User : tn ngi dng hoc s in thoi. +) Host: tn min hoc a ch mng. Mi a ch SIP l duy nht. M t cuc gi SIP: +) Hot ng ca my ch y quyn (proxy server): Cuc gi SIP c nh tuyn qua Proxy server.
a ch SIP tn ti di dng user@host. Trong :
47
Hnh 3.11 thit lp cuc gi qua Proxy server

1.
userA@yahoo.com gi bn tin INVITE cho UserB min hostmail.com,
bn tin ny n proxy server SIP ca min hostmail.com (Bn tin INVITE c th i t Proxy server SIP ca min yahoo.com v c Proxy ny chuyn n Proxy server ca min hostmail.com).
2.
Proxy server ca min hostmail.com s tham kho server nh v (Location Server nh v tr li v tr hin ti ca UserB (gi s l Proxy server gi bn tin INVITE ti userB@hotmail.com. Proxy server UAS ca UserB p ng cho server Proxy vi bn tin 200 OK. Proxy server gi p ng 200 OK tr v userA@yahoo.com. userA@yahoo.com gi bn tin ACK cho UserB thng qua proxy server. Proxy server chuyn bn tin ACK cho userB@hostmail.com.
server) quyt nh v tr hin ti ca UserB.

3.
UserB@hostmail.com).
4.
thm a ch ca n trong mt trng ca bn tin INVITE. 5.

6. 7. 8.
48
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 9. 10. Sau khi c hai bn ng tham d cuc gi, mt knh RTP/RTCP c Sau khi qu trnh truyn dn hon tt, phin lm vic b xa bng cch s +) Hot ng ca my ch chuyn i a ch (Redirect Server):
m gia hai im cui truyn tn hiu thoi. dng bn tin BYE v ACK gia hai im cui.
Hnh 3.12 thit lp cuc gi qua Redirect Server 1. Redirect server nhn c yu cu INVITE t ngi gi (Yu cu ny c th i t mt proxy server khc). 2. Redirect server truy vn server nh v a ch ca B. 3. Server nh v tr li a ch ca B cho Redirect server. 4. Redirect server tr li a ch ca B n ngi gi A. N khng pht yu cu INVITE nh proxy server. 5. User Agent bn A gi li bn tin ACK n Redirect server xc nhn s trao i thnh cng.
6. Ngi gi A gi yu cu INVITE trc tip n a ch c tr li bi
Redirect server (n B). Ngi b gi B p ng vi ch th thnh cng (200 OK), v ngi gi p tr bn tin ACK xc nhn. Cuc gi c thit lp. SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
49
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 3.3 So snh giao thc SIP v H.323: H.323 c xy dng nhm to ra mt h thng hon chnh, khng nhng hot ng tt trong vn truyn ting ni qua mng IP m cn c kh nng k tha v tng thch tt vi cc h thng trc y. Do vy m cu trc ca n rt y v phc tp. SIP c xy dng vi mc ch ti u ha i vi mng IP, nn giao thc ca n n gin v thun tin. Mang dng dp ca cc giao thc trn lp ng dng nh HTTP, SMTP. Chnh v vy m kh nng kt hp ca n vi cc mng phi IP l rt kh. So snh c th nh sau: Ngun gc Quan h mng Khi im u cui Server SIP IETF Ngang cp K tha cu trc HTTP SIP Proxy Server Redirect Server Location Serve Khun dng Tr thit lp cuc gi Gim st trng thi cuc gi Registrar Server Text, UTF-8 1.5 RTT C hai la chn: cuc gi. Nh phn 6.7 RTT hoc hn My ch phi gim st trong gi trng thi kt ni TCP. iu v gim tin cy. Khng Getaekeeper iu khin bng
50
H.323 ITU-T Ngang cp K tha Q.931, Q.SIG H.323 H.323 Gatekeeper
- trong thi gian thit lp sut thi gian cuc gi v phi - sut thi gian cuc gi. ny hn ch kh nng m rng
Bo hiu qung b
C h tr S dng cc giao thc khc
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 Cht lng dch v nh: RSVP, OPS, OST m bo cht lng dch v thng. H.323 khuyn ngh dng RSVP lu d ti nguyn
mng. ng k ti Registrar server Ch ng k khi trong mng c Bo mt c xc nhn u cui v m gatekeeper, xc nhn v m ha theo tiu chun H.232 nh v u cui s dng E.164 hoc tn o H.323 v phng nh v u cui Dng SIP-URL nh a v nh tuyn cuc gi php nh x a ch nu trong ch. nh tuyn nh s dng mng c gatekeeper. Chc nng Redirect v Location Server nh tuyn do gatekeeper m nhim. c thit k nhm h tr H tr cc tnh nng ca Tnh nng thoi cuc gi c bn rt nhiu tnh nng hi ngh, k c thoi, hnh nh v d liu, qun l tp trung nn c th gy To tnh nng v D dng, s dng SIP-CGI dch v mi Kh nng m rng 3.4 Giao thc SGCP (Simple Gateway Control Protocol): Giao thc ny cho php cc thnh phn iu khin cuc gi, c th iu khin kt ni gia trung k, cc thit b u cui vi cc gateway. Cc thnh phn iu khin c gi l call Agent. SGCP c s dng thit lp, duy tr v gii phng cc cuc gi qua mng IP. Call Agent thc hin cc chc nng bo hiu cuc gi v gateway thc hin chc nng truyn tn hiu m thanh. SGCP cung cp 5 lnh iu khin chnh nh sau: SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
51
tc nghn gatekeeper. H.450.1 Hn ch
v CPL D dng
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 Notification Request: yu cu gateway pht cc tn hiu nhc t my v Notifi: gateway s dng lnh ny thng bo vi call Agent v cc tn Create Connection: Call Agent yu cu khi to kt ni gia cc u lin Modify Connection: Call Agent dng lnh ny thay i cc thng s v
cc tn hieuj quay s DTMF. hiu c pht trn. lc trong GW. kt ni c thit lp. Lnh ny cng c th dng iu khin lung cho cc gi tin RTP i t GW ny sang GW khc. Delete Connection: Call Agent s dng lnh ny gii phng cc kt ni Nm lnh trn y iu khin GW v thng bo cho call agent v s kin xy ra. Mi lnh hay yu cu bao gm cc thng s c th cn thit thc thi cc phin lm vic. 3.5 Giao thc MGCP: Giao thc MGCP cho php iu khin lnh cc Gwthoong qua cc thnh phn iu khin nm bn ngoi mng. MGCP s dng mo hnh kt ni tng t nh SGCP da trn cc kt ni c bn gia thit h u cui v GW. Cc kt ni c th l kt ni im-im hoc kt ni a im. Ngoi chc nng iu khin nh SGCP, MGCP cn cung cp thm cc chc nng sau: -
c thit lp.
Endpoint Configuration: Call Agent dng lnh ny yu cu GW xc Auditendpoint v Auditconnection: Call Agent dng lnh ny kim tra Restartin-progress: GW dng lnh ny thng bo vi Call Agent khi
nh kiu m ha pha ng dy kt ni n thit b u cui. trng thi v s kt ni thit b u cui. v. SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
52
no cc thit b u cui ngng s dng dch v v khi no quay li s dng dch
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 Ngoi cc giao thc chun k trn, cn c mt giao thc mi ang c xy dng v pht trin, l IAX Inter Asterisk eXchange. IAX l giao thc bo hiu VoIp c pht trin bi tc gi ca phn mm Asterisk khc phc nhng hn ch trong giao thc SIP. Khng ging nh giao thc SIP truyn ti thoi v bo hiu trn 2 knh khc nhau, IAX truyn ti thoi v bo hiu trn cng mt knh. IAX gii quyt c vn NAT cp trn phn giao thc SIP. Mt khc IAX l loi giao thc ti u trong vic s dng bng thng, cho php nhiu gi d liu thoi trn cng mt IP header, c ch truyn ti nhiu cuc gi trn cng mt gi IP c gi l trung k. Nhn chung IAX l giao thc dnh cho VoIP mi nht cho n thi im nyvi nhiu u im hp dn nh: + ti thiu s dng bng thng + Trong sut vi NAT + Hiu qu vi c ch trung k.
CHNG 4 : TNG QUAN A CH IPv6

4.1 S ra i ca IPv6: 4.1.1 S cn kit ca a ch IPv4: Nhng thp k va qua, do tc pht trin mnh m ca Internet, khng gian a ch IPv4 c s dng trn 60%. Nhng t chc qun l a ch quc t t mc tiu s dng hiu qu ln hng u. Nhng cng ngh gp phn gim
53
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 nhu cu a ch IP nh NAT (cng ngh bin dch c th s dng a ch IP private), DHCP (cp a ch tm thi) c s dng rng ri. Tuy nhin, hin nay nhu cu tng a ch rt ln:
-
Internet pht trin ti nhng khu vc dn c ng o nh Trung Quc, n Nhng dng dch v mi i hi khng gian a ch IP c nh (t l a
. ch/khch hng l 1:1) v kt ni dng u cui u cui: dch v DSL, cung cp dch v Internet qua ng cp truyn hnh, vic pht trin cc mng gio dc, game trc tuyn, thit b di ng tham gia vo mng Internet, truyn ti thoi, audio, video trn mng. 4.1.2 Hn ch v cng ngh v nhc im ca IPv4: IPv4 h tr trng a ch 32 bit, IPv4 ngy nay hu nh khng cn p ng c nhu cu s dng ca mng Internet. Hai vn ln m IPv4 ang phi i mt l vic thiu ht cc a ch, c bit l cc khng gian a ch tm trung (lp B) v vic pht trin v kch thc rt nguy him ca cc bng nh tuyn trong Internet. Thm vo , nhu cu t ng cu hnh (Auto-config) ngy cng tr nn cn thit. a ch IPv4 trong thi k u c phn loi da vo dung lng ca a ch (s lng a ch IPv4 ). a ch IPv4 c chia thnh cc lp. 3 lp u tin c s dng ph bin nht. Cc lp a ch ny khc nhau s lng cc bit dng nh ngha Network ID. V d: a ch lp B c 14 bit u dnh nh ngha Network ID v 16 bit cui cng dnh cho Host ID. Trong khi a ch lp C c 21 bit dnh nh ngha Network ID v 8 bit cn li dnh cho Host ID Do , dung lng ca cc lp a ch ny khc nhau. gim nhu cu tiu dng a ch, hot ng mng IPv4 s dng ph bin cng ngh bin dch NAT. Trong , my ch bin dch a ch (NAT) can thip vo gi tin truyn ti thay th trng a ch cc my tnh gn a ch Private SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
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Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 c th kt ni mng Internet. M m hnh s dng NAT ca da ch IPv4 c mt vi nhc im nh: Khng c kt ni im - im v gy tr ; Vic gi tin khng c gi nguyn tnh trng t ngun ti ch, c nhng im trn ng truyn ti ti gi tin b can thip, nh vy tn ti nhng l hng v bo mt. Bn cnh nhng gii hn nu trn, m hnh ny cn c mt hn ch na chnh l s tht that a ch nu s dng cc lp a ch khng hiu qu. Mc d lng a ch IPv4 hin nay c th p ng nhu cu s dng trn th gii, nhng cch thc phn b a ch IPv4 khng thc hin c chuyn . V d: mt t chc c nhu cu trin khai mng vi s lng Host khong 300. phn a ch IPv4 cho t chc ny, ngi ta dng a ch lp B. Tuy nhin, a ch lp B c th dng gn cho 65536 Host. Dng a ch lp B cho t chc ny lm tha hn 65000 a ch. Cc t chc khc s khng th no s dng khong a ch ny. y l iu ht sc lng ph. Nguy c thiu ht a ch IPv4 cng nhng hn ch ca n a ra yu cu cp thit phi nghin cu a ra mt giao thc Internet mi, khc phc nhng hn ch ca giao thc IPv4 v em li nhng c tnh mi cn thit cho dch v v cho hot ng mng th h tip theo. IETF a ra quyt nh thc y thay th cho IPv4 l IPv6 - giao thc a ch Internet phin bn 6 cn c gi l giao thc IP th h mi. a ch Internet phin bn 6 c chiu di gp 4 ln so vi phin bn 4: 128 bit a ch.
4.2 S lc mt s c im ca IPv6:
Khi pht trin phin bn mi, IPv6 hon ton da trn nn tng IPv4. Ngha l tt c nhng chc nng ca IPv4 u c tch hp vo IPv6. Tuy nhin, IPv6 cng c mt vi im khc bit:
Tng kch thc ca tm a ch: IPv6 s dng 128 bit a ch trong khi
IPv4 ch s dng 32 bit; ngha l IPv6 c ti 2128 a ch khc nhau; 3 bit u lun l 001 c dnh cho cc a ch kh nh tuyn ton cu (Globally SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
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Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 Routable Unicast GRU). Ngha l cn li 2125 a ch. Mt con s khng l. iu c ngha l a ch IPv6 s cha 1028 tm a ch IPv4.
Tng s phn cp a ch: IPv6 chia a ch thnh mt tp hp cc tm xc

nh hay boundary: 3 bit u cho php bit c a ch c thuc a ch kh nh tuyn ton cu (GRU) hay khng, gip cc thit b nh tuyn c th x l nhanh hn. Top Level Aggregator (TLA) ID c s dng v 2 mc ch: th nht, n c s dng ch nh mt khi a ch ln m t cc khi a ch nh hn c to ra cung cp s kt ni cho nhng a ch no mun truy cp vo Internet; th hai, n c s dng phn bit mt ng (Route) n t u. Nu cc khi a ch ln c cp pht cho cc nh cung cp dch v v sau c cp pht cho khch hng th s d dng nhn ra cc mng chuyn tip m ng i qua cng nh mng m t Route xut pht. Vi IPv6, vic tm ra ngun ca 1 Route s rt d dng. Next Level Aggregator (NLA) l mt khi a ch c gn bn cnh khi TLA, nhng a ch ny c tm tt li thnh nhng khi TLA ln hn, khi chng c trao i gia cc nh cung cp dch v trong li Internet, ch li ca loi cu trc a ch ny l: Th nht, s n nh v nh tuyn, nu chng ta c 1 NLA v mun cung cp dch v cho cc khch hng, ta s c cung cp dch v y nht, tt nht. Th hai, chng ta cng mun cho php cc khch hng nhn c y bng nh tuyn nu h mun, to vic nh tuyn theo chnh sch, cn bng ti... thc hin vic ny chng ta phi mang tt c cc thng tin v ng i trong Backbone c th chuyn cho h.
n gin ha vic t a ch Host: IPv6 s dng 64 bit sau cho a ch

Host, trong 64 bit c c 48 bit l a ch MAC ca my, do , phi m vo mt s bit c nh ngha trc m cc thit b nh tuyn s bit c nhng bit ny trn subnet. Ngy nay, ta s dng chui 0xFF v 0xFE (:FF:FE: trong IPv6) m vo a ch MAC. Bng cch ny, mi Host s c mt Host SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
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Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 ID duy nht trong mng. Sau ny nu s dng ht 48 bit MAC th c th s s dng lun 64 bit m khng cn m.
a ch Anycast: IPv6 nh ngha mt loi a ch mi: a ch Anycast.

Mt a ch Anycast l mt a ch IPv6 c gn cho mt nhm cc my c chung chc nng, mc ch. Khi packet c gi cho mt a ch Anycast, vic nh tuyn s xc nh thnh vin no ca nhm s nhn c packet qua vic xc nh my gn ngun nht.Vic s dng Anycast c 2 ch li: Mt l, nu chng ta ang n mt my gn nht trong mt nhm, chng ta s tit kim c thi gian bng cch giao tip vi my gn nht. Th hai l vic giao tip vi my gn nht gip tit kim c bng thng. a ch Anycast khng c cc tm a ch c nh ngha ring nh Multicast, m n ging nh mt a ch Unicast, ch c khc l c th c nhiu my khc cng c nh s vi cng scope trong cng mt khu vc xc nh. Anycast c s dng trong cc ng dng nh DNS...
Vic t cu hnh a ch n gin hn: Mt a ch Multicast c th c

gn cho nhiu my, a ch Anycast l cc gi Anycast s gi cho ch gn nht (mt trong nhng my c cng a ch) trong khi Multicast packet c gi cho tt c my c chung a ch (trong mt nhm Multicast). Kt hp Host ID vi Multicast ta c th s dng vic t cu hnh nh sau: khi mt my c bt ln, n s thy rng n ang c kt ni v n s gi mt gi Multicast vo LAN; gi tin ny s c a ch l mt a ch Multicast c tm cc b (Solicited Node Multicast address). Khi mt Router thy gi tin ny, n s tr li mt a ch mng m my ngun c th t t a ch, khi my ngun nhn c gi tin tr li ny, n s c a ch mng m Router gi; Sau , n s t gn cho n mt a ch IPv6 bng cch thm Host ID (c ly t a ch MAC ca interface kt ni vi subnet ) vi a ch mng, Do , tit kim c cng sc gn a ch IP. SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
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Header hp l: Header ca IPv6 n gin v hp l hn IPv4. IPv6 ch c 6

trng v 2 a ch, trong khi IPv4 cha 10 trng v 2 a ch. IPv6 Header c dng:
Hnh 4.1 nh dng IPv6 header IPv6 cung cp cc n gin ha sau: -
nh dng c n gin ha: IPv6 header c kch thc c nh 40 octet Khng c Header checksum: Trng checksum ca IPv4 c b i v cc
vi t trng hn IPv4 nn gim c thi gian x l header, tn linh hot. lin kt ngy nay nhanh hn v c tin cy cao hn v vy ch cn cc Host tnh checksum cn Router th khi cn. Khng c s phn on theo tng hop: Trong IPv4, khi cc packet qu ln th Router c th phn on n. Tuy nhin, vic ny s lm tng them Overhead cho packet. Trong IPv6 ch c Host ngun mi c th phn on mt packet theo cc gi tr thch hp da vo mt MTU path m n tm c. Do , h tr Host th IPv6 cha mt hm gip tm ra MTU t ngun n ch.
Bo mt: IPv6 tch hp tnh bo mt vo trong kin trc ca mnh bng

cch gii thiu 2 Header m rng ty chn: Authentication Header (AH) v Encrypted Security Payload (ESP) Header. Hai Header ny c th c s dng chung hay ring h tr nhiu chc nng bo mt. SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
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Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 AH quan trng nht trong Header ny l trng Integriry Check Value
(ICU). ICU c tnh bi ngun v c tnh li bi ch xc minh. Qu trnh ny cung cp vic xc minh tnh ton vn v xc minh ngun gc ca d liu. AH cng cha c mt s th t nhn ra mt tn cng bng cc packet replay gip ngn cc gi tin c nhn bn.
-
ESP Header: ESP Header cha mt trng: Security Parameter Index
(SPI) gip ch ca gi tin bit payload c m ha nh th no. ESP Header c th c s dng khi tunneling, trong tunnelling th c Header v payload gc s c m ha v b vo mt ESP Header bc ngoi, khi n gn ch th cc gateway bo mt s b Header bc ngoi ra v gii m tm ra Header v payload gc.
Tnh di ng: IPv6 h tr tt cc my di ng nh laptop. IPv6 gii thiu 4

khi nim gip h tr tnh ton di ng gm: Home address; Care-of address; Binding; Home agent. Trong IPv6 th cc my di ng c xc nh bi mt a ch Home address m khng cn bit hin ti n c gn vo u. Khi mt my di ng thay i t mt subnet ny sang subnet khc; n phi c mt Care-of address qua mt qu trnh t cu hnh. S kt hp gia Home address v Care-of address c gi l mt Binding. Khi mt my di ng nhn c mt Care-of address, n s bo cho Home agent ca n bng gi tin c gi l Binding update Home agent c th cp nht li Binding cche ca Home agent v Care-of address ca my di ng va gi. Home agent s duy tr mt nh x gia cc Home address v Care-of address v b n vo Binding cche. Mt my di ng c th c truy cp bng cch gi mt packet n cc Home address ca n. Nu my di ng khng c kt ni trn subnet ca Home agent th Home agent s gi packet cho my di ng qua Care-of address ca my trong Binding cche ca Home agent (Lc ny, Home agent c xem nh my trung SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
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Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 gian my ngun c th n c my di ng). My di ng sau s gi mt gi tin Binding update cho my ngun ca gi tin. My ngun sau s cp nht Binding cche ca n, th sau ny my ngun mun gi n my di ng, ch cn gi trc tip n cho my di ng qua Care-of address cha trong Binding cche ca n m khng cn phi gi qua Home address. Do , ch c gi tin u tin l qua Home agent.
Hiu sut: IPv6 cung cp cc li ch sau:

-
Gim c thi gian x l Header, gim Overhead v chuyn dch a ch:
v trong IPv4 c s dng private address trnh ht a ch, Do , xut hin k thut NAT dch a ch, nn tng Overhead cho gi tin. Trong IPv6 do khng thiu a ch nn khng cn private address, nn khng cn dch a ch. Gim c thi gian x l nh tuyn: nhiu khi a ch IPv4 c phn pht cho cc user nhng li khng tm tt c, nn phi cn cc entry trong bng nh tuyn lm tng kch thc ca bng nh tuyn v thm Overhead cho qu trnh nh tuyn. Ngc li, cc a ch IPv6 c phn pht qua cc ISP theo mt kiu phn cp a ch gip gim c Overhead. Tng n nh cho cc ng: trong IPv4, hin tng route flapping thng xy ra, trong IPv6, mt ISP c th tm tt cc route ca nhiu mng thnh mt mng n, ch qun l mng n v cho php hin tng flapping ch nh hng n ni b ca mng b flapping. Gim Broadcast: trong IPv4 s dng nhiu Broadcast nh ARP, trong khi IPv6 s dng Neighbor Discovery Protocol thc hin chc nng tng t trong qu trnh t cu hnh m khng cn s dng Broadcast.
-
Multicast c gii hn: trong IPv6, mt a ch Multicast c cha mt
trng scope c th hn ch cc gi tin Multicast trong cc Node, trong cc link, hay trong mt t chc. Khng c checksum.
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Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 4.3 a ch IPv6: 4.3.1 Cch vit a ch IPv6: a ch IPv6 128 bit c chia thnh 8 khi mi khi 16 bit, mi khi ny c chuyn sang dng s hexa 4 bit v c phn bit vi nhau bng du hai chm. V d : cho 1 a ch IPv6 di dng nh phn nh sau: 00100001110110100000000011010011000000000000000000101111001110110 000001010101010000000001111111111111110001010001001110001011010 a ch ny c chia ra thnh cc khi 16bit nh sau: 0010000111011010 0000000011010011 0000000000000000 0010111100111011 0000001010101010 0000000011111111 1111111000101000 1001110001011010 Mi khi ny c chuyn sang ch s hexa v chia cch nhau bng du hai chm, kt qu l: 21DA:00D3:0000:2F3B:02AA:00FF:FE28:9C5A Vic vit a ch IPv6 c th n gin ha bng cch xa b 0 ng u trong mi khi 16 bit. Tuy nhin mi khi phi c t nht mt s n. Trong v d trn, a ch trn c n gin ha thnh: 21DA:D3:0:2F3B:2AA:FF:FE28:9C5A
4.3.2
Prefix ca IPv6:
Prefix l mt phn ca a ch IPv6, n ch ra cc bit c gi tr c nh hoc l cc bit ng vai tr l ID ca mng. Cc prefix cho nh danh mng con ca IPv6, cc tuyn, cc vng a ch c biu din nh trong k hiu CIDR (classless Inter-Domain Routing) cho IPv4. V d 21DA::/48 cho mt a ch Prefix tuyn v 21DA:D3:0:2F3B::/64 cho 1 prefix mng con. Trong IPv6 ch dng prefix ch khng dng mt n mng con nh IPv4. 4.3.3 Cc dng a ch IPv6:
a ch unicast: Mt a ch unicast xc nh mt giao din n trong phm

vi ca loi a ch unicast. Vi mt topology nh tuyn unicast thch hp, cc gi c nh a ch unicast c chuyn n mt giao din n. SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
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a ch multicast: Mt a ch multicast xc nh nhiu giao din. Vi topo

nh tuyn thch hp th cc gi c nh a ch multicast s c chuyn ti tt c cc giao din m c xc nh bi a ch ny. Mt a ch multicast c dng trong truyn thng mt-nhiu, c chuyn n nhiu giao din.
a ch anycast: Mt a ch Anycast xc nh nhiu giao din. Vi

topology nh tuyn thch hp th cc gi c nh a ch anycast c chuyn n mt giao din n gn nht c xc nh bi a ch anycast ny. Khi nim giao din gn nht c xc nh gn nht trong gii hn khong cch nh tuyn. a ch anycast c dng trong truyn thng 1-1 trong nhiu. 4.3.3.1 a ch unicast: a ch unicast IPv6 bao gm cc loi sau: a ch unicast ton cu, a ch link-local, a ch site-local v a ch c bit.
a ch Unicast ton cu:
a ch Unicast ton cu tng ng vi a ch public ca IPv4. N c th nh tuyn ton cu trong Internet. Khng ging nh Internet da trn IPv4 c s nh tuyn trn c dng phng v phn phn cp Internet IPv6 c thit k t nn mng ca n l h tr cho vic nh tuyn v nh a ch phn cp v hiu qu. Cc trng ca a ch Unicast ton cu c m t nh sau: - Phn c nh c gn cho gi tr l 001. - Prefix nh tuyn ton cu: ch prefix nh tuyn ton cu cho mt site ca mt t chc c th. Ba bit c nh cng vi 45 bit prefix nh tuyn ton cu to thnh mt prefic site 48 bit, prefix ny c cp cho mt site c nhn ca mt t chc. Mt khi c cp cc b nh tuyn trn Internet IPv6 s chuyn lu lng IPv6 ph hp vi prefix 48 bit n cc b nh tuyn thuc site ca t chc.
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Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 - Subnet ID: Subnet ID c dng cho site ca t chc xc nh cc mng con. Kch thc ca trng ny l 16 bit. Site ca t chc c th dng 16 bit ny vi site ca n to 65.536 mng con hoc nhiu mc ca s phn cp nh a ch v mt c s h tng nh tuyn hiu qu. - Giao din ID: ch giao din trn mt subnet c th ca mt site. Kch thc ca trng ny l 16 bit. Cc trng vi a ch unicast ton cu to ra cu trc 3 cp nh hnh v:
Hnh 4.2 a ch Unicast ton cu Topology cng cng l tp hp ca cc ISP ln hn v nh hn m cung cp truy nhp vo Internet IPv6. Topo ca site l tp hp ca cc mng con trong cng site ca t chc. Ch th giao din ch mt giao din c th trn mt mng con trong cng site ca mt t chc. a ch Unicast dng ni b.
C 2 loi : a ch link-local v a ch site-local * a ch Link-Local: Cc a ch link-local c dng bi cc node khi truyn thng vi cc node lng ging trn cng 1 lin kt. V d nh trn mng IPv6 lin kt n khng c b nh tuyn, cc a ch link-local c dng truyn thng gia cc host trn link. Mt a ch link-local cn thit cho cc qu trnh x l tm kim lng ging v lun lun c t ng c cu hnh ngay c khi khng c tt c cc a ch unicast khc.
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Hnh 4.3 M t cu trc ca a ch link-local Cc a ch link-local lun lun bt u vi FE80. Vi 64 bit xc nh giao din. Prefix cho a ch link-local lun lun l FE80::/64. Mt b nh tuyn IPv6 chuyn lu lng link-local vt ngoi gii hn lin kt. * a ch Site khu vc (Site-Local): Cc a ch site-local tng ng vi khng gian a ch IPv4 ring ( 10.0.0.0, 172.16.0.0/24 v 192.168.0.0/16). V d cc mng ni b ring m khng c mt hng, nh tuyn kt ni n Internet IPv6 c th dng cc a ch site-local m khng xung t vi cc a ch Unicast ton cu. Cc a ch site-local khng n c t cc site khc v cc b nh tuyn phi khng c chuyn lu lng site-local ra ngoi site. Cc a ch site-local c th c dng thm vo cc a ch unicast ton cu. Mt site l mt mng t chc hoc 1 phn ca mng t chc m c nh ngha v mt a l, nh 1 c quan hay 1 t hp c quan, mt trng hc. Khng ging nh cc a ch link-local, cc a ch site-local khng c t ng cu hnh v c cp pht bi cc qu trnh cu hnh a ch stateful hay stateless. Cu trc ca a ch site-locak nh sau:
Hnh 4.4 M t cu trc ca a ch Site-Local 10 bit u tin lun lun c nh cho cc a ch site-local ( FEC0::/10). Sau 10 bit c nh l trng ID Subnet cung cp 54 bit m ta c th to ra mt c s h tng nh tuyn c th tm tt v phn cp trong cng 1 site. Sau trng ID
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Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 mng con l 64 bit trng ID giao din m ch th mt giao din c th trn mt subnet. a ch IPv6 c bit:
* a ch khng ch r: a ch 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 hay :: ch c dng ch s khng c mt ca mt a ch. N tng thch vi a ch khng r trong IPv4 l 0.0.0.0. a ch khng ch r thng c dng nh l mt a ch ngun cho cc gi c gng xc nhn s c mt duy nht ca mt a ch khng ch r. a ch khng ch r khng c cp cho 1 giao din hoc l dng nh 1 a ch ch n. * a ch loopback: a ch loopback 0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 hoc ::1 c dng xc nh 1 giao din loopback cho php 1 node c th gi cc gi gi ngc v chnh n. N tng ng vi a ch loopback 127.0.0.1 trong IPv4. Cc gi c nh a ch cho a ch loopback phi khng c gi trn ng lin kt hoc c chuyn tip bi 1 b nh tuyn IPv6. 4.3.3.2 a ch Multicast IPv6: Trong IPv6 lu lng multicast hot ng ging nh IPv4. Cc node IPv6 c nh v ty c th lng nghe lu lng multicast trn 1 a ch multicast ty . Cc node IPv6 c nh v ty c th lng nghe nhiu a ch multicast ti cng 1 thi im. Cc node c th tham gia hoc ri khi nhm multicast bt c lc no. a ch multicast IPv6 c 8 bit u tin l 1111 1111. Mt a ch IPv6 multicast c th d dng nhn ra v n lun bt u bng FF. Cc a ch multicast khng th c dng nh l cc a ch ngun hoc l cc ch trung gian trong 1 tiu nh tuyn. Pha sau 8 bit u tin a ch multicast bao gm cu trc thm vo xc nh cc c, phm vi v nhm multicast. SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
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Hnh 4.5 M t cu trc ca a ch Multicast Cc trng trong a ch multicast l: - C: ch cc c c thit lp trong a ch multicast. Kch thc ca trng ny l 4 bit. Nh RFC 3513 c ch c nh ngha l c T( transient: tm thi). C T dng bit bc thp ca trng c. Khi c set v 0 c T ch ra rng a ch multicast l mt a ch multicast c cp thng trc, c cp pht bi IANA (Internet Assigned Number Authority). Khi c set ln 1, c T ch ra a ch multicast ny l a ch multicast tm thi. - Phm vi: ch phm vi ca lin mng IPv6 cho lu lng multicast c d nh. Kch thc ca trng ny l 4 bit. Thm vo thng tin cung cp bi cc giao thc nh tuyn multicast , cc b nh tuyn dng phm vi multicast xc nh ni m lu lng multicast s c chuyn i. Cc gi tr thng thng nht cho trng phm vi l 1 ( phm vi giao din cc b), 2 ( phm vi lin kt ni b) v 5 (phm vi site ni b). V d lu lng vi a ch multicast l FF02::2 c 1 phm vi lin kt ni b th 1 b nh tuyn IPv6 s khng chuyn lu lng ny ra lin kt ni b. ID nhm: ch nhm multicast v l duy nht i vi mi phm vi. Kch thc ca trng ny l 112 bit. Cc ID nhm c gn thng trc khng ph thuc vo phm vi. Cc ID nhm tm thi ch lin quan n 1 phm vi c th. Cc a ch t FF01:: n FF0F:: l cc a ch lu tr v c bit n nhiu. xc nh tt c cc node cho cc phm vi lin kt ni b v giao din ni b, cc a ch sau c nh ngha: FF01::1 ( giao din-local scope all-nodes multicast address) FF02::1 ( link-local scope all-node multicast address SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
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Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 xc nh tt c cc b nh tuyn cho phm vi giao din ni b v site ni b, cc a ch sau c nh ngha: FF01::2 ( giao din-local scope all-b nh tuyns multicast address) FF02::2 ( link-local scope all-b nh tuyns multicast address) FF05::2 ( site-local scope all-b nh tuyns multicast address) Vi 112 bit cho ID nhm th c th c 2112 ID nhm a ch. Tuy nhin theo cch m cc i ch multicast IPv6 nh x sang cc a ch MAC multicast ca Ethernet nn RFC 3513 khuyn co cp pht ID nhm t 32 bit bc thp ca a ch multicast IPv6 v xt cc bit ID nhm cn li l 0. Bng cch ch s dng 32 bit bc thp mi ID nhm nh x 1 a ch MAC multicast duy nht. 4.3.3.3 a ch Node Solicited: i ch node solicicated lm cho thun tin trong vic query cc node mng trong vic chuyn a ch. Trong IPv4, cc khung ARP Request c gi sang broadcast cp MAC, gi n tt c cc node trong tng on mng, bao gm cc a ch khng chy IPv4. IPv6 dng cc bn tin Neighbor Solicitation thc hin vic chuyn i a ch. Tuy nhin thay v dng a ch multicast tt c cc node phm vi lin kt ni b nh cc ch bn tin Neighbor Solicitation, s gi n tt c cc node IPv6 trn lin kt ni b, a ch multicast solicited node c dng. a ch multicast solicited node bao gm prefix FF02::1:FF00:0/104 v 24 bit sau cng ca i ch IPv6 c chuyn sang.
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Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 Hnh 4.6 M t cu trc ca a ch Node Solicited

4.3.3.4
a ch Anycast IPv6:
Mt a ch anycast c cp cho nhiu giao din. Cc a ch c nh a ch anycast c chuyn sang giao din gn nht m a ch anycast c cp. d dng cho vic phn pht, c s h tng phi nhn bit c cc giao din c gn a ch anycast v khong cch ca chng trong gii hn ca metric nh tuyn. Hin ti th a ch anycast ch c dng nh cc a ch ch v ch c gn cho cc b nh tuyn. Cc a ch anycast cp khng gian a ch unicast v phm vi ca mt a ch unicast l phm vi ca kiu a ch unicast t a ch anycast c cp. a ch anycast Subnet - Route c nh ngha trc v l cn thit. N c to ra t prefix mng con cho mt giao din cho trc. thit k a ch anycast Subnet-B nh tuyn, cc bit trong prefix subnet c c nh ti cc gi tr thch hp v cc bit cn li c xt v 0. Tt c cc giao din ca b nh tuyn kt ni n n 1 mng con c cp a ch anycast Subnet - Route cho mng con . a ch anycast Subnet Route c dng cho vic truyn thng vi mt trong nhiu b nh tuyn c ni n mng con xa. 4.4 Hot ng ca a ch Ipv6: 4.4.1 Phn gii a ch: Trong a ch Ipv4, quy trnh ny c m nhim bi th tc ARP. Node cn phn gii a ch s gi gi tin truy vn ti a ch ch l a ch broad cast, tc ng n mi node khc trn ng link. Trong a ch ca Ipv6, y l mt trong s nhng quy trnh th tc Neighbor Discovery m nhim. phc v cho vic phn gii tng ng a ch lp mng v a ch vt l, cc node IPv6 u duy tr mt bng cache thng tin v cc node ln cn gi l neighbor cache. Trong h iu hnh window, chng ta c th xem thng tin trong bng ny vi lnh nesth>interface ipv6>show neighbors. SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
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Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 Khi mt IPv6 node cn tm a ch lp link layer (v d a ch MAC trn ng link Ethernet) tng ng vi mt a ch unicast IPv6 no , thay v gi gi tin truy vn ti a ch multicast mi node phm vi link (FF02::1) tc ng ti mi node trn ng link tng ng a ch broadcast trong IPv4, node ch gi ti a ch Multicast Solicited Node tng ng a ch unicast cn phn gii. Nh chng ta cng bit, mt node IPv6, khi c gn mt a ch unicast, ngoi vic lng nghe lu lng ti a ch unicast , node IPv6 s lp tc nghe v nhn lu lng ca mt dng a ch multicast tng ng l Multicast Solicited Node tng ng a ch unicast ny. Nh vy, trong qu trnh phn gii a ch ca IPv6, ch nhng node ang nghe lu lng ti a ch MSN ph hp mi nhn v x l gi tin. iu ny gim thiu vic tc ng n mi node trn ng link, tng hiu qu hot ng. thc hin quy trnh phn gii a ch, hai node IPv6 trong mt ng link trao i thng ip Neighbor Solicitation v Neighbor Advertisement. Khi mt node cn phn gii a ch, n gi i trn ng link thng ip Neighbor Solicitation: - a ch ngun: a ch IPv6 ca giao din gi gi tin. - a ch ch: a ch IPv6 MSN tng ng a ch unicast cn phn gii a ch. - Thng tin cha trong phn d liu c cha a ch lp linklayer ca ni gi (trong Option Source Link-layer Address) Trn ng link, node ang nghe lu lng ti a ch MSN trng vi a ch ch ca gi tin s nhn c thng tin. N thc hin nhng hnh ng sau: - cp nht a ch lp link-layer ( a ch MAC trong trng hp kt ni Ethernet) ca ni gi vo bng neighbor cache.
69
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 - gi thng ip Neighbor Advertisement p tr ti a ch ch l a ch ngun gi gi tin, thng tin trong phn d liu c lp a ch lp linklayer ca n (cha trong Option Target Link-Layer Address). Khi nhn c thng ip Neighbor Advertisement, node cn phn gii a ch s s dng thng tin trong thc hin lin lc ng thi cp nht thng tin vo bng neighbor cache ca mnh. 4.4.2 Kim tra trng lp a ch: T ng cu hnh a ch l mt trong nhng c tnh ni bt ca th h a ch IPv6. c tnh ny c c nh vic node IPv6 c kh nng t cu hnh 64 bit nh danh giao din (Interface ID) t a ch ca card mng, hoc nhn ID l mt con s ngu nhin. Do 64 bit nh danh giao din c th l con s ngu nhin, hon ton c kh nng trn ng kt ni, a ch IPv6 node d nh s dng c mt node khc s dng ri. Do vy chng cn mt quy trnh kim tra s trng lp a ch trong ng link. l quy trnh DAD. DAD cng s dng hai thng ip ICMPv6 Neighbor Solicitation v Neighbor Advertisement. Tuy nhin mt s thng tin ca gi tin ny khc vi gi tin s dng trong qu trnh phn gii a ch. Khi mt node cn kim tra trng lp a ch, n gi gi tin Neighbor Solicitation: - a ch IPv6 ngun: l a ch unspeccified ::. iu ny hiu, a ch d nh c gn cho giao din s cha th c s dng chng no cha kim tra l khng c s trng lp. - Gi tin Neighbor Solicitation s cha a ch IPv6 ang c kim tra trng lp. Sau khi gi NS, node s i, nu khng c phn hi th c ngha l a ch ny cha c s dng, cn nu a ch ny c mt node no s dng ri , node ny s gi thng ip Neighbor Advertisement p tr: - a ch ngun: a ch IPv6 node giao din gi gi tin SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
70
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 - a ch ch: a ch IPv6 multicast mi node phm vi link (FF02::1) - Gi tin s cha i ch b trng lp Nu node ang kim tra a ch trng lp nhn c thng ip RA phn hi li RS mnh gi, n s hy b vic s dng a ch ny. 4.4.3 Kim tra tnh c th t ti ca node ln cn: Thng ip Neighbor Solicitation v Neighbor Advertisement c s dng trong qu trnh phn gii a ch, kim tra trng lp a ch cng c s dng cho nhng mc ch khc nh: qu trnh kim tra tnh c th t ti ca mt node ln cn. Cc IPv6 node duy tr bng thng tin v cc neighbor ca mnh gi l neighbor cache, v s cp nht bng ny khi c s thay i tnh trng mng. Bnagr ny lu thng tin i vi c router v host. Bit c node ln cn c th t ti hay khng rt quan trng i vi mt node v n s iu chnh cch thc c x ca mnh theo kt qu nhn c, V d nu bit mt node ln cn khng t ti c, host s ngng gi gi tin, bit mt router ang khng th t ti c, host c th thc hin quy trnh tm kim mt router khc. Nu mt host mun kim tra tnh trng c th nhn gi tin ca node ln cn, n gi thng ip Neighbor Solicitation. Nu nhn c Neighbor Advertisement phc p, n bit tnh trng ca node ln cn l t ti c v cp nht bng neighbor cache tng ng. Tt nhin tnh trng ny ch c coi l tm thi v c mt khong thi gian dnh cho n, trc khi node cn thc hin kim tra li trng thi neighbor. Khong thi gian quy nh ny cng nh mt s cc tham s hot ng khc host s nhn c t thng tin qung b Router Adertisement ca router trn ng kt ni. 4.4.4 Tm kim router: i vi hot ng ca a hcir IPv6, s trao i gia cc host vi nhau, gia host vi router l rt quan trng. Trong mng router l thit b m nhim vic SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
71
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 chuyn tip lu lng c cc host t mng ny sang mng khc. Mt host phi nh vo router c th gi thng tin ti nhng node nm ngoi ng kt ni ca mnh. Do vy, trc khi mt host c th thc hin cc hot ng giao tip vi cc mng bn ngoi, n cn tm mt router v hc c nhng thng tin quan trng v router, cng nh v mng. Trong th h a ch IPv6, c th cu hnh a ch, cng nh c nhng thng s cho hot ng, IPv6 host cn tm thy router v nhn c nhng thng tin t router trn ng kt ni. Router IPv6 ngoi vic m trch chuyn tip gi tin cho host, n cn m nhim mt hot ng khng th thiu l qung b s hn din ca mnh v cung cp cc tham s tr gip host trn ng kt ni cu hnh a ch v cc tham s hot ng. Thc hin nhng hot ng trao i thng tin gia host v router l mt nhim v rt quan trng ca th tc Neighbor Discovery. Qu trnh tm kim, trao i gia host v router thc hin da trn hai dng thng ip sau: Router Solicitation c gi bi host ti cc router trn ng link. Do vy, gi tin c gi ti da ch ch multicast mi router phm vi link (FF02::2). Host gi thng ip ny yu cu router qung b ngay cc thng tin n cn cho hot ng. - Router Advertisement ch c gi bi cc router qung b s hin din ca router v cc tham s cn thit khc cho hot ng ca cc host. Router gi nh k thng ip ny trn ng kt ni v gi thng ip ny bt c khi no nhn c router solicitation t cc host trong ng kt ni. 4.4.5 Cu hnh t ng a ch cho IPv6 node: a ch IPv6 c ci tin c th gim thiu nhng cu hnh nhn cng, 64 bit cui cng ca a ch IPv6 lun dnh nh danh giao din, 64 bit nh danh ny c th t ng cu hnh t a ch card mng hoc gn mt cch t ng. SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
72
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 Nh quy trnh giao tip trn ng link ca th tc Neighbor Discovery, IPv6 host c th lin lc vi router trn ng kt ni nhn cc thng tin v prefix trn link v nhng tham s hot ng khc. Do vy, cc node trong IPv6 c hai cch thc cu hnh a ch: cu hnh a ch bng tay, hoc cu hnh a ch t ng. IPv6 node c hai cch thc cu hnh t ng a ch cho giao din: - T ng cu hnh c trng thi (stateful): y l cch thc cu hnh a ch cho host da vo s tr gip ca DHCPv6 server. Cch thc cu hnh ny tng t nh vic s dng DHCP ca IPv4. Hin nay, cc RFC dnh cho DHCPv6 c IETF hon thin y . My ch DHCPv6 s cung cp cho host a ch v cc thng tin host cu hnh, nn c gi l cu hnh c trng thi (stateful). T ng cu hnh khng trng thi (stateless): y l cch thc t ng trong , mt host s t thc hin cu hnh a ch cho giao din khng cn s h tr ca bt k mt my ch DHCP no. Host thc hin cu hnh a ch t khi cha c mt thng tin no h tr cu hnh (stateless) v qua trao i vi router IPv6 trn ng kt ni. 4.4.6 nh s li thit b IPv6: nh s li mng IPv4 l iu m nhng nh qu tr rt ngi. N nh hng ti hot ng mng li v tiu tn nhn lc cu hnh li thng tin cho host, node trn mng. i vi a ch IPv6, da trn nguyn tc cu hnh t ng , cc host trn mng c th c nh s li nh thng bo ca router t thi gian ht thi hn c th s dng cho mt network prefix. Sau , router thng bao prefix mi cc host to l a ch IP. Trn thc t, cc host c th duy tr s dng a ch c trong mt khong thi gian nht nh trc khi xa b hon ton. 4.4.7 Phn mnh gi tin IPv6:
73
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 Mng quy m ln hay nh, bao gm cc ng kt ni vt l khc nhau. Mi ng kt ni c mt gi tr gii hn v kch thc thng tin truyn ti trn , c gi l MTU. Trong hot ng ca th h a ch IPv4, trong qu trnh forward gi tin, nu IPv4 router nhn c gi tin ln hn gi tr MTU ca ng kt ni, router s thc hin phn mnh gi tin. Sau qu trnh truyn ti, gi tin c xy dng li nh nhng thng tin trong header. a ch IPv6 p dng mt m hnh khc phn mnh gi tin, vic phn mnh gi tin c thc hin ti host ngun, ni gi gi tin. Mi IPv6 router khng tin hnh phn mnh gi tin, nh tng hiu qu, gim thi gian x l gi tin. Trong header c bn IPv6, cc trng h tr cho vic phn mnh va kt cu li gi tin ca IPv4 header c b i. Nhng thng tin tr gip cho vic phn mnh v ti to gi tin IPv6 c trong header m rng ca gi tin IPv6. Gi tr MTU ti thiu mc nh trn ng link IPv6 l 1280 byte. Router s gi cho cc IPv6 host trn ng link gi tr MTU mc nh ca ng link . Tuy nhin , n c c ch, gi tin s i qua nhiu ng kt ni c gi tr MTU khc nhau, vic phn mnh gi tin c thc hin tai host ngun, khng thc hin bi cc router trn ng truyn ti. truyn c ti ch, gi tin cn phi c kch thc ph hp vi gi tr MTU nh nht trn ton b ng truyn t ngun ti ch. Nhm phc v cho host ngun phn mnh gi tin, phi c mt cch thc no host ngun quyt nh gi tr MTU s dng khi gi gi tin. Trong a ch IPv6 tn ti hai khai nim:
-
LinkMTU: gi tr MTU trn ng kt ni trc tip ca host PathMTU: gi tr MTU nh nht trn ton b ng truyn Host ngun c thut ton tm Path MTU trn ton b ng truyn gi l Path
MTU Discovery, v s lu gi gi tr ny s dng trong giao tip.
74
CHNG 5 : THIT K H THNG VoIPv6

Bc sang nhng nm u ca th k XXI, ng dng ca Internet pht trin nhm cung cp dch v cho ngi dng notebook, cellualar modem v thm ch n cn thm nhp vo nhiu ng dng dn dng khc nh TV, my pha c ph c th a nhng khi nim mi da trn c s TCP/IP ny thnh hin thc, TCP/IP phi m rng. Nhng mt thc t m khng ch gii chuyn mn, m ngay c cc ISP cng nhn thc c l ti nguyn mng ngy cng hn hp. Vic pht trin v thit b, c s h tng, nhn lc khng phi l mt kh khn ln. Vn y l a ch IP, khng gian a ch IP ngy cng cn kit, cng v
75
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 sau a ch IP (IPv4) khng th p ng nhu cu m rng mng . Bc tin quan trng mang tnh chin lc i vi k hoch m rng ny l vic nghin cu cho ra i mt th h sau ca giao thc IP, chnh l IP version 6. IPv6 ra i khng c ngha l ph nhn hon ton IPv4 (cng ngh m h tng mng chng ta ang dng ngy nay). V l mt phin bn hon ton mi ca cng ngh IP, vic nghin cu, ng dng vo thc tin lun l mt thch thc rt ln. Mt trong nhng thch thc lin quan n kh nng tng thch gia IPv6 v IPv4, lin quan n vic chuyn i t IPv4 ln IPv6, lm th no m ngi dng c th khai thc nhng th mnh ca IPv6 nhng khng nht thit phi nng cp ng lot ton b mng (LAN, WAN, Internet) ln IPv6. 5.1M t h thng: H thng VoIPv6 gm c 3 tng i Asteriskv6, 3 tng i ny c th l cng mt di mng chia s qun l cc ti khon in thoi. Cng c th l 3 khu vc a l khc nhau c th cng mt cng ty hoc cc cng ty khc nhau. Mi tng i qun l s lng ti khon nht nh. Ba tng i ni chuyn vi nhau bng giao thc IAX, cc softphone ni chuyn vi tng i bng giao thc SIP. Yu cu t ra ca h thng l cc ti khon ng k cng 1 tng i c th gi c cho nhau: IPv4
IPv6 (c hai chiu) IPv4 IPv4 (c hai chiu) IPv6 IPv6 (c hai chiu) IPv6 (c hai chiu) IPv4 IPv4 (c hai chiu) IPv6 IPv6 (c hai chiu)
IPv4
76
Cc ti khon ng k cc tng i khc nhau cng c th gi c cho nhau:
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 V t ti khon c a ch ipv4, IPv6 gi ra c mng PSTN v ngc li:
PSTN (c hai chiu) IPv6 PSTN (c hai chiu)

IPv4
5.2
Thc hin: Tng i Asteriskv6 PBX 1 ci Fedora Core 10, hai tng i cn li ci trn
CentOS 5. Cc my trm cu cc ti khon ci Ubuntu 8.10 hoc Windows XP2, cc trm c th dng softphone l Linphone s dng c a ch IPv6 v IPv4 hoc X-lite ch s dng a ch IPv4. Dng GW SPA3102 giao tip vi mng PSTN. S dng phn mm Wireshark bt gi tin trn mng Internet. Asteriskv6 PBX 1: C 4 ti khon: 101, 102, 103, 104. Mi ti khon c th nhn 1 trong 4 a ch sau: a ch IPv6 l 2001:dc9::110/64 a ch IPv4 l 192.168.1.111/24 a ch IPv4 l 192.168.1.112/24 a ch IPv6 l 2001:dc9::113/64 Asteriskv6 PBX 2: C 2 ti khon 202, 203. Mi ti khon c th nhn mt trong hai a ch sau: a ch IPv6 l 2001:dc9::114/64 a ch IPv4 l 192.168.1.115/24 Asteriskv6 PBX 3: C hai ti khon l 304, 305. Mi ti khon c th nhn c mt trong hai a ch sau: 5.3 a ch IPv6 l 2001:dc9::116/64 a ch IPv4 l 192.168.1.117/24 Gateway c a ch 192.168.1.4 ni vi Asteriskv6 PBX 1 Kt qu t c:
77
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 Cuc gi IPv4 ti IPv4, IPv6 trong cng mt tng i v khc tng i thnh cng tt p c hai chiu do cng trn mt h tng mng IPv4 hoc IPv6. Nhng cuc gi gia IPv4 v IPv6 din ra phc tp hn v c s chuyn i a ch trn server. Qua kt qu kho st cho thy: + Asteriskv6 PBX 1 kt ni c vi 2 tng i cn li bng giao thc IAX2 trn port 4569. + Cc ti khon do Asteriskv6 PBX 1 qun l ng k thnh cng vi tng i. + Ti khon 104 c a ch 192.168.1.111 gi cho ti khon 102 c a ch 2001:dc9::110 trong cng 1 tng i Asteriskv6 PBX 1 c a ch 192.168.1.100 hoc 2001:dc9::110. Qu trnh c th nh sau: Khi ti khon 104 bm phm gi cho ti khon 102 trong cng tng i, bn tin INVITE c gi t a ch 192.168.1.111 ti tng i. Tng i trao i vi ti khon 104 bng a ch 192.168.1.100 v trao i thng tin vi ti khon 102 bng a ch IPv6 2001:dc9::100 bng cch m port cho IPv6 hot ng lng nghe cc kt ni ca c 2 nh dng giao thc a ch.
-
Ti khon 104 c a ch 192.168.1.111 gi bn tin INVITE ti tng i
Asteriskv6 PBX 1 yu cu thit lp phin kt ni ti ti khon 102 cng thuc tng i vi 104. Tng i gi tr bn tin 100 Trying bo nhn c bn tin INVITE do 104 gi ti v ang thit lp kt ni. Tng i gi bn tin INVITE yu cu thit lp phin cuc gi ti 102 c Ti khon 102 gi li tng i tn hiu chung ch v tng i li chuyn Khi 102 nhc my, bn tin 200 OK xc lp cuc gi thnh cng c gi a ch 2001:dc9::110 v gi tra 104 bn tin 180 Ringing l tn hiu chung ch. tip n ti khaonr 104. ti tng i. Tng i gi tn hiu tr li ACK tr li cho ti khon 102 v gi SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
78
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 bn tin 200 OK thit lp phin kt ni thnh cng ti ti khon 104. Lc ny phin kt ni c xc lp gia hai ti khon.
-
Khi c mt ti khon dp my trc thi bn tin BYE c gi ti tng i,
tng i chp nhn ngt kt ni bng bn tin 200 OK v gi bn tin BYE tip tc ti ti khon 104 ti khon 104 gi tr bn tin 200 OK chnh thc kt thc phin kt ni gia hai ti khon. + Ti khon 305 c a ch 192.168.117 Asteriskv6 PBX 3 gi sang ti khon 103 c a ch 2001:dc9::110, qu trnh nh sau:
-
Khi ti khon 305 c a ch 192.168.117 do Asteriskv6 PBX 3 qun l gi
sang ti khon 103 c a ch 2001:dc9::110 do Asteriskv6 PBX 1 qun l, th tng i Asteriskv6 PBX 3 trao i thng tin vi ti khon 305 v Asteriskv6 PBX 1 bng a ch IPv4, khng s dng port cho IPv6. Giao tip t ti khon 305 ti Asteriskv6 PBX 3 hon ton l IPv4, nhng Asteriskv6 PBX 2 trao i vi ti khon 103 bng a ch IPv6. Hai tng i trao i thng tin bng giao thc IAX 2.
-
Ti khon 305 gi bn tin INVITE ti server Asteriskv6 PBX 3 yu cu Asteriskv6 PBX 3 gi bn tin 100 Trying v ti khon 103 bo rng n Server Asteriskv6 PBX 3 bit ti khon 103 do Asteriskv6 PBX 1 qun l
thit lp phin vi ti khon 103 . Ti khon 305 s dng softphone X-lite. -
nhn c bn tin INVITE v ang thit lp kt ni, gi tn hiu chung ch. nn trao i thng tin vi Asteriskv6 PBX 1 Asteriskv6 PBX 1 gi bn tin INVITE ti ti khon 103 yu cu thit lp phin kt ni. Cc server vn tip tc trao i thng tin bng ng Trunk s dng giao thc IAX 2. Ti khon 103 c a ch 2001:dc9::110 gi tn hiu chung ch cho Asteriskv6 PBX 1 n khi nhc my gi bn tin 200 OK v chp nhn kt ni.
79
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 Cc server li trao i thng tin v Asteriskv6 PBX 3 gi thng tin 200 OK
thnh cng ti ti khon 305 v thit lp lung RTP hai chiu ti Server ri c chuyn tip ti cc ti khon. V d khi 305 dp my trc, bn tin BYE c gi ti Asteriskv6 PBX 3, server gi li bn tin OK chp nhn yu cu kt thc cuc gi. V tip tc chuyn yu cu kt thc cuc gi ti Asteriskv6 PBX 1, Asteriskv6 PBX 1 gi bn tin BYE ti ti khon 103. 103 gi bn tin OK ti Asteriskv6 PBX 1 chp nhn ngt phin kt ni + Ti khon 101 c a ch 2001:dc9::110 gi ra ti khon 1111 PSTN, qu trnh din ra nh sau:
-
thnh cng.
Ti khon 101 co a ch 2001:dc9::110 gi bn tin INVITE yu cu thit
lp phin kt ni vi ti khon 1111 ti Asteriskv6 PBX 1 c a ch 2001:dc9::100. Asteriskv6 PBX 1 tr li bn tin 100 Trying bo rng n nhn c bn tin INVITE v ang thit lp cuc gi. Server nhn thy y l cuc gi PSTN nn n chuyn tip bn tin INVITE n gateway SPA3102 c a ch IP l 192.168.1.4, nhng n trao i thng tin vi gateway bng a ch 192.168.1.100 ca mnh v gateway c a ch IPv4.
-
Gateway gi bn tin 100 Trying v server bo rng n nhn bn tin
INVITE do server gi ti v ang thit lp cuc gi. Sau gateway gi tn hiu chung v cho server server chuyn tip tn hiu chung v cho my c ti khon 101.
-
Gateway nhn c thng tin tr v t mng in thoi tng t, n s gi
bn tin 200 OK v thit lp lung RTP hai chiu ti server v c chuyn tip ti thu bao 101. Sau khi nhn c bn tin ny th lung RTP c thit lp trc c chuyn thnh hai chiu v gi bn tin ACK xc nhn i cuc gi c thit lp. SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16
80
Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 V d khi thu bao PSTN dp my trc, bn tin BYE c gi i t 1111
ti server Asteriskv6 PBX 1. Sau server gi li bn tin 200 OK chp nhn ngt kt ni vi ti khon 1111. Qu trnh gi bn tin BYE tng t t server ti 101 v sau phin kt ni kt thc. Kt qu thu c trn cho thy hot ng c th ca VoIPv6, VoIPv6 hon ton c kh nng trin khai song song v thch ng vi h tng mng IPv4 hin ti. Vi nhng tnh nng vt tri ca IPv6 so vi IPv4 th vic trin khai IPv6 l hon ton cn thit c chc chn s phi din ra trong tng lai khng xa. Trn y l mt h thng c bn c th pht trin trong mng ni b ca mt cng ty hoc gia cc chi nhnh cc khu vc a k khc nhau.
KT LUN
Trn y l bi lm ca em v ti nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6. Bi lm tp trung nghin cu v giao thc truyn thoi qua mng Internet VoIPv6, trnh by v c im ca h thng VoIP, VoIPv6 nhng u im ni bt ca IPv6 so vi IPv4. V vic ng dng VoIPv6 trong tng lai l mt xu th tt yu trong vi nm ti. Vn l vi s ph bin rng khp ca cng ngh hin nay, IPv6 s tn ti song song vi h tng mng IPv4. Tuy nhin do iu kin kin thc cn hn hp v ti liu hn ch v thi hian nghin cu khng c nhiu nn bi lm ca em cn s si v c thiu st. Mong c ch dy thm em c hiu bit su hn v h thng VoIP.
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Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 Hn ch ca bi lm l cha kho st c hot ng thc t ca qu trnh kt ni cc cuc gi t IPv4 sang IPv4/Ipv6 v t IPv6 sang mng thoi tng t PSTN.
TI LIU THAM KHO

http://forum.saobacdau-acad.vn/showthread.php?p=943#post943 http://forum.saobacdau-acad.vn/showthread.php?t=785 http://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_play Gio trnh-Bi ging : c s thoi Internet Signaling in Telecommunication Networks (2ND). Tc gi: John G. van Bosse, Fabrizio U. Devetak
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Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 http://www.ebook.edu.vn/?page=1.6&view=4330 Nghin cu ng dng cng ngh in thoi trn Internet (Internet Telephony). Tc gi: Phm Vit Dng Network Protocols Handbook - Javvin Technologies Nghin cu cng ngh truyn thoi qua internet s dng giao thc TCP/IP (VoIP) - Bi xun Hnh Voice over IP Fundamentals Cisco http://www.tapchibcvt.gov.vn/News/PrintView.aspx?ID=17296 http://www.ptithcm.org/forum/showthread.php?t=4296
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VoIPv6 Pham Thi Huyen

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Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6

SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16

Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6

SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16

Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6

Chng 2 : Kin trc h thng VoIP23

Chng 3 : Cc giao thc bo hiu VoIP32

Chng 4 : Tng quan a ch IPv654

SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16

Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6

S ra i ca IPv6.54 S lc mt s c im ca IPv656 a ch IPv6...61 Hot ng ca a ch IPv6...68 M t h thng..76 Thc hin..77 Kt qu.78

Chng 5 : Thit k h thng VoIPv6...76

Kt lun.82 Ti liu tham kho.83

SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16

Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6

SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16

SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16

Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6

SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16

CHNG 1 : TNG QUAN V VoIP

SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16

Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6

SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16

SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16

SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16

Tch hp mng thoi, mng s liu v mng bo hiu: Trong in thoi

Kh nng m rng: Nu nh cc h tng i thng l nhng h thng

Khng cn thng tin iu khin thit lp knh truyn vt l: Gi

Qun l bng thng: Trong in thoi chuyn mch knh ti nguyn

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Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6

Kh nng multimedia: Trong mt cuc gi ngi s dng c th va

Vn bo mt: Mng Internet l mng c tnh rng khp v hn hp,

Ngoi ra: VoIP c th gp nhng vn nh khng th s dng c

dch v khi cp in, khng th kt ni n cc dch v khn nh: cp cu, bo chy...

SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16

SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16

Nn ging ni(Voice Compression):

s t phn d liu thoi vo bn trong gi tin. S lng d liu thoi

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CHNG 2 : KIN TRC H THNG VoIP

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khin phng tin.

Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6

Chc nng bo co cc bn tin s dng: bo co cc bn tin s Mng truy nhp IP:

SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16

Nghin cu v thit k h thng VoIPv6 Chuyn i a ch H.225.0: chuyn i t t tn gi H.323 sang

c ghi ra thit b ngoi vi.

SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16

SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16

nh knh DS0 t mng SCN.

SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16

SVTH: Phm Th Huyn T16

CHNG 3: CC GIAO THC BO HIU VoIP

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Hnh 3.1 cu trc H.323

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Chc nng chnh ca RTCP l cung cp mt s phn hi cht lng ca

RTCP cung cp s nhn dng m c s dng tp hp cc kiu d liu

Nh vic nh k gi cc gi tin RTCP m mi phin truyn c th theo

Receiver report (RR): thng bo ny cha cc thng tin thng k lin

Source description (SDES): thng bo ny bao gm cc thng s mo t

Application (APP): thng bo cho php truyn cc d liu ng dng.