Bi1:KIMLOIKIM

Thnghim1:iuchNa
2
CO
3
bngphngphpSolvay
Cchtinhnhvhintng:
-ScCO
2
voerlen125mlcha50mldungdchNaClbohatrongNH
3
.Ngmerlentrongchunclnh,
i cho n khi c tinh th trng to thnh. Lc chn khng ly tinh th (trng bng cn, khng trng bng
nclnh).
-Lymtttinhthtrnchovoccnc.Thmvomtgitphenolphtaleintathydungdchchuynsang
muhngnht.
-Chomtttinhthvongnghim,ybngntcaosucgnngthytinh.unnngngnghimbng
ncn.Dnkhthotravoncvitrongtathydungdchncvitrongbcdn.Nutrongmtthi
giandithncvibcstrongtrli.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
CO
2
bhpthtrongnctothnhH
2
CO
3
theophnng:
CO
2
+H
2
O H
2
CO
3

NH
3
+H
2
CO
3
NH
4
+
+HCO
3
-

HCO
3
-
+Na
+
NaHCO
3

C4cht:NaCl,NH
4
HCO
3
,NaHCO
3
vNH
4
ClutantrongncnhngNaHCO
3
hittanhnnntchra
didngtinhth(dungdchbanulbohaNH3).ylscnbnggiakhnngphnngvtc
phnng.NhitvaphivntckhngchmvtancaNaHCO
3
khnglnhntancaNaCl.
TinhthNaHCO
3
lmuitantrongH
2
Octnhbazyu:
H
2
O+HCO
3
-
OH
-
+H
2
CO
3
(a)
H
2
CO
3
CO
2
+H
2
O
H
2
CO
3
khng bn phn hy to CO
2
lm cn bng ca phn ng (a) dch chuyn v pha to ra OH
-
lm
phenolphtaleinhahng.
Doxyraccphnngsauy:
2NaHCO
3

t
Na
2
CO
3
+CO
2
+H
2
O
CO
2
+Ca(OH)
2
CaCO
3
+H
2
O
CO
2
+H
2
O+CaCO
3
Ca(HCO
3
)
2
tan
Ktlun:
iuch Na
2
CO
3
bng phng php Solvaycosth ti s dng li NaCl v CO
2
vo quy trnh snxut,
snphmctinhkhitcaodoNaHCO
3
ttanhnccsnphmcnlinndchittch.
Thnghim2:Quansatmungnlakimloikim.
Cchtinhnhvhintng:
NhngmtumugiylcvodungdchLiClbohariavongnlancntathyngnlac
muta.
LmthnghimtngtnhtrnvidungdchNaClbohatathyngnlacmuvng,cnvidung
dchKClbohathtathyngnlacmutm.
KhithayLiClbngLi
2
SO
4
ththymungnlakhngthayi.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
trong ngn la, nhng electron ca nguyn t v ion kim loi kim c kch thch nhy ln cc mc
nnglngcaohn.Khitrvnhngmcnnglngbanu,ccelectronnyphtrannglngdi
dngccbcxtrongvngkhkin.Vvy,ngnlacmuctrngchotngkimloi.
Doanion
2
4
SO

gi electron cht hnCl
-
nnnng lng t ngnla ncn khng ln kchthch
electronlntrngthikchthchnnLi
+
trongLi
2
SO
4
khngthhinctnhchtnhLiCl.

Ktlun:Khitchycationkimloikim(tronghpchtvianionthchhp)schongnlacmuc
trng.TrongphnnhmchnhnhmIA,khiittrnxungdimuctrngcangnlaschuynt
ntm, nghalnng lng tngdndo bnknh nguynt tng, electron d chuynsangmc nng lng
caohn.
Thnghim3:Phnngcakimloikimvinc
Cchtinhnhvhintng:
Choncvochnsnthtch,nhvo1gitphenolphtalein.Dngkpstlymtmukim
loiNa,dngdaonhactthnhmtmunh(1x1mm)tathyNartmm.ChomuNavactvochns
tathyNaphnngvincmnhlitlmncnngln,ckhitrngbayln,ctialaxt,muNachy
trnmtnc.Phnngbanurtnhanhnhngsauchmdnvdungdchchuynsangmuhng.
LmlithnghimtrnnhngthayncbngdungdchCuSO40.5Mtathyphnngxyramnhlithnth
nghimtrn:Nabcchykmtheotingn,ckhitrngxuthin,ckttamulamvtichbcchy
ctamuen.Dungdchchuynsangmuhngsaumtmuhngi.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
Phngtrnhphnng:
Na+H
2
ONaOH+
1
2
H
2
(a)
H
2
+
1
2
O
2
H
2
O(b)
KhitrnglhnhpcaH
2
vhinc.Dophnng(a)tanhitrtlntoiukinchophnng(b)
xyra.
DophnngsinhraNaOHlmtbazmnhnndungdchcchaphenolphtaleinhahng.Mtphn
NaOHsinhrabaoquanhmulmgimbmttipxccaNaviH
2
Onnphnngxyrachm.H
2

sinhraphnbkhngngutonnlcnngvlcy,yNachytrnmtnc.
Ngoiphnng(a)cncphnng:
2NaOH+CuSO
4
Cu(OH)
2
+Na
2
SO
4

xanhlam
Natriphnngmnhlithnv:
+TrongTNuNaOHvatothnhbaoquanhmuNalmgimbmttipxcgiaNaviH
2
O.
+TrongTNsauNaOHvatothnhphnngngayviCuSO
4
nnkhnglmgimbmttipxcgia
NaviH
2
O.Vvy,phnngmnhlithn.
Mtkhc,doNaOHmisinhraphnngtcthivilngdCuSO
4
nndungdchchaphenolphtalein
banuchuynsangmuhngnhngsaumtmu.
Kttamuenldonhittaracaphnng(a)lmnhitphntaCu(OH)
2
thnhCuOcmuen:
Cu(OH)
2

CuO(en)+H
2
O
Ktlun:Kimloikimmm,dct,rthotngvmthahc.Trongccphnngchngthhintnh
khmnh.iukinthng,trongkhngkhkhkimloithngcph1lpoxt.Trongkhngkhmth
lpoxtskthpvihinctothnhcchydroxtkthpviCO
2
tomuicarbonatvvykimloikim
thngcboquntrongbnhknhocngmtrongduha.
Thnghim4:tancaccmuikimloikim
Cchtinhnhvhintng:
Chovo2ngnghimmingkhong1mldungdchLiCl0.5Mv5gitNH
4
OHmc.
ng1:thmvo1mldungdchN0.5M,lcuynviphttathyctatrngtothnh.Khithm
NH
4
OHvothlngtanhiuhn.
ng2:thmvo1mldungdchNaH
2
PO
4
vlcuthkhngthyhintngnhngkhichoNH
4
OHvo
thctatrngxuthinvtiptcndNH
4
OHthtavnkhngtan.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
NaF+LiClNaCl+LiF
VNH
4
OHclmdungmiphncchnmLiFcmtphnlinktcnghatrnntanhiuhn.
OH
-
+H
2
PO
4
-
H
2
O+HPO
4
2-

OH
-
+HPO
4
2-
H
2
O+PO
4
3-

3Li
+
+PO
4
3-
LiPO
4
1
Ktlun:asccmuikimloikimldtantrmtsmuicaLi.CcmuicaK
+
dtanhncaLi
+
v
khithayLiClbngKClthtrongccngukhngchintng.
Thnghim5:
Cchtinhnhvhintng:
Lc chung hnhpgm 0.5g LiCl v0.5g KCl vi 3ml cntrongbecher50ml khong 5pht. Lc vra
phnrnkhngtan3ln,milnvi1mlcn.Phncnqualcvcndngragpchungtrongmt
becher.uncchthynkhicnkhsthuc2khirn:mttrnlcvmtdoccn.Lymu
rntrnlohatantrong2mlncrichiathnh2ngnghimthLi
+
:
ng1:thm1mlNaFv5gitNH
4
OHmc,khngchintnggxyra.
ng2:thm10gitacidpiricvocxuthinkttahnhkim.
LmtngtvimurnthucdoccnthtathymunycchaLi
2+
.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
KhihatanhnhpbngcnthdoLi
+
cbnknhnguyntnhnnlchthtnhnvielectronngoi
cnglnlmchophncctrongmuiLiClgimmcnldungmiphnyunnLiClchatan
ttcnKClthkhngtandotnhphnccmnh.Vvy,phnqualccchaLiClcnmurnlKCl.
iunychngtchtrntrnlckhngchaionLi
+
mchaionK
+
.

Ktlun:TrongphnnhmIAkhiittrnxungthphncccamuikimloitngdn.
Ccchtstanddngtrongdungmitngtvin.

Bi2:KIMLOIKIMTH

Thnghim1Quanstmucangnlakhikimloikimthchy
Cchtinhnh:
-NhngmtugiylcschvodungdchCaCl
2
bohorihtrnngnlancn.
-TinhnhtngtvidungdchSrCl
2
bohovdungdchBaCl
2
.

Hintng:
-Ngnlacmudacam.
-NgnlacmutingvidungdchSrCl
2
vmuvnglcngvidungdchBaCl
2

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
Hintngnycgiithchldoionkimloicamuihpthnnglngtngnla,ccelectronlp
ngoicngbkchthchlnmcnnglngcaohnnnkhitrvtrngthicbnnsphtrabcxc
bcsngtrongvngkhkinctrngchomiionkimloivcmusckhcnhau.
Thnghim2Phnngcakimloikimthvinc
Cchtinhnh
Ly2ngnghimchovoming1-2gitnc,mttbtMgv1gitphenolphtalein.
-ng1:nhitthng,sauunnng.
-ng2:ChottdungdchNH
4
Clvo.

Hintng:
-Khinguiphnngxyrartchm.Tibmttipxcphaxuthinmuhngnhtngthicbtkh
niln.lkhhydro.
-Khiunnng,btkhxuthinnhiuhn,muhngmhnvlanratonbdungdch.
-KhichottdungdchNH
4
Clvo,phnngxyramnhlit,mudungdchnhtdnnmtmu,ngthi
khthotranhiuhn.Saumuhngxuthintrli.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
-PhnngxyrachmdoMg(OH)
2
tothnhchephbmtcaMg:
Mg+H
2
OMg(OH)
2
+H
2
(1)
-DoT
Mg(OH)2
=10
-9.22
nnvncmtphnMg(OH)
2
tantoionOH
-
khinphenolptaleinhahngtibmt
phnchiagiaMgvnc.
Mg(OH)
2
Mg
2+
+2OH
-
(2)
- nhit cao Mg(OH)
2
tan nhiu hntrong nc nnto nhiu OH
-
khin mu hng dung dch m hn.
ngthischephcaMg(OH)
2
gimnnphnng(1)xyranhanhhnbtkhthotranhiuhn.
-KhichoNH
4
ClvothMg(OH)
2
bhatan,giiphngbmtMglmphnng(1)mnhlithnvkhthot
ranhiuhn.
Mg(OH)
2
+NH
4
ClMgCl
2
+NH
3
+H
2
O
- Do Mg(OH)
2
b ha tan nn cn bng (2) b dch chuyn theo chiu thun lm gim OH
-
dn n mt mu
phenolptalein.
-Muhngxuthintrlidohainguynnhn:NH
3
sinhraphnngtrnvOH
-
dophnng(2)sinhra.
Ktlun:Kimloikimthtcdngmnhvinckhiunnnghoccxctcthchhp.
Thnghim3 a.iuchvtnhchtcaMg(OH)
2
:
Cchtinhnh
iuchMg(OH)
2
bngddNaOHvidungdchmuiMg
2+
.Lytmbphndungdchphatrnvchophn
kttavo3ngnghim:
-ng1:ChotcdngviHCl.
-ng2:ChotcdngviNH
4
Cl.
-ng3:ChoNaOHvo.
Hintng:
-KhichoddNaOHvoMg
2+
,xuthinkttatrngvhunhkhngtantrongnc.
-TrongddHCl,kttatanvdungdchtrnntrongsut.
-TrongddNH
4
Clkttatantoradungdchtrongsutvcmikhai.
-TrongddNaOH,khngchintnggxyra.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
MgCl
2
+2NaOHMg(OH)
2
+NaCl
Mg(OH)
2
+2HClMgCl
2
+2H
2
O
Mg(OH)
2
+2NH
4
ClMgCl
2
+2NH
3
+2H
2
O
NaOHvaMg(OH)
2
eucotnhbasennkhngphnng.
b.iuchvtnhchtcahydroxitkimloikimth
Cchtinhnh:
Ly4ngnghim,minglnltcha1mldungdchmuiMg
2+
,Ca
2+
,Ba
2+
vSr
2+
0.5M;thmvoming
0.5mldungdchNaOH1M;lytmvquanstktta.
Hintng:
-Trongccngnghimuxuthinktta.lngkttatngdntheotht:Ba
2+
,Sr
2+
,Ca
2+
,Mg
2+
.

Nh
vytancacchydroxyttngnggimdntheothttrn.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
Ca
2+
+ 2OH
-
Ca(OH)
2
Mg
2+
+ 2OH
-
Mg(OH)
2

Sr
2+
+ 2OH
-
Sr(OH)
2
Ba
2+
+ 2OH
-
Ba(OH)
2

Do i t Mg en Ba th ban knh nguyen t tang len nen lc hut hat nhan vi electron ngoai
cung giam va do oxi co o am ien ln nen rut electron ve pha no lam cho phan t
hydroxyt phan cc manh nen tan c trong nc la dung moi phan cc.
Ktlun: - Co the ieu che cac hydroxyt cua kim loai kiem tho bang cach cho muoi tan cua
chung tac dung vi kim loai kiem. Hydroxyt cua kim loai kiem tho co tnh base.
-Khi i t Mg,Ca,Sr, n Ba tan ca Hydroxyt tng.
Thnghim4Khao sat o tan cua muoi sunfat kim loai kiem tho
Cchtinhnh:
- Lay 4 ong nghiem, cho vao moi ong 1 ml lan lt cac dung dch MgCl
2
, CaCl
2
, BaCl
2
va
SrCl
2
, sau o nho t t dung dch H
2
SO
4
2N vao.
- Cho H
2
SO
4
en d.
Hintng:
- Ong cha MgCl
2
khong co hien tng
- Ong cha CaCl
2
b van uc do tao chat t tan.
- Ong cha SrCl
2
co mau trang uc.
- Ong cha BaCl
2
b uc nhieu.
- Khi cho d H
2
SO
4
cac ket tua khng tan .
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
CaCl
2
+ H
2
SO
4
CaSO
4
+ 2HCl
SrCl
2
+ H
2
SO
4
SrSO
4
+ 2HCl
BaCl
2
+ H
2
SO
4
BaSO
4
+ 2HCl
-o tan cua hydroxyt va muoi sunfat khi i t Mg en Ba ngc nhau v oi vi muoi sunfat
nang lng hoat hoa cation ln hn nang lng mang tinh the. Hn na i t Mg en Ba, ban
knh ion X
2+
tang dan nen kha nang phan cc trong nc giam va nang lng hydrat giam dan
en o tan giam t Mg en Ba.

4
-5.04
CaSO
T = 10

4
-6.49
SrSO
T = 10

4
-9.97
BaSO
T = 10

Ktlun:tanmuisunfatgimdntMg

nBa.
Thnghim5Xcnhcngcanc
Cchtinhnh:
- Hut 10ml nc cng cho vao erlen 250ml, them nc cat en khoang 100ml, them 5ml dung
dch em pH 10 va khoang 5 giot ch th Erio T en. Lac eu va chuan o bang dung dch
ETDA 0.02N cho en khi mau ch th chuyen t o tm sang xanh dng han. Tien hanh chuan
o 2 lan.
Tnhton:
V
1
= 18,7 (ml) V
2
= 18,5 (ml)
-V
ETDA
= 18.6 ml
v
mau
= 10 ml
C
N ETDA
= 0.02 N
Tong ham lng Mg
2+
va Ca
2+
:
X = V
ETDA
* C
ETDA
* 1000/ v
mau
= 18.6 x 0.02 x 1000/ 10 = 37.2 (mN)

Ktlun: cng ca nc l 37,2 mili ng lng gam.
Thnghim6Lmmmnc
Cchtinhnh
- Lay 50 ml nc cng cho vao becher 250 ml, them 5 ml dung dch Na
2
CO
3
0.1M va 2 ml sa voi.
un soi hon hp trong 3 phut, loc bo ket tua. Tien hanh chuan o phan nc trong nh th
nghiem 5.
Tnhton:
V
1
= 8,5ml, V
2
= 8,3ml
ETDA
V = 8,4 ml
v
mau
= 10 ml.
Tong ham lng Mg
2+
va Ca
2+
con lai:
X' =
ETDA
V x C
N(ETDA)
x 100/ v
mau

= 8,4 x 0.02 x 1000/ 10 = 16,8 (mN)
Nhan xet:
X' < X chng to ham lng Mg
2+
va Ca
2+
trong mau giam nc c lam mem v khi them
Na
2
CO
3
va Ca(OH)
2
vao th xay ra phan ng:
Mg
2+
+ 2OH
-
Mg(OH)
2

Ca
2+
+ CO
3
2-
CaCO
3

Lam giam lng Mg
2+
va Ca
2+
trong dung dch sau loc.

Bi3: NGUYNTNHMIIIA

Thnghim1Hydroxytnhmiuchvtnhcht
Cchtinhnh-Hintng:
a) Ly 10g qung bauxite (46% Al
2
O
3
) cho vo becher 250ml, thm 40ml dd NaOH 3M. un si, khuy
utrong15 pht. Lcb cn. Phnnctrongqualc c trunghabng dd HCl 1M cho npH 7(
dng vi git phenolphtalein kim tra). Ta thy c kt ta keo trng hnh vi rng trn nn hng ca
phenolphtalein.Lcbkttarisy100
o
C,snphmsausylAl(OH)
3
,cnc4.2g.
HatantasykhviHClvNaOHtathytatantoddtrongsut.
b) Ly3ngnghim,mingcho1mlddmuiAl
3+
,thmtttnggitddNaOH1Mchonkhitota.
Sauthmvo:
- ng1:choNH
4
Clvotathykhngchintng.
- ng2:choddNaOH1Mtathykttatan.
- ng3:choddNH
4
OHmctathytatannhngchmhnng2.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
a)
( )
o
t
2 3
4
O +2NaOH 2 Al Na Al OH

ylphnncqualc.
( ) ( )
2
4 3
O H Na Al OH Al OH Na H
+ +
( + + +

Lngtalthuytthuc:
04 . 7 78 * 2 *
100 * 102
46 * 10
= =
lt
m
Hiusut:
% 66 . 59 % 100 *
04 . 7
2 . 4
% 100 * = = =
lt
m
m
H

3 2 2
3 3 2
( ) aAlO 2H O
( ) O
Al OH NaOH N
Al OH HCl AlCl H
+ = +
+ = +

b)Al
3+
+3OH
-
Al(OH)
3
1
Al(OH)
3
+NaOHNaAlO
2
+2H
2
O
Al(OH)
3
+3NH
4
OH(NH
4
)
3
[Al(OH)
6
]
Ktlun:
-Al(OH)
3
lmthpchtlngtnh.
-Al(OH)
3
lmtchtctnhacidvbazuyu.
Thnghim2Phnngcanhmviacidvkim
Cchtinhnh-Hintng:
Ly4ngnghimlnltchovoming1mldungdchmcsau:H
2
SO
4
,HNO
3
,HCl,NaOH.Thm
voming1mingnhm.
- nhitphng.Quansttathy:
ng1:chaH
2
SO
4
mc,khngchintng.
ng2:chaHNO
3
mc,khngchintng.
ng3:chaHClmc,phnngxyramnhlittobtkhngthicrnmuenxuthin.
ng4:chaNaOHmc,phnngxyramnhlittobtkhngthicrnmuenxuthin.

- nhitcao.Tathy:
ng1:phnngmnhlit,Altanratodungdchmuvng.
ng2:phnngmnhlitckhmunubayra.
ng3:phnngrtmnhlit,ckhthotra,rnenxuthindonhmbchuyndngthhnh.
ng4:phnngrtmnhlit,ckhthotra,crnenxuthindoAlbchuyndngthhnh.

Lmlithnghimtrnviccdungdchlong.
- nhitphng.Quansttathy:
ng1:phnngxyrachm,ckhthotratrnbmtAl.
ng2:khngchintng.
ng3:phnngxyrachm,cbtkhtrnbmtAl.
ng4:Altanchm,cbtkhthotratrnbmtAl.
- nhitcao.Quansttathy:
ng1:phnngmnhlit,khthotrartnhiu.
ng2:ckhmunubayra.
ng3:phnngxyramnhlit,khthotranhiu.
ng4:phnngxyranhanhhnkhichaunnng,khthotranhiu.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
-DonhmbthnghatrongH
2
SO
4
vHNO
3
cngui.
-Xuthinrnenldonhmchuyndngthhnh.
2Al+6HCl2AlCl
3
+3H
2
1
2Al+2NaOH+6H
2
O2Na[Al(OH)
4
]+3H
2
1
2Al+6H
2
SO
4,d

o
t
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+3SO
2
1+H
2
O
Al+6HNO
3,

o
t
Al(NO
3
)
3
+3NO
2
1+3H
2
O
Al+HCl

o
t
2AlCl
3
+3H
2
1
2Al+2NaOH

+2H
2
O
o
t
2NaAlO
2
+3H
2
1
2Al+3H
2
SO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+3H
2
1
Al+HCl

2AlCl
3
+3H
2
1
2Al+2NaOH+2H
2
O2NaAlO
2
+3H
2
1
2Al+3H
2
SO
4
Al
2
(SO
4
)
3
+3H
2
1
Al+6HNO
3

o
t
Al(NO
3
)
3
+3NO
2
1+3H
2
O
Al+HCl

2AlCl
3
+3H
2
1
2Al+2NaOH+2H
2
O2NaAlO
2
+3H
2
1
Ktlun:Alcthtanctrongkimvacidnhtlkhiunnng.nhitthngAlcbovbi
mngoxitnnbthnghatrongmtsacid.VthtadngnhmngmtsacidmcnhHNO
3

vH
2
SO
4
.
Thnghim3PhnngcaAlvioxyvnc
Cchtinhnh-Hintng:
Ly2mingAl,nhschbmt,raschbngncrithmkhbnggiylc.Nhlmimingmt
gitddmuiHg
2+
.TathygitddHg
2+
tkhngmuchuynsangmuxmen.
Sau vi pht dng giy lc thm kh dd Hg
2+
. Mt ming ngoi khng kh, mt ming ngm trong
nc.Quansthintngtathy:
Mingnhmngoikhngkhc1lpmutrngxmhnhkimphngdnln.
Ming ngm trongnc banusi bt kh nhng sau thht ng thi xut hinmng keo ti ni phn
ng.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
2Al+3Hg
2+
2Al
3+
+3Hg1
ChnhHgsinhralmchogitdungdchHg
2+
chuynmuxmen.
-TichnhHg
2+
,mingnhmtothnhhnhngHgAl.Hnhngnytipxcvioxytrongkhngkh:
4AlHg+3O
2
2Al
2
O
3
+4Hg
Lpoxithnhthnhribongra,HgsinhralitiptckthpviAltohnhngphatrong,ntipxcv
tcdngviOxilmlpoxitcaodnln.
-Dotolphydroxitnhmchephbmtkhngchonhmtipxcvincnnkhngchophnngtip
din.
2Al+6H
2
O2Al(OH)
3
1+3H
2
1
Ktlun:Nhmcthtcdngvioxytrongkhngkhvncnukhngclpoxitvhydroxitbovbn
ngoi.
Thnghim4Nhnbitacidboricvborat
Cchtinhnh-Hintng:
a) Cho0,5gH
3
BO
3
vongnghimrithmvo2mlC
2
H
5
OH.unnhtathyhunhkhngtan.Rt
ddvochnsrittathyngnlacmuxanhlcchngtH
3
BO
3
ctantrongC
2
H
5
OH.
b) Ly mt t tinh th borat Na
2
B
4
O
7
vo chns. Nh ln vi git H
2
SO
4
c cho nkhi tinh th borat
hontonbthmt.SauthmmttCaF
2
,trnu,emunchonkhickhitrngbayra.ttrn
khitrng,tathyngnlacmuxanhlc.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
H
3
BO
3
+3C
2
H
5
OH(C
2
H
5
O)
3
B+3H
2
O
Na
2
B
4
O
7
+H
2
SO
4
+5H
2
ONa
2
SO
4
+H
3
BO
3

CaF
2
+H
2
SO
4
CaSO
4
+2HF
3HF+H
3
BO
3
BF
3
+3H
2
O
NuHFd:BF
3
+HFHBF
4

iukinthng,BF
3
lmtchtkhkhngmuvbckhimnhtrongkhngkh.Dotrongkhitrng
tntinguyntBonnkhitngnlacmuxanh.
Ktlun:Acidboricvboratcthnhnbitbngmuctrngcangnlakhitchynhnghpcht
cachng.

Bi5: NITVCCHPCHTNHMVA
Thnghim1iuchNit
Cchtinhnh-Hintng:
Cho 2g NaNO
2
vo ng nghim vrt vo ng 5ml dd NH
4
Cl bohatathy cbt kh si nh. Lph
thngthukhnhhnhv:

unnhthphnngmnhhn.Thukhvongnghimlnchayncpngctrn1chungnc.
Lyquenhangangchyavongnghimchakhthucthngnlattngay.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
NH
4
Cl+NaNO
2

o
t
NH
4
NO
2
+NaCl
NH
4
NO
2

o
t
N
2
+2H
2
O
KhthuclkhN
2
mkhN
2
thkhngduytrschynnngnlattngay.
Ktlun:CthiuchkhN
2
bngcchnhitphnmuiamoninitrat.KhN
2
khngduytrschy.
Thnghim2Tnhchtcaacidnitric
Cchtinhnh-Hintng:
Chovo2ngnghimnhming3gitHNO
3
mc.
ng1:thmvo1mukmtathykmtanra,ckhmunubcln,phnngtanhitmnh,dd
sauphnngkhngmu.
ng2:thmvo1mungtathyngtanra,ckhmunubayra,phnngtanhitmnh,dd
sauphnngcmuxanh.
Chovongnghimmttluhunh.Sauthm1mlHNO
3
mc.unnhtathyluhunhtanra,ng
nghimnngln.Khicho1mlddBa
2+
voddsauphnngththyxuthinkttamutrng.
Cho vo ng nghim 1ml FeSO
4
bo ha, 5-6 git H
2
SO
4
m c. Lm lnh ng nghim trong chu nc.
Thmtt1mlHNO
3
longdctheothnhngnghimvkhnglc.Quanstmusccaddtathy:
DungdchtrckhichoHNO
3
vocmuxanhlcaFe
2+
.
KhichoHNO
3
vothphnddphatrncmuvngnu,cbtkhngthigiadndnxuthin
lpphncchmuen,ddphadivnmuxanhl.
Khi lcmnhddthlpphncchmuenbinmt,ngthicokhbayrahanutrongkhngkhvdd
saucngcmunu.KhithmH
2
SO
4
voththymununhtdn.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
Zn+4HNO
3,
Zn(NO
3
)
2
+2NO
2
1+H
2
O
Khngmumunu
Cu+4HNO
3,
Cu(NO
3
)
2
+2NO
2
1+H
2
O
ddmuxanhmunu
S+4HNO
3,
H
2
SO
4
+2NO
2
1+2H
2
O
Ba
2+
+SO
4
2-
BaSO
4
1
-DungdchphatrncmuvngnuldoFe
2+
boxyhathnhFe
3+
theophnng:
6FeSO
4
+3H
2
SO
4
+HNO
3
3Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+2NO1+4H
2
O
DongnghimblnhnnkhNOtothnhbgilitrongddvtophcviFeSO
4
chaphnngthnh
mtphccmuen:
FeSO
4
+xNO[Fe(NO)
x
]SO
4
(en)
-DophctrnkhngbnnnkhitalcmnhsphnhytoNOthotrangoirihanungoikhng
kh.
[Fe(NO)
x
]SO
4
FeSO
4
+xNO1
2NO+O
2
2NO
2

DungdchsaucngmunuldoFe
2
(SO
4
)
3
thyphntoFe(OH)
3
munu.kimchngtacho
H
2
SO
4
vothmununahtjdndosthyphncaFe
2
(SO
4
)
3
phthucvopHcadungdch.
Ktlun:HNO
3
ctnhoxyhamnhnenncthtcdngcvickimloingtrc,sauhydro,vi
phikimvnhiuhpchtctnhkh.
Thnghim3Tnhchtcaddcngthy
Cchtinhnh-Hintng:
Chovo3ngnghim,ming1gitHg(NO
3
)
2
vthmttdd(NH
4
)
2
Schonkhikttahonton.
Quansttathykttamuen.
Litmvgnbphnddtrnktta.
ng1:thmvott1mlcngthy(3HNO
3
:HCl),tathykttatanra,ckhthotrarihanu
trongkhngkhvtrongddxuthintamuvng.Khichondnccngthythitavngtanra.Th
bngddBa
2+
thctatrng.
ng2:thmttddHNO
3
mctathykhngchintng.
ng3:thmttddHClmcththykhngchintng.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
Hg(NO)
3
+(NH
4
)
2
SHgS(1en)+2NH
4
NO
3

-Nccngthyctnhoxyhamnhdotoraclonguynt:
HNO
3
+3HClNO1+3Cl
-
+2H
2
O
ChnhclonguynthatanHgS:
2Cl+HgSHgCl
2
+S1vng
Khichodcngthy:
6Cl+S6Cl
-
+S
6+

SO
4
2-
+Ba
2+
BaSO
4
1trng

Ktlun:Dungdchnccngthyctnhoxyhartmnh.
Thnghim4Tnhchtmuinitrit
Cchtinhnh-Hintng:
Chovo4ngnghimming1mldungdchNaNO
2
.
ng1:thmvo1tddKMnO
4
longcpha1gitH
2
SO
4
mc.Tathymutmcahnhpmt
ivtoddtrongsut.
ng2:thmvoddFeSO
4
vvigitH
2
SO
4
mc(khnglc).Tathyxuthinlpmunuen
vcbtkhkhngmurihanu.
ng3:thmddKIcpha1gitH
2
SO
4
long.TathyutinddcmuvngnhtcaKI,sauto
tamutmthan.KhichodddKIthtatantoddmunut.Thbnghtinhbtththyhtinhbtha
xanh.Trongqutrnhphnngcbtkhsinhra.
ng4:thmvigitH
2
SO
4
ctathyddcsibtkhkhngmu.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
6H
+
+2MnO
4
2-
+5NO
2
-
5NO
3
-
+2Mn
2+
+3H
2
O(Ddkhngmu)
Fe
2+
+2H
+
+NO
2
-
Fe
3+
+H
2
O+NO1(Khkhngmu)
FeSO
4
+xNOFe(NO)
x
SO
4
(en)
2I
-
+2NO
2
-
+4H
+
2NO1+I
2
1(Tm)+2H
2
O
KhidKI:I
2
+KIKI
3
nut.
Doitdthnghoannlmhtinhbthaxanh.
NO
2
-
+H
+
HNO
2

3HNO
2
HNO
3
+2NO1+H
2
O
Ktlun:Muinitritvactnhkhvactnhoxyha.Acidnitritlacidkhngbnstphnhytheoc
chtoxyhakh.

Thnghim4iuchvtnhchtcaamoniac
Cchtinhnh-Hintng:
- iuchNH
3
:
LpbphniuchNH
3
.
Chovongnghim3gNH
4
Clv5mlddNaOHmc.Lckngnghim,unnngbngncnv
thukhthotratrong1erlen,khinghemiNH
3
bayravthnhbnhmnhsngmthngngun.
yngnghimbngntcaosucgnngthytinhvnhngngcbnherlenvochunccthm
vigitphenolphtalein.Quansthintngtathyncttbhtvoerlensaubngnhinphtmnh
vchuynsangmuhngchngtylmitrngbazo.
- CnbngtrongdungdchNH
3
:
Lyddthucthnghimtrnchovo4ngnghim,mingnghim1ml:
ng 1: thmmt t dd NH
4
Cl vlc cho tan ratathymu hng nht dn. Cho ndth muhng
khngmthn.
ng2:thmttH
2
SO
4
longndtathymuhngnhtdnrimthn.
ng3:unnhtathymuhngnhtdnnhngkhngmthn.
ng4:gisosnh.
Sosnhmutrong4ngtathymudungdchnhtdntheothtng4>ng3>ng1>ng2.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
NH
4
Cl+NaOH
o
t
NH
4
OH+NaCl(1)
NH
4
OH
o
t
NH
3
1+H
2
O(2)
NH
3
+H
2
ONH
4
+
+OH
-
(3)
PhenolphtaleinhahngldocOH
-
sinhra.
Sdncbhtvoerlenlvpsuttrongerlengim.psutgimdo:
+1molNH
4
OHkhitantrongncthnchchimkhongn5mlnhngnu1molNH
4
OHthhithn
chimn22,4l.
+NH
3
ngngtvtanvaonc.
NH
4
ClNH
4
+
+Cl
-

PhnngnylmnngNH
4
+
tnglnlmcnbng(3)dchchuyntheochiulmgimOH
-
nnmu
hngnhtdn.Nhngmuhngkhngmthnvbncht(3)vnlphnngthunnghch.
H
+
+OH
-
H
2
O
AcidvotrunghalngOH

trongdd.KhichondacidthhontonhtOH

nnmuhngcadd
mthn.
KhiunnngthNH
3
bayhilmcnbngphnng(3)dchchuyntheochiulmgimlngOH
-
nn
muhngcaddnhtdn.
Ktlun:-NH
3
tannhiutrongnc.
-DungdchNH
3
lmtbazoyu

Thnghim5Nhitphnmuiamoni
Cchtinhnh-Hintng:
ChomtttinhthNH
4
Clvongnghim,unnng.Quansttathytrnthnhngnghimctinh
thtrngbmln.Lmtngtnhtrnnhngtacnthnxuahimrakhingthkhngxyrahintng
thnghoavtl.
Lm li th nghim trn nhng thay NH
4
Cl bng (NH
4
)
2
SO
4
. Ta thy khi t giy tm phenolphtalein th giy
xut hinnhng vt hng, ng thi dd cn li totatrng vi dd Ba
2+
vtrnthnh ng nghim khng c
tinhthtrngtothnh.ylhintngthnhhoahahc.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
- DoNH
4
Cl cnhit phnhy lnhnnhit thng hoanns thnghoatrc. Khi gpnhit
thpvhincsnglitrnthnhngnghim.
NH
4
ClNH
3
1+HCl1
NH
3
+HCl
2
H O
NH
4
Cl(r)
ylhintng thng hoavt l v trc khi t nhit phn hy th NH
4
Cl thng hoav khng b
binicht.
(NH
4
)
2
SO
4

o
t
2NH
3
1+H
2
SO
4
(1)
Ba
2+
+SO
4
2-
BaSO
4
1
ylhintngthnghoahahcv(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
bphnhytheophnng(1),khngthkthplivi
nhau.
Ktlun:Muiamonikhngbn,dbnhitphn,phnngphnhyphthucvogcacidtothnh
muiamoni.














Bai 6: HYDROOXILUHUNH

Thnghim1ieu che H
2

Cchtinhnh:
- Lap he thong thu kh.
- Cho vao ong nghiem 3 hat kem + 5ml HCl am ac. Thu kh sinh ra bang ong nghiem nho
cha ay nc up ngc trong chau.

- Cham la ot kh hydro thoat ra au ong dan

- Lay thanh pheu thuy tinh kho cha len ngon la.

Hintng:
-Co sui bot kh rat manh liet va sinh nhieu nhiet.
-Co tieng no nhe. Ngon la mau vang, ong thi toa nhieu nhiet.
-Ta thay co hi nc ong tren thanh pheu.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
Zn + 2HCl ZnCl
2
+ H
2
+ Q
Do hydro tac dung vi oxi co lan trong ong nghiem va trong he thong dan kh nen co tieng
no. Ban au lng oxi nhieu nen co tieng no ln. t le 2:1 ot kh se phat ra tieng no
ln nhat va sinh ra nhieu nhiet nhat:
2H
2
+ O
2

0
t
H
2
O +Q
Hi nc tao thanh gap thanh thuy tinh lanh nen ngng tu.
Ktlun:- ieu che hydro bang cach cho kim loai manh tac dung vi acid.
- Hon hp hydro va oxi la hon hp no va manh nhat khi t le 2:1 tao hi nc. Do o khi
ot H
2
tranh t le nay.
Thnghim2Hoat tnh cua hydro nguyen t va hydro phan t
Cchtinhnh:
Cho 8ml dung dch H
2
SO
4
10% + 2 ml dd KMnO
4
0.1M vao ong nghiem. Lac ky roi chia lam 3
ong.
- Ong 1: Dung lam ong chuan.
- Ong 2: Cho luong kh hydro luong qua.
- Ong 3: Cho vao vai hat kem.
Hintng:
- Ong 2: dd ch nht mu mt t.
- Ong 3: Dung dch nht mu r rt ri trong suot, ong thi co sui bot kh.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
- Hydro vao ong 2 la hydro phan t khong co tnh kh manh nen khong tac dung vi
KMnO
4
.Dd b nht mu mt t l do trong dng kh cn tn ti nguyn t H mi sinh cha kt hp thnh phn t.
- Hydro mi sinh la hydro nguyen t, co tnh kh manh nen phan ng vi KMnO
4
lam mat
mau dung dch.
Kh sinh ra la do hydro nguyen t cha phan ng ket hp thanh hydro phan t .
Zn + H
2
SO
4
ZnSO
4
+ 2[H]
5[H] + MnO
4
-
+ 3H
+
Mn
2+
+ 4H
2
O
Ktlun:Hydro nguyen t co tnh kh manh hn hydro phan t.
Thnghim3ieu che Oxi
Cchtinhnh:
- Tron eu 4g KClO
3
+ 1g MnO
2
bang coi va chay s, cho vao ong nghiem that kho. Lap he
thong thu kh.
- un nong ong nghiem va thu kh thoat ra trong mot ong nghiem ln cha ay nc up
ngc trong chau nc.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
2KClO
3

0
2
,t MnO
2KCl + 3O
2

MnO
2
ong vai tro la xuc tac.
Ktlun:KClO
3
de b nhiet phan khi co xuc tac thch hp va sinh ra Oxi.

Thnghim4TnhchtcaOxy
Cchtinhnh:
- Dung tha kim loai lay mot t lu huynh ang chay vao mieng ong nghiem cha Oxi .
- a mot om than vao ong nghiem cha kh Oxi th 2.
- Nung o si day ong va a vao ong nghiem cha kh Oxi th 3
Hintng:
- Ngon la bung len co mau lam nhat.
- Than bung chay co tia la, phan ng toa nhiet manh.
- Day ong b en lai

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
- Lu huynh co ai lc ln oi vi oxi nen no co the chay ngoai khong kh cho ngon la mau
xanh va phat nhieu nhiet.
S + O
2

0
t
SO
2
va tao nen mot ty le rat be SO
3

S + O
2

0
t
SO
3

ong nghiem lng oxi nhieu lam tang van toc cua phan ng.
- nhiet o cao Cacbon co tnh kh manh nen khi gap Oxi se phan ng manh liet:
C + O
2
0
t

CO
2

- Lp mau en la do ong b oxi hoa bi oxi tao oxit ong.
2Cu + O
2

0
t
2CuO
Ktlun:- Oxi la chat oxi hoa manh (ac biet nhiet o cao), de oxi hoa kim loai va phi kim
tao oxit.
- Oxi duy tr va kch thch s chay.

Thnghim5Tnh chat cua H
2
O
2

Cchtinhnh:
a.Tnh oxi hoa cua H
2
O
2
:
Cho vao ong nghiem 4 giot KI 0.5N + 3 giot H
2
O
2
3% + vai giot H
2
SO
4
2N.

b.Phan huy H
2
O
2
:
Cho vao ong nghiem 10 giot H
2
O
2
+ lng nho MnO
2

Hintng:
a. Dung dch co mau nau at, lam xanh ho tinh bot.
b. Sui bot manh, co kh thoat ra. a om than vao gan ta thay om than sang hn. Chng to
o la kh Oxi.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
a.
2I
-
+ H
2
O
2
+ 2H
+
I
2
+ 2H
2
O
I
2
sinh ra lam hoa xanh ho tinh bot.
Mau nau at cua dung dch la do I
2
tao phc vi KI d.
I
2
+ KI KI
3
( nau at)
b.
H
2
O
2
+ 2H
+
+ 2e =2H
2
O E
0
=+1.77(V)
H
2
O
2
+ 2e = 2OH
-
E
0
=+0.87(V)
MnO
2
ong vai tro la xuc tac cho s phan huy H
2
O
2
.
2H
2
O
2

2
MnO
2H
2
O + O
2

Ktlun:H
2
O
2
la chat oxi hoa manh nen khong ben.
Thnghim6PhnnggiaSvCu
Cchtinhnh:
- Cho vao chen s 1g lu huynh, un soi. Dung kep a si day ong vao mieng chen .
Hintng:
- Si day ong chuyen sang mau en, co khoi trang bay len.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
Cu +S CuS ( en)
- Khoi trang la lu huynh b boc hi.
Ktlun:Lu huynh co tnh oxi hoa manh nhiet o cao.
Thnghim7Tnhkhcatiosunfat
Cchtinhnh:
Cho vao 2 ong nghiem, moi ong 2 giot dung dch Na
2
S
2
O
3
0.5N.
- Ong 1: them tng giot hon hp dung dch KMnO
4
0.5N va H
2
SO
4
2N (t le 1:2).
- Ong 2: them tng giot Iot.
Thay I
2
bang Cl
2
hoac Br
2
.
Hintng:
- Ong 1: Phan ng xay ra nhanh, DD mat mau.Sau mot thi gian th dung dch b uc.
- Ong 2: Mau tm than cua I
2
mat dan en khong mau.Mau vang luc cua kh Clo va mau o
cua Brom mat mau.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
8MnO
4
+5S
2
O
3
2-
+14H
+
10SO
4
2-
+8Mn
2+
+7H
2
O
S
2
O
3
2-
+ 2H
+
SO
2
+ S+ + H
2
O
-S sinh ra lam uc dung dch.
2S
2
O
3
2-
+ I
2
2I
-
+ S
4
O
6
2-

5H
2
O+S
2
O
3
2-
+4Br
2
HSO
4
-
+ 8Br
-
+ 8H
+

5H
2
O+S
2
O
3
2-
+4Cl
2
HSO
4
-
+ 8Cl
-
+ 8H
+

Ktlun: Thiosunfat co tnh kh manh va de phan huy trong moi trng axit tao lu huynh.

TRA LI CAU HOI:

Cau 1:- Th nghiem 2 cho thay hydro nguyen t co hoat tnh manh hn hydro phan t.
- Nguyen nhan: Trong cac phan ng hoa hoc, hydro phan t trc het phai phan huy thanh
hydro nguyen t ma qua trnh phan huy o oi hoi thu nhiet nhieu nhiet.
H
2
= 2H mol kJ H / 436 = A
Trong khi o oi vi hydro nguyen t th khong can thiet. Chnh v vay ma hydro nguyen t co
hoat tnh cao hn.
Phng trnh phan ng:
10[H] + 2KMnO
4
+ 3H
2
SO
4
K
2
SO
4
+2MnSO
4
+ 8H
2
O
Cau 2: Phan ng quan trong cua oxi la phan ng oxi hoa, ac biet la phan ng chay, sinh
nhieu nhiet:
C + O
2
CO
2
+ Q
C
6
H
12
O
6
+6O
2
6CO
2
+ 6H
2
O + Q
Oxi co nhieu ng dung trong thc te: duy tr s song, san xuat cac hoa chat c ban, dung
trong y te, en x
Cau3: e gi cho H
2
O
2
ben ta phai:
- ng trong cac lo thuy tinh mau nau sam, e cho ram mat.
- Cho them chat c che nh acid photphoric hay acid sunfuric.
Cau 4:- Phng trnh ien t the hien tnh oxi hoa cua lu huynh:
S
0
+2e S
2-

VD: H
2
+ S H
2
S
- Phng trnh ien t the hien tnh kh cua lu huynh:
S
0
4e S
4+

S
0
64e S
6+

VD: S + O
2

0
t
SO
2

S + 6HNO
3
H
2
SO
4
+ 6NO
2 |
+ 2H
2
O.

Cau 5: Muoi thiosunfat co tnh kh v trong ion S
2
O
3
2-
ngoai mot nguyen t S co so oxi hoa +6
con mot nguyen t S co so oxi hoa -2 nen thiosunfat co tnh kh.
2 S
2
O
3
2-
+ I
2
2I
-
+ S
4
O
6
2-
5H
2
O + S
2
O
3
2-
+ 4Br
2
HSO
4
-
+ 8Br
-
+ 8H
+

5H
2
O + S
2
O
3
2-
+ 4Cl
2
HSO
4
-
+ 8Cl
-
+ 8H
+

8MnO
4
-
+5S
2
O
3
2-
+14H
+
10SO
4
2-
+ 8Mn
2+
+7H
2
O.

Bi8:KIMLOINHMIB

Thnghim1iuchCuSO
4
.5H
2
O
Cchtinhnh:
Cn2gCuOchovochns+15mlH
2
SO
4
4Nd20%.unnh,khuyu.
Lc,ddqualcccnnkhixuthinvngtinhth.ynchokttinhnhitphng.
Lctinhthbngphulcchnkhngthuckhilngm=4,65g.
Hintng:
MuCuOtantoddmuxanhlamTinhthcmuxanhlndn.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
MuenlmucaCuO.
CuO+H
2
SO
4
=CuSO
4
+H
2
O
Cu
2+
tophc[Cu(H
2
O)
6
]
2+
lmddcmuxanh.
Tinhthtothnh:CuSO
4
.5H
2
O.
CuSO
4
+5H
2
O=CuSO
4
.5H
2
O
Hiusutphnng:

4 2
uSO .5
* 6.25
CuO
lt C H O
CuO
m
m M g
M
= =
*100%
lt
m
H
m
= =74,4%
Ktlun:Cu
2+
dtophc.MuiCu
2+
thngdnghydrat.DDCu
2+
cmuxanh.
TnhchtcaCu(OH)
2

Thnghim2

Cchtinhnh:
Chovo3ngnghimming0.5mlddCuSO
4
5M+vigitNaOH2M.
*ng1:unnng.
*ng2:thmHCl.
*ng3:cholngdNaOH40%,unnh.

Hintng:
-Tokttamulam.
-ng1:Xuthintamuen.
-ng2:Tatantoddmuxanhlc.
-ng3:Tatantoddmuxanhtm.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
CuSO
4
+2NaOH=Cu(OH)
2
!+Na
2
SO
4

Cu(OH)
2

t
CuO+H
2
O.
Cu
2+
tophcviCl
-
toddmuxanhlc.
Cu(OH)
2
+2HCl=CuCl
2
+2H
2
O.
CuCl
2
+2Cl
-
=[CuCl
4
]
2-
.
Muxanhtmlca[Cu(OH)
4
]
2-
.
Cu(OH)
2
+2NaOH=Na
2
[Cu(OH)
4
].
Ktlun:Cu(OH)
2
khngtantrongnc,mtnckhiunnngvctnhlngtnh(yu).
Thnghim3
Cchtinhnh:
Cn0.1gCuchovoddCuCl
2
2M+1mlHCl2M.
unnngkhong3pht.
ngui,thmnc
Hintng:
Xuthinkttatrngc.
Tatantoddmuxanhru.
DDcmuxanhlamvxuthintatrng.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
Cu+CuCl
2
=2CuCl!CuCl+Cl
-
=[CuCl
2
]
-
.
[CuCl
2
]
-
cmuentrongnnlamnntoddmuru.
[CuCl
2
]
-
khngbnbthyphn.[CuCl
2
]
-
=Cl
-
+CuCl!trng.
Ktlun:Cu
2+
ctnhoxihayu.HCllmmitrngphnng.
Thnghim4
Cchtinhnh:
Chovo5ngnghimming5gitddHCHO40%.unnng.ThmNaOH.unnng.
Hintng:KhiunxuthinkhcmixclHCHO
Xuthinkttagch.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
Cu
2+
+HCHO+H
2
O=Cu
+
+HCOOH+H
+
.
2Cu
+
+2OH
-
=Cu
2
(OH)
2
!vng.
Cu
2
(OH)
2
=Cu
2
O!+H
2
O.
Ktlun:Cu
2+
ctnhoxihayu.
Thnghim5
Cchtinhnh:
Ly2ngnghim.
*ng1:5mlddCuSO
4
0.5M+vigitKI.unnh.
*ng2:5gitAgNO
3
0.1M+vigitKI.unnh.
Hintng:ng1Xuthinkttavng.Hitmxuthinlmxanhhtinhbt.DDcmunuvxuthin
tatrng.
ng2Xuthintavng.Tavngkhngbini.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
Cu
2+
+I
-
=CuI
2
.
CuI
2
khngbnCuI
2
=CuI!vng+I
2
.
HitmxuthinlI
2
.
DDcmunudotophcI
3
-
.
I
-
+I
2
=I
3
-
Ag
+

+I
-
=AgI!vng.
Ktlun:Ag
+
ltrngthioxihabncaAg.

Thnghim6
Cchtinhnh:
Ly4ngnghim:
*ng1v2:5gitCuSO
4
0.5M+vigitNaOH.Lytm.
*ng1:thtaviHNO
3
.
*ng2:thtaviNH
4
OH2M.
*ng3v4:5gitAgNO
3
0.1M+vigitNaOH.Lytm.
*ng3:thtaviHNO
3
.
*ng4:thtaviNH
4
OH2M.
Hintng:
ng1v2Xuthinkttamulam.
*ng1Tatantoddmuxanhl.
*ng2Tatanchmtodungdchmuxanhm.
*ng3v4:Xuthintamuxm.
*ng3:Tatantoddkhngmu.
*ng4:Tatantoddkhngmu.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
TamulamlcaCu(OH)
2
.
Cu(OH)
2
+2HNO
3
=Cu(NO
3
)
2
(muxanh)+2H
2
O.
Cu(OH)
2
+4NH
4
OH=[Cu(NH
3
)
4
](OH)
2
(xanhm)+4H
2
O.
AgNO
3
+NaOH=AgOH!+NaNO
3
.
AgOHkhngbn2AgOH=Ag
2
O!+H
2
O.
Ag
2
O+HNO
3
=AgNO
3
+H
2
O.
Ag
2
O+4NH
4
OH=2[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]OH+3H
2
O.
KtlunCckimloiIBctnhlngtnhyu,dtophcbnviddammoniac.
:
Thnghim7
Cchtinhnh:
Chovo3ngnghimmIng5gitAgNO
3
0.1M.
*ng1:Thm10gitNaCl0.1M.ThmtnggitndNH
4
OH.
*ng2:Thm10gitNaBr0.1M.ThmtnggitndNH
4
OH.
*ng3:Thm10gitNaI0.1M.ThmtnggitndNH
4
OH.
Hintng:
*ng1:Xuthintatrng.Tatantoddkhngmu.
*ng2:Xuthintavngnht.Tatanmtphn.
*ng3:Xuthintavng.Tagnnhkhngtan.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
Ag
+
+Cl
-
=AgCl!trng.
AgCl+NH
4
OH=[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]Cl+H
2
O.
Ag
+
+Br
-
=AgBr!vngnht.
AgBr+NH
4
OH=[Ag(NH
3
)
2
]Br+H
2
O.
Ag
+
+I
-
=AgI!vng.
Ktlun:MucatamdntClont.tantrongdyAgCl,AgBr,AgIgimdndobnknhanion
tng,khnngbcchatng.
Thnghim8
Cchtinhnh:Chovongnghim5gitAgNO
3
0.1M+tnggitNH
4
OH10%.
Thm5gitddHCHO40%,unnng.
Hintng:Taxuthinsautandn.Xuthintatrngsng.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
AgNO
3
+NH
4
OH=AgOH!+NH
4
NO
3
.
2AgOH=Ag
2
O+H
2
O.
Ag
2
O+4NH
4
OH=2[Ag(NH
3
)
2
](OH)+3H
2
O.
4[Ag(NH
3
)
2
](OH)+HCHO=4Ag+(NH
4
)
2
CO
3
+6NH
3
+2H
2
O.
TRLICUHI.
Cu1:KimloiIAvIBucccu1electronlpngoicngmtnhchtlirtkhcnhaudohiung
chncaccnguyntnhmIBkmhnIAdolmtngnnglngionhathnhtcaccnguynt
nhmIBvvykimloiIBkmhotnghnkimloiIA.
Cu2:iuchCukimloitqungmalakitCuCO
3
.Cu(OH)
2
.
CuCO
3
.Cu(OH)
2
=CuO+CO
2
+H
2
O.
CuO+C=Cu+CO.

Bi9:KIMLOINHMIIB(ZnCdHg)
Thnghim1
Cchtinhnh-Hintng:Ly1mlddH
2
SO
4
10%chovongnghim,chovomthtkmkimloi.
Tathycbtkhxuthinbmquanhhtkmnhngphnngchm.
Khichothm2gitddCuSO
4
0,1Mtathykhthotranhiuhn,phnngnhanhhn,ctatothnh.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
Zn+H
2
SO
4
ZnSO
4
+H
2
1
Khhydrothotrabmquanhhtkmlmgimdintchtipxcgiakmvacidnnphnngchm.
KhichoCuSO
4
vothZnstcdngviCuSO
4
tongbmtrnbmthtkm:
Zn+CuSO
4
ZnSO
4
+Cu1
Khihtkmthnhmtpininha.Trong,CungvaitrlccmnnH
+
nhnintchuyn
thnhkhhydrothotraCu.ChnhvvykhnggycntrstipxcgiaZnvH
2
SO
4
nnphnngxy
ranhanh.
Ktlun:kmctnhkh,nykimloihotngyuhnrakhimuican.
Thnghim2
Cchtinhnh-Hintng:LmschbmtkmbngcchchotcdngviHClctrc.Sau
chokmlnlttcdngtrongiukinunnng:
ViH
2
O:khngchintnggxyra.

ViH
2
SO
4
long:cbtkhquanhhtkm,todungdchkhngmu.
ViH
2
SO
4
c:thycsibtkh.Khiunnngphnngnhanhhnvckhmisc.
ViHNO
3
long:sibtkhkhngmu,phnngdinrachmvtanhit.
ViHNO
3
c:phnngdinramnhlit,tanhitmnh,ckhmunubayra.
ViNaOHlong:mingkmtrnghnvcbtkhtrnbmthtkm,ctocchtrnnhmu
en.
ViNaOHc:xuthinbtkhlitinhngrtt.
ViNH
4
OHc:cxuthinnhngbtkhlitinhngrtt.
ViNH
4
Clboha:khinguikhngthyhintngg.Cnkhiunnngphnngxyrartchm,
cbtkhlitibmquanhmingkm.
ViZnCl
2
boha,unnng:crttbtkhthotra.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
- Theolthuytthkmtcdngcvinctohydroxitkmnhngtrnthctthkmbbaoph
bimtlpoxitZnObnngncnstipxccaZnvinc.Dophnngkhngxyra.
Zn+H
2
SO
4long
ZnSO
4
+H
2
1
Zn+H
2
SO
4

o
t
ZnSO
4
+SO
2
1+H
2
O
5Zn+12HNO
3long
5Zn(NO
3
)
2
+N
2
1+6H
2
O
Zn+4HNO
3c
Zn(NO
3
)
2
+NO
2
1+H
2
O
Zn+2H
2
O+OH
-
[Zn(OH)
4
]
2-
+H
2
1
Cchtrnnhmuenldokmchuyndngthhnh.
Doddcnnlmchoddkhuchtnchmnnphnngxyrachm.
Zn+4NH
3
+2H
2
O[Zn(NH
3
)
4
](OH)
2
+H
2
1
Zn+H
2
OZn(OH)
2
1+H
2
1
Zn(OH)
2
+4NH
4
Cl
o
t
[Zn(NH
3
)
4
](OH)
2
+4HCl
Zn+H
2
OZn(OH)
2
1+H
2
1
Zn(OH)
2
+ZnCl
2

o
t
Zn[Zn(OH)
2
Cl
2
]
Ktlun:Znlkimloilngtnhckhnngphnngviacidvbasechokhhydrobayra.
ZntophccviddNH
3
vNH
4
Clboha.
Thnghim3
Cchtinhnh-Hintng:
Ly vo 4 ng nghim, mi ng 5 git dd mi loi ln lt l: Zn
2+
, Cd
2+
, Hg
2+
, Hg
2
2+
. Thm tng git dd
NaOH2Nnkhitothnhktta.
ngnghimchaZn
2+
:xuthinkttamutrng.
- KhichodNaOHtathykttatanra.
- KhichoHClvothtacngtanvtannhanhhntrongNaOHd.
ngnghimchaCd
2+
:xuthinkttamutrng.
- KhichodNaOHvothtavnkhngtan.
- KhichoHClvothtatannhngchm.
ngnghimchaHg
2+
:xuthinkttamuvng.
- KhichodNaOHvothtavnkhngtan.
- KhichodHClvothtatanra.
ngnghimchaHg
2
2+
:xuthintaen.
- KhichodNaOHvothtavnkhngtan.
KhichodNaOHvothtaentanvtotamimuvng.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
Zn
2+
+2OH
-
Zn(OH)
2
1
Zn(OH)
2
+NaOHNa
2
ZnO
2
+2H
2
O
Zn(OH)
2
+2HClZnCl
2
+H
2
O
Cd
2+
+2OH
-
Cd(OH)
2
1
Cd(OH)
2
+2HClCdCl
2
+H
2
O
Hg
2+
+2OH
-
Hg(OH)
2
1
Hg(OH)
2
HgO1
vng
+H
2
O
HgO+2HClHgCl
2
+H
2
O
Hg
2
2+
+2OH
-
HgOH1(kmbn)
HgOHHg
2
O1
en
+H
2
O
Hg
2
O+2HClHg
2
Cl
2
1
trng
+H
2
O
Ktlun:Zn(OH)
2
thhintnhlngtnhvtnhlngtnhgimtZnnHg.
CchydroxitcakimloiIIBcbngimkhiitZnnHg.HydroxitcaHg
2+
vHg
2
2+
khngbn,d
phnhychooxittngng.
Thnghim4
Cchtinhnh-Hintng:
:
Lnltchovo3ngnghim,ming4gitdungdchmui:
ng1:ZnCl
2
0,5M.
ng1:CdCl
2
0,5M.
ng1:HgCl
2
0,5M.
ThmtnggitNH
4
OHmcnd.Tathy:
ng1:xuthinkttatrng,chodNH
4
OHthtatantoddkhngmu.
ng2:xuthinkttatrng,chodNH
4
OHthtatantoddkhngmu.
ng3:xuthinkttavngvkhngtankhichoNH
4
OHd.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
ZnCl
2
+2NH
4
OHZn(OH)
2
1+2NH
4
Cl
Zn(OH)
2
+4NH
4
OH[Zn(NH
3
)
4
](OH)
2
+H
2
O
CdCl
2
+2NH
4
OHCd(OH)
2
1+2NH
4
Cl
Cd(OH)
2
+4NH
4
OH[Cd(NH
3
)
4
](OH)
2
+H
2
O
HgCl
2
+2NH
4
OHHg(OH)
2
1+2NH
4
Cl
Hg(OH)
2
HgO1
vng
+H
2
O
Ktlun:TZnnHgthkhnngtophcamiacatgimdn.
Hgkhngtophcamiacat.
Thnghim5:iuchthucthNester
Cchtinhnh-Hintng:
Ly2gitddHg
2+
0,1M.ThmtnggitddKI.Tathyckttacamxuthin.
TiptcchoKInd,tathytatandntoddmuvngtrong.
Thm5-6gitddNaOH20%.Tathymucaddchuynsangvngsm.Thtcdngcathucth
NesterviddNH
4
+
hayddNH
3
.Tathyxuthinkttagch.
NukhngthmddNaOH20%mthmdungdchNH
4
+
hayddNH
3
thkhngchintnggxyra.Chng
tNaOHlmmitrngchophnngcathucth.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
Hg(NO
3
)
2
+2KIHgI
2
1
cam
+2KNO
3

HgI
2
+2KIK
2
[HgI
4
]phctanmuvng
2K
2
[HgI
4
]+3KOH+NH
3
7KI+2H
2
O+Hg
2
NI.H
2
O1
gch

ngdng:thucthNesterdngnhtnhvinhlngtpchtNH
3
vmuiamonitrongcccht.
Thnghim6
Cchtinhnh-Hintng:
Ly4ngnghim,chovoming5gitddmuiHg
2+
v1gitddSnCl
2
.Tathyckttamutrng.
Lytmc4ngnghimtrn,chtbphndungdch.
ng1:tiptcchothmvigitSnCl
2
tathykttachuynsangmuxmen.
ng2:thm1mlHCllong,unnng.Tathytatanchmtoddmuvngnht,ngthixuthin
kttaxmdiyngnghim.
ng3:thm1mlHClc,unnng.Tathytatannhanhhnsoving2.
ng4:thm1mlddNaClboha,unnng.Tathykttatanchmvtoddmuvngnht,diyng
nghimclptamuxm.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
2HgCl
2
+SnCl
2
Hg
2
Cl
2
1
trng
+SnCl
4

DoSn
2+
ctnhkhnnkhHg
2
2+
thnhHg:
Hg
2
Cl
2
+SnCl
2
SnCl
4
+2Hg1
xm
Hg
2
Cl
2
+HClH
2
[Hg
2
Cl
4
]
Phctanmuvng
TaxmdiyngnghimlHgdotrongddionHg
2
2+
ccnbngphnhy:

Hg
2
2+

Hg+Hg
2+

Hg
2
Cl
2
+2NaClNa
2
[Hg
2
Cl
4
]
Phctanmuvng

Ktlun:Hg
2
2+
vactnhkhvactnhoxyha.




Bi 10: NHM VIB (CRM)
Thnghim1iuchvtnhchtcaoxytcrmIII
Cchtinhnh:
Cn2.5gK
2
Cr
2
O
7
v1gngsaccarotrnvnghinmntrongci,chovochnst.
Thm3mlcn,tnkhicnchyht.
Nung600
o
Ckhong1h.
ngui,hatanbngnc,lclyphnrn,sykh,cnckhilngm=0.8g
Hintng:
Phancdungdchmuxanh,khilcdungdchsaulcmuvng.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
Trnvnghinmnnhmtngdintchtipxc,tngtcphnng.
Cnngvaitrldungmihatanttng,lmncbayhinhanhhn.
C
12
H
22
O
11
=12C+11H
2
O.
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+2C=Cr
2
O
3
+K
2
CO
3
+CO.
SnphmthuclCr
2
O
3
.
Hiusut:
2 2 7
2 3
2 2 7
( )
* ( )
( )
lt
m K Cr O
m M Cr O
M K Cr O
=
*100%
tt
lt
m
H
m
=
=
1.06
82.01%
1.29
~
Thnghim2iuchphnCrm
Cchtinhnh:
Chovobecher5gK
2
Cr
2
O
7
vI25mlncct,unnng,khuyu.
Thmtt6mlddH
2
SO
4
.
ngui,ngmbechervonc,thm3mlcn95
o
.
ngui,khikttinhhontonlcvcnckhIlngm=9,85g
Hintng:
Dungdchcmucam.
Muddmhn,tonhit.
DDchuynsangmuxanh,xuthinkhmiscvchua.Tinhththuccmutm.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
MucamlmucaddK
2
Cr
2
O
7
.K
2
Cr
2
O
7
+H
2
SO
4
=2CrO
3
+K
2
SO
4
+H
2
O.
H
2
SO
4
vCrO
3
lynccaddlmmuddmhn.
CrO
3
+H
2
SO
4
+C
2
H
5
OH=Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
+CH
3
CHO+CH
3
COOH.
MisclcaCH
3
CHO.MichualcaCH
3
COOH.MuxanhlmucaCr
3+
.
Trongddcmt2muICr
2
(SO
4
)
3
vK
2
SO
4
.SnphmkttinhthuclphnCrm
[Cr
2
(SO
4
)
3
.K
2
SO
4
.24H
2
O]
Hiusut:
100%
lt
m
H x
m
= =

58.03%
Thnghim3TnhchtcaCr
+3

Cchtinhnh:
Chovo2ngnghimmIng1mlddCr
3+
,thmttddNaOHlong.
*ng1:ChoNaOHnd.
*ng2:Thmacidlong.
Hintng:
Xuthinkttamuxmxanh.
*ng1:Tatantoddmulcnht.
*ng2:Tatantoddmuxanhtm.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
Cr
3+
+3OH
-
=Cr(OH)
3
!
xanhxm
.
Cr(OH)
3
+3NaOH=[Cr(OH)
6
]Na
3

lcnht.

Cr(OH)
3
+3H
3
O
+

=[Cr
3
(H
2
O)
6
]
3+

Ktlun:Cr(OH)
3
ctnhlngtnh.

Thnghim5Cnbnggiaioncromatvbicromat
Cchtinhnh:
Ly2ngnghim.
*ng1:3-4gitK
2
CrO
4
+tnggitH
2
SO
4
2N.
*ng2:3-4gitK
2
Cr
2
O
7
+tnggitNaOH2N

Hintng:
*ng1:DDchuyntmuvngsangcam.

*ng2:Mudungdchchuyntcamsangvng.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
2H
+

+2CrO
4
2-
Cr
2
O
7
2-
+H
2
O.
Cr
2
O
7
2-
+2OH
-
2CrO
4
2-
+H
2
O.
Ktlun:-CnbnggiaCr
2
O
7
2-
vCrO
4
2-
schuyndchtytheopHcamitrngtothnhdngbn
:
-Cr
2
O
7
2-
bntrongacid.
-CrO
4
2-
bntrongbase.

Thnghim6Muicromatttan
Cchtinhnh:
Cho1vo5ngnghimmIng3gitK
2
CrO
4
0.5N.
*ng1:2gitBaCl
2
0.5N.
*ng2:2gitSrCl
2
0.5N.
*ng3:2gitCaCl
2
0.5N.
*ng4:2gitPb(NO
3
)
2
0.5N.
*ng5:2gitAgNO
3
0.5N.
Lytm,thmvota1mlddCH
3
COOH2N.
Hintng:
*ng1:Kttavngnht.
*ng2:Kttavng.
*ng3:Khngchintngg.
*ng4:Kttavngm.
*ng5:Kttanu
Kttang(2)tannhanh,ng(1)tan1phn,ng(4),(5)gnnhkhngtantrongCH
3
COOH.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
Ba
2+
+CrO
4
2-

=BaCrO
4
!
Sr
2+
+CrO
4
2-

=SrCrO
4
!
Pb
2+
+CrO
4
2-

=PbCrO
4
!
Ag
+
+CrO
4
2-

=Ag
2
CrO
4
!
Tacthttchstan:

3,15 4.44
4 4
11.95 13.75
2 4 4
( ) 10 ( ) 10
( ) 10 ( ) 10
T CaCrO T SrCrO
T Ag CrO T PbCrO


= > = >
= > =

DoCaCrO
4
khngtotatrongmitrngtrungtnh.
Ly1pcaacidvmuikhngtan:
'
2
4 2 4 2 2 2 7
2 ( )
K
SrCrO H H CrO H O H Cr O Sr
+ +
+ + +

2
4.44 3.04 0
1,2 0,98 ( 6.5)
1
' * *10 10 10
10
st
Sr
K T |
+

+
= = = >
Tngt
: 2 2
2.45 4.47 6.27
' 10 ' 10 ' 10
Ba Ag Pb
K K K
+ + +

= = =

VvySrCrO
4
tannhiutrongH
3
COOH,BaCrO
4
tanrttvcctacnlignnhkhngtan.
Ktlun:-TrmuiCromatkimloikim,aomoni,magie,canxi,ccmuicromatttannhngdtantrong
mitrngacid.
-Trongmtphnnhmtangimdnttrnxung.







Bi 11: NHM VIIIB (MANGAN)

Thnghim1iuchKMnO
4
:

Cchtinhnh-Hintng:
Chothtnhanh3gKOHchovochnstritrnvi2,5gKClO
3
.Chottnht1,5gMnO
2
.unhn
hp600
o
Ckhong20pht.Lyranguithysnphmcmuxanhlc.
Hatansnphmbng50mlncctrichovobecher250mltathyddcmuxanh.
ChoHCl2Nvotrunghachotikhiddcmutmhn.
yndd3phtrilclyddquaphulcchnkhng.Thtchdungdchthucl76ml.
Ly25mlddnychovoburet.Dngnghtbuhtchnhxc10mlFeSO
4
0,1Nchovoerlen250ml,thm
vo 50ml nc ct v6 ml H
2
SO
4
m c. Nh KMnO
4
xung t t cho nkhidd chyunsanhmu hng
nhtthdng.ThtchKMnO
4
dngl3.1ml.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
KClO
3
+3MnO
2
+6KOH
o
t
3K
2
MnO
4
+KCl+3H
2
O
MuxanhlclmucaK
2
MnO
4
.
3K
2
MnO
4
+H
2
O2KMnO
4
+MnO
2
+4KOH(1)

HCl+KOHKCl+H
2
O
KhichoHClvoslmcnbngphnng(1)dchchuyntheochiutoraKMnO
4
.
nhphnFeSO
4
:
2KMnO4+10FeSO4+8H2SO45Fe2(SO4)3+2MnSO4+K2SO4+8H2O
) ( 3226 , 0
1 , 3
1 , 0 . 10
) (
4
N C
KMnO N
= =
SmolKMnO
4
thct:
0049 , 0
5
1
. 076 , 0 .
1 , 3
1 , 0 . 10
= =
tt
n (mol)
SmolKMnO
4
lthuyt:
2 1,5
x 0, 0115
3 87
lt
n = = (mol)
Hiusut: % 6 , 42 % 100 .
0115 , 0
0049 , 0
~ = H
Thnghim2TnhchtcacchpchtMn
CchtinhnhHIntng:
a) ChoNaOH2NvoddMn
2+
trong3ngnghimtathyctaMn(OH)
2
trngxuthin.
ng1:KhitaMn(OH)
2
ngoikhngkh,kttashanuen.
ng2:ThtaviHCl2Nthtatannhngsautotamnmuen.
ng3:ThtaviddNaOHmcdththytakhngtan.
b) Chovongnghim2gitddMnSO
4
longv3gitddNaOH2N,ckttatrngtothnhsau
hanumtphntrongkhngkh.
Thmvo5-6gitH
2
O
2
3%.Tathyckttanuentothnhvcbtkhxuthin.
c) Chovongnghim1mlddmuiMn
2+
,thmvo1nhmbtK
2
S
2
O
8
v1mlNaOHcriunnh
ngnghim.
Khichaunpxyranhanhchng,xuthintamuen,phnngtanhit.
Saukhiunnhthddchuynsangmutm.Nutiptcunthddchuynsangmuxanh.

d)Chovongnghim1mlKMnO
4
long,thmvo3gitKI0,5Nv3gitH
2
SO
4
2N.Tathyctatm
thantothnh.KhichothmKIthtatantoddmunut.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
Mn
2+
+2OH
-
Mn(OH)
2
1
- Do oxy trong khng kh oxy ha Mn(OH)
2
thnh Mn(OH)
4
. Nhng Mn(OH)
4
khng bn thy phn to
MnO
2
munuen.
2Mn(OH)
2
+O
2
+2H
2
O2Mn(OH)
4

Mn(OH)
4
MnO
2
+2H
2
O
Mn(OH)
2
+2HClMnCl
2
+2H
2
O
TamnmuenlMnO
2
sinhratheocchtrn.
- Mn(OH)
2

ch tan t trong dung dch kim rt c, to phc. Phc ny khng bn, phn hy ngay trong
dungdchkimcnnxemnhkhngphnng
Mn(OH)
2
+NaOH=Na[Mn(OH)
3
]
Ktlun:
MuiMn
2+
thbnnhnghydroxitthkhngbndboxyha.
Mn(OH)
2
ctnhbazyu.
Mn
2+
+OH
-
Mn(OH)
2
1trng
Mn(OH)
2
hanuenmtphndotcdngvioxytrongkhngkh.
2Mn(OH)
2
+O
2
+2H
2
OMn(OH)
4

Mn(OH)
4
MnO
2
1
nuen
+2H
2
O
KhichoH
2
O
2
vo:
H
2
O
2
H
2
O+[O]
2[O]O
2
1
Btkhloxy.Oxynguyntsinhranhiuchakptcdngnnkthpvinhauthanhoxyphntbay
ra.
Mn
2+
+S
2
O
8
2-
+4OH
-
MnO
2
1
en
+2SO
4
2-
+H
2
O
MutmcaddldoshindincaionMnO
4
-
.
Mn
2+
+S
2
O
8
2-
+16OH
-
2MnO
4
-
+10SO
4
2-
+8H
2
O
MuxanhcaddldoionMnO
4
2-
tothnhvbunmtnc.
2MnO
4
-
+MnO
2
+OH
-
3MnO
4
2-
+2H
2
O
2KMnO
4
+10KI+8H
2
SO
4
6K
2
SO
4
+2MnSO
4
+5I
2
+8H
2
O
TaI
2
bhatantrongKId:
I
2
+KIKI
3
nut

TRLICUHI:

Cu1:giithchccgiaioniuchKMnO
4
:
unnnghnhpgmKOH,KClO
3
,MnO
2
600
o
CKOHnngchytostipxcphatt,thun
li cho phn ng v oxyhaMnO
2
bng KClO
3
trongmi trng KOH nng chy toK
2
MnO
4
(do MnO
4
2-

bntrongmitrngOH
-
).
Ha tan sn phm vo nc ri cho HCl vo trung ha KOH v to mi trng trung ho cho
K
2
MnO
4
thyphnthnhKMnO
4
.
3KMnO
4
+2H
2
O=2KMnO
4
+MnO
2
+4KOH
ChmthtrngiylcnkhicmutmhnmboK
2
MnO
4
chuynhontonthnhKMnO
4
.
LcbrndchaphnngthuddKMnO
4
.
nh phn KMnO
4
bng FeSO
4
xc nh nng ca KMnO
4
. T tnh c hiu sut ca qu
trnh.

Cu2:vaitrcaKClO
3
vKOH:
KClO
3
ngvaitrlchtoxyha.
KClO
3
+3MnO
2
+6KOH
o
t
3K
2
MnO
4
+KCl+3H
2
O
Cl
5+
+6e=Cl
-

KOHngvaitrlmitrngvltcchtcaphnng:
KClO
3
+3MnO
2
+6KOH
o
t
3K
2
MnO
4
+KCl+3H
2
O(1)
3K
2
MnO
4
+H
2
O=2KMnO
4
+MnO
2
+KOH(2)
T2phnngtrntathysphntKOHchontrlinhhnsphntphnng.VvyKOHl
tcchtphnng.

Cu3:
McchcavicthmHCl2NltrunghaKOHnhmlmcnbng(2)dchchuyntheochiuto
raKMnO
4
vtomitrngchoK
2
MnO
4
thyphnthnhKMnO
4
.
KOH+HClKCl+H
2
O

Cu4:phngtrnhphnngnhphngiaKMnO
4
vFeSO
4
chun:
2KMnO
4
+10FeSO
4
+8H
2
SO
4
5Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+2MnSO
4
+K
2
SO
4
+8H
2
O

Cu5:tnhoxyhacaKMnO
4
phthucvonhiumitrng:
Trongmitrngacid:Mn
2+
bn.
MnO
4
-
+8H
+
+5eMn
2+
+4H
2
O
Vd:2KMnO
4
+10FeSO
4
+8H
2
SO
4
5Fe
2
(SO
4
)
3
+2MnSO
4
+K
2
SO
4
+8H
2
O
Trongmitrngtrungtnh:Mn
4+
bnchyulMnO
2
.
MnO
4
-
+2H
2
O+3eMnO
2
+4OH
-

Vd:2KMnO
4
+3Na
2
SO
3
+H
2
O2MnO
2
+3Na
2
SO
4
+2KOH
Trongmitrngbazo:Mn
6+
bn.
MnO
4
-
+1eMnO
4
2-

Vd:2KMnO
4
+K
2
SO
3
+KOH2K
2
MnO
4
+2K
2
SO
4
+H
2
O

Bi12:KIMLOICHUYNTIPNHM
Thnghim1
Cchtinhnh:
Becher:25mlddH
2
SO
4
4N+2.5gvbost.unsitrongthtchonkhisttanht.Khiunlungiu
chothtchddkhngi.
Lclydungdch.
Thmvoddqualc7g(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
rn,unnkhixuthinvngtinhth.
nguivchokttinhnhitphng.Lcchnkhngthucsnphmckhilngm=
15,2g

Hintng:Khthotra.Dungdchcmuen.

Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
KhthotralhydroFe+H
2
SO
4
=FeSO
4
+H
2

DDcmuendostbnhimbn.
MuxanhlmucaddFeSO
4
.
SnphmkttinhthuclmuiMorh(NH
4
)
2
Fe(SO
4
)
2
.6H
2
O.
Hiusut:
*100%
lt
m
H
m
= =

.100%=86,9%
Thnghim2TnhchtcchpchtcaFe
2+

vFe
3+
.
Cchtinhnh:
Fe
2+
:
Cho muI Morh tc dng ln lt vi :K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
],H
2
O
2
/H
2
SO
4
,K
2
Cr
2
O
7
/H
2
SO
4
,KMnO
4
/H
2
SO
4
,(NH
4
)
2
S,NaOH
2N.
Fe
3+
:Chovongnghim2gitFeCl
3
0.5N+2gitH
2
SO
4
2N+ttKI0.5N.Chovo2ngnghimming
5gitFeCl
3
0.5N:
ng1:2gitNH
4
SCN
ng2:1gitK
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]0.5N
Hintng:Fe
2+
:

K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]:Xuthintamuxanhdng.
H
2
O
2
/H
2
SO
4
:DDcmuvngnht,ckhthotra.
K
2
Cr
2
O
7
/H
2
SO
4
:DDcmuxanhru.
KMnO
4
/H
2
SO
4
:DDcmuvngnht.
(NH
4
)
2
S:Xuthinkttaen.
NaOH2N:Xuthinkttaxanh,hanungoikhngkh.
Fe
3+
Xuthintamutmthan.
Tatantoddmunutlmxanhhtinhbt.
ng1:DDchuynsangmumu.
ng2:Kttamuxanhm.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
Fe
2+
Fe
2+
+K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]=KFe[Fe(CN)
6
]!+2K
+
.
2Fe
2+
+3H
2
O
2
+2H
+
=2Fe
3+
+4H
2
O+O
2
.
6Fe
2+
+Cr
2
O
7
2-
+14H
+
=6Fe
3+
+2Cr
3
(xanhru)
+7H
2
O
5Fe
2+
+MnO
4
-
+8H
+
=5Fe
3+
(vng)+Mn
2+
+4H
2
O.
Fe
2+
+S
2-
=FeS(en)
Fe
2+
+OH
-
=Fe(OH)
2
!(trngxanh).
4Fe(OH)
2
+O
2
+2H
2
O=2Fe(OH)
3
!nu.
Fe
3+

2Fe
3+
+I
-
=Fe
2+
+I
2
!
tmthan
KhidKII
2
+KI=KI
3
(nu

Fe
3+
+3SCN
-
=Fe(SCN)
3

(mu)
Fe
3+
+K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]=KFe[Fe(CN)
6
]!
(xanhberlin)

Ktlun:Fe
2+
dboxiha.
MuiFe
3+
bntrongkhngkh,ctnhoxihatrongacid.
Thnghim2
Cchtinhnh:
a.Chovo2ngnghimming5gitddCoCl
2
long.ThmvigitNaOH2N.
*ng1:unnng.ngoikhngkh.
*ng2:ThmvigitH
2
O
2
3%.
b.Chovo2ngnghimming5gitNiCl
2
+2gitddNaOH2N
*ng1:tangoikhngkh.
*ng2:ThmvigitH
2
O
2
3%.
c.Ly4ngnghim.
*ng1:5gitFe
2+
vvigitNaOH.
Chiatathuclm2:+HCl

+NaOH

*ng2:5gitFe
3+
vvigitNaOH.
Chiatalm2:+HCl

+NaOH

ng3:5gitCo
2+
vvigitNaOH.
Chiatalm2:+HCl

+NaOH

ng4:5gitNi
2+
vvigitNaOH.
Chiatalm2:+HCl

+NaOH

Hintng:
DungdchCoCl
2
cmuhng.
DDchuynsangmuxanhvxuthintamu.
Mukttanhti.
Kttanhanhchngchuynsangxmvxuthinbtkh.
Xuthinkttatrngxanh.
Takhngbimu
Xuthinbtkh
Xuthintatrngxanh.
Tatantoddmuvng.
Takhngtan.
Xuthintamunu.
Tatantoddmuvng.
Takhngtan.
Xuthintamuhng.
Tatanttoddmuhngnht.
Takhngtan.
Xuthintamuxanhlc.
Tatanttoddmuhngnht.
Takhngtan.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
Muhnglmucaphc[Co(H
2
O)
6
]
2+
.
NaOHhtncmnh,trliCo
2+
cmuxanh.
Co
2+
+OH
-
=Co(OH)
2
!()
4Co(OH)
2
+O
2
+2H
2
O=4Co(OH)
3
!(xm)
Co(OH)
2
+H
2
O
2
=Co(OH)
3
!(xm)
Ni
2+
+OH
-
=Ni(OH)
2
!(trngxanh)
KhsinhraloxidoH
2
O
2
phnhy
Fe
2+
+OH
-
=Fe(OH)
2
!
(trngxanh).

Fe(OH)
2
+H
+

=Fe
2+
+H
2
O.
Fe
3+
+OH
-
=Fe(OH)
3
!
(nu)
Fe(OH)
3
+H
+
=Fe
3+
+2H
2
O
Co
2+
+OH
-

=Co(OH)
2
!
(hng)
Co(OH)
2
+H
+
=Co
2+
+H
2
O.
Ni
2+
+OH
-

=Ni(OH)
2

!
(xanhlc)
Ni(OH)
2
+H
+
=Ni
2+
+H
2
O.

Ktlun:
Co
2+
dboxiha.
bncchpchthatrIIccnguyntchuyntipnhm8tngdn,bncchpchthatrIIIgim
dntFenNi.
Cchidroxytctnhbasetrihnvkhngtantrongkim.
Thnghim4
Cchtinhnh:
a.DngddCoCl
2
bohavitlntgiylc.
Htrnngnlancn.

b.PhnngTsugaepcaNi:
Chovongnghim5gitNiCl
2
+1gitNH
4
OH2N.Thm1gitdemethylglioxyme.
Hintng:
Chcmuhng.
Muhngbinmt,xuthinmuxanhtm.
Xuthinkttamuxanhlc,sautanratoddxanhm.
Xuthintamumu.
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
Dophc[Co(H
2
O)
6
]
2+
khiunnngbmtnctophc[Co(H
2
O)
4
]
2+
nhhnnncmuxanhtm.
Ni
2+
+OH
-
=Ni(OH)
2
!(xanhlc)
Ni(OH)
2
+6NH
3
=[Ni(NH
3
)
6
](OH)
2(xanhm)

Thnghim5
Cchtinhnh:
a.Ly2ngnghim,chovoming0,5mlCoCl
2
.
*ng1:thmttdungdchNH
4
OHmcnd.
*ng2:thmHClmcd.
b.ThayCoCl
2
bngNiCl
2

ng1:Thmttnd.
ng2:ThmHCld.
Hintng:
Tahngxuthinritanratodungdchmunu.
DDcmuxanh
Kttaxanhlcvtanngaytoddxanhm.
DDkhngimu
Phngtrnhphnngvgiithch:
Co
2+
+OH
-

=Co(OH)
2
!(hng)
Co(OH)
2
+6NH
3
=[Co(NH
3
)
6
](OH)
2
(nu)
MuxanhldoNH
4
OHmchtnccaphc[Co(OH)
6
]
2+
[Co(OH)
6
]
2+
+4Cl
-
=[CoCl
4
]
-
(xanh)
+6H
2
O
Ni
2+
+OH
-
=Ni(OH)
2
!(xanhlc)
Ni(OH)
2
+6NH
3
=[Ni(NH
3
)
6
](OH)
2(xanhm)

Ktlun:Ni(OH)
2
vCo(OH)
2
tantrongNH
3
dockhnngtophcbn.

TRLICUHI.
Cu1:Tstkimloi:
iuchmuIFe(II)
Fe+2HCl=FeCl
2
+H
2

iuchmuiFe(III)bngcchchotcdngvIH
2
SO
4
hocHNO
3
cnng.
Fe+6HNO
3
=Fe(NO
3
)
3
+3NO
2+
+3H
2
O.
Cu2:skhcnhaugiamuikpvmuiphc
Muikp Muiphc
Lhhca2muikttinhngthi.
LinkttrongmuikpllclkVanDer
Waalsgiaccphntmui.
Lmthpcht.
Linkttrongphcllkgiaccion
trungtmvccphit.

Cu3:XcnhccioncmttrongmuiMorh.

TrongddmuiMorh:(NH)Fe(SO).6OHchaccionNH,Fe
2+
,SO
Cu4:GiithchccqutrnhiuchmuiMorh:
HotanFetrong6H
2
OlongtoFe
2+
.
unnnggipphnnghotandinranhanhhn.NcnglmH
2
SO
4
chn,nsoxihoFe
2+

lnFe
3+
.VvyphithngxuynthmnclmlongH
2
SO
4
hnchFe
3+
tothnhvgiFed
chuynFe
3+
thnhFe
2+
.
KhiFedgnht,lcloibtpcht.
Thmngay(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
rnvobercherthunclcvkhuyunhmtodd2muingboho2
muikttinhngthi.(NH
4
)
2
SO
4
lchtkhsgichoFe
2+
khngboxiholnFe
3+
trongmuikp.
Ngmberchertrongnclnhqutrnhkttinhthunlihn.
Cu5:NhngphnngtmraionFe
2+
vionFe
3+
:
NhnbitFe
2+
:
Fe
2+
+K
3
[Fe(CN)
6
]=KFe[Fe(CN)
6
]!
Xanhdng
+

2K
+
.
2Fe
2+
+3H
2
O
2
+2H
+
=2Fe
3+
+4H
2
O+O
2
.
6Fe
2+
+Cr
2
O
7
2-
+14H
+
=6Fe
3+
+2Cr
3
(xanhru)
+7H
2
O
5Fe
2+
+MnO
4
-
+8H
+
=5Fe
3+
+Mn
2+

(vng)
+4H
2
O.
Fe
2+
+S
2-
=FeS
(en)

Fe
2+
+OH
-
=Fe(OH)
2
!
(trngxanh).
4Fe(OH)
2
+O
2
+2H
2
O=2Fe(OH)
3
!
(nu)
NhnbitFe
3+
:
PhnngviKId2Fe
3+
+I
-
=Fe
2+
+I
2
!
tmthan

I
2
+KI=KI
3

(nu)
Fe
3+
+3SCN
-
=Fe(SCN)
3

(mu)

Fe
3+
+K
4
[Fe(CN)
6
]=KFe[Fe(CN)
6
]!
(xanhberlin)

Cu6:PhnngTsugeap.
PhnngTsugeaplphnngtophc:
Ni
2+
+OH
-
=Ni(OH)
2
!(xanhlc)
Ni(OH)
2
+6NH
3
=[Ni(NH
3
)
6
](OH)
2
(xanhm)
PhnngnysdngnhnbitscmtcaionNi
2+
.