1.

M u
Vt liu nano ang i su vo i sng hin i v ang dn dn chim mt ngha rt ln i vi i sng ca con ngi nh vo cc tnh cht rt c bit ca chng m cc vt liu truyn thng trc khng c c. Tnh c bit ca vt liu nano c c l nh kch thc nh b ca chng. Bt c vt liu no u c s hng ng vi t trng ngoi (H), th hin bng t ha (t - M). T s c = M/H c gi l cm t. Ty thuc vo gi tr, cm t c th phn ra lm cc loi vt liu t khc nhau. Vt liu c c < 0 (~ -10-6) c gi l vt liu nghch t. Vt liu c c > 0 (~10-6) c gi l vt liu thun t. Vt liu c c > 0 vi gi tr rt ln c th l vt liu st t, ferri t. y, vt liu t tnh ng l vt liu st t, ferri t hoc siu thun t. Ngoi cm t, mt s thng s khc cng rt quan trng trong vic xc nh tnh cht ca vt liu, v d nh: t bo ha Ms (t t cc i ti t trng ln), t d Mr (t cn d sau khi ngng tc ng ca t trng ngoi), lc khng t Hc (t trng ngoi cn thit mt h, sau khi t trng thi bo ha t, b kh t). Nu kch thc ca ht gim n mt gi tr no , ph thuc vo tng vt liu c th, tnh st t v ferri t bin mt, chuyn ng nhit s thng th v lm cho vt liu tr thnh vt liu siu thun t. i vi vt liu siu thun t, t d v lc khng t bng khng. iu c ngha l, khi ngng tc ng ca t trng ngoi, vt liu s khng cn t tnh na, y l mt c im rt quan trng khi dng vt liu ny cho cc ng dng y sinh hc. Trong t nhin, st (Fe) l vt liu c t bo ha ln nht ti nhit phng, st khng c i vi c th ngi v tnh n nh khi lm vic trong mi trng khng kh nn cc vt liu nh -xt st Fe3O4 c nghin cu rt nhiu lm ht nan t tnh.

2. Ch to ht nan t tnh n l
2.1. Phng php nghin
Phng php nghin c pht trin t rt sm ch to ht nan t tnh dng cho cc ng dng vt l nh truyn ng t mi trng khng kh vo bung chn khng, lm cht dn nhit trong cc loa cng sut cao,... Trong nhng nghin cu u tin v CLT, vt liu t tnh -xt st Fe3O4, c nghin cng vi CHHBM (a-xt Oleic) v dung mi (du, hexane). CHHBM gip cho qu trnh nghin c d dng v ng thi trnh cc ht kt t vi nhau. Sau khi nghin, sn phm phi tri qua mt qu trnh phn tch ht rt phc tp c c cc ht tng i ng nht. Phng php nghin c u im l n gin v ch to c vt liu vi khi lng ln. Vic thay i CHHBM v dung mi khng nh hng nhiu n qu trnh ch to. Nhc im ca phng php ny l tnh ng nht ca cc ht nan khng cao v kh c th khng ch qu trnh hnh thnh ht nan. Ht nan t tnh ch to bng phng php ny thng c dng cho cc ng dng vt l.

2.2. Phng php ng kt ta

Trong phng php kt ta t dung dch, khi nng ca cht t n mt trng thi bo ha ti hn, trong dung dch s xut hin t ngt nhng mm kt t. Cc mm kt t s pht trin thng qua qu trnh khuych tn ca vt cht t dung dch ln b mt ca cc mm cho n khi mm tr thnh ht nan (hnh 2). thu c ht c ng nht cao, ngi ta cn phn tch hai giai on hnh thnh mm v pht trin mm. Trong qu trnh pht trin mm, cn hn ch s hnh thnh ca nhng mm mi. Cc phng php sau y l nhng phng php kt ta t dung dch: ng kt ta, nh tng, polyol, phn ly nhit... Phng php ng kt ta l mt trong nhng phng php thng c dng to cc ht -xt st. C hai cch to xt st bng phng php ny l hydroxide st b xi ha mt phn bng mt cht xi ha no v gi ha hn hp dung dch c t phn hp thc Fe+2 v Fe+3 trong dung mi nc. Phng php th nht c th thu c ht nan c kch thc t 30 nm 100 nm.Phng php th hai c th to ht nan c kch thc t 2 nm 15 nm. Bng cch thay i pH v nng ion trong dung dch m ngi ta c th c c kch thc ht nh mong mun ng thi lm thay i in tch b mt ca cc ht c hnh thnh.

Hnh 2: C ch hnh thnh v pht trin ht nan trong dung dch C ch tng hp ht nan Fe3O4 nh sau: vi t phn mol hp l Fe3+/Fe2+ = 2 trong mi trng kim c pH = 9 14 v trong iu kin thiu xy. Fe3+ + H2O Fe(OH)x3-x (thng qua qu trnh mt proton) Fe2+ + H2O Fe(OH)y2-y (thng qua qu trnh mt proton) Fe(OH)x3-x + Fe(OH)y2-y Fe3O4 (thng qua qu trnh xi ha v dehydride ha, pH > 9, nhit 60). Tng hp cc phn ng trn chng ta c phng trnh sau: Fe2+ + 2Fe3+ + 8OH- Fe3O4 + 4H2O Nu c oxi th magnetite b oxi ha thnh hydroxide theo phn ng: Fe3O4 + 0,25 O2 + 4,5 H2O 3Fe(OH)3

2.3. Vi nh tng
Vi nh tng (microemulsion) cng l mt phng php c dng kh ph bin to ht nan. Vi nh tng nc-trong-du, cc git dung dch nc b by bi cc phn t CHHBM trong du (cc mixen) (hnh 3). y l mt dung dch trng thi cn bng nhit ng trong sut, ng hng. Do s gii hn v khng gian ca cc phn t CHHBM, s hnh thnh, pht trin cc ht nano b hn ch v to nn cc ht nano rt ng nht. Kch thc ht c th t 4-12 nm vi sai khc khong 0.2-0.3 nm. V d, dodecyl sulfate st, Fe(DS)2, c dng trong phng php vi nh tng to ht nan t tnh vi kch thc c th c iu khin bng nng cht hot ha b mt (CHHBM) l AOT v nhit .

Hnh 3: H nh tng nc trong du v du trong nc. C ch c th ca phn ng xy ra trong h vi nh tng nh sau (hnh 4): Phn ng ha hc to cc cht mong mun s xy ra khi ta ha trn cc h vi nh tng ny li vi nhau. C 2 cch cc phn t cht phn ng gp nhau: Cch th nht: Cc phn t cht phn ng thm qua lp mng cht hot ha b mt ra ngoi v gp nhau. Nhng thc t th t l sn phm to thnh theo cch ny l rt nh,khng ng k. Cch th hai: Khi cc ht vi nh tng ca cc cht phn ng gp nhau, nu c lc tc ng th 2 ht nh (A,B) c th to thnh mt ht ln hn(C). Cc cht phn ng trong 2 ht nh s ha trn, phn ng xy ra trong lng ht ln v sn phm mong mun c to thnh ( y l cc ht magnetite Fe3O4). Cc ht magnetite Fe3O4 sau khi to thnh s b cht hot ha b mt bao ph v ngn cn khng cho pht trin thm v kch thc.

Hnh 4: C ch hot ng ca phng php vi nh tng. Cng bng phng php ny, ngi ta c th ch to ht -xt st bao ph bi mt lp vng trnh -xi ha v tng tnh tng hp sinh hc. y ngi ta dng cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) l CHHBM v octane l pha du dung dch phn ng trong pha nc.

2.4. Phng php Polyol

Polyol l phng php thng dng to cc ht nan kim loi nh Ru, Pd, Au, Co, Ni, Fe,... Cc ht nan c hnh thnh trc tip t dung dch mui kim loi c cha polyol (ru a chc). Polyol c tc dng nh mt dung mi hoc trong mt s trng hp nh mt cht kh ion kim loi. Tin cht c th ha tan trong polyol ri c khuy v nng n nhit si ca polyol kh cc ion kim loi thnh kim loi. Bng cch iu khin ng hc kt ta m chng ta c th thu c cc ht kim loi vi kch thc v hnh dng nh mong mun. Ngi ta cn thay i phng php ny bng cch a nhng mm kt tinh bn ngoi vo dung dch. Nh vy qu trnh to mm v pht trin ht l hai qu trnh ring bit lm cho ht ng nht hn. Ht nano oxit st vi ng knh 100 nm c th c hnh thnh bng cch trn t l khng cn i hydroxide st vi dung dch hu c. Mui FeCl2 v NaOH phn ng vi ethylene glycol (EG) hoc polyethylene glycol (PEG) v kt ta Fe xy ra nhit t 80 - 100C.

2.5. Phng php phn li cc tin cht hu c nhit cao

Phng php phn li cc tin cht hu c nhit cao phn li tin cht cha st trong mi trng CHHBM nhit cao c th to ra cc ht nano oxit st ng nht, kch thc nh

mong mun v kt tinh tt. V d, Alivisatos tim FeCup3(Cup: Nnitrosophenylhydroxylamine) trong octylamine vo CHHBM c nhm amino nhit 250 300C thu c cc ht nan tinh th maghemite c kch thc t 4 10 nm. Hyeon to ht nano tinh th maghemite kch thc ng nht 13 nm khng cn dng phng php thy phn m bng cch tim Fe(CO)5 vo trong dung dch c cha CHHBM v mt cht oxi ha nh (trimethylamine oxide). Sun ch to thnh cng ht nan magnetite ng nht kch thc 3 20 nm bng cch cho phn ng st(III) acetylacetonate trong phenyl ether vi s c mt ca ru, oleic acid, v oleylamine nhit 265C. Phng php ny c th to ht nan kch thc 4 nm khi khng c mm kt tinh nhng t kch thc 20 nm th cn phi c mm kt tinh.

2.6. Phng php phng sinh hc

Phng php phng sinh hc bt u t phn t protein cha st l ferritin l phng php c nghin cu k lng nht. Ferritin gm mt li Fe3+ hydrate ha c bao bi nhiu lp protein. Do li Fe3+ b giam hm nh vy m ngi ta c th to ra ht nano magnetite v magnetite/maghemite vi kch thc 6 7 nm bng cch xi ha apoferritin (ferritin trng) bng trimethylamino-N-oxide.

2.7. Phng php ha siu m

Phng php ha siu m l cc phn ng ha hc c h tr bi sng siu m nh 1 cht xc tc cng c dng to ht nano oxit st. Khi sng siu m i qua mt cht lng, s gin n do siu m gy ra p sut m trong cht lng ko cc phn t cht lng ra xa nhau. Nu cng siu m mnh th s gin n ny s to ra nhng l hng trong cht lng. iu ny xy ra khi p sut m ln hn sc cng a phng ca cht lng. Thng thng, y l mt qu trnh pht trin mm; tc l, n xut hin ti cc im yu tn ti sn trong cht lng, nh l nhng bt kh hoc nhng tiu bt kh tc thi c trong cht lng sinh ra t nhng qu trnh to l hng trc . Phn ln cc cht lng b nhim bn bi cc ht nh m l hng c th xut pht t khi c mt ca p sut m. Mt khi c hnh thnh, cc bt kh nh b chiu siu m s hp th nng lng t sng siu m v pht trin ln. Trong khi dao ng nh th lng kh hoc hi khuych tn vo hoc ra khi l hng ph thuc vo din tch b mt. Din tch b mt s ln hn trong qu trnh gin n v nh hn trong qu trnh co li. Do , s pht trin ca l hng trong qu trnh gin n s ln hn trong qu trnh co li. Sau nhiu chu k siu m, l hng s pht trin. L hng c th pht trin n mt kch thc ti hn m ti kch thc l hng c th hp th hiu qu nng lng ca sng siu m. Kch thc ny gi l kch thc cng hng, n ph thuc vo tn s ca sng m. V d, vi tn s 20 kHz, kch thc ny khong 170 mm. Lc ny, l hng c th pht trin rt nhanh trong mt chu k duy nht ca sng siu m. Mt khi l hng pht trin qu mc, ngay c trong trng hp cng siu m thp hay cao, n s khng th hp th nng lng siu m mt cch c hiu qu c na. V khi khng c nng lng tip ng, l hng khng th tn ti lu c. Cht lng xung quanh s vo v l hng b suy sp. S suy sp ca l hng to ra mt mi trng c bit cho cc phn ng ho hc - cc im nng (hot spot). im nng ny l ngun gc ca ho siu m ng th; n c nhit khong 5000C, p sut khong 1000 atm, thi gian sng nh hn mt

ms v tc tng gim nhit trn 1010 (mi t) K/s.

Hnh 5: S hnh thnh v pht trin ca l hng trong lng cht lng di tc dng ca sng siu m. Sau nhiu chu k pht trin l hng khng th hp th nng lng sng siu m c na nn b suy sp rt nhanh to thnh cc im nng. Ht nano t tnh da trn oxit st c ch to bng ha siu m. y l phng php rt n gin to ht nan t tnh vi t bo ha rt cao. Mui iron (II) acetate c cho vo trong nc ct hai ln ri cho chiu x siu m vi cng sut khong 200 W/2h trong mi trng bo v. Sng siu m c tc dng di dng xung trnh hin tng qu nhit do siu m to ra. Khi tc dng siu m, trong dung dch s xut hin cc cht c tnh kh v tnh xi ha nh H2, hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Cc sn phm trung gian nng lng cao c th l HO2 (superoxide), hydro nguyn t, hydroxyl v in t. Cc cht ny s xi ha mui st v bin chng thnh magnetite Fe3O4. Sau khi phn ng xy ra ta thu c ht nan Fe3O4 vi t bo ha c th n 80 emu/g, cao gn bng gi tr ca Fe3O4 dng khi. C ba vng c hnh thnh trong qu trnh chiu x siu m mt cht lng. Vng (a) l vng cht kh nm bn trong l hng. Vng ny c nhit cao v p sut ln lm cho hi nc b nhit phn thnh cc gc t do H v OH. Vng (b) l vng bin gia cht kh v cht lng. Mc d nhit y thp hn vng (a) nhng cng ln phn ng phn hy nhit xy ra. Ngi ta quan st c cc gc hydroxyl t do vng ny. Vng (c) l vng cht lng. y nhit gn bng nhit phng nn xy ra qu trnh ti hp H v OH. Trong ba vng k trn th vng (b) l vng m phn ng ha siu m din ra. Khi chiu x siu m dung dch cha mui iron (II) acetate th xut hin cc phn ng sau: H2O H + OH H + H H2 OH + OH H2O2 Fe(CH3COO)2 Fe2+ + 2(CH3COO)Cht xi ha mnh hydrogen peroxide s xi ha Fe2+ thnh Fe3+ theo phn ng sau: 2Fe2+ + H2O2 2Fe3+ + 2OHCc ion Fe2+ v Fe3+ kt hp vi nhau to thnh magnetite. Tc hnh thnh cc gc hydroxyl c c lng l 25 mM/pht di kh Ar. Bng cch iu khin nhit m chng ti c th to cc ht Fe3O4 vi cc hnh dng khc nhau (hnh 6).

Hnh 6: Bng phng php ha siu m c th to cc ht que Fe3O4.

2.8. Phng php in ha

Phng php in ha cng c dng ch to ht nan xt st t tnh. Dung dch in ha l dung dch hu c. Kch thc ca ht nan t 3 8 nm c iu khin bng mt dng in phn. S phn tn ca cc ht nan nh vo cc CHHBM dng. Phng php ny phc tp v hiu sut khng cao nh cc phng php khc nn t c nghin cu.

2.9. Phng php nhit phn

Phng php nhit phn l phng php rt hiu qu c th ch to ht nan vi quy m ln. Phng php ny c chia lm hai phng php nh l nhit phn bi hi v nhit phn laser. Phng php nhit phn bi hi c th to cc ht mn nhng cc ht ny thng kt t li vi nhau thnh cc ht ln hn. Trong khi phng php nhit phn laser to cc ht mn t kt t vi nhau.

Hnh 7: Nguyn l ca phng php nhit phn bi hi.

Hnh 8: Nguyn tc nhit phn laser. Nguyn tc ca phng php nhit phn bi hi to ht nano oxit st bt u t mui Fe3+ v mt vi ha cht c vai tr tc nhn kh ion thnh kim loi sau b oxi ha thnh oxit st maghemite. Trong dung dch cn, cc ht maghemite vi kch thc t 5 60 nm c th c hnh thnh vi nhiu hnh dng khc nhau ph thuc vo bn cht ca tin cht cha st ban u. S ca h nhit phn bi hn c cho trong hnh 7. H gm b phn to bi hi dng siu m. Bi hn s c phun vo mt ci l gia nhit phn ng xy ra v ht mn c lm kh trc khi c chuyn n mt h thu cc ht. Vi tin cht l Fe(NO3)3 th ng knh ht mn l 6 nm nhng khi tin cht l FeCl3 th gi tr l 60 nm. Vi st acetylacetonate ht c to ra c kch thc 5 nm v c ng nht rt cao. Nu tin cht l Fe2+ amonium citrate th kt qu l hnh cu rng c ng knh rt ln n 300 nm. V ca cc hnh cu l tp hp cc ht nan nh hn c kch thc t 20 40 nm ph thuc vo nhit ca l. Phng php nhit phn laser c dng ch to ht Si, SiC, Si3N4, Si/C/N, oxit st c kch thc t 5 20 nm. phng php ny lung hi hn hp c cha cht phn ng c nung nng bi laser CO2 v phn ng xy ra do nhit cao (hnh 8). Khi p sut hi v cng sut laser c hn mt gi tr no th ht c hnh thnh v c lc ra ngoi bng kh tr. Ht nano to t phng php ny c kch thc nh, ng nht v hu nh khng kt t. Ngi ta dng phng php ny to ht nan g-Fe2O3 kt tinh tt v c kch thc t 3,5 5 nm. S h nhit phn laser c cho hnh trn.

3. Cc ng dng ht nano t.
3.1. Phn tch v chn lc t bo, AND.
Trong y sinh hc, ngi ta thng xuyn phi tch mt loi thc th sinh hc no ra khi mi trng ca chng lm tng nng khi phn tch hoc cho cc mc ch khc. Phn tch t bo s dng cc ht nan t tnh l mt trong nhng phng php thng c s dng. Qu trnh phn tch c chia lm hai giai on: nh du thc th sinh hc cn nghin cu; v tch cc thc th c nh du ra khi mi trng bng t trng.

Hnh 6: Nguyn tc tch t bo bng t trng. (a) mt nam chm c t bn ngoi ht cc t bo c nh du v loi b cc t bo khng c nh du. (b) nam chm c th t vo mt dng chy c cha t bo cn tch.

Hnh 7: Nguyn tc tch t bo bng t trng s dng bn thanh nam chm to ra mt gradient t trng xuyn tm. S phn tch t bo n gin nht c trnh by hnh 6. Hn hp t bo v cht nh du (ht t tnh bao ph bi mt lp CHHBM) c trn vi nhau cc ln kt ha hc gia cht nh du v t bo xy ra. S dng mt t trng ngoi l mt thanh nam chm vnh cu to ra mt gradient t trng gi cc ht t bo c nh du li. Ngoi lc ht do t trng ngoi, cc t bo cn chu tc dng ca lc y trong lng cht lng. Lc y ny ph thuc vo s khc bit gia khi lng ring ca t bo v nc. Trn thc t lc ny thng c b qua.

3.2. Dn truyn thuc

Mt trong nhng nhc im quan trng nht ca ha tr liu l tnh khng c hiu. Khi vo trong c th, thuc cha bnh s phn b khng tp trung nn cc t bo mnh khe b nh hng do tc dng ph ca thuc. Chnh v th vic dng cc ht t tnh nh l ht mang thuc n v tr cn thit trn c th (thng thng dng iu tr cc khi u ung th) c nghin cu t nhng nm 1970, nhng ng dng ny c gi l dn truyn thuc bng ht t tnh. C hai li ch c bn l: (i) thu hp phm vi phn b ca cc thuc trong c th nn lm gim tc dng ph ca thuc; v (ii) gim lng thuc iu tr.
Qu trnh vt l din ra trong vic dn truyn thuc cng tng t nh trong phn tch t bo. Gradient t trng c tc dng tp trung h thuc/ht. Cc cht mang thng i vo cc tnh mnh hoc ng mch nn cc thng s thy lc nh thng lng mu, nng cht lng t, thi gian tun hon ng vai tr quan trng nh cc thng s sinh l hc nh khong cch t v tr ca thuc n ngun t trng, mc lin kt thuc/ht, v th tch ca khi u. Ngun t trng thng l nam chm NdFeB c th to ra mt t trng khong 0,2 T v gradient t trng khong 8 T/m vi ng mch i v khong 100 T/m vi ng mch c. iu ny cho thy qu trnh dn thuc bng ht nan t tnh c hiu qu nhng vng mu chy chm v gn ngun t trng (Hnh 8). Tuy nhin, khi cc ht nan chuyn ng gn thnh mch mu th chuyn ng ca chng khng tun theo nh lut Stoke nn vi mt gradient t trng nh hn qu trnh dn thuc vn c tc dng.

Hnh 8: Nguyn l dn thuc dng ht nan t tnh. Mt thanh nam chm bn ngoi rt mnh to ra mt gradient t trng ko cc ht nan t tnh gn vi thuc n v tr mong mun. qu trnh nh thuc din ra lm cho hiu qu s dng thuc c tng ln nhiu ln.

Hnh 9: Nguyn l chc nng ha b mt ca ht nan t tnh c cu trc v/li. Li ca ht l xt st, v l lp silica, cc nhm chc bn ngoi c th l carboxyl, amino, streptavidin, Cc ht nan t tnh thng dng l -xt st (magnetite Fe3O4, maghemite a-Fe2O3) bao ph xung quanh bi mt hp cht cao phn t c tnh tng hp sinh hc nh PVA, detran hoc silica. Cht bao ph c tc dng chc nng ha b mt c th lin kt vi cc phn t khc nh nhm chc carboxyl, biotin, avidin, carbodiimide, (Hnh 9).

3.3. t nhit t
Phng php t cc t bo ung th bng t trng ngoi m khng nh hng n cc t bo bnh thng l mt trong nhng ng dng quan trng khc ca ht nan t tnh. Nguyn tc hot ng l cc ht nan t tnh c kch thc t 20-100 nm c phn tn trong cc m mong mun

sau tc dng mt t trng xoay chiu vi tn s 1,2 MHz bn ngoi ln v cng v tn s lm cho cc ht nan hng ng m to ra nhit nung nng nhng vng xung quanh. Nhit khong 42 C trong khong 30 pht c th git cht cc t bo ung th trong khi cc t bo thng vn an ton (Hnh 10).

Hnh 10: Nghin cu th nghim t nhit t trn th cho thy nhit bn ngoi v bn trong u bu (hai ng trn cng) cao hn nhiu so vi nhit ca nhng vng xung quanh (nhng ng di).

3.4.Tng tng phn cho nh cng hng t

Mc d mmen t ca mt proton rt nh (1,5 10-3 Magneton Bohr) nhng trong c th ng vt c mt lng rt ln proton (ht nhn nguyn t hydrogen ca phn t nc (6,6 1019) nn c th to ra mt hiu ng c th o c. Nu tc dng mt t trng c nh c cng = 1 T cng vi mt t trng xoay chiu vung gc vi t trng c nh v c tn s bng tn s tu sai Larmor ca proton th s hp th cng hng s xy ra. Cc ht nano siu thun t to thnh t oxyd st hoc hp cht cha Gd thng c s dng nh tc nhn lm tng tng phn trong cng hng t. S c mt ca chng lm nhiu lon t trng a phng nn lm thay i gi tr rt nhiu. Gi tr ca cng thay i nhng mc yu hn. Da trn c tnh ca tng m trong c th, ty loi m m hp th ht nano mnh hay yu. V d, ht nano c kch thc 30 nm c bao ph dextran c th nhanh chng i vo gan v t trong khi nhng c quan khc th chm hn. Nh vy, mt ht nano cc c quan l khc nhau, dn n s nhiu lon t trng a phng cng khc nhau lm tng tng phn trong nh cng hng t do thi gian hi phc b thay i khi i t m ny n m khc.

3.5.Dng ht nano lm sch ngun nc nhim thch tn

Cc nh nghin cu do Tin s Vicki Colvin thuc Trng i hc Rice ti Houston (M) dn u hy vng c th gip cc nc pht trin p dng mt phng php n gin v t tn km nhm lm sch ngun nc b nhim thch tn. l dng cc ht nano magnetite oxide st v nhng nam chn bnh thng loi b cht c khng mu v khng mi ny Ung nc b nhim thch tn c th gy nhng cn bnh nghim trng nh ung th phi, bng quang hay da... Thch tn bm vi cc ht oxide st. Giai on tip theo l loi b cc cht ny bng cch lc nc hoc cho chng i qua nhng t trng mnh ht cc ht oxide st. Th nghim ca cc nh nghin cu chng minh rng cc ht nano ny ht ln nhau. Nh s tng tc t tnh, chng kt t li v d loi ra khi ngun nc bng mt nam chm bnh thng.

3.6. Chp nh t.
L k thut s dng quan st cu trc men trong lch s, c xy dng ln u tin vo nm 1931 bi F. Bitte. Nguyn l k thut ny l s dng cc cht lng huyn ph c cha cc ht nano xit st (Fe3O4) tm thc ln b mt vt liu t c mi bng rt cn thn. Cc ht st t s bao quanh cc men, v khi s dng knh hin vi quang hc quan st b mt s cho bc tranh v cc men. K thut ny ngy nay hu nh t c s dng do vic hn ch v phn gii, cng nh qu trnh x l mu phc tp, ng thi em li t thng tin trc tip.

4. Ti liu tham kho

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