Lun vn cao hc TVT 2004 2006

B GIO DC V O TO TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

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LUN VN THC S KHOA HC

NN NH S DNG BIN I WAVELET V NG DNG TRONG CC DCH V D LIU A PHNG TIN DI NG
NGHNH: IN T VIN THNG

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Ngi hng dn khoa hc: PGS.TS. Nguyn c Thun

H NI 2006
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MC LC
CC HNH V, BNG BIU TRONG LUN VN ..............................5 THUT NG TING ANH ......................................................................7 LI GII THIU .......................................................................................8 CHNG 1: M U..............................................................................9 1.1. C s nghin cu v mc ch ca lun vn ...................................9 1.2. T chc lun vn............................................................................10 CHNG 2:TNG QUAN CC K THUT NN TRONG M HO NH ..........................................................................................................11 2.1. Gii thiu chung v nn nh s .....................................................11 2.2. Phn loi cc k thut nn .............................................................13 2.2.1. Nn tn hao v khng tn hao ................................................13 2.2.2. M ho d on v m ho da trn php bin i................13 2.2.3. M ho bng con.....................................................................14 2.3. Tiu chun nh gi cht lng m ho nh .................................14 2.4.Cc k thut nn c tn hao............................................................15 2.4.1. K thut m ho bng con ......................................................15 2.4.2. K thut m ho da trn php bin i.................................19 2.4.2.1. K thut m ho da trn php bin i DCT.................19 2.4.2.2. K thut m ho da trn php bin i DWT ...............25 CHNG 3:C S L THUYT BIN I WAVELET...................30 3.1. C s ton hc ...............................................................................30 3.1.1. Bin i Wavelet lin tc........................................................30 3.1.2. Bin i Wavelet ri rc .........................................................32 3.2. Tnh cht ca bin i Wavelet......................................................33 3.3. Gii thiu mt s h Wavelet ........................................................37 3.3.1. Bin i Wavelet Haar ............................................................37 3.3.2. Bin i Wavelet Meyer .........................................................38

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3.3.3. Bin i Wavelet Daubechies .................................................38 3.4. Mt s ng dng ni bt ca Wavelet ...........................................39 3.4.1. Nn tn hiu.............................................................................39 3.4.2. Kh nhiu ...............................................................................40 3.4.3. M ho ngun v m ho knh ...............................................40 CHNG 4:CHUN NN NH TNH DA TRN BIN I WAVELET JPEG2000..........................................................................41 4.1. Lch s ra i v pht trin chun JPEG2000...............................41 4.2. Cc tnh nng ca JPEG2000 ........................................................41 4.3. Cc bc thc hin nn nh theo chun JPEG2000 .....................42 4.3.1. X l trc bin i................................................................42 4.3.2. Bin i lin thnh phn .........................................................42 4.3.3. Bin i ring thnh phn (bin i Wavelet) ........................43 4.3.4.Lng t ho - Gii lng t ho............................................44 4.3.5. M ho v kt hp dng d liu sau m ho ..........................45 4.3.6. Phng php m ho SPIHT ..................................................45 4.3.7. Phng php m ho EZW .....................................................47 4.4. So snh chun JPEG2000 vi JPEG v cc chun nn nh tnh khc .......................................................................................................49 CHNG 5:NG DNG WAVELET TRONG CC DCH V D LIU A PHNG TIN TRONG THNG TIN DI NG ...............54 5.1. Nn nh bng Wavelet ...................................................................54 5.2.1. S khi tng qut...............................................................54 5.1.2. Bin i Wavelet.....................................................................55 5.1.3. Tnh ton nng lng tiu hao................................................56 5.2. Thut ton nn nh bng Wavelet hiu nng - EEW .....................58 5.2.1. Hiu nng ca cc k thut loi b.........................................60 5.3.2. Cc kt qu thc nghim ........................................................62 5.3.2.1. nh hng n nng lng tnh ton v cht lng nh 62
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5.3.2.2. nh hng n nng lng truyn thng v cht lng nh.................................................................................................62 5.4. Cc tham s nn nh bng Wavelet ...............................................62 5.4.1. Thay i mc bin i Wavelet ..............................................62 5.4.2. Thay i cc mc lng t .....................................................62 5.5. Truyn nh trn mng ...................................................................62 5.5.1. Phng php la chn tham s ng......................................62 5.5.2. Kt qu thc nghim...............................................................62 KT LUN...............................................................................................63 Kt qu t c v ng dng ca lun vn.........................................63 Hng pht trin nghin cu ................................................................63 PH LC..................................................................................................65 TI LIU THAM KHO ........................................................................66

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CC HNH V, BNG BIU TRONG LUN VN

Hnh 2.1 S b khi qut h thng nn nh.........................................12 Hnh 2.2. S minh ho k thut m ho bng con M bng con .......16 Hnh 2.3 Minh ho qu trnh phn ly bng con cy bt phn...................17 Hnh 2.4. Phn ly hai nh mu thnh bn bng con .................................18 Hnh 2.5. S b m ho theo chun JPEG ..........................................23 Hnh 2.6. Sp xp Zigzag cc h s DCT b m ho............................23 Hnh 2.7. S khi b gii m theo chun JPEG..................................23 Hnh 2.8. Bank lc khi phc l thuyt s dng DWT 1D ......................28 Hnh 2.9. Minh ho DWT hai chiu cho nh ............................................28 Hnh 2.10(a). Minh ho DWT kiu dyadic mc 3 nn nh..................28 Hnh 2.10(b). Minh ho DWT kiu dyadic mc 3 nn nh..................29 Hnh 3.1. Minh ho li nh t dyadic vi cc gi tr ca m v n............33 Hnh 3.2. Phn tch a phn gii p dng cho biu din tn hiu .............36 Hnh 3.3. Hm ( t ) ca bin i Haar ....................................................38 Hnh 3.4: Hm ( t ) ca bin i Meyer..................................................38 Hnh 3.5. Hm ( t ) ca h bin i Daubechies n vi n=2, 3, 7, 8........39 Hnh 4.1: Trnh t m ho (a) v gii m JPEG2000 (b).........................42 Hnh 4.2: Minh ho nh vi RGB v YCrCb ...........................................43 Hnh 4.3: Phng php Lifting 1D dng tnh ton bin i Wavelet.......44 Hnh 4.4: Minh ho cy t phn (a) v s phn mc (b)..........................47 Hnh 4.5: Hai cch sp xp th t cc h s bin i...............................48 Hnh 4.6: So snh JPEG v JPEG2000....................................................50 Bng 4.1: So snh JPEG v JPEG2000 ...................................................51 Hnh 4.7: Minh ho tnh nng ROI ...........................................................52 Bng 4.2: So snh tnh nng ca JPEG2000 vi cc chun nn nh tnh khc ...........................................................................................................53 Hnh 5.1. S khi qu trnh nn nh bng Wavelet .............................54
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Hnh 5.2. (a) Bin i Wavelet 2D mc 3 v (b) Minh ho bng nh CASTLE ................................................................................................56 Hnh 5.3. Phn b s hc cc h s thng cao sau php bin i Wavelet mc 2.........................................................................................................59 Hnh 5.4: D liu sau php bin i Wavelet vi hai k thut loi b HH v H* .........................................................................................................61

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THUT NG TING ANH

CWT DCT DFT DPCM DWT EZW HVS IDWT JPEG JPEG2000 Lossless Compression Lossy Compression MRA MSE PCM PSNR QMF RLC ROI SPIHT STFT Wavelet Tree Bin i Wavelet lin tc (Continuous Wavelet Transform) Bin i Cosine ri rc (Discrete Cosine Transform) Bin i Fourier ri rc (Discrete Fourier Transform) iu xung m vi sai (Differized Pulse Code Modulation) Bin i Wavelet ri rc (Discrete Wavelet Transform) Wavelet cy zero (Embedded Zerotree Wavelet) H thng cm nhn hnh nh ca mt ngi

(Human Visual System)

Bin i Wavelet ri rc ngc Chun nn nh ca y ban JPEG quc t

(Joint Photographic Experts Group)

Chun nn nh JPEG2000 K thut nn nh khng tn hao (khng mt d liu) K thut nn nh c tn hao (c mt d liu) Phn tch a phn gii (Multi Resolution Analysis) Sai s bnh phng trung bnh (Mean Square Error) iu xung m (Pulse Code Modulation) T s tn hiu nh trn nhiu (Peak Signal to Noise Ratio) Lc gng cu t phng (Quardrature Mirror Filters) M ho lot di (Run Length Coding) K thut m ha nh theo vng (Region Of Interest) Mt tnh nng mi ni bt ca JPEG2000 Phng php m ho phn cp theo vng

(Set partitioning in hierarchical trees)

Bin i Fourier thi gian ngn (Short Time Fourier

Transform)
Bin i bng con Wavelet Wavelet Decomposition Cy phn gii Wavelet

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LI GII THIU
Trong nhng nm gn y, nhu cu cc dch v d liu trn mng di ng, nht l d liu a phng tin l rt ln. Cng vi nhu cu , vn t ra l lm th no tm c mt k thut m ho d liu then cht (chun), c hiu qu truyn cc d liu ny trn mng di ng. Mc ch ca lun vn l trnh by mt k thut nn nh s dng bin i Wavelet cho nh tnh v c bit l nh tnh trong cc dch v d liu a phng tin trong mng di ng. So vi cc k thut nn s dng php bin i trc y nh bin i Fourier (FT), bin i cosine ri rc (DCT), bin i xp chng (LT),.., bin i Wavelet (DWT) c nhiu u im khng ch trong x l nh m cn nhiu ng dng khc. Bng chng l s ra i ca chun nn JPEG2000 (da trn DWT) c tnh nng vt tri so vi JPEG (DCT). Tuy nhin chun JPEG, MPEG hay ngay c JPEG2000 cng ch tp trung vo hiu qu nn (t s nn) v cht lng nh m khng ch n nng lng tiu hao trong qu trnh x l v truyn trn mng. Trong lun vn trnh by mt k thut nn nh trong mng di ng s dng bin i Wavelet hiu nng khng ch em li hiu qu nn, cht lng hnh nh m cn tit kim nng lng x l ca h thng. iu ny ha hn c th xy dng mt b m ho nh tit kim nng lng x l, thi gian truyn m vn ph hp vi iu kin bng thng thp, rng buc v cht lng d liu trong cc mng thng tin di ng.

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CHNG 1: M U
1.1. C s nghin cu v mc ch ca lun vn c th s dng cc dch v Internet khng dy cng nh nhiu dch v d liu khc trn nn cc ng dng di ng cn c mt k thut then cht c th h tr truyn thng nhiu dng d liu trong thng tin di ng t bo nh: thoi, vn bn, hnh nh v video. Tuy nhin vn truyn thng ni dung a phng tin trong thng tin di ng gp mt s kh khn: bng thng ca mng di ng t bo, nhiu knh, gii hn ca pin cho cc ng dng, tnh tng thch d liu gia cc thu bao. Trong khi vic ci thin bng thng di ng cn mt cng ngh mi ca tng lai cn vic ci thin gii hn ca pin khng p ng c s pht trin ca cc dch v tng lai, th phng php gim kch thc d liu bng cc k thut nn l mt cch tip cn hiu qu gii quyt cc kh khn trn. Mc d cho n nay c rt nhiu k thut nn d liu a phng tin nh: chun JPEG (da trn bin i DCT), chun JPEG2000 (da trn bin i Wavelet) v chun MPEG, tuy nhin nhng k thut ny ch tp trung vo hiu qu nn v c gng nh mt cht lng nh t v th chng b qua vn tiu hao nng lng trong qu trnh nn v truyn RF (trong thng tin ng). Lun vn ny trnh by mt k thut hiu qu khc phc nhng kh khn trn cho loi d liu a phng tin in hnh trong thng tin di ng l nh tnh. l k thut nn nh s dng bin i Wavelet thch nghi v hiu nng cho d liu a phng tin trong thng tin di ng.

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1.2. T chc lun vn Lun vn c trnh by thnh 5 chng v 1 ph lc. Chng 1, tc gi trnh by tm tt c s nghin cu v mc ch cng nh t chc ca lun vn. Chng 2 trnh by khi qut cc k thut nn nh, phn loi cc nguyn l nn v nh ngha mt s thut ng c s dng rng ri nh MSE, PSNR v SNR. Chng ny cng trnh by c s l thuyt ca cc nguyn l nn c tn hao in hnh nh: m ho bng con; m ho da trn bin i cosine ri rc (DCT), bin i xp chng (LT), bin i Wavelet ri rc (DWT). Chng 3 trnh by c s ton hc, tnh cht ca bin i Wavelet. Ni dung ca chng ny l l thut nn tng cho cc ng dng Wavelet. Chng ny cng a ra mt s h Wavelet ph bin v gii thiu mt s ng dng ni bt ca Wavelet ngoi ng dng nn nh. Chng 4 gii thiu tng quan v chun nn JPEG2000 da trn bin i Wavelet. Mc ch khng ch l gii thiu mt chun nn vt tri so vi chun JPEG da trn bin i DCT m cn a ra mt la chn gii quyt bi ton t ra trong lun vn. JPEG2000 ang tng bc c t chc ISO cng nhn nn chc chn s tr thnh mt chun nn ph bin trong cc ng dng di ng tng lai. Cng trong chng ny, tc gi trnh by tm tt cc bc thc hin nn nh theo JPEG200 v so snh n vi chun JPEG v cc chun nn nh tnh khc. Chng 5 cng l chng quan trng nht. Da trn k thut nn nh bng Wavelet, lun vn a ra mt thut ton bin i nh bng Wavelet hiu nng lm gim ng k nng lng tnh ton v truyn thng cn thit cho nh m vn m bo c cht lng bc nh (v nh vy gim c gi thnh dch v).

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CHNG 2:TNG QUAN CC K THUT NN TRONG M HO NH

2.1. Gii thiu chung v nn nh s Nn nh s l mt ti nghin cu rt ph bin trong lnh vc x l d liu a phng tin. Mc ch l lm th no lu tr bc nh di dng c kch thc nh hn hay di dng biu din m ch yu cu s bt m ho t hn so vi bc nh gc. Nn nh thc hin c l do mt thc t: thng tin trong bc nh khng phi l ngu nhin m c trt t, c t chc. V th nu bc tch c tnh trt t, cu trc th s bit c phn thng tin no quan trng nht trong bc nh biu din v truyn i vi s lng bt t hn so vi nh gc m vn m bo tnh y thng tin. pha thu, qu trnh gii m s t chc, sp xp li c bc nh xp x gn chnh xc so vi nh gc nhng vn tho mn cht lng yu cu, m bo thng tin cn thit. Tm li, tn hiu nh, video hay audio u c th nn li bi chng c nhng tnh cht nh sau: C s tng quan (d tha) thng tin v khng gian: Trong phm vi mt bc nh hay mt khung video tn ti s tng quan ng k (d tha) gia cc im nh ln cn. C s tng quan (d tha) thng tin v ph: Cc d liu thu c t cc b cm bin ca thit b thu nhn nh tn ti s tng quan ng k gia cc mu thu, y chnh l s tng quan v ph. C s tng quan (d tha) thng tin v thi gian: Trong mt chui nh video, tn ti s tng quan gia cc im nh ca cc khung video (frame).

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S ca mt h thng nn d liu tng qut nh sau:

Hnh 2.1 S b khi qut h thng nn nh

Trong hnh 2.1, b m ho d liu thc hin qu trnh nn bng cch gim kch thc d liu nh gc n mt mc ph hp vi vic lu tr v truyn dn trn knh. Tc bt u ra ca b m ho c tnh l s bt cho mt mu (im nh). B m ho knh thc hin vic chuyn i lung bt c nn thnh dng tn hiu ph hp c cho vic lu tr v truyn dn, thng b m ho knh s dng cc k thut: m ho c di thay i RLC (Run Length Coding)[4], m ho Huffman[4], m ho s hc [4]. B gii m thc hin qu trnh ngc li so vi b m ho. Trong cc h thng nn, t s nn chnh l tham s quan trng nh gi kh nng nn ca h thng, cng thc c tnh nh sau: T s nn = Kch thc d liu gc / Kch thc d liu nn i vi nh tnh, kch thc chnh l s bt biu din ton b bc nh. i vi nh video, kch thc chnh l s bt biu din mt khung hnh video (video frame).

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2.2. Phn loi cc k thut nn Cc k thut nn ch yu c phn loi nh sau: 2.2.1. Nn tn hao v khng tn hao Trong cc k thut nn khng tn hao (losses compression), nh khi phc ging hon ton so vi nh gc. Tuy nhin, nn khng tn hao ch t c hiu qu nn rt nh. Tri li, cc k thut nn c tn hao (lossy compression) c th t c hiu qu nn cao hn rt nhiu m iu kin cm nhn hnh nh thng thng s mt mt thng tin khng cm nhn c v v th vn m bo cht lng nh. Mt s k thut nn c tn hao gm: iu xung m vi sai DPCM, iu xung m PCM, lng t ho vct VQ, m ho bin i v bng con. nh khi phc trong h thng nn c tn hao lun c s suy gim thng tin so vi nh gc bi v: phng php nn ny loi b nhng thng tin d tha khng cn thit. 2.2.2. M ho d on v m ho da trn php bin i i vi m ho d on (predictive coding) cc gi tr mang thng tin c gi hay ang sn c s c s dng d on cc gi tr khc, v ch m ho s sai lch gia chng. Phng php ny n gin v rt ph hp vi vic khai thc cc c tnh cc b ca bc nh. K thut DPCM chnh l mt v d in hnh ca phng php ny. Trong khi , m ho da trn php bin i (transform based coding) th li thc hin nh sau: trc tin thc hin php bin i vi nh chuyn s biu din nh t min khng gian sang mt min biu din khc. Cc php bin i thng dng l: DCT - bin i Cosine ri rc, DWT - bin i Wavelet ri rc, LT - bin i trng (lapped) , tip thc hin m ho i vi cc h s bin i. Phng php ny c hiu sut nn cao hn rt nhiu so vi phng php nn d on bi v chnh cc php bin i (s dng cc thuc tnh nn nng lng ca mnh) gi gn ton b nng lng bc nh ch bng mt s t cc h s, s ln cc h s cn li t c ngha hn s b loi b sau khi lng t ho v nh vy lng d liu phi
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truyn nh i rt nhiu. Trong phng php m ho d on, sai lch gia nh gc v nh d on vn c ngha (cn s dng bc tip theo) sau khi lng t ho, chnh iu ny lm cho phng php m ho d on c nhiu d liu c truyn i hn so vi phng php m ho bin i. 2.2.3. M ho bng con Bn cht ca k thut m ho bng con (subband coding) l chia bng tn ca tn hiu (nh) thnh nhiu bng con (subband). m ho cho mi bng con, chng ta s dng mt b m ho v mt tc bt tng ng vi tnh cht thng k ca bng con. 2.3. Tiu chun nh gi cht lng m ho nh nh gi cht lng ca bc nh (hay khung nh video) u ra ca b m ho, ngi ta thng s dng hai tham s: Sai s bnh phng trung bnh MSE (mean square error) v t s tn hiu trn nhiu nh PSNR (peak to signal to noise ratio). MSE thng c gi l phng sai lng t - q2 (quantization error variance). MSE gia nh gc v nh khi phc c tnh nh sau:
2 MSE = q =

1 N

( f [ j , k ] - g [ j , k ])
j ,k

(2.1)

Trong tng ly theo j, k tnh cho tng tt c cc im nh trong nh v N l s im nh trong nh. Cn PSNR gia hai nh (b bt cho mi im nh, RMSE l cn bc 2 ca MSE) c tnh theo cng thc dB nh sau:

PSNR = 20 log10

RMSE 2b 1

(2.2)

Thng thng, nu PSNR 40dB th h thng mt ngi gn nh khng phn bit c gia nh gc v nh khi phc. Mt tham s khc hay s dng trong cc h thng vin thng l t s tn hiu trn nhiu - SNR , tuy vy SNR s dng cho mt h thng n nh cng c cng thc dB nh sau:
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SNR = 10log10 Encoder input energy Noise energy

(2.3)

2.4.Cc k thut nn c tn hao

Trong phn ny, tc gi la chn trnh by hai k thut nn tn hao cho nn nh tnh v nh ng l: m ho bng con (subband coding) v m ho s dng php bin i (transform coding). y l hai k thut nn in hnh v cho hiu qu nn cng nh cht lng nh cao.
2.4.1. K thut m ho bng con

T tng chnh ca k thut m ho bng con l: cc nh c ly mu u vo c phn ly thnh cc bng tn khc nhau (gi l cc tn hiu bng con). Yu cu ca k thut ny l lm th no cc bng con khng b chng cho ln nhau. c th phn ly tn hiu b m ho (encoder) thnh cc bng con, nh c cho qua mt bank lc (filter bank) gi l bank lc phn tch v mi u ra ca bank lc bng con c ly mu xung h s 2. Cc u ra bng con tn s c ly mu xung s ln lt c: lng t ho c lp bng cc b lc v hng khc nhau, m ho entropy, lu tr v truyn i. pha b gii m (decoder), qu trnh c thc hin ngc li: gii lng t bng con tn s, ly mu ln vi h s 2, cho i qua bank lc bng con tng hp ri cng tt c cc u ra ca b lc khi phc li nh. Cc b lc bng con thng c thit k xp x tho mn tiu chun ca cc p ng tn s khng chng cho. Mc ch l gii tng quan cc h s tn s kt qu. y chnh l tnh cht quan trng m qu trnh lc bng con c gng t c. Cc b lc bng con c thit k l cc xp x vi cc b lc chn tn s l tng, trong p ng tng hp t tt c cc b lc bao trm tt c bng tn ca nh. Tuy nhin trong thc t, s tng quan tng khng bao gi t c do nhng b lc ny ch xp x vi cc b lc l tng.

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Hnh 2.2 di y l s tng qut gii thch k thut m ho bng con.

Hnh 2.2. S minh ho k thut m ho bng con M bng con

Cc b lc s dng trong m ho bng con l cc b lc gng t

phng QMF (quardrature mirror filters), do vy chng ta ch cn

thit k cc b lc thng thp c p ng H() cn p ng ca cc b lc thng cao l H(+) ch l s dch pha 180o so vi b lc thng thp. S chnh xc ca b lc ph thuc vo s cc h s ca b lc. Mt trong cc phng php m ho bng con l p dng s phn ly cy bt phn phn ly d liu nh thnh cc bng tn khc nhau. tng ca phng php ny l: trc tin lc v lc b nh phn ly nh thnh cc bng con tn s cao v thp, sau tip tc phn ly nhng ch p dng cho bng con tn s thp to thnh cc bng con tn s cao v thp tip tc lc b. K thut ny rt ph bin v cng c

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p dng trong cc b m s dng bin i Wavelet. u ra ca cc bng con sau khi gin lc s c lng t ho v m ho c lp. Mi bng con s s dng b lng t ho ring v mi b lng t ho ny c tc ly mu ring (bt/mu). Nh vy r rng m ho bng con khng t c s nn, m n ch thc hin vic gii tng quan d nh gc v tp trung nng lng ca nh vo mt s bng con. Nn ch t c l do s lc b nh (decimation) v do s lng t ho (quantization).

Hnh 2.3 Minh ho qu trnh phn ly bng con cy bt phn

Trong cc h thng m ho bng con hai chiu thc t, ngi ta chia min tn s - khng gian hai chiu ca nh gc thnh cc bng khc nhau bt k mc no. Hnh 2.4 di y minh ho vic phn ly 2 nh mu thnh 4 bng con LL, HL, LH v HH mc u tin.

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Hnh 2.4. Phn ly hai nh mu thnh bn bng con

Nhc im ca k thut m ho bng con:

Mt trong nhng vn ch yu ca k thut m ho bng con l gii quyt bi ton cp pht bt (l s bt cp cho mi bng con) t c hiu sut cao nht. Mt trong nhng cch thc hin l s dng tng cp pht bt ti u cho mi u ra bng con c lng t ho. Tuy nhin cch ny ch yu thch hp cho trng hp tc cao (1bt/mu). Trc khi i vo nghin cu k thut m ho da trn php bin i, chng ta s tng kt mt s nhc im ca k thut m ho bng con nh sau: K thut m ho bng con khng xc nh c h thng m ho ti u cho cc ng dng tc bt thp. Vic cp pht bt ti u s thay i khi tc bt tng thay i, iu ny lm qu trnh m ho phi lp li hon ton cho mi tc bt xc nh.
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Khng hon ton gii tng quan cho tt c cc bng tn, y l do cc b lc khng phi l l tng v c s chng cho nh gia cc bng tn lin k. Do vy lun lun tn ti mt s tng quan nh gia cc bng tn k nhau v d liu s khng c nn hon ton. K thut m ho bng con khng hiu qu khi thc hin b chuyn ng trong video v rt kh thc hin nh gi chuyn ng cc bng con (sai s d on l rt ln).
2.4.2. K thut m ho da trn php bin i

Mt php bin i l mt hm ton hc c s dng bin i mt tp cc gi tr ny thnh mt tp gi tr khc v to ra mt cch biu din mi cho cng mt ngun tin. Tt c cc php bin i m chng ta nh trnh by di y u l khng tn hao (lossless); vi s chnh xc ca cc php ton s hc th cc php bin i vn bo tn c chnh xc bt k mc no. Nhng hu ht cc k thut m ho u c tn hao bc lng t ho do c s lm trn gi tr cho cc h s php bin i. Phn ny chng ta s trnh by cc k thut m ho da trn php bin i c s dng trong nn nh.
(a) K thut m ho da trn php bin i cosine ri rc DCT (b) K thut m ho da trn php bin i chng LT

(c) K thut m ho da trn php bin i DWT

2.4.2.1. K thut m ho da trn php bin i DCT

Php bin i cosine ri rc DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform) bin i thng tin nh t min khng gian sang min tn s c th biu din di dng gn hn. Tnh cht ca n tng t nh bin i Fourier, coi nh u vo (tn hiu audio hoc video) l cc tn hiu n nh bt

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bin theo thi gian. hiu r k thut ny trc ht ta cn tm hiu bin i Fourier.
Bin i Fourier FT

Bin i Fourier FT (Fourier Transform) l mt php bin i thun nghch, n cho php s chuyn i thun nghch gia thng tin gc (min khng gian hoc thi gian) v tn hiu c x l (c bin i). Tuy nhin mt thi im bt k ch tn ti mt min thng tin c th hin. Ngha l tn hiu trong min khng gian khng c s xut hin thng tin v tn s v tn hiu sau bin i Fourier khng c s xut hin thng tin v thi gian. FT cho bit thng tin tn s ca tn hiu, cho bit nhng tn s no c trong tn hiu, tuy nhin n khng cho bit tn s xut hin khi no trong tn hiu. Nu nh tn hiu l n nh (stationary c cc thnh phn tn s khng thay i theo thi gian) th vic xc nh cc thnh phn tn s xut hin khi no trong tn hiu l khng cn thit. Php bin i FT thun v nghch c nh ngha nh sau: X(f) = x(t) =

x (t )e

2 jft

dt

(2.4) (2.5)

X ( f )e

2 jft

df

Php bin i FT cng c th c p dng cho tn hiu khng n nh (non-stationary) nu nh chng ta ch quan tm n thnh phn ph no c trong tn hiu m khng quan tm n n xut hin khi no trong tn hiu. Tuy nhin, nu thng tin v thi gian xut hin ca ph trong tn hiu l cn thit, th php bin i FT khng c kh nng p ng c yu cu ny, y cng l hn ch ca php bin i ny. c bin i Fourier ri rc DFT (Discrete Fourier Transform) th php tch phn trong biu thc ton hc ca bin i FT, ta thay bng php tng v tnh ton n vi cc mu hu hn.
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H s php bin i DFT th k ca mt chui gm N mu {x(n)} c nh ngha: X(k) =

N 1 n =0

x(n)W

kn N

, k=0,., N-1

(2.6)

Trong WN = e j 2 / N = cos (2/N) j sin (2/N), cn chui {x(n)} c th khi phc bng DFT ngc nh sau: x(n) =
1 N
N 1 k =0

X (k )W

kn N

, n=0,., N-1

(2.7)

nh ngha v cc tnh cht ca bin i DCT

Bin i DCT thun v ngc mt chiu gm N mu c nh ngha nh sau: DCT = X(k) =

2 ck N
N 1 n =0

x(n) cos
k

(2n + 1)k , k= 0,1,,N-1 2N

(2.8)

IDCT = x(n) = Trong ck =

2 N

c
k =0

N 1

(2n + 1)k X (k ) cos , n= 0,1,,N-1 (2.9) 2N

1 / 2 , k = 0 1, k 0

C DCT v IDCT u l bin i trc giao, tch bit v thc. Tnh cht phn tch (separable) y ngha l bin i nhiu chiu ca n c th phn tch thnh cc bin i mt chiu. Tnh cht trc giao y ngha l nu cc ma trn ca DCT v IDCT l khng bt thng (non-singular) v thc th bin i ngc ca chng c th t c bng cch p dng ton t hon v. Cng nh bin i FT, DCT cng coi d liu u vo l tn hiu n nh (bt bin). Trong cc chun nn nh tnh vo video, ngi ta thng s dng DCT v IDCT c kch thc 8 mu. Bc nh hoc khung nh video kch thc NxN c chia thnh cc khi khng chng cho nhau hai chiu gi l cc nh con kch thc 8x8 ri p dng bin i DCT hai chiu b m ho v p dng bin i IDCT b gii m. Bin i DCT v IDCT 8 mu to thnh cc ma trn 8x8 theo cng thc:
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2-D DCT = Xk,l =

c(k )c(l ) 4

m =0 n =0

m,n

(2m + 1)k (2n + 1)l cos cos (2.10) 16 16

Trong k,l = 0,1,..,7 2-D IDCT= xm,n =

k =0 l =0

c(k )c(l ) (2m + 1)k (2n + 1)l X k,l cos cos (2.11) 4 16 16

Trong m,n = 0,1,..,7

1 / 2 , k & l = 0 v c(k),c(l) = 2 2 1, k + l 0

Thut ton tnh 2-D DCT v IDCT l: thc hin php bin i 1-D ln lt cho hng ri n ct ca ma trn.
So snh DCT v KLT

Hiu qu ca bin i DCT trong vic gii tng quan tn hiu nh tng ng vi bin i Karhunen-Loeve (KLT). KLT l php bin i theo khi ti u nht cho nn d liu kha cnh thng k bi: n c th gii tng quan mt cch ti u tn hiu nh trong min php bin i (bng cch tp trung hu ht thng tin nh vo mt s h s ca php bin i) v so vi cc php bin i khc n c th ti thiu ho MSE gia nh khi phc v nh gc.
Nn v gii nn nh da theo php bin i DCT trong JPEG

JPEG l chun nn s quc t u tin cho cc nh tnh c tng mu lin tc gm c nh n sc v nh mu. Trong k thut ny cc khi nh kch thc 8x8 c p dng thc hin DCT, sau lng t ho cc h s ri m ho entropy sau lng t. i vi nhng nh mu RGB, p dng k thut nn ny, trc ht phi chuyn sang ch mu YUV (Y l thnh phn chi, U v V l 2 thnh phn mu). Thnh phn chi l nh n sc xm. Hai thnh phn mu cn li cha thng tin v mu. Vic m ho v gii m nh trong JPEG c thc hin cho thnh phn chi ri mu. S khi b m ho v gii m ca JPEG nh sau:

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Hnh 2.5. S b m ho theo chun JPEG

Hnh 2.6. Sp xp Zigzag cc h s DCT b m ho

Hnh 2.7. S khi b gii m theo chun JPEG

Qu trnh x l thnh phn chi pha m ho c gii thch nh sau: (a) nh gc c chia thnh cc khi nh (block) nh kch thc 8x8 khng chng cho ln nhau. Tip theo, gi tr ca mi im nh

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mi khi khi nh s c tr i 128. L do l do gi tr cc im nh c gi tr t 0 n 255 (c m ho bi 8 bt khng du), p dng bin i DCT s to ra cc h s AC c di gi tr t -1023 n +1023 (c th c m ho bi 11 bt c du). Nhng h s DC li c gii gi tr t 0 n 2040 (c m ho bi 11 bt khng du) v cn cch x l khc phn cng hoc phn mm so vi cc h s AC. Chnh v th vic tr gi tr mi im nh i 128 l sau khi bin i DCT c cc h s DC v AC c cng di gi tr thun li cho vic x l v biu din. (b) mi khi nh hai chiu kch thc 8x8, p dng bin i DCT to ra mng hai chiu cc h s bin i. H s c tng ng vi tn s khng gian thp nht nhng li c gi tr ln nht c gi l h s DC (mt chiu), n t l vi chi trung bnh ca c khi nh 8x8. Cc h s cn li gi l cc h s AC (xoay chiu). Theo l thuyt, bin i DCT khng em li s mt mt thng tin nh, m n gin n ch chuyn thng tin nh sang min khng gian mi thut li hn cho m ho bc tip theo. (c) Mng hai chiu cc h s bin i c lng t ho s dng b lng t ha t l ng nht. Ngha l cc h s s c lng t ho ring l v c lp. Qu trnh lng t ho l da trn sinh l ca h thng mt ngi: cm nhn hnh nh c nhy km hn cc h s tn s cao v c nhy tt hn cc h s c tn s thp. V th cc h s c chn sao cho thc hin lng t ho th i vi cc h s tn s cao v lng t ho tinh i vi cc h s c tn s thp. Bng lng t ho c ly t l to ra cc mc nn thay i tu theo tc bt v cht lng nh. Vic lng t ho s to ra rt nhiu gi tr 0, c bit l tn s cao. Qu trnh lm trn trong khi lng t ho chnh l nguyn nhn chnh gy ra s tn hao nhng li l nhn t chnh em li hiu sut nn.
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(d) tn dng u im ca cc h s c lng t c gi tr gn bng 0, mng hai chiu cc h s c lng t s c sp xp theo hnh Zigzag to thnh mng mt chiu. Cch sp xp ny cho php gim thiu nng lng tn hao trung bnh v to ra dy cc gi tr bng 0 lin tip. Cng theo cch sp xp ny, cc h s DC c tch khi cc h s AC v s dng k thut m ho iu xung m vi sai DPCM. (e) Bc cui cng ca b m ho l s dng m ho entropy chng hn m ho Huffman cho cc AC v DC (sau khi m ho DPCM) tng thm hiu qu nn cng nh gim thiu li. pha gii m, lung bt m ho c gii m entropy, sau mng hai chiu cc h s DCT c lng t ho c gii sp xp Zigzag v gii lng t. Mng hai chiu cc h s DCT kt qu s c bin i IDCT ri cng mi gi tr vi 128 xp x to thnh cc khi nh con kch thc 8x8. Ch l bng lng t ho v m ho entropy c pha m ho v gii m l ng nht. Hai thnh phn mu cng c m ho tng t nh thnh phn chi ngoi tr khc bit l chng c ly mu xung h s 2 hoc 4 c chiu ngang v dc trc khi bin i DCT. pha gii m , thnh phn mu s c ni suy thnh kch thc gc.
2.4.2.2. K thut m ho da trn php bin i DWT Mi quan h gia bin i Wavelet v Fourier

Khng ging nh bin i Fourier ch thch hp khi phn tch nhng tn hiu n nh (stationary),Wavelet l php bin i c s dng phn tch cc tn hiu khng n nh (non-stationary) l nhng tn hiu c p ng tn s thay i theo thi gian. khc phc nhng hn ch ca bin i FT, php bin i Fourier thi gian ngn STFT c xut. Ch c mt s khc bit nh gia STFT v FT: Trong bin i STFT, tn hiu c chia thnh cc khong nh v
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trong khong tn hiu c gi nh l tn hiu n nh. thc hin k thut ny cn chn mt hm ca s w sao cho di ca ca s ng bng cc khong tn hiu phn chia. Vi php bin i STFT, chng ta c th thu c p ng tn s - thi gian ca tn hiu ng thi m vi php bin i FT ta khng thc hin c. Bin i STFT i vi tn hiu lin tc thc c nh ngha nh sau: X(f,t) = [ x(t ) w (t ) * ]e 2 jft dt

(2.12)

Trong di thi gian ca ca s l (t-), chng ta c th dch chuyn v tr ca ca s bng cch thay i gi tr t v thu c cc p ng tn s khc nhau ca on tn hiu ta thay i gi tr . Gii thch bin i STFT bng nguyn l bt nh Heissenber, nguyn l ny pht biu l: Khng th bit c chnh xc c biu din thi gian - tn s ca mt tn hiu (hay khng th bit cc thnh phn ph ca tn hiu mt thi im nht nh). Ci m ta c th bit l trong mt khong thi gian nht nh tn hiu c nhng bng tn no. y c gi l bi ton phn gii. Vn ny lin quan n rng ca hm ca s m chng ta s dng. Nu hm ca s cng hp th phn gii cng tt hn v gi nh tn hiu l n nh cng c chnh xc nhng phn gii tn s li km i. Ta c cc h qu sau: Ca s hp -> phn gii thi gian tt, phn gii tn s km Ca s rng -> phn gii tn s tt, phn gii thi gian km Trn c s cch tip cn bin i STFT, bin i Wavelet c pht trin gii quyt vn v phn gii tn hiu (min thi gian hoc tn s) m STFT vn cn hn ch. Bin i Wavelet c thc hin theo cch: tn hiu c nhn vi hm Wavelet (tng t nh nhn vi hm ca s trong bin i STFT), ri thc hin bin i ring r cho cc khong tn hiu khc nhau trong min thi gian ti cc tn s khc nhau. Cch tip
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cn nh vy cn c gi l: phn tch a phn gii MRA (Multi Resolution Analysis): phn tch tn hiu cc tn s khc nhau v cho cc phn gii khc nhau. MRA khi phn tch tn hiu cho php: phn gii thi gian tt v phn gii tn s km cc tn s cao; phn gii tn s tt v phn gii thi gian km cc tn s thp. Nh vy k thut ny rt thch hp vi nhng tn hiu: c cc thnh phn tn s cao xut hin trong khong thi gian ngn, cc thnh phn tn s thp xut hin trong khong thi gian di chng hn nh nh v khung nh video. C s ton hc cng nh cc tnh cht ca bin i Wavelet lin tc s c trnh by chi tit trong chng 3.
Bin i Wavelet ri rc DWT

Bc ny c th hiu php bin i DWT nh l p dng mt tp cc b lc: thng cao v thng thp. Thit k cc b lc ny tng ng nh k thut m ho bng con (subband coding) ngha l: ch cn thit k cc b lc thng thp, cn cc b lc thng cao chnh l cc b lc thng thp dch pha i mt gc 180o. Tuy nhin khc vi m ho bng con, cc b lc trong DWT c thit k phi c p ng ph phng, trn v trc giao. Hnh 2.11 di y minh ho dng tng qut ca bin i DWT mt chiu. Theo tn hiu c cho i qua cc b lc thng cao v thng thp H v G ri c ly mu xung (down sampling) h s 2 to thnh bin i DWT mc 1. Bin i ngc th thc hin ngc li: ly mu ln (up sampling) h s 2 ri s dng cc b lc khi phc H, G (l tng l H v G chnh l H, G).

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Hnh 2.8. Bank lc khi phc l thuyt s dng DWT 1D

T bin i DWT mt chiu c th m rng nh ngha bin i DWT hai chiu theo cch: S dng cc b lc ring bit, thc hin bin i DWT mt chiu d liu vo (nh) theo hng ri thc hin theo ct. Theo cch ny nu thc hin bin i DWT mc 1, s to ra 4 nhm h s bin i. Qu trnh bin i DWT hai chiu c th minh ho nh hnh 2.12 di y, trong 4 nhm h s l: LL, HL, LH, HH (ch ci u tin tng ng thc hin lc theo hng, ch ci th hai tng ng thc hin lc theo ct).

Hnh 2.9. Minh ho DWT hai chiu cho nh

Hnh 2.10(a). Minh ho DWT kiu dyadic mc 3 nn nh

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Hnh 2.10(b). Minh ho DWT kiu dyadic mc 3 nn nh

Hai thut ton nn s dng DWT in hnh

So vi bin php bin i DCT s dng trong chun nn JPEG ra i 1992, nn nh da trn bin i DWT c nhng ci tin ng k. Tuy nhin ci tin mang tnh t ph s dng DWT nn nh bt u l k thut m ho EZW (embedded zero-tree wavelet). Thut ton EZW da trn kh nng khai thc cc thuc tnh a phn gii ca bin i Wavelet a ra mt thut ton t phc tp trong tnh ton m vn cho hiu qu nn cao. Nhng ci tin v nng cp ca EZW v sau ra i mt s thut ton tng t nh: SPIHT (set partitationing in hierarchical tree cy phn cp phn tp) v ZTE (zero-tree entropy coding m ho entropy cy zero). Gn y cn c thm mt thut ton na c xut l LS (lifting scheme) s dng to cc bin i Wavelet s nguyn. K thut ny s dng cc b lc Wavelet trc giao em li hiu qu rt cao cho cc ng dng nn nh c tn hao. Chng ta s trnh by 3 thut ton in mnh ny chng 3.

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CHNG 3:C S L THUYT BIN I WAVELET

3.1. C s ton hc 3.1.1. Bin i Wavelet lin tc

Bin i Wavelet lin tc (Continuous Wavelet Transform - CWT) ca mt hm f ( t ) c bt u t mt hm Wavelet m (mother Wavelet) ( t ) . Hm Wavelet m ( t ) c th l bt k mt hm s thc hoc phc lin tc no tho mn cc tnh cht sau y: Tch phn suy rng trn ton b trc t ca hm ( t ) l bng 0. Tc l:

( t ) dt = 0

(3.1)

Tch phn nng lng ca hm trn ton b trc t l mt s hu hn, tc l:

(t )

dt <

(3.2)

iu kin (3.2) c ngha l hm ( t ) phi l mt hm bnh phng kh tch ngha l hm ( t ) thuc khng gian L2 ( R ) cc hm bnh phng kh tch. Sau khi hm Wavelet ( t ) c la chn, bin i Wavelet lin tc ca mt hm bnh phng kh tch f ( t ) c tnh theo cng thc:
W ( a, b ) =

f (t )

1
a

t b dt (3.3) a

Bin i ny l mt hm ca hai tham s thc a v b. Du * k hiu l lin hip phc ca ( t ) . Nu chng ta nh ngha mt hm a ,b ( t ) theo biu thc:
a ,b ( t ) =
1 a t b a

(3.4)

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chng ta c th vit c:
W ( a, b ) =

f ( t ) ( t ) dt
a ,b

(3.5)

Theo ton hc ta gi y l tch v hng ca hai hm f ( t ) v a ,b ( t ) . Gi tr

1 a

l h s chun ho m bo rng tch phn nng lng ca

hm a ,b ( t ) s c lp vi a v b :

a ,b ( t ) dt =
2

(t )

dt

(3.6)

Vi mi gi tr ca a th a ,b ( t ) l mt bn sao ca a ,0 ( t ) c dch i b n v trn trc thi gian. Do b c gi l tham s dch. t tham s dch b = 0 ta thu c:
a ,0 ( t ) =
1 t

(3.7) a

iu cho thy rng a l tham s t l. Khi a > 1 th hm Wavelet s c tri rng cn khi 0 < a < 1 th hm s c co li. Sau y chng ta s nh ngha php bin i ngc ca bin i Wavelet lin tc. Gi ( ) l bin i Fourier ca ( t ) :
( ) = ( t ) e jt dt

(3.8)

Nu W ( a, b ) l bin i CWT ca f ( t ) bng hm Wavelet ( t ) , th bin i ngc ca bin i CWT s c tnh nh sau:
f (t ) =
1 1 W ( a, b ) a ,b ( t ) dadb C a 2

(3.9)

vi gi tr ca C c nh ngha l:
C=

( )

(3.10)

Bin i CWT ch tn ti nu C dng v hu hn. Do C c gi l iu kin tn ti ca bin i Wavelet. Cng vi hai iu kin
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nu trn, y l iu kin th 3 m mt hm cn phi tho mn c th c la chn lm hm Wavelet. Chng ta c th xem bin i CWT nh l mt ma trn hai chiu cc kt qu ca php tnh tch v hng gia hai hm f ( t ) v a ,b ( t ) . Cc hng ca ma trn tng ng vi cc gi tr ca a v cc ct tng ng vi cc gi tr ca b do cch tnh bin i Wavelet theo tch v hng trnh by trn:
f (t ) , g (t ) =

f ( t ) g * ( t ) dt f ( t ) , a ,b ( t ) =

f ( t ) a ,b ( t ) dt

(3.11)

3.1.2. Bin i Wavelet ri rc

Vic tnh ton cc h s Wavelet ti tt c cc t l l mt cng vic ht sc phc tp. Nu tnh ton nh vy s to ra mt lng d liu khng l. gim thiu cng vic tnh ton ngi ta ch chn ra mt tp nh cc gi tr t l v cc v tr tin hnh tnh ton. Hn na nu vic tnh ton c tin hnh ti cc t l v cc v tr trn c s lu tha c s 2 th kt qu thu c s hiu qu v chnh xc hn rt nhiu. Qu trnh chn cc t l v cc v tr tnh ton nh trn to thnh li nh t (dyadic). Mt phn tch nh trn hon ton c th thc hin c nh bin i Wavelet ri rc (DWT). Do , vic tnh ton bin i DWT thc cht l s ri rc ho bin i Wavelet lin tc (CWT); vic ri rc ho c thc hin vi s la chn cc h s a v b nh sau:
a = 2m ; b = 2m n; m, n Z

(3.12)

Vic tnh ton h s ca bin i Wavelet c th d dng thc hin bng cc bng lc s nhiu nhp a knh, mt l thuyt rt quen thuc trong x l tn hiu.

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m = -2 m = -1 m=0 m=1 m=2 Shift n

Hnh 3.1. Minh ho li nh t dyadic vi cc gi tr ca m v n

3.2. Tnh cht ca bin i Wavelet

Tt c chng ta u bit rng bin i Fourier l mt bin i v ang c p dng rng ri trong nhiu ngnh khoa hc v k thut khc nhau. Bin i Fourier chuyn mt hm tn hiu t min thi gian sang min tn s. S dng bin i Fourier ta c th bit c trong tn hiu f ( t ) c cc thnh phn tn s no. Tuy nhin bin i Fourier c mt nhc im c bn l vi mt tn hiu f ( t ) ta khng th bit c rng ti mt thi im t th tn hiu c cc thnh phn tn s no. Mt php bin i tt hn bin i Fourier phi l php bin i c y tnh nng ca bin i Fourier v c kh nng xc nh xem ti mt thi im t bt k trong tn hiu f ( t ) c thnh phn tn s no. Php bin i Wavelet ra i khc phc c cc nhc im ca bin i Fourier trong phn tch tn hiu. Bin i Wavelet d ch lm vic vi cc tn hiu mt chiu (lin tc hoc ri rc) nhng sau khi bin i xong ta thu c mt hm s hai bin hoc mt tp cc cp gi tr W ( a, b ) minh ha cc thnh phn tn s khc nhau ca tn hiu xy ra ti thi im t . Cc gi tr W ( ai , b ) to thnh mt ct (i=1, 2,...., n) cho bit mt thnh phn tn s c trong nhng thi im t no v cc gi tr W ( a, bi ) to thnh hng cho bit ti mt thi im t ca tn hiu f ( t ) c cc thnh phn tn s no. c nghin cu t trc nhng nm 80 ca th k trc v cng
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c ng dng trong mt s ngnh khoa hc v cng ngh khc nhau nhng bin i Wavelet vn l mt lnh vc ang v s tip tc c nghin cu v pht trin cng nh ng dng rng ri hn na. Tham s b trong bin i Wavelet cho bit khong dch ca hm Wavelet m v phn gii cc tn s khc nhau ca f ( t ) c minh ha bi h s t l chnh l a. Bin i Wavelet ngy cng c p dng rng ri c bit l trong x l ting ni, x l nh s. Tn hiu ting ni l tn hiu mt chiu nhng do c im ca ting ni l tn hiu khng dng nn vic s dng Fourier l khng phn tch mt cch y cc c trng ca ting ni. Khc vi tn hiu ting ni, x l tn hiu nh s l x l tn hiu hai chiu v do c im ca nh s l bao gi cng c tnh nh hng v tnh nh v. Tnh nh hng ca mt nh ngha l trong nh bao gi cng c mt s t cc thnh phn tn s nhng cc thnh phn tn s ny tri rng trn ton b khng gian nh cn tnh nh v ca nh chnh l tnh cht biu th rng ti mt vng ca nh c th c rt nhiu thnh phn tn s. nh biu th tnh nh v r nht chnh l nh c nhiu bin vng phn tch r rt, ti cc ng bin bao gi cng c nhiu thnh phn tn s khc nhau, cn hu ht cc nh c tng lin tc u l nhng nh c tnh nh hng. Ngoi ra ngi ta thng p dng mt cch kt hp bin i Wavelet vi cc hm Wavelet thch hp vi dng tn hiu cn kho st v php phn tch a phn gii vic x l tn hiu ting ni v hnh nh t hiu qu cao hn. Trc khi xem xt ng dng ca phn tch a phn gii trong nn nh, chng ta xem xt l thuyt v a phn gii trong phn tch tn hiu. Gi s chng ta cn xp x ho mt tn hiu lin tc c dng mt hm bnh phng kh tch f ( x ) bng mt tp cc gi tr ri rc (v d hm f ( x ) l hm cng sng ca nh). Php xp x n gin thc

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hin da trn l thuyt php ly trung bnh v da vo hm xp x l hm

( x ) c dng:
x [ 0,1)
cc gi tr cn li

( x) =

1 0

(3.13)

Vic tnh ton cc gi tr xp x ca hm f ( x ) theo hm ( x ) s c vit nh sau:

A f ( x ) = f n ( x n )
n

(3.14)

vi f n l chnh l gi tr xp x ca hm f ( x ) trong khong [ n; n + 1) . y chnh l gi tr trung bnh ca hm f ( x ) trong khong [ n; n + 1) c cho bi biu thc:
fn =
n +1 n

f ( x ) (3.15)

Nh vy chng ta c th xp x ho hm f ( x ) bng mt tp cc hm tng t nh hm ( x ) v php xp x ho hm f ( x ) cho bi:

% A f ( x ) = ( x n ) , f ( x ) ( x n )
n

(3.16)

% y ( x ) c gi l hm trng v ( x ) l hm ni suy, xp x

( x ) tho mn:
% ( x ) , ( x n ) = [ n ] (3.17)

Vic phi tho mn iu kin 3.17 l m bo rng hm f ( x ) c th c xp x ho bng mt t hp tuyn tnh ca cc hm ( x n ) . Ngoi
% ra hai hm ( x ) v ( x ) phi c chun ho tho mn:

( x)

% dx = ( x ) dx = 1 (3.18)
2

Trong thc t, hm f ( x ) thng c gi thit l c chu k nguyn v chng ta ch cn mt s hu hn cc t hp tuyn tnh xp x ho hm

f ( x ) . Chng ta c th thay i phn gii ca php xp x bng cch

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% thay i h s t l ca cc hm ( x ) v ( x ) . Cho j ( x ) = 2 2 ( 2 j x ) v
j

% % j ( x ) = 2 2 ( 2 j x ) , chng ta c xp x:
% A j f ( x ) = f ( x ) , j ( x 2 j k ) j ( x 2 j k ) (3.19)
k

ca hm f ( x ) l cc php chiu trc giao ca hm f ( x ) ln khng gian ly { j ( x 2 j k )}

k

lm c s. Vic thay i gi tr ca j s lm thay i

mc chnh xc ca php xp x hm f ( x ) ca chng ta nh trn hnh 3.2.

Hnh 3.2. Phn tch a phn gii p dng cho biu din tn hiu

Hm ( x ) c gi l hm t l v chng ta thy hm ny c mt tnh cht c bit l cc hm ng vi phn gii th j (tc l c chiu rng 2 j ) l trng hp c bit ca cc hm c phn gii th j + 1 (chiu rng 2 j 1 ) bi v cc hm c phn gii j c th d dng biu din t cc hm c phn gii j + 1 . iu dn ti:
V j V j +1

V vy chng ta c th biu din hm f ( x ) theo cc mc phn gii khc nhau da trn cc php chiu trc giao ca hm f ( x ) ln cc khng gian
V j . Chnh v th ngi ta nh ngha mt php phn tch a phn gii nh

sau:

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*. Mt phn tch a phn gii bao gm mt chui khng gian bao hm nhau:
....V2 V1 V0 V1 V2 ... (3.20)

tho mn:
jZ

UV
jZ

= L2 ( R ) (3.21)

IV = {0} (3.22)
j

Tnh bt bin t l
f ( x ) V j f ( 2 j x ) V0 (3.23)

Tnh bt bin dch:

f ( x ) V0 f ( x n ) V0 n Z (3.24)

Tnh tn ti ca c s Tn ti V0 vi { ( x n ) n Z } (3.25) l mt c s trc chun ca

V0

*. Nu chng ta gi A f ( x ) = projV f ( x ) l hnh chiu trc giao

m

ca f ( x ) ln Vm , th ta c: lim m projV f ( x ) = f ( x )
m

(3.26)

Trn y l c s l thuyt ca php phn tch a phn gii vi tn hiu 1D tng qut. Vic p dng trong tn hiu nh (tn hiu 2D) c th d dng m rng t vic phn tch a phn gii 1D, chng ta s xt ti phn p dng trong JPEG2000 phn sau
3.3. Gii thiu mt s h Wavelet 3.3.1. Bin i Wavelet Haar

Bin i Haar Wavelet l bin i n gin nht trong cc php bin i Wavelet. Hnh v 3.2 cho thy dng ca hm ( t ) vi bin i Haar. Do tnh cht n gin ca bin i Haar m n c ng dng tng i nhiu trong nn nh, khi p dng bin i ny nn nh th

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thut ton nn nh trn my tnh c mt s im khc vi cng thc ton hc ca bin i Haar

Hnh 3.3. Hm ( t ) ca bin i Haar

3.3.2. Bin i Wavelet Meyer

Yves Meyer l mt trong nhng nh khoa hc t nn mng cho php bin i Wavelet. Php bin i Wavelet mang tn Meyer cng l mt php bin i thng dng, bin i ny c kh nng phn tch tn hiu tt hn nhiu so vi bin i Haar. Dng ca hm ( t ) vi bin i Meyer cho hnh v:

Hnh 3.4: Hm ( t ) ca bin i Meyer

3.3.3. Bin i Wavelet Daubechies

Ging nh Meyer, Daubechies cng l mt nh khoa hc c cng lao to ln trong vic nghin cu pht trin php bin i Wavelet. Bin i Daubechies l mt trong nhng php bin i phc tp nht trong bin i Wavelet. H bin i ny c ng dng ht sc rng ri, bin i Wavelet p dng trong JPEG2000 l mt bin i trong h bin i

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Wavelet Daubechies. Di y l mt s hm ( t ) trong h bin i Wavelet Daubechies:

Hnh 3.5. Hm ( t ) ca h bin i Daubechies n vi n=2, 3, 7, 8

3.4. Mt s ng dng ni bt ca Wavelet

Phn ny ch nu ra cc lnh vc mang tnh cht tng qut cc ng dng ca Wavelet vi tnh cht gii thiu v gi m.
3.4.1. Nn tn hiu

Do c im ca mnh, Wavelet c bit tt khi s dng nn hay phn tch cc tn hiu khng dng; c bit l tn hiu nh s v cc ng dng nn ting ni, nn d liu. Vic s dng cc php m ho bng con, bng lc s nhiu nhp v bin i Wavelet ri rc tng ng vi loi tn hiu cn phn tch c th mang li nhng hiu qu rt r rt trong nn tn hiu. Do tnh cht ch tn ti trong cc khong thi gian rt ngn (khi phn tch tn hiu trong min thi gian tn s) m cc h s ca bin i Wavelet c kh nng tp trung nng lng rt tt vo cc h s bin i. Cc h s mang thng tin chi tit ca bin i Wavelet thng rt nh v c th b qua m khng nh hng ti vic m ho d liu (trong phng

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php m ho nh hay ting ni l nhng tn hiu cho php m ho c tn tht thng tin).
3.4.2. Kh nhiu

Tnh cht ca bin i Wavelet m chng ta xt ti trong phn ng dng cho nn tn hiu c m rng bi Iain Johnstone v David Donohos trong cc ng dng kh nhiu cho tn hiu. Phng php kh nhiu ny c gi l Wavelet Shrinkage Denoising (WSD). tng c bn ca WSD da trn vic tn hiu nhiu s l r khi phn tch bng bin i Wavelet cc h s bin i bc cao. Vic p dng cc ngng loi b tng ng vi cc bc cao hn ca h s Wavelet s c th d dng loi b nhiu trong tn hiu.
3.4.3. M ho ngun v m ho knh

S d Wavelet c ng dng trong m ho ngun v m ho knh v trong m ho ngun th chng ta cn kh nng nn vi t l nn cao cn trong m ho knh th cn kh nng chng nhiu tt. Bin i Wavelet kt hp vi mt s phng php m ho nh m ho Huffman hay m ho s hc c th thc hin c c hai iu trn. V th s s dng bin i Wavelet trong m ho ngun v m ho knh l rt thch hp.

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CHNG 4:CHUN NN NH TNH DA TRN BIN I WAVELET JPEG2000

4.1. Lch s ra i v pht trin chun JPEG2000

Nh chng ta bit, s ra i ca JPEG mang li nhiu li ch to ln v nhiu mt. JPEG c th gim nh kch thc nh, gim thi gian truyn v lm gim chi ph x l nh trong khi cht lng nh l kh tt. Tuy nhin cho n nay ngi ta mi ch ng dng dng thc nn c tn tht thng tin ca JPEG v m ho khng tn tht ca JPEG l kh phc tp. vic nn nh c hiu qu hn, y ban JPEG a ra mt chun nn nh mi l JPEG2000. JPEG2000 s dng bin i Wavelet v cc phng php m ho c bit c c nh nn u vit hn hn JPEG. JPEG2000 hin vn ang tip tc c pht trin, nhng phn I c t chc ISO chp nhn l chun nn nh quc t p dng cho nh tnh. Chun nn nh JPEG2000 m xng sng l bin i Wavelet vi tnh nng vt tri so vi JPEG chc chn s c s dng trong cc server ni dung chuyn i nh dng nh trong mng di ng. Chnh v th, mc ch ca chng ny khng ch gii thiu mt chun nn nh da trn bin i Wavelet ph bin m cn a ra mt la chn nhm gii quyt ton cc bi ton t ra phn m u.
4.2. Cc tnh nng ca JPEG2000

JPEG2000 c nhiu chc nng c bit hn mi chun nn nh tnh khc nh JPEG hay GIF. Di y l cc chc nng u vit ca JPEG2000 so vi cc chun nn nh tnh khc Cho cht lng nh tt nht khi p dng nn nh tnh c tn tht. S dng c vi truyn dn v hin th lu tin v cht lng, phn gii, cc thnh phn mu v c tnh nh v khng gian. S dng cng mt c ch nn nh cho c hai dng thc nn. Truy nhp v gii nn ti mi thi im trong khi nhn d liu.

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Gii nn tng vng trong nh m khng cn gii nn ton b nh C kh nng m ho nh vi t l nn theo tng vng khc nhau Nn mt ln nhng c th gii nn vi nhiu cp cht lng tu theo yu cu ca ngi s dng Hin ti, ISO v u ban JPEG a ra khuyn ngh thay th JPEG bng JPEG2000.
4.3. Cc bc thc hin nn nh theo chun JPEG2000
nh gc X l trc bin i Bin i thun lin thnh phn Bin i thun ring thnh phn Lng t ho M ho nh sau khi m ho (a)

nh m ho Gii m ho

Gii lng t ho

Bin i ngc ring thnh phn

Bin i ngc lin thnh phn

X l sau bin i

nh khi phc (b)

Hnh 4.1: Trnh t m ho (a) v gii m JPEG2000 (b)

4.3.1. X l trc bin i

Do s dng bin i Wavelet, JPEG2000 cn c d liu nh u vo dng i xng qua 0. X l trc bin i chnh l giai on m bo d liu a vo nn nh c dng trn. pha gii m, giai on x l sau bin i s tr li gi tr gc ban u cho d liu nh.
4.3.2. Bin i lin thnh phn

Giai on ny s loi b tnh tng quan gia cc thnh phn ca nh. JPEG2000 s dng hai loi bin i lin thnh phn l bin i mu thun nghch (Reversible Color Transform - RCT) v bin i mu khng thun nghch (Irreversible Color Transform - ICT) trong bin i thun nghch lm vic vi cc gi tr nguyn, cn bin i khng thun nghch lm vic vi cc gi tr thc. ICT v RCT chuyn d liu nh t khng gian mu RGB sang YCrCb. RCT c p dng trong c hai dng thc nn c tn tht v khng tn tht, cn ICT ch p dng cho nn c tn tht. Cng thc ca bin i thun v ngc ca hai php bin i

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ICT v RCT cho phn ph lc. Vic p dng cc bin i ny trc khi nn nh khng nm ngoi mc ch lm tng hiu qu nn. Cc thnh phn Cr, Cb c nh hng rt t ti s cm nhn hnh nh ca mt trong khi thnh phn chi Y c nh hng rt ln ti nh. Chng ta c th thy r hn iu ny trn hnh v 4.3:

Hnh 4.2: Minh ho nh vi RGB v YCrCb

4.3.3. Bin i ring thnh phn (bin i Wavelet)

Bin i ring thnh phn c p dng trong JPEG2000 chnh l bin i Wavelet. m bo tnh ton vn thng tin cng phi p dng cc php bin i thun nghch hoc khng thun nghch. Do php bin i Wavelet khng phi l mt php bin i trc giao nh bin i DCT m l mt php bin i bng con nn cc thnh phn s c phn chia thnh cc bng tn s khc nhau v mi bng s c m ha ring r. JPEG2000 p dng bin i Wavelet nguyn thun nghch 5/3 (IWT) v bin i thc khng thun nghch Daubechies 9/7. Vic tnh ton bin i trong JPEG2000 ny s c thc hin theo phng php Lifting (Cng thc c th ca phng php Lifting v bin i Wavelet trong JPEG2000 cho phn ph lc). S ca phng php Lifting 1D p dng trong JPEG2000 trn hnh 4.3.Vic tnh ton bin i Wavelet 2D suy ra t bin i Wavelet 1D theo cc phng php phn gii nh tu chn. Trong JPEG2000 c 3 phng php phn gii nh nhng phng php c s dng nhiu nht chnh l phng php kim t thp.

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Xe[n] Ke

+ -P U
Ko

c[n]

X[n]

Odd / Even Split X o[n]

d[n]

1/Ke c[n]

+
X[n]

-U
d[n] 1/Ko

P +

Merge

Hnh 4.3: Phng php Lifting 1D dng tnh ton bin i Wavelet

Do bin i Wavelet 5/3 l bin i thun nghch nn c th p dng cho nn nh theo c hai phng php, c tn tht v khng tn tht trong khi bin i 9/7 ch p dng cho nn nh theo phng php c tn tht thng tin.
4.3.4.Lng t ho - Gii lng t ho

Cc h s ca php bin i s c tin hnh lng t ho. Qu trnh lng t ho cho php t t l nn cao hn bng cch th hin cc gi tr bin i vi chnh xc tng ng cn thit vi mc chi tit ca nh cn nn. Cc h s bin i s c lng t ho theo php lng t ho v hng. Cc hm lng t ho khc nhau s c p dng cho cc bng con khc nhau v c thc theo biu thc:
U ( x, y ) V ( x, y ) = sgn U ( x, y )

(4.1)

vi l bc lng t, U ( x, y ) l gi tr bng con u vo; V ( x, y ) l gi tr sau lng t ho. Trong dng bin i nguyn, t bc lng t bng 1.Vi dng bin i thc th bc lng t s c chn tng ng cho tng bng con ring r. Bc lng t ca mi bng do phi c trong dng bt truyn i pha thu c th gii lng t cho nh. Cng thc gii lng t ho l:
U ( x, y ) = V ( x, y ) + r sgn V ( x, y ) (4.2)

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r l mt tham s xc nh du v lm trn, cc gi tr U ( x, y ) ;V ( x, y ) tng ng l cc gi tr khi phc v gi tr lng t ho nhn c. JPEG2000 khng cho trc r tuy nhin thng chn r = 1 2 .
4.3.5. M ho v kt hp dng d liu sau m ho

JPEG2000 theo khuyn ngh ca u ban JPEG quc t c th s dng nhiu phng php m ho khc nhau cng nh nhiu cch bin i Wavelet khc nhau c th thu c cht lng nh tng ng vi ng dng cn x l. iu ny gip cho JPEG2000 mm do hn nhiu so vi JPEG. Vic p dng cc phng php m ho khc nhau cng c m rng sang lnh vc nn nh ng bng bin i Wavelet. Trong thc t cc phng php m ho nh c p dng khi nn nh bng bin i Wavelet cng nh JPEG2000 th c hai phng php c coi l c s v c p dng nhiu nht: phng php SPIHT v phng php EZW. Hin nay JPEG2000 vn c p dng m ho bng hai phng php ny v mt phng php pht trin t hai phng php ny l phng php m ho mt phng bt. V th y chng ta s xem xt hai phng php ny. Vic kt hp dng d liu sau m ho ca JPEG2000 thc cht l thc hin cc tnh nng c bit ca JPEG2000 nh tnh nng ROI v.v...
4.3.6. Phng php m ho SPIHT

C th thy rng d p dng bin i Wavelet no hay cng vi n l mt php phn gii nh no th trong cc bng con c s th t thp cng l nhng thnh phn tn s cao (mang thng tin chi tit ca nh) trong khi nhng bng con c s th t cao hn th s cha nhng thnh phn tn s thp (mang thng tin chnh v nh). iu ngha l cc h s chi tit s gim dn t bng con mc thp (HH1 chng hn) (ng vi thnh phn tn s cao) xung bng con mc cao (ng vi thnh phn tn s thp) v c tnh tng t v khng gian gia cc bng con, v d nh

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mt ng bin ca hnh v trong nh s tn ti cng mt v tr trn cc bng con (tng ng vi mc phn gii ca bng con y). iu ny dn ti s ra i ca phng php SPIHT (Set partitioning in hierarchical trees - phng php m ho phn cp theo phn vng). Phng php SPIHT c thit k ti u cho truyn dn lu tin. iu ny c ngha l ti mi thi im trong qu trnh gii nn nh theo phng php m ho ny th cht lng nh hin th ti thi im y l tt nht c th t c vi mt s lng bt a vo gii m tnh cho ti thi im y. Ngoi ra, phng php ny s dng k thut embedded coding; iu c ngha l mt nh sau nn vi kch c (lu tr) ln (t l nn thp) s cha chnh d liu sau nn ca nh c kch c (lu tr) nh (t l nn cao). B m ho ch cn nn mt ln nhng c th gii nn ra nhiu mc cht lng khc nhau. Gi s gi cc pixel trong mt nh p cn m ho l pi, j. p dng mt php bin i Wavelet T no cho cc pixel trong nh to ra cc h s ca php bin i Wavelet l ci, j. Cc h s ny to ra mt nh bin i l C. Php bin i ny c vit di dng ton t nh sau: C=T(p). Trong phng php truyn dn lu tin vi nh th b m ho s bt u qu trnh khi phc (gii nn) nh bng
cch t cc gi tr ca nh khi phc t cc h s bin i l c . S dng

cc gi tr gii m ca cc h s bin i to ra mt nh khi phc (vn

cha p dng bin i ngc Wavelet) l c v sau p dng bin i
ngc Wavelet to ra nh cui cng l p . Chng ta c th vit di
dng ton t nh sau: p = T 1 ( c ) . Nguyn tc quan trng ca phng

php truyn dn nh theo kiu lu tin chnh l phng php ny lun truyn i cc gi tr mang thng tin quan trng hn ca nh i trc. S d lm nh vy l do cc thng tin chnh l cc thng tin s lm gim thiu nhiu nht mo dng ca nh (s sai khc gia nh gc v nh khi phc). y chnh l l do ti sao phng php SPIHT lun truyn i

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cc h s ln trc v cng l mt nguyn tc quan trng ca phng php ny. Mt nguyn tc na l cc bt c trng s ln bao gi cng mang thng tin quan trng nht trong d liu nh phn. Phng php SPIHT s dng c hai nguyn tc ny; n sp xp cc h s bin i v truyn i cc bt c trng s ln nht. Qu trnh gii m c th dng li bt k mt bc no ng vi gi tr nh cn m ho yu cu. y chnh l cch m phng php m ho SPIHT lm tn tht thng tin.
4.3.7. Phng php m ho EZW

Phng php m ho EZW (Embedded Zerotree Wavelet Encoder) cng da trn c s php m ho lu tin (progressive coding) ging nh phng php m ho SPIHT. Phng php ny ch yu da trn khi nim v cy zero (zerotree). V c bn, thut ton ny da trn hai nguyn tc nh trnh by phn phng php m ho SPIHT. Sau y chng ta s xem xt cc khi nim c bn ca thut ton:
Cy t phn: Sau khi p dng bin i Wavelet ng vi cc mc

phn gii khc nhau chng ta c th biu din cc h s bin i di dng mt cy. Ta thy rng vi cy biu din ny c mi nt cha th c 4 nt con. S d c c iu ny l do qu trnh bin i Wavelet cc t l khc nhau. Ta gi y l cc cy t phn (quadtree). S cy t phn c minh ho hnh 4.5.
LL

Level 3

HL1

Level 2
LH1 HH1

(a)
Level 1

(b)

Hnh 4.4: Minh ho cy t phn (a) v s phn mc (b)

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Cy zero (zerotree): Cy zero l mt cy t phn, trong tt c

cc nt ca n u nh hn nt gc. Mt cy nh vy khi m ho s c m ho bng mt i tng duy nht v khi gii m th chng ta cho tt c cc gi tr bng khng. Ngoi ra c th m ho c cc h s Wavelet trong trng hp ny, gi tr ca nt gc phi nh hn gi tr ngng ang c xem xt ng vi h s Wavelet Sau khi c cc khi nim cn thit v cy t phn v cy zero, chng ta c th trnh by nguyn l hot ng ca thut ton. Thut ton s m ho cc h s theo th t gim dn. Chng ta s dng mt gi tr gi l ngng (threshold) v s dng ngng ny tin hnh m ho cc h s bin i. Cc h s c m ho theo th t t vng tn s thp n vng tn s cao. V ch nhng h s c gi tr tuyt i ln hn hoc bng ngng th mi c m ho. Tip theo gim ngng v tip tc lm nh vy cho ti khi ngng t ti mt gi tr nh hn gi tr ca h s nh nht. Cch gim gi tr ngng y thc hin tng i c bit, gi tr ca ngng gim xung mt na so vi trc . B gii m phi bit cc mc ngng ny th mi c th gii m nh thnh cng. Nhng khi ta i t nt cha n nt con trong cy t phn th n vn c 3 nt con. Vy ta phi i theo nhnh c nt con no trc. Hay ni mt cch y hn ta di chuyn t h s ny n h s khc theo th t nh th no. C nhiu cch di chuyn khc nhau, tuy nhin hai cch di chuyn trn hnh 4.6 c s dng nhiu nht.

Raster Scan

Morton Scan

Hnh 4.5: Hai cch sp xp th t cc h s bin i

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Vic sp xp ny cn phi c quy c thng nht gia qu trnh m ho v qu trnh gii m vic gii m nh c thnh cng. Trn y ch l nguyn l c bn ca phng php m ho EZW. Chi tit v thut ton m ho c th xem phn chng trnh. Hin nay phng php m ho ny c p dng ngy cng nhiu nn nh ng. Phng php ny cho t l nn v tin cy gii m cao. Ngoi ra phng php EZW rt d trin khai trn my tnh bi phng php ny khng yu cu vic lp trnh qu phc tp.
4.4. So snh chun JPEG2000 vi JPEG v cc chun nn nh tnh khc

Mt tnh nng quan trng v l u im r nt nht ca JPEG2000 so vi JPEG cng nh cc chun nn nh khc nh MPEG 4 VTC hay JPEG - LS v. v.... l JPEG2000 a ra c hai k thut nn c tn tht v khng tn tht theo cng mt c ch m ho ngha l JPEG2000 thc hin tt c cc dng thc ca JPEG ch bng mt c ch m ho duy nht. Nu xt v s tn ti ca hai k thut ny th JPEG cng c kh nng nn nh c tn tht v khng tn tht thng tin. Tuy nhin vi JPEG th c ch m ho vi hai dng ny l khc nhau v rt kh s dng c hai dng ny cng lc cho cng mt ng dng. Do , c th thy rng JPEG c tnh mm do hn bt k chun nn nh tnh no trc y. Hn th, chng ta thy rng tt c cc phng php thit k cho chun JPEG2000 u u vit v c nhiu tnh nng hn so vi JPEG; ngoi ra nhng thng k v thc t cho thy vi cng mt t l nn v mt loi nh th nh c nn bi JPEG2000 hu nh lun c cht lng tt hn so vi JPEG. Chng ta xem xt hai nh trn hnh 4.7 thy r iu ny, nh bn tri c nn theo JPEG cn nh bn phi c nn theo JPEG2000

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JPEG

JPEG2000

JPEG

JPEG2000

Hnh 4.6: So snh JPEG v JPEG2000

Tnh nng u vit th hai ca JPEG2000 so vi JPEG chnh l trong dng thc nn c tn tht thng tin, JPEG2000 c th a ra t l nn cao hn nhiu so vi JPEG. Cc phn mm nn nh JPEG hin ti (k c Photoshop) cng ch thit k c th nn c ti t l 40:1 nhng vi JPEG2000 th t l nn c th ln ti 200:1. Theo cng thc tnh PSNR trong n v dB, chng ta c: (b l s bt dng biu din mt pixel trn nh gc)
RMSE PSNR (dB) = 20 log b 2 1

Vi hai nh hnh 4.6, s so snh v tham s PSNR cho trn bng 4.1. c th so snh d dng hn, ta xt nh c nn vi cc t l khc nhau (o lng bi h s bt/pixel hay bpp). Tt c cc s liu trn bng u cho thy JPEG2000 nn nh tt hn l JPEG; hn th h s PSNR m chng ta xt trong bng c o trong h n v logarit.

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Bit per pixel nh 1 theo JPEG nh 1 theo JPEG2000 nh 2 theo JPEG nh 2 theo JPEG2000

0. 125 24.42 28. 12 22.6 24.85

0. 50 31.17 32.95 28. 92 31.13

2.00 35. 15 37. 35 35. 99 38. 80

Bng 4.1: So snh JPEG v JPEG2000

Tnh nng u vit th 3 ca JPEG2000 so vi JPEG l chun nn nh ny c th hin th c cc nh vi phn gii v kch thc khc nhau t cng mt nh nn. Vi JPEG th iu ny l khng th thc hin c. S d c iu ny l do JPEG2000 s dng k thut phn gii nh v m ho nh km m chng ta ni ti phn m ho nh theo JPEG2000. Tnh nng ny l mt li th c bit quan trng ca JPEG2000, trong khi JPEG cng nh cc chun nn nh tnh trc y phi nn nhiu ln thu c cht lng vi tng ln nn khc nhau th vi JPEG2000 ta ch cn nn mt ln cn cht lng nh th s c quyt nh tu theo ngi s dng trong qu trnh gii nn nh theo JPEG2000. Mt tnh nng u vit na ca JPEG2000 l tnh nng m ho nh quan trng theo vng (ROI - Region of Interest) m chng ta cp trong phn m ho nh theo JPEG2000. Cht lng ca ton b nh cng c thy r trn hnh 4.7.

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Hnh 4.7: Minh ho tnh nng ROI

Nh chng ta thy trn hnh 4.7, cht lng ca vng nh c la chn tng cao hn khi vng c p dng phng php nn nh ROI. JPEG2000 cn c mt kh nng c bit u vit hn so vi JPEG, chnh l kh nng vt tri trong khi phc li. l khi mt nh c truyn trn mng vin thng th thng tin c th b nhiu; vi cc chun nn nh nh JPEG th nhiu ny s c thu vo v hin th, tuy nhin vi JPEG2000, do c trng ca php m ho c th chng li, JPEG2000 c th gim thiu cc li ny ti mc hu nh khng c. Sau khi xem xt cc tnh nng vt tri ca JPEG2000 so vi JPEG (chun nn nh thng dng nht hin nay) chng ta so snh chc nng ca JPEG2000 vi mt s chun nn nh nh l JPEG - LS; PNG; MPEG 4 VTC qua bng 4.2 (Du + biu th chun c chc nng tng ng, s du + cng nhiu th chun thc hin chc nng tng ng cng tt) du - biu th chun tng ng khng h tr tnh nng )

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JPEG2000 Kh nng nn nh khng tn tht Kh nng nn nh c tn tht Kh nng lu tin trong khi phc nh K thut m ho theo vng ROI Kh nng tng tc vi cc vt th c hnh dng bt k Kh nng truy nhp ngu nhin dng bt ca nh nn Tnh n gin Kh nng khi phc li Kh nng thay i t l nn Tnh mm do (kh nng nn nhiu loi nh khc nhau) +++ +++++ +++++ +++ ++ ++ +++ +++ +++

JPEG LS ++++ + +++++ ++ +++

JPEG + +++ ++ +++++ ++ ++

MPEG -4 VTC ++++ +++ + ++ + +++ + ++

PNG +++ + +++ + +++

Bng 4.2: So snh tnh nng ca JPEG2000 vi cc chun nn nh tnh khc

T bng trn chng ta c th thy cc tnh nng vt tri v kh nng u vit ca JPEG2000 so vi cc chun nn nh tnh trc y.

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CHNG 5:NG DNG WAVELET TRONG CC DCH V D LIU A PHNG TIN TRONG THNG TIN DI NG
5.1. Nn nh bng Wavelet

Trong cc chng trc chng ta thy c u im ca Wavelet trong ng dng nn nh tnh. Chng ny xin a ra mt gii php l va s dng bin i Wavelet khai thc kh nng nn cao, cht lng hnh nh m bo (k thut nn nh bng Wavelet thng thng) m vn ph hp vi mi trng thng tin di ng c bng thng hp, tc bt thp v thng xuyn b nhiu knh, hiu ng fading. Mt cch tip cn p ng c cc yu cu trn l: k thut nn nh bng Wavelet hiu nng vi hai c tnh quan trng trong thut ton: (i) gim
thiu nng lng tnh ton thc hin nn nh v (ii) gim thiu nng lng khi truyn thng cho cc ng dng a phng tin trong

mng di ng m vn m bo cht lng ca nh. Chi tit ca k thut s trnh by phn di y.

5.2.1. S khi tng qut

Hnh 5.1. S khi qu trnh nn nh bng Wavelet

Hnh 5.1 ch ra s khi qut qu trnh nn nh (m ho ngun). Qu trnh nh sau: nh mu c a qua mt php bin i to thnh tp h s bin i. Cc h s ny tip tc c lng t ho (chia cho cc gi tr c nh cho trc) gim dung lng d liu. u ra ca
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bc ny l mt lung cc s nguyn m mi mt trong s tng ng vi mt ch s nh phn c lng t ho. Bc cui cng l m ho: cc lung d liu c chuyn thnh chui cc t m nh phn (binary symbol) theo cch: cc t m nh phn c di ngn m ho cho cc s nguyn c xc sut xut hin cao. iu ny lm gim s bt cn truyn. Cc nguyn l m ho nh vy l: Huffman [4] v RLC (m chy di) [4]. C nhiu thut ton s dng cho nn nh nh: da theo php bin i, lng t ho vct hoc m ho bng con. Vic la chn thut ton trong truyn thng a phng tin di ng khng ch ph thuc vo t s nn t c, cht lng nh khi phc m cn lin quan n nng lng tiu hao cng nh kh nng trng li li bt cao hn. Gn y nhm JPEG pht trin chun nn nh da trn bin i Wavelet gi l JPEG2000 vi nhiu u im. Tuy nhin thng k cho thy bc bin i Wavelet trong qu trnh nn tiu tn hn 60% thi gian CPU. Nh vy nu ti u cc c im ca thut ton bc bin i th nng lng v hiu sut nn c th c ci thin ng k. Do ta tp trung vo ti u nng lng tiu hao bc bin i.
5.1.2. Bin i Wavelet

Php bin i Wavelet thun s dng s phn ly 1D (mt chiu) chuyn tp cc mu 1D thnh hai bng: bng con thng thp (Li) v bng con thng cao (Hi). Bng Li l phin bn c phn gii thp ca nh gc c ly mu xung (downsampled), bng Hi biu th thng tin d tha ca nh gc (ch cn thit khi cn khi phc hon ton nh gc t bng thng thp). Qu trnh phn ly bng con 2D ch l s m rng qu trnh phn ly bng con 1D. Ton b qu trnh chnh l s thc hin qu trnh phn ly 1D hai ln: u tin theo hng, ri theo ct. Theo cch ny, bng con thng thp Li to thnh khi phn ly theo hng li tip tc c phn ly theo ct to thnh bng con LLi v LHi. Tng t nh vy, bng con Hi tip tc c phn ly thnh HLi v HHi. Sau mc bin i u tin, nh
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c th tip tc c phn ly bng cch p dng qu trnh phn ly 2D cho bng con LLi. Nh vy nh c th c bin i nhiu mc. Hnh 5.2 di y minh ho qu trnh phn ly nh 3 mc.

Hnh 5.2. (a) Bin i Wavelet 2D mc 3 v (b) Minh ho bng nh CASTLE

5.1.3. Tnh ton nng lng tiu hao

thc hin bin i Wavelet cn chn mt b lc cho n. y ta chn b lc c cp Daubechies 5-tap / 3-tap do nhng u im sau ca n:

Kt qu sau b lc Wavelet c cha thng tin im nh ln cn v

nh th loi b c hiu ng khi m bin i DCT gp phi

C tnh cht i xng v nh v cho php d dng pht hin ng

vin, tnh ton nhanh, nh nn c cht lng cao.

D dng thc hin bng phn cng v n ch gm cc b cng v

b dch nh phn (khng phi l cc b ghp knh v b chia). (thc t c th chn nhiu cp b lc khc nhau cho bin i Wavelet, la chn cp Daubechies 5-tap/ 3-tap mc ny v cc mc sau u mang tnh cht cc b, kt qu cui cng vn khng mt tnh tng quan) Phng trnh ca b lc Daubechies 5-tap/3-tap l:
x[2n 2] + 2 x[2n 1] + 6 x[2n] + 2 x[2n + 1] x[2n + 2] + 2 L[2n] = 4 x[2n] + 2 x[2n + 1] x[2n + 2] H [2n + 1] = 2

(5.1)

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xc nh hiu nng ca mi thut ton, chng ta s dng mt ma trn khng ph thuc vo vic thc hin thut ton. Chng ta phn tch hiu nng ca n bng cch xc nh s ln cc php ton c bn c thc hin khi u vo cho trc, tip xc nh nh lng cc hot ng chuyn mch v chnh l nng lng tiu hao. Ly v d, trong php phn ly Wavelet thun s dng b lc trn, cn 8 php ton cng - A(Add) v dch - S(Shift) chuyn nhng im nh mu thnh mt h s thng thp. Tng t nh vy, s phn ly thng cao cn 2 php ton dch v 4 php ton cng. Chng ta lp m hnh tiu hao nng lng ca s phn ly thng thp/cao bng cch m s cc php ton v xem chng nh l ti tnh ton (computational load). Nh vy c 8*S (php dch) + 8*A (php cng) l ti tnh ton cn cho mt im nh trong qu trnh phn ly thng thp v 2S + 4A php ton cho thng cao. Vi mt nh u vo cho trc kch thc M x N v qu trnh phn ly c p dng vi L mc bin i, khi chng ta c th nh gi c tng ti tnh ton nh sau: Gi s trc tin chng ta p dng qu trnh phn ly theo chiu ngang. Nhng do tt c cc im nh v tr chn c phn ly thnh cc h s thng thp v cc im nh v tr l c phn ly thnh cc h s thng cao, tng ti tnh ton trong qu trnh phn ly chiu ngang s l 1/2MN(10S+12A). Lng ti tnh ton trong qu trnh phn ly theo chiu dc cng d nhn ra. Do kch thc ca nh gim theo h s 4 sau mi mc bin i, tng ti tnh ton c th c biu din bng cng thc sau:
Ti tnh ton vi bin i Wavelet thng CW:

CW = MN (12 A + 10S )
l =1

1 1 4 L 4 = MN (12 A + 10S ) MN (12 A + 10S ) 4l 1 1 4 l 3 (5.2)

Ngoi cc php ton s hc, bc bin i cng bao gm mt s lng ln cc ln truy nhp b nh. Do vy nng lng tiu hao trong cc

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ln truyn d liu ni v ngoi h thng c th ng k, chng ta c lng ti truy nhp d liu (data-acces load) bng cch m tng s cc ln truy nhp b nh trong qu trnh thc hin bin i Wavelet. Ti mt mc bin i, mi im nh s c c hai ln v c ghi hai ln. Do vy, vi cng mt iu kin cng nh cng phng php nh gi nh trn, tng ti truy nhp d liu rt ra bng s cc ton t c v ghi
Ti truy nhp d liu vi bin i Wavelet thng:

CREAD _ W = CWRITE_W = 2 MN
l =1

1 8 4l 1 3

(5.3)

Nng lng tnh ton tng c tnh bng tng trng s ca ti tnh ton v ti truy nhp d liu. T kt qu tin hnh thc nghim, ta thy rng thc hin cc php cng tiu tn nng lng gp i so vi thc hin php dch v nng lng tiu tn cho ti truy nhp d liu gp 2.7 ln ti tnh ton. Chng ta cng c lng nng lng truyn thng bng C*R, trong C l kch thc ca nh nn (tnh bng bt) v R l tn hao nng lng truyn mt bt bng b pht RF. Nh vy ta phn tch bin v ngun gc ca tn hao nng lng trong bin i Wavelet, tip theo chng ta s trnh by cc k thut ti thiu nng lng tiu hao cng nh nng lng truyn thng yu cu cho vic nn nh bng Wavelet v truyn v tuyn.
5.2. Thut ton nn nh bng Wavelet hiu nng - EEW

Trong phn ny, chng ta trnh by thut ton EEW (Effective Energy Wavelet) - mt thut ton bin i bng Wavelet m mc ch l tit kim nng lng trong khi cht lng nh ch b nh hng t nht. EEW khai thc phn b s hc ca cc h s thng cao kho lo loi b mt s lng ln cc mu trong qu trnh nn nh. Hnh 5.3 minh ho phn b cc h s thng cao (high-pass coefficients) sau khi p dng bin i Wavelet hai mc cho nh mu Lena kch thc 512 x 512. Chng ta cng quan st thy l cc h s thng cao thng c biu
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din bng cc gi tr s nguyn nh. Ly v d, 80% cc h s thng cao mc 1 (level 1) u khng vt qu 5. Chnh bi s phn b s hc ca cc h s thng cao v nh hng ca bc lng t ho i vi cc h s c gi tr nh, chng ta c th lm trn cc h s thng cao bng 0 (v do loi b c php ton lin quan n chng) v do suy hao cht lng nh ch mc nh. Cch tip cn ny c hai u im chnh. Th nht, bi v cc h s thng cao khng cn phi tnh ton, EEW lm gim nng lng tnh ton tiu hao trong qu trnh nn nh bng Wavelet bng cch gim s lng cc php ton c thc hin. Th hai, bi v b m ho v gii m l k thut lm trn (c lng), v th khng c thng tin yu cu c truyn qua knh v tuyn, do gim c nng lng tiu hao cn c.

Hnh 5.3. Phn b s hc cc h s thng cao sau php bin i Wavelet mc 2

S dng k thut c lng trn chng ta xy dng c thut ton gm hai k thut hn ch tiu hao nng lng: hn ch tnh ton v truyn thng cho cc h s thng cao: K thut u tin l loi b bng con t ngha nht. Trong s 4 bng con ta thy bng con ng cho (HHi) l t ngha nht (xem hnh 5.2), v l ng c vin sng gi loi b trong bc bin i Wavelet. Chng ta gi k thut ny l k thut loi b HH. k thut th 2, th ch nhng bng con c ngha nht (cha thng tin phn gii thp, LLi) c gi li cn cc bng
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thng cao khc (LHi, HLi v HHi) u c loi b. Chng ta gi k thut ny l k thut loi b H* (tt c cc bng con thng cao u b loi b trong bc bin i). Tip theo chng ta s trnh by chi tit v cc k thut loi b HH v H* v so snh hiu nng ca hai k thut ny vi thut ton s dng Wavelet nguyn bn (c xem l thut ton bin i Wavelet khng loi b thng tin ( c cp trong mc 5.2.2 v 5.2.3).
5.2.1. Hiu nng ca cc k thut loi b

thc hin cc k thut loi b HH v H* (EEW), chng ta thay i php bin i Wavelet nh m t trong hnh 5.4. Nh gii thch mc 5.2.2, trong qu trnh bin i Wavelet, mi nh u vo c thc hin php bin i theo hng ri n ct v phn ly nh thnh bn bng con (LL, LH, HL, HH). Tuy nhin, thc hin k thut loi b HH, th sau khi thc hin bin i theo hng, cc h s thng cao ch c a vo b lc thng thp m khng c a vo b lc thng cao trong bc bin i theo ct tip theo (trong hnh 5.4 bn di <HH Elimination>, k hiu l nhng hnh c bng sng). Cch lm ny loi b bng con ng cho HH. Cn thc hin k thut loi b H*, nh u vo c x l ch cho qua b lc thng thp trong c qu trnh thc hin bin i hng v ct. V nh vy chng ta cng loi b c tt c cc bc phn ly thng cao trong qu trnh bin i.

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Hnh 5.4: D liu sau php bin i Wavelet vi hai k thut loi b HH v H*

c lng hiu nng ca cc k thut EEW trn, chng ta s tin hnh tnh ti tnh ton v ti truy nhp d liu theo phng php cp trong mc 5.2.3. Chng ta gi thit rng, cc k thut tnh ton ch c p dng E mc bin i u tin trong tng s L mc. L do l bi v u im ca cc h s thng cao thc hin loi b cng ngha cc mc bin i thp. Trong k thut loi b HH, ti tnh ton trong qu trnh thc hin bin i theo hng bng vi thut ton Wavelet thng. Tuy nhin, trong qu trnh thc hin bin i theo ct bng con thng cao l kt qu t php bin i theo dng trc, bng con HH khng c tnh. Kt qu trong mc 5.2.3 ch ra rng lm nh vy c th tit kim 1/4MN(4A+2S) cc php ton cho ti tnh ton ( ngha l tit kim c 7.4% so vi thut ton Wavelet thng). V v th, tng ti tnh ton c th c tnh nh sau:
CHH =
L MN (22 A + 19 S ) E 1 1 + MN (12 A + 10 S ) l 1 4l 1 2 l =1 l = E +1 4

(5.4)

Bi v bng con thng cao sau php bin i theo hng vn cn tnh bng con HL trong php bin i theo ct nn chng ta c th tit kim s ln c trong k thut loi b HH. Tuy nhin, chng ta ch tit

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kim c 1/4 cc ln ghi (tit kim 25%) trong qu trnh thc hin php bin i theo ct. Do vy kt qu bng con HH c gn trc bng 0 trc khi qu trnh bin i c thc hin. Do vy, tng ti truy cp d liu s c tnh:
E L 7 1 1 C READ _ HH = C READ _ W , CWRITE _ HH = MN l 1 + 2MN l 1 (5.5) 4 l =1 4 l = E +1 4

K thut loi b H* cho kt qu ng k trong vic tit kim nng lng tnh ton bi c 3 trong tng s 4 bng con c loi b. Phn ti chng ta s tp trung m t v minh ho cc k thut trn
5.3.2. Cc kt qu thc nghim

Phn ny chng ta s tin hnh thc nghim xem xt kt qu tit kim nng lng tnh ton t vic p dng k thut loi b trn. Thc cht l chng ta s tp trung vo kh nng tit kim nng lng tnh ton v truyn thng s dng cc k thut trn ng thi cng xt nh hng ca chng n cht lng nh.
5.3.2.1. nh hng n nng lng tnh ton v cht lng nh 5.3.2.2. nh hng n nng lng truyn thng v cht lng nh 5.4. Cc tham s nn nh bng Wavelet 5.4.1. Thay i mc bin i Wavelet 5.4.2. Thay i cc mc lng t 5.5. Truyn nh trn mng 5.5.1. Phng php la chn tham s ng 5.5.2. Kt qu thc nghim

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KT LUN
Kt qu t c v ng dng ca lun vn

Lun vn trnh by cc k thut nn nh, cc nguyn l nn v mt s khi nim quan trng trong lnh vc x l nh. Tc gi cng tp trung trnh by cc nguyn l nn c tn hao in hnh ang l cc k thut ct li ca cc chun nn (JPEG, JPEG2000, MPEG,). Vi mc ch ca lun vn l nghin cu v k thut nn nh s dng bin i Wavelet t p dng trong cc d liu a phng tin di ng, nn tc gi cng i su nghin cu c s l thuyt ca php bin i ny ng thi cng gii thiu chun nn nh JPEG2000 l chun nn ph bin da trn bin i Wavelet. Hn na chun ny cng s l mt la chn hiu qu b sung chun JPEG ang c s dng trong cc server chuyn i nh dng nh. Lun vn cng gii thiu mt thut ton nn nh bng Wavelet hiu nng khng ch cho hiu sut nn nh cao, cht lng nh truyn m bo do u im ca Wavelet, m trn ht cn tit kim nng lng x l, nng lng truyn thng cho nh trn mng. iu ny ha hn c th xy dng mt b m ho nh tit kim nng lng x l, thi gian truyn m vn ph hp vi iu kin bng thng thp, rng buc v cht lng d liu trong cc mng thng tin di ng.
Hng pht trin nghin cu

Tc gi xin cp mt s hng nghin cu trong tng lai: Lun vn mi a ra ng dng Wavelet cho nh tnh trong d liu a phng tin di ng. Nhng u im ca Wavelet khin n c th p dng cho m thanh, video, kh nhiu, bo mt, C rt nhiu h Wavelet kh dng, c th la chn nhiu cp Wavelet khc m khng nht thitch la chn cp 5-tap/3-tap.

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Nghin cu kh nng ng dng chun JPEG2000 cho d liu a phng tin trong thng tin di ng nhm tng thch d liu hnh nh gia cc thu bao, kh nhiu, khi phc li mt gi tin nh, Nghin cu thm v cc gii thut SPIHT, EWZ ng dng trong thng tin di ng.

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PH LC

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TI LIU THAM KHO

1. Martin Vetterli - Jelena Kovacevic - Wavelet and Subband Coding(1995) 2. Satish Kumar - An Introduction to Image Compression (10/2001) 3. Jin Li - Image Compression - the Mechanics of the JPEG2000(2001) 4. David Salomon - Data Compression - The Complete Reference (2001) 5. Lng Mnh B - TS. Nguyn Thanh Thu - Nhp mn x l nh
s(1999)

6. Nguyn Kim Sch X l nh v video s NXB KHKT, 1997 7. Hong Tin, V c L Truyn hnh s NXB KHKT, 2000 8. PGS. TS. H Anh Tu - X l tn hiu s (2002) 9. Thomas Sikora MPEG-1 and MPEG-2 Digital Video Coding
Standards.

10. Borko Furht, Stephen W.Smoliar, Hong Jiang Zhang Video and Image
Processing in multimedia systems.

11. Thomas Sikora Digital Video Coding Standards and Their Role in
Video Communications - Signal Processing for Multimedia, J.S. Byrnes (Ed), IOS Press, 1999.

12. Anil K. Jain - Fundamental of Digital Image Processing(1994) 13. Geoffrey Davis - Arina Nosratinia - Waveled-Based Image Encoding Overview (1997)

14. Michael David Adams - JPEG2000 - The Next Standard for Still Image
Compressing (12/2002)

15. Y. Kheong Chee - Information Theory and Its Application to Image

Coding (11/1995)

16. Geoffrey Davis - Roger Claypoole - Wim Sweldens - Richard G.Baraniuk Nonlinear Wavelet transform for Image Coding via lifting (8/1999)

17. Michael David Adams - Reversible Wavelet Transform and their

Application to embedded image compression(1999)

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18. Michael David Adams - Faouzi Kossentini - Touraji Ebrahimi JPEG2000: The Next Generation Still Image Compression Standard (2000)

19. R. Calderbank - I. Daubechies - Wim Sweldens - Wavelet transform that

map integer to integer(1998)

20. Website: http://www.citeseer.nj.nec.com 21. Website: http://research.microsoft.com 22. Website: http://www.JPEG.org/JPEG2000.html

ISO/IEC Standard 15444 JPEG2000- Final Committee Draft (2001)

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