CHNG I: C S L THUYT CC QU TRNH X L NC THI 1.1 .

TNG QUAN V CC BIN PHP X L NC THI: Nc thi ni chung c cha nhiu cht nhim khc nhau, i hi phi x l bng nhng phng php thch hp khc nhau. Mt cch tng qut, cc phng php x l nc thi c chia thnh cc giai on sau: - Phng php x l l hc. - Phng php x l ha hc v ha l. - Phng php x l sinh hc. PHNG PHP X L L HC Trong phng php ny, cc lc vt l, nh trng trng, ly tm, c p dng tch cc cht khng ha tan ra khi nc thi. Phng php x l l hc thng n gin, r tin c hiu qu x l cht l lng cao. Cc cng trnh x l c hc c p dng rng ri trong x l nc thi l (1) song/ li chn rc, (2) thit b nghin rc, (3) b iu ha, (4) khuy trn, (5) lng , (6) lng cao tc, (7) tuyn ni, (8) lc, (9) ha tan kh, (10) bay hi v tch kh. Vic tch ng dng cc cng trnh x l l hc c tm tt trong bng sau: Cng trnh Li chn rc Nghin rc B iu ha Khuy trn To bng Lng Tuyn ni Lc Mng lc Vn chuyn kh Bay hi v bay kh p dng Tch cc cht rn th v c th lng Nghin cc cht rn th c th nh hn ng nht iu ha lu lng v ti trng BOD v SS Khuy trn ha cht v cht kh vi nc thi , v gi cn trng thi l lng Gip cho vic tp ca cc ht cn nh thnh cc ht cn ln hn c th tch ra bng lng trng lc Tch cc cn lng v nn bn Tch cc ht cn l lng nh v cc ht cn c t trng xp x t trng ca nc, hoc s dng nn bn sinh hc Tch cc ht cn l lng cn li sau x l sinh hc hoc ha hc Tng t nh qu trnh lc. Tch to t nc thi sau h nh B sung v tch kh Bay hi cc hp cht hu c bay hi t nc thi

PHNG PHP X L HA HC Phng php ha hc s dng cc phn ng ha hc x l nc thi. Cc cng trnh x l ha hc thng kt hp vi cc cng trnh x l l hc. Mc d hiu qu cao, nhng phng php x l ha hc thng t tin v c bit thng to ra cc sn phm ph c hi. vic ng dng cc qu trnh x l ha hc c tm tt bng sau: Qu trnh Kt ta Hp ph p dng Tch phospho v nng cao hiu qu ca vic tch cn l lng b lng bc 1 Tch cc cht hu c khng c x l bng phng php ha hc thng thng hoc bng phng php sinh hc. N cng c x l tch kim loi nng, kh chlorine ca nc thi trc khi thi vo ngun. Ph hy chn lc cc vi sinh vt gy bnh Ph hy chn lc cc vi sinh vt gy bnh. Chlorine l loi ha cht c s dng rng ri nht Tch lng clo d cn li sau qu trnh clo ha Ph hy chn lc cc vi sinh vt gy bnh Ph hy chn lc cc vi sinh vt gy bnh Ph hy chn lc cc vi sinh vt gy bnh Ph hy chn lc cc vi sinh vt gy bnh

Kh trng Kh trng bng chlorine Kh chlorine Kh trng bng ClO2 Kh trng bng BrCl2 Kh trng bng Ozone Kh trng bng tia UV

PHNG PHP SINH HC Vi vic phn tch v kim sot mi trng thch hp, hu ht cc loi nc thi u c th c x l bng phng php sinh hc. Mc ch ca x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc l keo t v tch cc loi keo khng lng v n nh (phn hy) cc cht hu c nh s hot hot ng ca sinh vt hiu kh hoc k kh. Sn phm cui cng ca qu trnh phn hy sinh hc thng l cc cht kh (CO2, N2, CH4, H2S), cc cht v c (NH4+, PO43-) v t bo mi. Cc qu trnh sinh hc chnh s dng trong x l nc thi gm 5 nhm chnh: qu trnh hiu kh, qu trnh thiu kh, qu trnh k kh, thiu kh v k kh kt hp, v qu trnh h sinh vt. Mi qu trnh ring bit cn c th phn chia thnh chi tit hn, ph thuc vo vic x l c thc hin trong h thng tng trng l lng, h thng tng trng dnh bm, hoc h thng kt hp. Phng php sinh hc c u im l r tin v c kh nng tn dng cc sn phm ph lm phn bn (bn than hot tnh) hoc ti sinh nng lng (kh methane). 1.2. PHNG PHP X L L HC Trong nc thi thng cha cc cht khng tan dng l lng. tch cc cht ny ra khi nc thi thng s dng cc phng php c hc nh lc qua song chn rc, lng di tc dng ca trng lc hoc lc ly tm v lc. Ty theo kch thc, tnh

cht ha l, nng cht l lng, lu lng nc thi v mc cn lm sch m la chn cng ngh x l thch hp. 1.2.2. SONG CHN RC Nc thi dn vo h thng x l trc ht phi qua song chn rc. Ti y, cc thnh phn c kch thc ln nh gi, rc, v hp, l cy, bao nilonc gi li. Nh trnh lm tc bm, ng ng hoc knh dn. y l bc quan trng nhm m bo an ton v iu kin lm vic thun li cho c h thng x l nc thi. Ty theo kch thc khe h, song chn rc c phn thnh loi th, trung bnh v mn. Song chn rc th c khong cch gia cc thanh t 60-100 mm v song chn rc mn c khong cch gia cc thanh t 10-25 mm. theo hnh dng c th phn thnh song chn rc v li chn rc. Thanh chn rc cng c th t c nh hoc di ng. cc loi song chn rc c trnh by tm tt nh sau:

Song chn rc c lm bng kim loi, t ca vo knh dn, nghing mt gc 45-600 nu lm sch th cng hoc nghing mt gc 75-850 nu lm sch bng my. Tit din ca song chn rc c th trn, vung hoc hn hp. Song chn c tit din trn c tr lc nh nht nhng nhanh b tc bi cc vt gi li. Do thng dng hn c l thanh c tit din hn hp, cnh vung gc pha sau v cnh trn pha trc hng i din dng chy. Vn tc nc chy qua song chn gii hn trong khong t 0,6-1 m/s.

1.2.2. LNG CT B lng ct c thit k tch cc tp cht v c khng tan c kch thc t 0,2- 2 mm ra khi nc thi nhm m bo an ton cho bm khi b ct, si bo mn, trnh tc ng ng dn v trnh nh hng n cc cng trnh sinh hc pha sau. B lng ct c th c phn thnh 2 loi: (1) b lng ngang v (2) b lng ng. Ngoi ra, tng hiu qu lng ct, b lng ct thi kh cng c s dng rng ri. 1.2.3. LNG B lng ct c nhim v lng cc ht cn l lng c sn trong nc thi (b lng t 1) hoc cn c to ra t qu trnh keo t to bng hay qu trnh x l sinh hc (b lng t 2). Theo chiu dng chy, b lng c phn thnh b lng ngang v b lng ng.

1.2.4. TUYN NI Php tuyn ni thng s dng tch cc tp cht ( dng ht rn hoc lng) phn tn khng tan, t lng km khi pha lng. Trong mt s trng hp, qu trnh ny cn c dng tch cc cht ha tan nh cc cht hot ng b mt. trong x l nc thi, qu trnh tuyn ni thng c s dng kh cc cht l lng, lm c bn sinh hc. u im ca phng php ny l c th kh hon ton cc ht nh, nh, lng chm trong thi gian ngn. Qu trnh tuyn ni c thc hin bng cch sc cc bt kh nh vo pha lng. Cc bt kh ny s kt dnh cc ht cn. Khi khi lng ring ca tp hp bt kh v cn nh hn khi lng ring ca nc, cn s theo bt kh ni ln trn b mt. Ty theo phng thc cp khng kh vo nc, qu trnh tuyn ni c thc hin theo cc phng thc sau: tuyn ni bng kh phn tn: thi trc tip kh nn vo b tuyn ni to thnh bt kh c kch thc t 0,1-1 mm, gy xo trn hn hp kh nc cha cn. Cn tip xc vi bt kh, dnh kt v ni ln b mt. tuyn ni chn khng: bo ha khng kh p sut k quyn, sau thot kh ra khi nc p sut chn khng. H thng ny thng t s dng trong thc t v kh vn hnh v chi ph cao. Tuyn ni bng kh ha tan: sc khng kh vo nc p sut cao (2-4 atm), sau gim p sut gii phng kh. Khng kh thot s to thnh bt kh c kch thc 20-100m. 1.2.5.LC: Lc c ng dng tch cc tp cht c kch thc nh khi khng th loi c bng phng php lng. Qu trnh lc t c s dng trong x l nc thi, thng ch s dng trong trng hp nc sau khi x l i hi c cht lng cao. lc nc thi, ngi ta c th s dng nhiu loi b khc nhau. Thit b lc c th c phn loi theo nhiu cch khc nhau: + Theo c tnh nh: lc gin on v lc lin tc. + Theo dng ca qu trnh lm vic nh: lm c v lc trong. + theo p sut trong qu trnh lc nh: lc chn khng (p sut 0,085 MPa), lc p lc (t 0,3 -1,5 MPa) hay lc di p sut thy tnh ca ct cht lng. Trong cc h thng x l nc thi cng sut ln khng cn s dng cc thit b lc p sut cao m dng b lc vi vt liu lc dng ht. Vt liu lc c th s dng l ct thch anh, than cc, hoc si nghin, thm ch c than nu hoc than g. Vic la chn vt liu lc ty thuc vo loi nc thi v iu kin a phng. Qu trnh lc xy ra theo c ch sau: - Sng lc tch cc ht rn hon ton bng nguyn l c hc. - Lng trng lc. - Gi ht rn theo qun tnh. - Hp ph ha hc. - Hp ph vt l. - Qu trnh dnh bm. - Qu trnh lng to bng.

Thit b lc vi lp ht c th c phn thnh thit b lc chm, thit b lc nhanh, thit b lc h v thit b lc kn. 1.3. PHNG PHP X L HA HC V HA L 1.3.1. TRUNG HA Nc thi cha cc acid v c hoc kim cn c trung ha a pH v khong 6,58,5 trc khi thi vo ngun nhn hoc s dng cho cng ngh x l tip theo. Trung ha nc thi c th thc hin bng nhiu cch sau: - Trn ln nc thi acid vi nc thi kim. - B sung cc tc nhn ha hc. - Lc nc qua vt liu c tc dng trung ha. - Hp th kh acid bng nc kim hoc hp th ammoniac bng nc acid. trung ha nc thi cha acidcos th s dng cc tc nhn ha hc sau: NaOH, KOH, Na2CO3, nc ammoniac NH4OH, CaCO3, MgCO3, lmit (CaCO3.MgCO3) v xi mng. Song tc nhn r nht l vi sa 5-10% Ca(OH)2, tip l soda v NaOH dng ph thi. Trong trng hp trung ha nc thi acid bng cch lc qua vt liu c tc dng trung ha, vt liu lc c th s dng l MgCO3, vi, phn, hoa v cc cht thi rn nh x v x tro. Khi lc nc thi cha HCl v HNO 3 qua lp vi, thng chn tc lc t 0,5- 1 m/h. Trong trng hp lc nc thi cha ti 0,5% H2SO4 qua lp lmit, tc lc ly t 0,6-0,9 m/h. Khi nng H2SO4 ln n 2% th tc lc l 0,35m/h. trung ha nc thi kim c th dng kh acid (cha CO2, SO2,NO2 ,N2O3). Vic s dng kh acid khng nhng cho phepstrung ha nc thi m ng thi tng hiu qu lm sch chnh kh thi khi cc cu t c hi. Vic la chn phng php trung ha ty thuc vo th tch v nng ca nc thi, ch thi nc v chi ph ha cht s dng. 1.3.2. OXY HA KH lm sch nc thi, c th s dng cc tc nhn oxy ha nh clo dng kh v ha lng, dioxyt clo, clorat canxi, hypoclorit canxi v natri, permanganat kali, bicromat kali, peroxy hydro, oxy ca khng kh, ozone, pyroluzit (MnO2). Qu trnh oxy ha s chuyn cc cht c hi trong nc thi thnh cc cht t c hi hn v tch khi nc. Qu trnh ny thng tiu tn nhiu ha cht nn thng ch s dng khi khng th x l bng cc phng php khc. 1.3.3. KEO T-TO BNG Trong ngun nc, mt phn cc ht thng tn ti dng cc ht keo mn phn tn, kch thc ca ht thng dao ng trong khong 0,1-10m. Cc ht ny khng ni cng khng lng, v do tng i kh tch loi. V kch thc ht nh, t s din tch b mt v th tch ca chng rt ln nn hin tng ha b mt tr nn rt quan trng. Theo nguyn tc, cc ht nh trong nc c khuynh hng keo t do lc ht VanderWaals gia cc ht. Lc ny c th dn n s kt dnh gia cc ht ngay khi khong cch gia chng nh nh va chm. S va chm xy ra do chuyn ng Brown v do tc ng ca s xo trn. Tuy nhin, trong trng hp phn tn keo, cc ht duy tr trng thi phn tn nh lc y tnh in v b mt cc ht mang in tch. Trng thi l

lng ca cc ht keo c bn ha nh lc y tnh in. Do ph tnh bn ca ht keo cn trung ha in tch b mt ca chng, qu trnh ny gi l qu trnh keo t. Cc ht keo b trung ha in tch c th lin kt vi nhng ht keo khc to thnh bng cn c kch thc ln hn, nng hn v lng xung, qua strinhf ny gi l qu trnh to bng. Qu trnh thy phn cc cht keo t v to thnh bng cn xy ra theo cc giai on sau: Me3+ + HOH -> Me(OH)2+ + H+ 2+ Me(OH) + HOH -> Me(OH)+ + H+ Me(OH)+ + HOH -> Me(OH)3 + H+ Me3+ + HOH -> Me(OH)3 + 3H+

Nhng cht keo t thng dng nht l cc mui st v mui nhm nh: Al2(SO4)3 , Al2(SO4)3.18H2O, NaAlO2, Al2(OH)5Cl, KAl(SO4)2.12H2O, NH4Al(SO4)2.12H2O. FeCl3, Fe2(SO4)3.2H2O, Fe2(SO4)3.3H2O, Fe2(SO4)3.7H2O . Mui nhm Trong cc phn nhm, Al2(SO4)3 c dng rng ri nht do c tnh ha tan tt trong nc, chi ph thp v hot ng c hiu qu trong khong pH=5 - 7,5. Qua trnh in ly v thy phn Al2(SO4)3 xy ra nh sau: Al3+ + H2O = AlOH2+ + H+ AlOH+ + H2O = Al(OH)2 + H+ Al(OH)2+ + H2O = Al(OH)3 + H+ Al(OH)3 + H2O = Al(OH)4- + H+ Ngoi ra, Al2(SO4)3 c th tc dng vi Ca(HCO3)2 tromh nc theo phng trnh phn ng sau: Al2(SO4)3 + 3Ca(HCO3)2 -> Al(OH)3 + 3CaSO4 + 6CO2 Trong phn ln cc trng hp, ngi ta s dng cc hn hp NaAlO2 v Al2(SO4)3 theo t l (10:1)- (20:1). Phn ng xy ra: 6 NaAlO2 + Al2(SO4)3 + 12H2O -> Al(OH)3 + 2Na2SO4 Vic s dng hn hp mui treencho php m rng khong pH ti u ca mi trng cng nh tng qu trnh keo t to bng. Mui st Cc mui st c s dng lm cht keo t nhiu hn mui nhm do: - Tc dng tt hn nhit thp.

C khong gi tr pH ti u ca mi trng rng hn. bn ln. C th kh mi H2S Tuy nhin, cc mui st cng c nhc im l to thnh phc ha tan c mu do phn ng ca ion st vi cc hp cht hu c. Qu trnh keo t xy ra nh sau: FeCl3 + 3H2O -> Fe(OH)3 + HCl Fe2(SO4)3 + 6H2O -> Fe(OH)3 + H2SO4 Trong iu kin kim ha: FeCl3 +3(CaOH)2 -> Fe(OH)3 + CaCl2 FeSO4+ 3(CaOH)2 -> 2Fe(OH)3 + CaSO4 Cht tr keo t: tng hiu qu qu trnh keo t to bng, ngi ta thng s dng cc cht tr keo t. Vic s dng cht tr keo t cho php gim liu lng cht keo t, gim thi gian qu trnh keo t v tng tc lng ca cc bng keo. Cc cht tr keo c ngun gc thin nhin thng dng l tinh bt, dextrin (C6H10O5)n, cc ete, cellulose, dioxit silic hot tnh. Cc cht tr keo tng hp thng dung l polyacrylamit (CH2CHCONH2)n . 1.3.4. HP PH Phng php hp ph c s dung rng ri lm sch trit nc thi khi cc cht hu c ha tan khng x l c bng cc phng php khc,ty theo bn cht, qu trnh hp ph c phn loi thnh: hp phu l hc v hp ph ha hc. - Hp ph l hc l qu trnh hp ph xy ra nh cc lc lin kt vt l gia cht b hp ph v b mt cht b hp ph nh lc lin kt VanderWaals. Cc ht b hp th vt l chuyn ng t do trn b mt cht hp ph v y l qu trnh hp ph a lp - Hp phu ha hc l qua trnh hp ph trong c xy ra phn ng ha hc gia cht b hp ph v cht hp ph. Trong qu trnh x l nc thi thng l s kt hp ca c 2 qa trnh trn. 1.3.5. TRAO I ION Phng php ny dng tch cc kim loi nh Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, Hg,Cd,V,Mg.cng nh cc hp cht As, P, cht phng x.ra khi nc v nc thi. Phng php ny cho php hi lu nhng cht c gi tr v mc lm sch cao. y cn l phng php c ng dng rng ri tch mui trong x l nc v x l nc thi. Trao ddooirion l mt qu trnh trong cc ion trn b mt ca cht rn trao i vi ion cng in tch trong dung dch khi tip xc vi nhau. Trao i ion cng l mt qu trnh hp th, trong cc ion trong dung dch thay th nhng ion ca cht trao i khng ha tan. Cht trao i ion dng trong cng nghip hu ht l nhng polyme khng tan, c gi l nha trao i ion .

Cc cht trao i ion c th l cht v c hay hu c, c ngun gc t nhin hay tng hp nhn to. Cht trao i ion v c t nhin gm: zeolit, kim loi khong cht, t st, Cht trao i ion v c tng hp gm: silicagen, cc oxit kh tan v hydroxyt ca mt s kim loi nh Al, Cr Cc cht trao i ion hu c c ngun gc t nhin gm: acid humic ca t v than , chng manng tnh acid yu. Cht trao i ion hu c tng hp gm: cc nha c b mt ring ln, l cc hp cht cao phn t,cc gc hydrocacbon ca chng to nn li khng gian vi cc nhm c chc nng trao i c nh.