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M U
t vn .
Hot ng ca cc bnh vin Vit Nam hin nay ang c ci thin hng
ngy c v cht lng ln s lng. Nhng nm gn y nhu cu khm cha bnh
ca ngi dn rt ln. Hn na vi ch trng a thy thuc n vi tt c cc
bnh nhn trn ton quc k c vng su v vng xa nh nc u t xy dng,
ci to nng cp nhiu bnh vin, trm y t khp c nc nhm phc v ngi dn
c tt hn. Bn cnh ngy nay c rt nhiu bnh vin c nh v va do cc
t chc, c nhn xy dng ln. Tuy nhin song song vi vic tng cng kh nng
phc v khm cha bnh cho nhn dn, cc hot ng ca bnh vin cng thi ra
mt lng ln cht thi gy nh hng n con ngi v mi trng.
Theo quyt nh s 23 ngy 26/12/2006/Q-BTNMT ca B TI NGUYN
MI TRNG th cht thi t ngnh y t v th y (tr cht thi sinh hot t
ngnh ny) c xp vo danh mc cht thi nguy hi c tc ng trc tip n
con ngi v mi trng nu khng c kim sot, qun l v x l tt. V vy,
vic kim sot, qun l v x l tt l mt nhim v cp bch ca ngnh y t v
cc ban ngnh c lin quan nhm bo v mi trng, bo v sc kho cho nhn
vin y t, bnh nhn v cng ng.
Vit Nam, cng tc qun l v x l cht thi y t c ban, ngnh cc
cp quan tm. Tuy nhin, n nay vn cha c ch trng u t ng mc, qun
l cha hiu qu nh cng tc phn loi, vn chuynx l cha ng quy nh,
vn cn tp trung x l cng vi cc loi cht thi khc ti bi chn lp, cn h
thng x l nc thi ca bnh vin th thit k s si, khng hiu qu, ch yu
che mt cc c quan c thm quyn hoc khng c h thng x l nc thi.
Vi s gia tng ngy cng nhiu cc loi cht thi, c bit l cht thi y t
nguy hi, cng vi s qun l cn nhiu bt cp nh hin nay s l mt ngun gy
nhim mi trng, nh hng ti sc khe cng ng dn c nghim trng
hin ti v tng lai nu nh ngay t by gi chng ta khng c cc bin php tch
cc hn
Cc vn bn ti liu c s lin quan n qun l v x l cht thi bnh
vin.
Cc vn bn php l:
- Lut bo v mi trng ngy 29/11/2005.
H Ni 5/2009
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
H Ni 5/2009
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
CHNG I:
TNG QUAN
I.1.Khi qut v ngnh Y T v hin trng mi trng bnh vin Vit Nam.
I.1.1. Ngnh Y T Vit Nam.
Theo kt qu iu tra ca d n Quy hoch tng th mng li bnh vin
tnh n nm 2005 nc ta c 1027 bnh vin vi 134.707 ging bnh v d
tnh n nm 2010 c nc s c khong 1049 bnh vin vi 161.255 ging
bnh. Trong bnh vin nh nc chim 98,5% cn li 1,5% l bnh vin t
nhn (bao gm c bnh vin 100% vn nc ngoi, cc bnh vin lin doanh). S
bnh vin t nhn l 14 bnh vin vi 928 ging bnh.
Bng 1.1: bng thng k h thng bnh vin Vit Nam
Loi bnh vin
s lng
s ging bnh
Bnh vin a khoa trung ng
10
6.430
Bnh vin chuyn khoa trung ng
20
5.510
Bnh vin a khoa tnh
115
35.639
Bnh vin chuyn khoa tnh
224
23.463
Bnh vin huyn
586
51.345
Bnh vin ngnh
72
4.715
Cng
1027
134707
Trm y t x
10.257
45.303
V mt qun l phn cp nh sau:
- 32 bnh vin gm 10 bnh vin a khoa (BVK), 2 bnh vin y hc c truyn,
20 bnh vin chuyn khoa (BVCK) do B Y t qun l
- 981 bnh vin gm 224 bnh vin a khoa tnh, 46 bnh vin y hc c truyn,
142 bnh vin chuyn khoa v 659 bnh vin huyn, th x do a phng qun l.
- 72 bnh vin do cc b ngnh khc qun l.
Da trn cc s liu bng trn th s ging bnh tnh trung bnh trn 10.000
dn l 20, cn s ging bnh trung bnh xt quy m cc loi bnh vin nh sau:
- Bnh vin a khoa trung ng: 550 ging.
- Bnh vin chuyn khoa trung ng: 268 ging.
- Bnh vin a khoa tnh: 400 ging.
- Bnh vin chuyn khoa tnh: 156 ging.
- Bnh vin huyn: 104 ging.
- Bnh vin ngnh: 125 ging.
H Ni 5/2009
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
rn y t nguy hi bng phng php t, c 95,6% bnh vin thc hin phn
loi cht thi trong 91,1% x dng dng c tch ring vt sc nhn. Tuy
nhin, nhiu a phng khng c c s x l cht thi y t nguy hi tp trung,
nn cc bnh vin sau khi phn loi rc y t v rc sinh hot phi t x l.
Theo TS Knh, qua thc t bo co ca cc a phng cho thy, cng tc thu
gom, x l rc thi y t hin nay vn cn nhiu bt cp. Cc phng tin thu gom
nh ti, thng ng cht thi cn thiu v cha ng b, hu ht cha t tiu
chun, x l v tiu hu cht thi rn y t nguy hi cn gp nhiu kh khn do
thiu c s x l cht thi nguy hi trn a bn, thiu ngun kinh ph u t xy
dng v vn hnh h thng x l cht thi rn v nc thi bnh vin
y mnh cng tc x l cht thi bnh vin, trong nm 2009, B Y t s
tng cng kim tra v kin quyt x l cc trng hp vi phm cc quy nh v
phn loi, thu gom v x l cht thi y t. Kin quyt t mc tiu n nm 2010
c trn 80% v n nm 2020 tt c cc bnh vin c h thng x l cht thi theo
quy nh ca B Y t.
(Ngun:http://dantri.com.vn/c7/s7-319163/van-con-nhieu-chat-thai-y-te-chuaduoc-xu-ly.htm)
Thnh phn cht thi rn bnh vin.
Thnh phn vt l:
- bng vi si: gm bng gc, bng, qun o c, khn lau, vi tri
- giy: hp ng dng c, giy gi, giy thi t nh v sinh
- thu tinh: chai l, ng tim, bm tim thu tinh, ng nghim
- nha: hp ng, bm tim, dy truyn mu, ti ng hng
- kim loi: kim tim, dao m, hp ng
- Bnh phm, mu m dnh bng gc
- Rc ri, l cy, t
- Nhng cht v c, kim loi, bt b, chai l thu tinh, si , ho cht, thuc th.
- Nhng cht hu c: vi si, giy, phn c th, nha
Nu phn tch nguyn t th thy gm nhng thnh phn: C, H, O, N, S, Cl v mt
phn tro.
Thnh phn sinh hc:
H Ni 5/2009
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
Cht thi phng x: pht sinh t hot ng chun on, tr liu hoc nghin
cu nh 125I, 153Se (chun on hnh nh)
Cht thi ho hc: pht sinh t cc ngun khc nhau nh: xt nghim, v sinh,
kh khun
Cht thi sinh hot: pht sinh t cc bung bnh, nh n, nh git, phng lm
vicbao gm giy, ti nilon, thng cacton
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
S lng/ngy
N
(0.8 1.1)N
(0.9 1.3)N
(0.7 1.0)N
(3.4 4.4)N
H Ni 5/2009
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
Bnh vin kt hp
1000
>500
nghin cu v o to
>700
(BV Vit c H Ni,
BV ch Ry TPHCM)
Tuy nhin do nhiu nguyn nhn m thc t lng nc thi ca mt ging
bnh trong mt ngy m ln hn nhiu ln so vi quy nh hin hnh ca tiu
chun Vit nam, v thng mc t 600 1000l/ging.ngy ph thuc vo cc
loi bnh vin v cc cp bnh vin [1]
Ngun gc, tnh cht v thnh phn nc thi bnh vin.
Nc thi bnh vin l mt dng ca nc thi sinh hot th. Trong nc
thi cha ch yu cc cht hu c c ngun gc do sinh hot ca con ngi. Tuy
nhin do nc dng trong qu trnh khm cha bnh v chm sc bnh nhn nn
v mt v sinh v dch t hc th trong nc thi bnh vin cha nhiu vi khun
gy bnh, d ly lan qua ng nc.
Nc thi bnh vin pht sinh t ba ngun chnh sau [1]
- Nc thi t cc phng iu tr, t cc phng xt nghim (gii phu bnh, huyt
hc, truyn mu, lau ra sau cc ca m, khoa ly). y l ngun to ra cc cht
thi nguy hi
- Nc thi cha cc ho cht (c cc ho cht c hi) sinh ra t cc phng dc
nh cc loi thuc, vc xin, huyt thanh, dung mi hu c, ho cht xt nghim,
cc hp cht v c
- Nc thi sinh hot t cc phng cn b, cng nhn vin, nh bp, nh n cha
nhiu cht hu c d phn hu, cc hp cht v c.
Nc thi bnh vin l mt ngun thi gy nguy him cho mi trng v kh
nng lan rng trong mi trng, mc nhim khun cao, kh nng tn ti lu v
nhn ln ca vi khun gy bnh trong iu kin giu cht hu c ca nc thi.
Nc thi bnh vin c th mang cc tc nhn mm bnh nh t, thng hn, ph
thng hn, bnh than, lao, l
Theo nghi cu ca o Ngc Phong v cng s (2003) cho thy nc thi
bnh vin lm nhim cc ngun nc b mt nh nc sng, nc ao, m h,
ging khi v cn gy nhim t. Nc thi bnh vin gy nhim v gieo rc
mm bnh theo tuyn sng thot nc thi, nghin cu cho rng s bnh nhn
H Ni 5/2009
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
khu dn c dc tuyn sng thot nc thi bnh vin thng cao hn cc khu
vc khc, c bit l bnh v ng tiu ho. [1]
Cc ch tiu nhim chnh ca nc thi bnh vin c trnh by trong bng
1.4
Bng 1.4. Cc ch tiu nhim chnh ca nc thi bnh vin [1]
Ch tiu
nh nht
Ph
SS(mg/l)
BOD5, mg/l
COD, mg/l
NT, mg/l
PT, mg/l
Coliform,
MPN/100ml
6.4
150
120
150
15
5
106
Gi tr
Trung bnh
7.54
160
150
200
28
9
107
ln nht
8.15
220
200
350
36
12
109
TCVN
7382-2004
(mc II)
6.5 8.5
100
30
80
30
6
5000
10
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
pH
H2 S
mg/l
BOD5
mg/l
COD
mg/l
PT
mg/l
NT
mg/l
SS
mg/l
6.97
6.91
7.12
4.05
7.48
4.84
99.8
163.9
139.2
163.2
214.4
179.9
2.55
1.71
1.44
16.6
18.93
18.85
18.6
10.0
46.0
6,5-8,5
30
10
100
pH
H2 S
mg/l
BOD5
mg/l
COD
mg/l
2.07
87.14
126.58
0.94
9.54
37.99
7.04
7.04
6.55
5.5
3.32
5.95
117.60
105.41
181.83
168.98
149.25
235.05
1.54
1.103
1.56
12.82
10.12
20.74
55.82
23.46
51.48
6,5-8,5
30
10
100
NT
mg/l
17.24
SS
mg/l
37.96
Hnh 6.4
chnh
Ly
Xt nghim
Dc
TCVN
7382-2004
(mc II)
PT
mg/l
NT
mg/l
SS
mg/l
pH
6.91
H2 S
mg/l
5.61
BOD5
mg/l
147.56
COD
mg/l
201.4
H Ni 5/2009
PT
mg/l
1.57
11
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
Lao
Ph sn
TCVN
7382-2004
(mc II)
6.72
7.21
2.98
7.73
143.23
167
207.25
221.9
1.15
0.99
16.04
13.19
22.23
51.25
6,5-8,5
30
10
100
Nhn xt: Nh vy qua cc bng trn ta thy nhn chung tt c cc bnh vin
u c mc nhim cao so vi tiu chun cho php.
Theo cc khoa th khoa dc c hm lng cht nhim cao nht, khoa hnh
chnh c hm lng nhim thp nht.
Theo tuyn th bnh vin tuyn tnh nhim hn so vi tuyn TW v tuyn
ngnh nguyn nhn c th l lng nc m bnh vin tuyn tnh s dng c
th thp hn so vi cc tuyn khc.
Theo chuyn khoa khng c s khc bit ng k.
- Nghin cu ca T Hi Bng v cng s (vin Y Hc lao ng v VSMT) v ch
tiu vi sinh trong nc thi bnh vin (32 bnh vin t tuyn huyn n TW, t
bc vo nam) c th hin trong bng sau [10]
Bng 1.8. Ch tiu vi sinh trong nc thi bnh vin
Vi sinh vt
Tng s vi khun hiu
kh/ml
Cl.perfrigen/10ml
Coliform/100ml
Feacal
Coliform/100ml
Trng giun/1000ml
nh nht
2000
Trung bnh
942.107
30
15.104
93.103
9412
234.106
150.106
63
ln nht
32.1010
855.102
23.108
23.108
9.102
Nng
CIP (mg/l)
7,0.10-3
H Ni 5/2009
NOR (mg/l)
15,2.10-3
12
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
Vit c
Vin K
Ph sn TW
Ph sn H Ni
Hu Ngh
10,9.10-3
1,2.10-3
2,1.10-3
1,1.10-3
25,8.10-3
3,7.10-3 *
3,4.10-3
13,6.10-3
8,4.10-3
1,5.10-3 *
*: Nc thi sau x l.
Qua bng trn cho thy trong nc thi bnh vin cha qua x l c d lng
cht khng sinh CIP vi nng dao ng 1,1.10-3 25,8.10-3 (mg/l) v NOR t
3,4.10-3 15,2.10-3 (mg/l), trong dng ch l trong nc thi sau x l ti
bnh vin hu ngh th nng CIP gim 85.66% v NOR gim 82.14%. Nh vy
x l nc thi bnh vin lm gim nng CIP v NOR trong nc thi v
cc tc gi trn nhn xt (vi trng hp nc thi bnh vin Hu Ngh) vi
nc thi cha qua x l th vi khun E-coli khng c vi CIP v NOR (vi s
lng khun lac/100ml ln hn 100.000) nhng vi nc thi sau x l th E-coli
tr nn nhy cm vi CIP v NOR (vi s lng khun lc/100ml t 2000-13000).
Qua cc s liu trn cho thy nhn chung cc thnh phn nhim ch yu ca
nc thi bnh vin bao gm COD, BOD5, tng N, tng P v ch tiu vi sinh.
Tc ng ca nc thi bnh vin n mi trng.
T tnh cht ca nc thi bnh vin ni trn, ta thy nc thi bnh vin l
ngun gy nhim mi trng nc v l phng tin lan truyn cc loi bnh tt.
Ti cc khu vc tip nhn ngun nc thi, v ni s dng cn tim n nhiu nguy
c tim tng ln hn nu nc thi ny khng c x l .
- Khi i vo mi trng nc, do hm lng nit, pht phocao, cht hu c ln
lm gim kh nng t lm sch ca nc v d gy ra hin tng ph dng.
- Qu trnh phn hu sinh hc cht hu c cng lm lng xy ho tan trong nc
gim i. y l iu kin thun li cho qu trnh phn hu k kh pht sinh mi hi
thi.
- Ngun nc thi Bnh vin cn l nguyn nhn lm ly lan cc vi sinh vt gy
bnh nh hng rt ln ti sc khe c dn khu vc ln cn
H Ni 5/2009
13
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
CHNG II:
CNG NGH X L NC THI BNH VIN VIT NAM
II.1. Cng ngh x l.
Theo thng bo ca B Y T v qun l v x l cht thi bnh vin cho thy
cc trm x l nc thi bnh vin ca vit nam ang hot ng nhng trnh
khc nhau v c th quy v cc nhm cng ngh nh sau.
Bng 1.10. Mt s cng ngh x l nc thi bnh vin vit nam. [1]
STT
1
2
3
4
Tn cng ngh
X l c hc
X l c hc phi hp vi x l sinh hc t nhin
X l sinh hc hiu kh thng dng
Lc sinh hc nhiu bc
II.1.1. X l c hc.
Nc thi sau khi qua b t hoi, c x l c hc ti b lng v kh trng
bng clo ri x ra ngoi. y l loi hnh cng ngh x l n gin c dng ph
bin cc bnh vin c ca H Ni v cc tnh (bnh vin Ph sn H Ni, bnh
vin Nhi Hi Phng..) cht lng nc nhn chung khng t tiu chun thi
TCVN 7382-2004.
S cng ngh c th hin trong hnh v sau:
Nc thi
Lng s b
Kh trng
Thi ra ngun
Hnh 2.1. S cng ngh x l nc thi bnh vin bng c hc.
II.1.2. X l c hc phi hp vi lc sinh nh git hoc x l sinh hc t
nhin.
Nc thi t b t hoi c x l c hc trong b lng, x l sinh hc trong
b lc sinh hc nh git sau kh trng ri x ra h thng cng chung ca thnh
ph (bnh vin Hai B Trng). mt s bnh vin, nc thi sau khi qua b t
hoi, c x l s b ti b lng ri c bm vo cc b hoc ao x l sinh hc
H Ni 5/2009
14
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
t nhin trc khi thi ra bn ngoi (bnh vin ng Anh H Ni). Ngun tip
nhn thng l ng rung
S cng ngh c th hin trn hnh sau:
Nc thi
iu ho
Lng I
Lc sinh hc nh git
Gom bn
Lng II
kh trng
Thi ra ngun
Nc thi
Lng s b
H sinh hc
kh trng
Thi ra ngun
Hnh 2.3. x l nc thi bnh vin bng h sinh hc t nhin.
II.1.3. X l sinh hc hiu kh.
Nc thi sau khi qua b t hoi c x l sinh hc trong Aeroten vi bn
hot tnh tun hon v kh trng trc khi x ra ngoi (bnh vin Giao thng,
bnh vin Khng qun, bnh vin Bch Mai).
S x l nc thi bng bn hot tnh truyn thng c th hin trn hnh
sau:
H Ni 5/2009
15
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
Nc thi
Song chn
Lng I
Aeroten
Gom bn
Lng II
Kh trng
X ra ngun
Hnh 2.4. S cng ngh x l nc thi bnh vin bng bn hot tnh.
II.1.4. Lc sinh hc nhiu bc c m vi sinh (c m vi sinh ).
Nc thi sau chn rc c lng trong c x dng cht keo t, s l sinh hc
ym kh, thiu kh v hiu kh qua lp vt liu m sau lng v kh trng trc
khi x vo ngun tip nhn . Thit b hp khi gn, kt hp cc qu trnh x l c
bn bng phng php sinh hc vi vic b sung ch phm vi sinh gia tng qu
trnh kh cht bn hu c.
S x l nc thi bnh vin bng lc sinh hc nhiu bc th hin trong
hnh sau:
Nc thi
Chn rc
Lng I
B phn
hu bn
thit b hp khi
Lng II
Kh trng
16
H Ni 5/2009
X ra ngun
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
H Ni 5/2009
17
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
nay V-69 c pht trin v hon thin nhiu ln. Chc nng ca cc thit b hp
khi kiu V-69 l x l sinh hc hiu kh, lng bc 2 kiu lamen v kh trng
nc thi. u im ca thit b l tng kh nng tip xc ca nc thi vi vi sinh
vt v oxy c trong nc nh lp m vi sinh c rng cao, b mt ring ln.
qu trnh trao i cht v oxy t hiu qu cao.
- Thit b CN-2000: Trn nguyn l ca thit b V-69, thit b x l nc thi
CN-2000 c ch to theo kiu thp sinh hc vi qu trnh cp kh v khng cp
kh an xen nhau tng kh nng kh nit. Mi modun thit b c cng sut 150250m3/ng.. Thit b CN-2000 c cc bo s hu ch tu bo h s hu cng
nghip t thng 9/2003.
II.2. nh gi hiu qu x l ca cc cng ngh x l nc thi bnh vin
Vit Nam.
- Nghin cu nh gi hiu qu x l cc ch tiu vi sinh v ha l theo cc nhm
cng ngh x l nc thi bnh vin Vit Nam ca T Hi Bng, Nguyn Khc
Hi v cc cng s cho thy. [10]
II.2.1. i vi cng ngh lc sinh hc nh git.
Bng 2.1. Hiu qu x l ch tiu ha l.
Ch tiu
Ph
H2S
BOD5
COD
NT
PT
SS
Trc x l
Sau x l
6.9
8.0
123.8
177.1
14.4
1.7
37.7
7.3
1.7
104.9
137.0
14.2
0.9
31.3
79.2
15.27
22.62
0.98
47.75
17.08
TCVN
(7382-2004)
6.5-8.5
1
30
80
30
6
100
Trc x l
Sau x l
Hiu sut(%)
531490
1690
58762220
107160
1060
12711590
79.84
37.29
78.36
H Ni 5/2009
TCVN
(7382-2004)
5000
18
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
Coliform(100ml)
Fecal
coliform(100ml)
Enterococci (100ml)
45871750
7930250
82.71
4040240
733470
81.85
Trc x l
Sau x l
6.9
11.6
264.3
334.8
18.1
2.2
54.7
7.0
1.7
204.5
298.4
8.8
0.3
21.3
85.34
22.63
10.87
51.30
83.80
61.06
TCVN
(7382-2004)
6.5-8.5
1
30
80
30
6
100
Trc x l
Sau x l
Hiu sut(%)
TCVN
(7382-2004)
5000
746630
651
15896390
27230
37
30580
96.35
94.38
99.81
15243030
12280
99.92
14105770
46480
99.67
Trc x l
6.6
5.3
116.1
168.0
18.5
1.4
Sau x l
7.03
0.66
71.66
107.29
5.91
1.04
H Ni 5/2009
87.35
38.26
36.15
68.03
23.37
TCVN
(7382-2004)
6.5-8.5
1
30
80
30
6
19
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
SS
29.0
11.5
60.39
100
Hiu sut(%)
TCVN
(7382-2004)
5000
Trc x l
Sau x l
321290
5580
4549230
46
199
79
99.99
96.43
99.99
2074990
47
99.99
3110680
1100
99.96
Trc x l
Sau x l
7.1
4.3
130.5
178.5
16.4
1.4
32.0
8
1
70
103
8
1
13
82.10
46.37
42.39
48.22
28.23
60.50
TCVN
(7382-2004)
6.5-8.5
1
30
80
30
6
100
Trc x l
Sau x l
Hiu sut(%)
TCVN
(7382-2004)
5000
820770
2080
19836050
200
153
63
99.98
92.66
99.99
6590790
219
99.99
138180
245
99.82
H Ni 5/2009
20
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
BOD
COD
H2S
NT
PT
SS
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
Lc sinh hc nh git
Vo
Ra
Hiu
suat
129.9
83.5
35.72
183.1
116.1
36.59
9.00
3.86
57.11
16.56
12.37
25.3
1.76
1.09
38.07
36.0
22.9
36.39
Ch tiu
Vo
BOD
COD
H2S
NT
PT
SS
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
mg/l
118.6
172.0
4.50
17.08
1.60
28.4
Aeroten
Ra
Hiu
suat
89.6
24.45
142.9
16.92
2.53
43.78
12.75
15.35
1.65
28.5
-
Vo
179.2
221.5
3.74
12.29
1.23
53.3
H sinh hc
Ra
Hiu suat
140.7
186.2
0.1
7.23
0.28
29.6
21.48
15.94
97.33
41.17
77.24
44.47
Lc sinh hc nhiu bc
Vo
Ra
Hiu suat
165.7
227.5
4.85
17.23
1.95
37.8
94.8
130.8
0.8
9.09
1.05
14.8
42.79
42.51
83.51
47.24
46.15
60.85
Nhn xt: Qua cc bng trn thy rng hiu qu x l ca cc trm x l theo
cc nhm cng ngh khc nhau l rt khc nhau v cha p ng nhu cu ngy
cng cht ch theo TCVN i vi cc dng nc thi hin nay. Trong nhm
cng ngh sinh hc nhiu bc t hiu qu hn c, tuy cha t yu cu l thuyt
v trong qu trnh vn hnh cc trm cn cha tun th cc yu cu v ch cng
ngh, trm khng c vn hnh thng xuyn v n nh. Ngoi ra tnh khng
ng u ca ngun nc cng l mt nguyn nhn.
II.3. nh hng trin khai cng ngh x l nc thi Vit Nam.
- Phn ln cc h thng x l nc thi bnh vin theo cng ngh x l c hc,
bn hot tnh truyn thng khng c kt hp hiu kh - thiu kh xy dng
H Ni 5/2009
21
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
khng p ng tiu chun thi theo TCVN 7382-2004 c bit v ch tiu vi sinh
v nit. Trong nhng nm gn y nhm cng ngh hp khi c p dng
thnh cng nhiu bnh vin (bnh vin Thanh Nhn, Xanh Pn) v m bo
yu cu, tuy nhin h thng cn c s vn hnh nghim tc, thng xuyn tng
cng k nng cho i ng cn b vn hnh.
- m bo ch tiu thi theo nit nht thit h x l phi c thm hay ch trng
x l thiu kh. Vic kt hp gia thi kh v khuy trn (thiu kh) cn c thc
hin t ng ho. H x l ny s ko theo tng gi thnh xy dng v vn hnh,
mc tng tu thuc vo cc yu t iu kin t nhin (nc thi, nhit , c
h sinh hc x l tip theo hay khng..)
- Xy dng mi h thng x l nc thi phi da trn c im ca tng c s.
trn c s nhng tiu chun chung cn c s vn dng c th vi nhng hiu chnh
nht nh
- Vic p dng x l sinh hc t nhin c ngha quan trng v gim c vn
u t x l, c bit i vi cc bnh vin tuyn tnh hay huyn khi c din tch
t ln.
- xy dng v vn hnh tt mt h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cn phi
o to i ng cn b, k thut p ng yu cu v s lng v cht lng
- Kh trng l bc bt buc trong x l nc thi bnh vin. Vic s dng clo
dng NaClO hay Ca(OCl)2 l ph hp vi cc c s bnh vin.
H Ni 5/2009
22
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
CHNG III:
PHN TCH LA CHN PHNG PHP X L NC THI.
III.1. C s la chn phng php x l nc thi.
Cc yu t cn ch khi la chn phng php x l nc thi.
- c tnh ca nc thi u vo: cn xc nh c th thnh phn cc cht nhim
trong nc thi, dng tn ti ca chng (l lng, dng keo, hay dng ha tan), kh
nng phn hy sinh hc v c ca cc thnh phn v c, hu c.
Bng 3.1.c tnh nc thi u vo c c th hin trong bng sau:
(s liu nc thi u vo ti bnh vin Vit c: s 41 Ph Trng Thi, H Ni)
Thng
s
pH
7.14
SS
(mg/l)
94.8
COD
(mg/l)
198.8
BOD5
(mg/l)
157.8
NO3(mg/l)
23.74
Ptng
(mg/l)
4.22
NH4+
(mg/l)
14.2
Coliform
MPN/100ml
12.106
Thng s
pH
Cht rn l
lng
BOD5
n v
mg/l
mg/l
Gi tr gii hn
Mc I
50
30
H Ni 5/2009
Mc II
100
30
23
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
Sunfua(S2-)
mg/l
+
Amoni (NH4 )
mg/l
Nitrat(NO3-)
mg/l
Du m
mg/l
Octophosphat
mg/l
(PO43-)
Tng coliform MPN/100ml
Vi khun gy
bnh
ng
rut
Salmonella
Shigella
Vibrio cholera
Tng hot
Bq/l
phng x
Tng hot
Bq/l
phng x
1
10
30
5
4
1000
KPHD
1
10
30
10
6
5000
KPHD
0.1
0.1
24
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
Nc thi t cc
ng ng thu gom
Ch phm vi sinh DW97-H
Sng rc
Nc chy trn
v b iu ha
Bn a v
x l
Rc a dn khu
x l cht thi
rn bnh vin
Ngn iu ha
Ngn nn bn
B phn ng
hiu kh thiu kh
Bn hot
tnh tun
hon
B lng II
Ha cht kh trng
H Ni 5/2009
B tip xc kh trng
Nc ra ngun
25
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
Sng rc
Nc chy trn
v b iu ha
Bn a v
x l
Rc a dn khu
x l cht thi
rn bnh vin
Ngn iu ha
Ngn nn bn
Thit b hp khi
(lc sinh hc)
Bn hot
tnh tun
hon
B lng lamen
Ha cht keo t
PACN - 95
B tip xc kh trng
Ha cht kh trng
Nc ra ngun
H Ni 5/2009
26
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
27
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
b lng
Nc ra
Nc vo
Bn quay vng
Bn d
Cc phn ng xy ra trong qu trnh x l hiu kh:
- Kh cc hp cht hu c:
(1) oxi ha cc cht hu c:
enzym
CxHyOzN + O2
CO2 + H2O + NH3 + nng lng
(2) tng hp xy dng t bo:
enzym
CxHyOzN + O2
C5H7NO2 + CO2 + H2O + NH3 + nng lng
Trong :
CxHyOzN : k hu cc cht hu c trong nc thi
C5H7NO2: k hiu thnh phn ha hc ca vi khun thi im h hp ni
bo
(3) t oxi ha cht liu t bo (t phn hy)
enzym
C5H7NO2 + 5O2
5CO2 + 2H2O + NH3 + nng lng
H Ni 5/2009
28
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
- Nitrat ho:
(1) NH4+ b chuyn ha thnh NO2- nh vi khun nitrosomonas theo phn ng:
nitrosomonas
55NH4+ + 76O2 + 5CO2
C 5H7NO2
H Ni 5/2009
29
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
0
T: nhit . (0C)
- Khi nhit tng th max tng dn n tc tng trng tng.
- Khi tng nhit qu ngng cho php (ngng chu ng ca vi sinh vt)
gy c ch qu trnh trao i cht (l cc phn ng mem trong t bo vi sinh vt)
dn n tc tng trng gim.
- Khi tng nhit th DO gim dn n hiu qu x l sinh hc hiu kh gim.
- Thng thng trong cc h thng x l sinh hc t0 = 10 350C
2). nh hng ca pH.
pH trong cc h thng x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc thng l :
5-9 v ti u trong khong 6,5-8,5. Nu pH nm ngoi [5-9] th cn phi iu
chnh pH trong h thng.
3). nh hng ca oxy ho tan.
thc hin qu trnh oxy ha, vi sinh vt cn oxy di dng oxy ha tan.
Trong cc h thng x l hiu kh, oxy c cp lin tc p ng nhu cu oxy
cho qu trnh oxy ha.
Thiu oxy ha tan cng l mt trong nhng nguyn nhn lm phng bn do vi
khun dng si pht trin. Vic cp oxy cn c tc dng to ra ng nht trong
thit b, lm r cc khi bng ln, gim cc im cht trong thit b, nng cao hiu
qu lm sch v rt ngn thi gian lu ca nc trong h thng x l. m bo
tc oxy ha, oxy ha tan cn t t 2-4mg/l. khi DO qu ln th hiu qu x
l khng tng hn nhiu nhng chi ph cp nng lng ln.
4). nh hng ca cc cht dinh dng.
Vi sinh vt tiu th cc cht hu c sng v hot ng i hi mt lng
cht dinh dng Nit v photpho pht trin, t l ny thng trong khong
BOD5 : N : P = 100:5:1. Ngoi ra cn mt lng nh cc nguyn t khong nh
Ca, Mg, FeCc cht khong ny thng c trong nc thi.
5). nh hng ca cc cht c.
Trong qu trnh x l nc thi bng phng php sinh hc th cc vi sinh vt
rt nhy cm vi cc cht c nh:
- Cc kim loi nng v mui ca chng: As, Hg, Cu
- Cc hp cht hu c c nh: phenol, hp cht cht ca phenol, cc cht oxy
ho mnh nh clo v hp cht ca clo..
H Ni 5/2009
30
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
H Ni 5/2009
31
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
H Ni 5/2009
32
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
H Ni 5/2009
33
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
CHNG IV.
TNH TON CC HNG MC TRONG CNG TRNH X L
IV.1. Yu cu x l.
Cc thng s u vo:
T s liu thc tp: cc thng s u vo c ly t kt qu phn tch mu
nc ti khu x l s 1 bnh vin Vit c (a im: s 41 Ph Trng Thi-H
Ni)
Bng thng s u vo v yu cu x l.
Thng s
u vo
u ra
(TCVN 7382-2004 mc II)
Lu lng
500
500
(m3/ng.)
pH
7,14
6,5-8,5
COD (mg/l)
230,8
BOD5 (mg/l)
157,8
30
NO3- (mg/l)
38,74
30
NH4+ (mg/l)
14,2
10
Ptng (mg/l)
4,22
98,8
100
12.106
5000
SS (mg/l)
Tng coliform
(MPN/100ml)
H Ni 5/2009
34
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
Qng .d
24
500
21 (m3/h)
24
Chn T = 1h
- Kch thc xy dng ngn thu gom:
Chiu cao ngn h = 2,5m (chiu cao bo v l 0,3m)
Din tch b mt ngn: F =
V
21
=
= 8.4 m2
h 2,5
F = B L (rng di)
H Ni 5/2009
35
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
q Kz
,
b h1 vtt
[2]
36
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
Thay s vi:
q = 21m3/h = 5,8.10-3m3/s.
Chn b = 8 mm = 0,008m
Chn h1 = 0,2m.
Chn vtt = 0,8m/s.
n=
Ta c:
5,8 103 1, 05
= 4, 7
0, 008 0, 2 0,8
2g
ko
4
S 3
= sin
b
[2]
ko=3
: h s sc khng cc b ca song chn.
: h s ph thuc vo tit din ngang ca thanh sng chn, vi tit
H Ni 5/2009
37
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
4
0, 008 3
S = 1,97
sin 60o = 1, 7
0, 008
Nh vy:
0,82
h = 1, 7
3 = 0,166m
2 9.81
Q 5,8 103
=
= 7,3 103 m2
v
0,8
[1]
IV.4. B iu ha.
IV.4.1. Kt cu b.
Vic tnh ton thit k b iu ha da trn cc s liu v lu lng nc thi,
s bin i ca nng cc cht nhim v lu lng nc thi trong ngy. Lp
cc hm Q = f(t) v C = f(t) v t tm ra thi gian iu ha cn thit.
Do khng c iu kin o c cc gi tr lu lng v nng cc cht bn
cc thi im khc nhau nn s b chn thi gian iu ha l Tdh =2h.
- Th tch b iu ha:
Vdh = Q Tdh , m3
Thay s:
Vdh = 21 2 = 42m3
- kch thc b:
Chn chiu cao b l h = 2,5m (chiu cao bo v l 0,3m)
Din tch b mt b l F =
Vdh 42
=
16m 2
h
2,5
F = B L (rng di)
Chn chiu rng b 4m.
Chn chiu di b 4m.
kch thc b 4 4 2,5 (rng di cao).
IV.4.2. H thng cp kh b iu ha.
- Lng kh cn cp cho b iu ha.
H Ni 5/2009
38
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
Hs
), Pa [2]
10,33
2,3
) 120 kPa. [2]
10,33
Thay s:
N=
3, 64(1200000,29 26,3)32
1 kW
1000 0,5
Nh vy cn dng 2 my thi kh c:
H Ni 5/2009
39
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
lp t 2 my bm ti b iu ha. Mt my lm vic v mt my d
phng. Cc my bm ny c ni vi h thng phao t ng cho php t
ng bm khi c nc thi v t ng ngt khi nc thi t.
H Ni 5/2009
40
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
Yu cu u ra:
H Ni 5/2009
41
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
BOD20
Mt s thng s khc la chn khi tnh ton.
- Lng bn hot tnh trong nc thi u vo Xo = 0
-
So S 157,8 6, 2
=
100% = 96,1%
So
157,8
42
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
V=
QY ( So S )c 3
,m
X (1 + K dc )
[7]
Trong : V: th tch b, m3
Q: lu lng nc thi, m3/ngy.m.
Q = 500 m3/ngy.m.
So(BOD5 vo) = 157,8mg/l
S(BOD5 ra) = 6,2mg/l
Y: h s sinh trng cc i (mg bn hot tnh/mg BOD5 tiu th)
Y = 0,5
bng 5-1 [7]
Kd: H s phn hy ni bo (ngay-1)
Kd = 0,06/ngy
bng 5-1 [7]
c : tui ca bn (ngy)
c = 0, 75 15 (ngy)
Chn c = 8 (ngy)
X: nng bn hot tnh, mg/l
X = 2500mg/l
Thay s c:
Th tch ngn hiu kh l:
V=
V 82
=
= 0,1625 ngy =3,9 (h)
Q 21
H Ni 5/2009
43
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
yb =
Y
0,5
=
= 0,338
1 + K d c 1 + 0, 06 8
Trong :
Trong :
Thay s:
25, 62
= 36, 6 (kg/ngy.m)
1 0,3
5) Tnh lu lng x bn
T biu thc tui ca bn c :
c =
VX
Qxa X T + Qr X r
Qxa =
V X Qr X r c
X T c
H Ni 5/2009
44
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
F
:
M
S
F
= o
M X
[7]
F
157,8
=
= 0,388 (mgBOD5/mg bn.ngy)
M 0,1625 2500
So S 1
[7]
157,8 6, 2 1
c) Ti trng th tch:
L=
L=
So Q
V
[7]
H Ni 5/2009
45
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
Gi tr ny nm trong khong cho php ca thng s thit k theo bng 6-1 [7]
d) Ch s th tch bn SVI (ml/g) c tnh theo cng thc:
=
X
1000
X
SVI
[2]
Q( So S )
1, 42 Px
1000 f
(kg O2/ngy)
[7]
Trong : OCo : lng oxy cn thit theo iu kin tiu chun ca phn ng
20oC.
Q : Lu lng nc thi cn x l (m3/ngy).
So : Nng BOD5 u vo (g/m3)
S : Nng BOD5 u ra (g/m3)
f : H s chuyn i t BOD5 sang COD hay BOD20; f =
BOD5
COD
Thng f = 0, 45 0, 68 ; chn f = 0, 68
Px : Phn t bo x ra ngoi theo bn d, kg/ngy.m
Px = 25,62 (kg/ngy.m)
500 (157, 7 6, 2)
1, 42 25, 62 = 75, 09 (kg/ngy)
1000 0, 68
H Ni 5/2009
46
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
Cs 20
OCt = OCo
Csh Cd
Trong :
1
1
(T 20)
1, 024
(kg/ngy) [7]
vi nc thi thng ly = 1 .
Csh : Nng oxy bo ha trong nc sch ng vi nhit (ToC)
9, 08 2 0, 7
(kg/ngy)
OCt
f , m3/ngy.
OU
[7]
Chn f = 2
OU = Ou h : Cng sut ha tan oxy vo nc thi ca thit b phn
H Ni 5/2009
47
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
Thay s:
Qk =
120, 4
2 = 9826, 43 m3/ngy = 409,43 m3/h.
7 103 4
Dkhi =
Trong :
[1]
chn = 12m / s
Thay s:
Dkhi =
409, 43
= 110mm
0, 785 12 3600
409, 43
= 11,97 m / s (m bo =10-15m/s)
3600 0, 785 0,112
409, 43 1000
81 (a)
1, 4 3600
Chn s a l 80.
Cch b tr h thng phn phi kh:
+ dn ng phn phi kh t cch y 0,2m.
+ ng dn kh chnh t nm trng vi trc di ca ngn.
+ b tr 10 ng PVC ngang nm dc theo trc chnh, cch nhau 0,6m. Thanh u
v thanh cui cch thnh b 0,5m.
H Ni 5/2009
48
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
Qkhi 409, 43
=
41 (m3/h)
10
10
41
= 35mm
0, 785 12 3600
b) My thi kh.
- p lc cn thit ca my thi kh tnh theo cng thc:
P = 98066,5(1 +
Trong :
Hs
), Pa
10,33
[2]
P : p lc my thi kh, Pa
H s : ngp ca thit b phn tn kh trong nc
H s 4m = chiu su b.
Thay s:
P = 98066,5(1 +
4
) = 136040 Pa 136kPa
10,33
Trong :
3, 64 ( P 0,29 26,3) Qk
1000
, kW
Chn = 0, 7
Thay s:
N=
H Ni 5/2009
= 9, 6kW
49
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
Thay s vi:
X = 2500 mg/l
NO3-(vo) = 38,74mg/l
NO3-(ra) = 25mg/l
N (200C) = 0,1 mg/mg ngy (tc kh NO3-)
2
0, 05 ngy = 1,2h
V=
50
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
3,9
0,55
409,43
3 3 3
1,2
P = 1,1kW
250mm
: h s tun hon
Co : Nng bn hot tnh trong b aeroten, g/m3.
Ct : Nng bn trong dng tun hon, g/m3.
VL : vn tc lng ca mt phn chia, m/h.
Trong :
[7]
1
1
CL = Ct = 10000 = 5000( g / m3 )
2
2
Thay s:
VL = 7 e 600500010 = 0,34(m / h)
Q = 500m3 / h = 21m3 / h , = 0,55
Co =
X
2500
=
3571( g / m3 )
0, 7 0, 7
H Ni 5/2009
51
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
Ct =
10000
14286( g / m3 )
0, 7
VL = 0,34(m / h)
S=
21 ( 1 + 0,55 ) 3571
35m 2
10000 0,34
- ng knh b:
Dbe =
4 Sbe
4 38,5
=
7m
3,14
d2
= 2, 4m 2
4
Q 500
=
= 15,15 m3/m2ngy.
SL
33
- Vn tc i ln ca dng nc trong b:
V=
15,15
= 0, 63 m/h
24
Q 500
=
= 28, 41 m3/m di.ngy
L 17, 6
- Ti trng bn:
H Ni 5/2009
52
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
b=
( Q + Qt ) Co
24 S
CL + Ct 5000 + 10000
=
= 7,5kg / m3
2
2
- Lng nc i vo b lng:
Qt = ( 1 + ) Q = ( 1 + 0,55 ) 21 = 32,55m3 / h m3/ngy. m
V 134, 75
=
= 4, 2h
Qt 32,55
H Ni 5/2009
53
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
ng knh (m)
7
3,8
15,15
3,5
4,2
IV.7. Kh trng.
IV.7.1. Lng ha cht cn thit trong mt ngy m.
Tnh ton lng clojaven cn dng:
- Hm lng clo hot tnh dng cho mt m3 nc thi: 3,5g/m3 [2]
- Lng clo dng trong mt ngy: 3,5 500=1750g/ngy.m.
- S dng dung dch clojaven NaClO 6%.
Khi lng clojaven (NaClO 6%) cho mt ngy l:
mNaClO =
= 61, 2 (kg/ngy.dm)
35,5
6
54
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
Ha cht kh trng
dd NaClO 6%
IV.8. X l bn cn.
Phn bn cn b lng s c my bm bn hi lu mt phn bn hot tnh
tr v b x l sinh hc m bo nng x l cn phn bn d tha c
bm v b cha bn. Ti y c b sung ch phm vi sinh DWH-97 gip qu trnh
phn hy bn cn din ra nhanh hn v dit tr cc loi trng giun gy bnh.
Trong b cha ny di tc dng ca vi khun ym kh, cc cht c trong bn cn
s phn hy thnh kh Metan, H2S v b bn. Trn thc t cng ngh ny c
p dng thnh cng nhiu bnh vin trn ton quc ( BV Thanh Nhn, BV Hu
Ngh ) v cho thy, qua qu trnh vn hnh lng bn tch t li b nn bn ca
h thng ny l rt t hng nm c ht i bng xe ht ca cng ty v sinh mi
trng 1 n 2 ln ty vo cng sut x l ca bnh vin. Trn np b b tr ng
thng hi dn kh thot ra ngoi cao m bo khng nh hng n mi
trng xung quanh. [2]
Tnh ton kch thc b cha:
- theo tiu chun ngnh ca Nga v tiu chun ngnh Vit Nam, tng lng bn
sn ra tnh theo cng thc:
Gbun = [0,8( SS ) + 0,3( BOD5 )]Q [7]
- T trng cn : S = 1,005
- Nng cn: P = 1%=0,01.
Th tch cn a v b cha:
Vcan =
0, 063
6,3 (m3/ngy).
1, 005 0, 01
55
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
- ng knh b: Dc =
Vc
63
=
= 3, 7m
hc
1,5 3,14
Chn Dc = 4m.
Chn bm bn c: Q = 15-20m3/h, H = 10-8m sn xut ti Vit Nam
S lng: 4 bm (2 bm lm vic, 2 bm d phng)
Bng thng k b cha bn
B cha bn
Kch thc
- ng knh
4m
1,5m
- Chiu cao
Ha cht ph tr
Ch phm vi sinh DWH-97
IV.9. B tr mt bng.
Thc t cho thy rng a s cc bnh vin din tch u rt nh hp ( mt s
bnh vin quy nh: BV Bch Mai, BV Vit c, BV K) do vic b tr h
thng x l thng l nh chm mt s hng mc nhm gim thiu nhim mi
cho moi trng xung quanh v bn trn tn dng lm nh iu hnh hoc khu
xe...
S b tr mt bng thng phi m bo cc tiu ch sau:
- Chim t din tch t
- m bo thm m quan cho bnh vin
- khng gy ra cc nhim th cp cho bnh vin (mi hi thi thot ra t cc qu
trnh phn hy cht bn)
(chi tit b tr mt bng xem trn bn v phn ph lc)
Tn ha cht
Ha cht kh trng
Gi tr
H Ni 5/2009
n v
56
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
m3/ngy m
g/m3
500
3,5
1.750
6
61,2
g/ngy m
%
Kg dd NaClO,
6%/ngy m
Vn/kg
Vn/1m3
1.600
195.9
2
3
4
5
6
8
9
10
Hng mc
V tr
My khuy cho nh iu
bn pha ho hnh
cht
Bm nh lng Nh iu
hnh
Thit b nh H thu
cn
gom
My sc kh b Nh iu
iu ha
hnh
My sc kh nh iu
ngn hiu kh
hnh
My khuy trn trong
ngn thiu kh
ngn
thiu kh
My bm nc Trong b
thi chm
iu ha
My khuy ha
cht
Bm nh lng
ha cht
Bm bn chm
Nh iu
hnh
Nh iu
hnh
Cng sut
kW
0,12
in nng
Ghi ch
(kWh/ngy)
0,1
Cp cho b iu
ha
0,2
60
20
10
200
1,1
20
1,5
24
0,12
0,1
0,2
H Ni 5/2009
Cp cho b iu
ha
Cp cho b iu
ha
Cp cho ngn
hiu kh
o trn trong
ngn thiu kh
Bm nc sang
b x l sinh
hc
cp cho b kh
trng
Cp ha cht b
kh trng
Tun hon bn
57
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
11
Bm bn chm
12
13
14
Tng cng
Gi in
Chi ph in
nng
Lu lng x l
Chi ph in
nng cho x l
1m3 nc thi
15
16
338,1
1000
338100
500m3/ng.
676,2
Vn/m3
Hng mc
Chi ph nhn cng
Cng sut h thng
Mt ngy lm vic
Mi ca c s ngi
Lng tr cho mt ngi
Tng lng tr cho cng nhn
vn hnh
S ngy hot ng ca h thng
Lng tr cho mt ngy vn
hnh
Lng tr cho 1 m3 nc thi
cn x l
n gi
n v
500
2
3
1.500.000
9.000.000
m3/ngy m
ca
ngi.
Vn/thng.
Vn/thng.
30
300.000
Ngy/thng
Vn/thng
600
Vn/m3
Hng mc
Tng hp chi ph
Cng sut h thng
Chi ph ha cht
Chi ph nhn cng
Chi ph in nng
Chi ph vn hnh
K hiu
Cch tnh
Q
C1
C2
C3
C4
500
Tnh trn
Tnh trn
Tnh trn
C4=C1+C2+C3
H Ni 5/2009
Gi thnh
n v
195,9
600
676,2
1472,1
m3/ngy.
Vn/ngy
Vn/ngy
Vn/ngy
Vn/ngy
58
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
7
8
cho 1 ngy
Chi ph cho 1 nm
chy h thng
Chi ph cho 1 m3
nc thi
C5
C5 = C4 365
537.361.5
Vn/nm
C6
C6 = C4/Q
1,472
Vn/m3
Cn b
S lng
02
Cng nhn k
ngnh c in
01
Tng s
thut
Cng vic
Trc tip theo
di hot ng
ca trm.
(1 ngi/ca) sa
cha nhng trc
trc
thng
thng
Trc tip theo
di hot ng c
in ca trm v
phn cc thit b
c in. Sa
cha nhng trc
trc
thng
thng
Yu cu
chuyn mn
Trung cp k
thut ngnh cp
thot nc hoc
mi
trng,
c o to v
vic vn hnh
trm XLNT
Trung cp k
thut c in
03
59
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
Bnh vin
i vn hnh
(i trng 01 ngi)
T cp thot
nc (01 ngi)
T c in
(01 ngi)
H Ni 5/2009
60
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
H Ni 5/2009
61
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
H Ni 5/2009
62
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
H Ni 5/2009
63
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
MC LC
M U..............................................................1
CHNG I:
TNG QUAN...................................................3
I.1.Khi qut v ngnh Y T v hin trng mi trng bnh vin Vit Nam.......3
I.1.1. Ngnh Y T Vit Nam...............................................................................3
I.1.2. Hin trng mi trng bnh vin...................................................................4
I.1.2.1. Hin trng cht thi rn...............................................................................4
I.1.2.2. Hin trng nc thi....................................................................................6
CHNG II: ........................................................................................................14
II.1. Cng ngh x l.............................................................................................14
II.1.1. X l c hc...............................................................................................14
II.1.2. X l c hc phi hp vi lc sinh nh git hoc x l sinh hc t nhin. 14
II.1.3. X l sinh hc hiu kh...............................................................................15
II.1.4. Lc sinh hc nhiu bc c m vi sinh (c m vi sinh )............................16
II.2. nh gi hiu qu x l ca cc cng ngh x l nc thi bnh vin Vit
Nam.......................................................................................................................18
II.2.1. i vi cng ngh lc sinh hc nh git.....................................................18
II.2.2. i vi h sinh hc.....................................................................................19
II.2.3. i vi cng ngh bn hot tnh.................................................................19
II.2.4. Cng ngh lc sinh hc nhiu bc...............................................................20
II.3. nh hng trin khai cng ngh x l nc thi Vit Nam. ....................21
CHNG III: ......................................................................................................23
III.1. C s la chn phng php x l nc thi...............................................23
III.2. Phn tch nguyn l v la chn s cng ngh x l:..............................24
III.2.1. xut......................................................................................................24
III.2.2. Phn tch la chn phng n....................................................................27
III.2.3. C s qu trnh x l bng bn hot tnh...................................................27
III.2.3.1. Nguyn l: .............................................................................................27
III.2.3.2. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh x l hiu kh - thiu kh...............29
III.2.3.2.1. Cc yu t nh hng n qu trnh x l hiu kh.............................29
III.3. La chn cc hng mc v thuyt minh s cng ngh.............................31
III.3.2. La chn cc hng mc. ...........................................................................31
III.3.3. Thuyt minh dy chuyn cng ngh:.........................................................33
CHNG IV. ......................................................................................................34
IV.1. Yu cu x l...............................................................................................34
IV.2. H gom nc thi.........................................................................................35
IV.2.1. Kt cu h thu gom...................................................................................35
IV.2.2. Thit b v ha cht ph tr.......................................................................35
IV.2.2.1. Ha cht: ...............................................................................................35
IV.2.2.2. Thit b...................................................................................................36
IV.3. Sng rc........................................................................................................36
H Ni 5/2009
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Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
65
Thit k h thng x l nc thi bnh vin cng sut 500m3/ng.-L Vn Trng- CNMT K49
H Ni 5/2009
66