Professional Documents
Culture Documents
chng nhiu
TS. NGUYN TH LAN HNG
chng nhiu
TS. NGUYN TH LAN HNG
Ti liu thamkho
1. Ron Manini: OpAmps for Everyone, Texas 1. Ron Manini: OpAmps for Everyone, Texas
Instruments,2002
2. Instroduction to Electromagnetic Compatibility,
CLAYTON R. PAUL, Wiley InterScience CLAYTON R. PAUL, Wiley InterScience
3. Gregory K.McMillan: Process/Industrial
Instruments and Controls Handbook, McGRAW- Instruments and Controls Handbook, McGRAW-
Hill ,1999
4. B.E. Noltingk: Intrumentation Reference book, 4. B.E. Noltingk: Intrumentation Reference book,
Butterworth Heinemann, 1991
5. Bi ging v in t trng 5. Bi ging v in t trng
Ni dung ging dy
CHNG 1. KHI NIM V NHIU V CC C
TRNG V NHIU (3) TRNG V NHIU (3)
CHNG II. CC NGUN NHIU C BN TRONG
MCH IN T (8)
CHNG II. CC NGUN NHIU C BN TRONG
MCH IN T (8)
Nhiu in t.; Ting n dng Shot v dng Flieker.; Nhiu Diot.;
Nhiu PJT; Nhiu FET; Nhiu OPAMP
CHNG III. NHIU TRONG H THNG THU THP
V X L TN HIU (19)
S tng tc in t; Phn bit cc tn hiu nhiu.; Bin i ng pha S tng tc in t; Phn bit cc tn hiu nhiu.; Bin i ng pha
thnh i pha.; H s nn ng pha; Khuch i cch ly; Cc ngun
nhiu trong h thng mch v thit b; Lc nhiu; Bo v qu p i
vi cc xung nhiu trong h thng; Ngun cung cp v chng nhiu.
Chng 1. Khi nimv nhiu v c trng ca
nhiu in t
Khi nim Khi nim
Cc ngun
c trng c trng
1.1 Khi nimv nhiu
Nhiu l i lng vt l khng mong mun tc ng Nhiu l i lng vt l khng mong mun tc ng
ln i tng
Ngun nhiu: c th l bt c ngun tn hiu no
i lng ny c th l nhiu i vi i tng s vic ny i lng ny c th l nhiu i vi i tng s vic ny
/khng l nhiu i vi i tng s vic kia.
Nhiu c ln v pha l ngu nhin Nhiu c ln v pha l ngu nhin
Nhiu in t: Ngun nhiu xut pht t cc ngun
in t khc nhau
Ngun nhiu in t
T cc pht sng Radio, truyn hnh, cc ngun sng T cc pht sng Radio, truyn hnh, cc ngun sng
in thoi di tn s cao v rng.
Cc ngun s nh nh sng, cc r-le, motor, ngun
phng x phng x
Ngun tn s thp nh in p cao ca truyn dn
in. in.
3 vn chnh ca nhiu in t
Ngun pht Ngun pht
Truyn dn
Nhn sng Nhn sng
1.2 c tnh ca nhiu
Phn b theo phn b
chun
Phn b Gausse ca
nng lng nhiu chun
Nhiu nn l nhiu khi
u vo tn hiu bng 0
nng lng nhiu
u vo tn hiu bng 0
T s tn hiu trn nhiu
)) ( ( t S rms
=
n v nhiu thng tnh
) (t rmsN
=
Hoc V/Hz hoc A/ Hz
V d
H thng in t lun H thng in t lun
c qu trnh truyn
tin gia cc ng
cp: cp:
Ngun nhiu ra ngoi (a)
Ngun nhiu t bn Ngun nhiu t bn
ngoi (b)
Ngun nhiu ni bn
trong cc phn t (c), (d) trong cc phn t (c), (d)
V d 1.3 Mt s tnh in, t trong chng nhiu
in : nh lut Kirchhoff in : nh lut Kirchhoff
T: nh l Maxell
Truyn sng trn dy dn: Truyn sng trn dy dn:
Truyn sng trn dy dn
Thng s dy dn thay i theo tn hiu u vo Thng s dy dn thay i theo tn hiu u vo
Chng 2. Nhiu trong mch in t
Cc ngun nhiu Cc ngun nhiu
c imca cc ngun nhiu
Chin lc chng nhiu Chin lc chng nhiu
2.2. Nhiu trong cc linh kin - 2
13
2.2. Nhiu trong cc linh kin - 2
n Johson (nhit)
trong cc in tr
B k V TR 4 = Thvenin
trong cc in tr
n Schottky (ht)
trong it
B k V
eff
TR 4 =
kTB
I
4
=
Thvenin
Norton
n bin 1/f (nhp nhy)
B k t v
v
TR 4 ) (
2 2
= =
R
kTB
I
eff
4
=
Norton
k hng s Boltzman
T nhit
n bin 1/f (nhp nhy)
n pop-corn
B R qI R I V B qI I
sh sh sh
2
0 0
2 2 = = =
R in tr
B gii thng
I
0
dng phn cc
q in tch in t
a v b h s lu tha ca bn
n pop-corn
B
f
I
k I
b
a
sc 1
=
a v b h s lu tha ca bn
dn
f tn s
f
b sc 1
Nhit nhiu
V c bn ging ngun nhiu Jonhson V c bn ging ngun nhiu Jonhson
V in t chuyn ng lin tc trong phn t
Phn b thng l u (tng t shot noise)
V d v ngun nhit nhiu
15
VD 1:
Cho R = 1Kohm Cho R = 1Kohm
Cho B = (2 KHz n 3 KHz )= 1 KHz
Nhit phng: T = 290K
Vn
2
= 4KTRB (V
2)
Vn
2
= 4KTRB (V
2)
Vn
2
= (4) (1.38 x 10
23
J/K) (290K) (1 Kohm) (1KHz)
= 1.6 x 10
-14
V
2
Vn = 1.26 x10
7
V = 0.126 uV Vn = 1.26 x10
7
V = 0.126 uV
VD 2 ( trong diot):
Vn = 4 (R/1Kohm)
n v nV/(Hz)
1/2
Cho R = 1 Mohm ngun nhiu Vn = 4 (1 x 10
6
/ 1x 10
3
)
= 1.88 nA I
n
= (3.52 x10
18
A
2
)
= 1.88 nA
Nhiu nhp nhy (fliker noise)
19
c im ca ngun nhiu nhp nhy:
Gim khi tn s tng, nn c gi l 1/f
Lin quan n dng in mt chiu i qua cc phn t in t
Trong :
K v K l h s t l ng vi E v I ti 1 Hz K
e
v K
i
l h s t l ng vi E
n
v I
n
ti 1 Hz
Nhiu mu
20
Nhiu trong cc linh kin - 3
21
Nhiu trong cc linh kin - 3
Ph ca cc loi n
e
e
Johnson
Schottky
f f f f
e e
1/f
Pop-corn
f f
T s tn hiu trn nhiu = SNR
22
SNR = t s gia tn hiu nh nht xc nh c
ca ra ca mt khuch i thut ton chnh l
mc xut hin ca nhiu= tn hiu/ nhiu mc xut hin ca nhiu= tn hiu/ nhiu
Cng sut ca nhiu P
n
P = KTB P
n
= KTB
Ch s nhiu ( noise factor)
Ch s nhiu = t s ca nhit nhiu t mt in tr chia nhit nhiu ca in
tr l tng tr l tng
Fn = P
no
/P
ni
nh gi ti T = 290
o
K (nhit phng)
Trong Trong
Pno = cng sut nhiu u ra v Pni = cng sut nhiu u vo
P
ni
=KTBG
P
no
= KTBG + N
Trong N = nhiu cng vo mng hay u vo h thng
( )
KTBG
N
KTBG
N KTBG
Fn
+
=
23
KTBG KTBG
Hnh dng ca nhiu
Hnh dng nhiu = cho ta mc sai khc ca mt b khuch i so vi l
tng
NF = 10 log (Fn) NF = 10 log (Fn)
Biu thc Friis = > S dng khi c cc tng ca b khuch i khi tn hiu v
nhiu cng khuch i cng trng thi v cng mt phn t . S dng ng nhiu cng khuch i cng trng thi v cng mt phn t . S dng ng
thc Friss tnh nhiu tng th.
3 2
1
...
1 1
+ +
+ =
n
F F F
F F
Trong F
N
= nhiu ton b Fn = h s nhiu ca tng th n ; G
(n-1)
= H s
khuch i tng th n-1
( ) 1 2 1 2 1
3
1
2
1
...
1
...
1 1
+ +
+ =
n
n
N
G G G
F
G G
F
G
F
F F
khuch i tng th n-1
V d : c 2 tng khuch i m A1 c h s l 10 v h s nhiu l 12 , v tng
A2 c h s khuch i l 5 v h s nhiu l 6.
( )
5 . 12
1 6
12 =
+ = F
24
( )
5 . 12
10
1 6
12 =
+ =
N
F
V d v n
25
50 Hz
50 Hz : la in ?
100 Hz : chnh lu 2 50 Hz
100 Hz
100 Hz : chnh lu 2
chu k ?
100 Hz
n trng
n gc nhit
26
n gc nhit
in tr pht n
S tng ng
V d mt mch RC V d mt mch RC
S tng ng
n trong khuch i thut ton
27
Ngi ta biu din n trong khuch i Ngi ta biu din n trong khuch i
thut ton :
in p n Vn
dng in n In
( )B R I R kT V V . . 4
2 2 2
+ + =
S tng ng ca n
( )B R I R kT V V
ext n ext n tot
. . 4
2 2 2
+ + =
n nhit ca n tr ngoi
V d v mt Photoit
28
Cc ngun n khc nhau l :
n Johnson trong cc in tr rd n Johnson trong cc in tr rd
n Schottky lp chuyn tip PN
n v nhp nhy c coi l khng ng k
tn s s dng ca cc it
Ir : dng photoit
rd : in tr tng ng
Cd : t ca lp chuyn tip PN Cd : t ca lp chuyn tip PN
Rm v Cp :ti ca mch o
S tng ng n gin ho ca n
S tng ca n
S tng ng n gin ho ca n
trong thc t ngi ta biu din dng ca n Ibd theo kh
pht hin D ca it pht hin D ca it
2
2
2
.
|
|
\
|
= =
D
S A
B
I
i
bd
bd
A mt phng nhy cm
V d v SNR ca mt it
29
SNR
ca it dB
Cng sut quang tnh bng mW
V d v cm bin nh sng bng photodiode
30
V d v cm bin nh sng bng photodiode
Mc theo mach h tng tr vi s bin i dng I ra p Vo.
in dung Cf m bo tnh n nh ca khuch i thut ton in dung Cf m bo tnh n nh ca khuch i thut ton
S in
S tng ng v n
S in
Ch : tt c u quy v u vo ca AOP
So snh 2 ph n
31
So snh 2 ph n
Bin i s tng t 14 bit
AD7840 Analog Devices
Bin i s tng t 12 bits
AD7845 Analog Devices
n c ph phng : gm ch yu l n nhit
v n ht
Ph khng phng : ch yu l n nhp nhy
v 1/f phi hp vi n nhit v/hoc n ht v 1/f phi hp vi n nhit v/hoc n ht
Chin lc chng nhiu
32
1. Gi ngun in tr v in tr u vo khuch i l thp
(i n tr cao ng ngha tng nhi t nhi u) (in tr cao ng ngha tng nhit nhiu)
2. Gi di tn s (bng thng ) nh nhng phi mbo tiu
chun Nyquist v ly mu tn hiu chun Nyquist v ly mu tn hiu
3. Chng tn hiu nhiu ngoi bng cch ni t , bo v v
lc nhiu.
4. S dng nhiu thp u vo ( cng thc Friis )
5. Mt s mch bn dn s dng ngun cung cp mt chiu
(DC) (DC)
Dng tn hiu phn hi (o hm) Dng tn hiu phn hi (o hm)
1
E G V
o
=
G1
+ Vin
E
Vo
( )
1
V V G V
V V E
o in o
o in
+ =
+ =
G1
+
( )
1 1
1
V G V G V
V G V G V
V V G V
o in o
o in o
=
+ =
+ =
( )
1 1
1 1
1 V G G V
V G V G V
in o
in o o
=
=
( )
( )
1
1 1
1
1
G
G
V
V
V G G V
o
in o
=
=
33
( )
1
1 G V
in
S dng phn hi (tip) S dng phn hi (tip)
+ =
+ =
1 1 2
1
V G V V
V V V
n
o in
G1 G2
Vin
Vo V1 V1G1
Vn = Noise
V2
V2G2
+
+
( )
( ) ( ) [ ] + + =
=
+ + =
+ =
2 1
2 2
1 2
1 1 2
G V G V V V
G V V
V G V V V
V G V V
n o in o
o
n o in
n
G1 G2
B Vo
+
( ) ( ) [ ]
( ) ( ) ( )
( ) + =
+ =
+ + =
+ + =
2 2 1 2 1
2 2 1 2 1
2 1
1 V G V G G G G V
V G V G G V G G V
V G V G G V G G V
G V G V V V
n in o o
n o in o
n o in o
( )
( )
( )
(
+
=
+ =
2 1
2 2 1
2 2 1 2 1
1
1
V G G V G G
G G
V G V G G
V
V G V G G G G V
n in
o
n in o
( ) ( )
( )
(
(
=
(
=
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
1
1 1 1
G
V
V
G G
G G
V
G G
V G
G
G
G G
V G G
V
n
in o
n in
o
34
( )
(
=
1 2 1
1 G
V
G G
V
in o
\
|
=
0
0
2
log
r
h l
L
|
|
\
|
=
0
0
2
log
r
h
l
C
l = chiu di
r
0
cp ng trc
|
\ 0
r
|
|
\
|
=
1
2 0
log
2 R
R l
L
|
|
|
=
2
0
log
2
R
l
C
r
h
R
1
R
ng dy gii bng
\ 1
2 R
|
|
\
|
1
2
log
R
R
|
|
|
|
=
H l
L
8
log
0
1
R
2
W
|
|
|
\
|
\
|
+
=
W
t
W
H l
L
25 , 1 1
8
log
2
0
| |
=
l
C
2
0
H
t
|
|
|
|
\
|
|
\
|
+
W
t
W
H
25 , 1 1
8
log
Cc iu cn phi ch
45
Cc iu cn phi ch
Ch n cc c trng ca ng dy truyn
y l mt mi cht kiu lc thng thp y l mt mi cht kiu lc thng thp
Phi ho hp ng dy u vo v u ra
trnh cc phn x k sinh
Bc kim ng dy (hoc dng ng dy khng b can nhiu) trnh cc can Bc kim ng dy (hoc dng ng dy khng b can nhiu) trnh cc can
nhiu (cm ng in cm v in dung)
s dng cc mt phng t i vi mch in
S dng cc khuch i o lng i vi u vo vi sai S dng cc khuch i o lng i vi u vo vi sai
Truyn 2 dy
Thi gian tr
Vn tc truyn trong khng kh
Truyn c ni t Truyn s dng cp xon
Vn tc truyn
i vi vt liu Teflon
r
=2,1 vn tc truyn khi
=2,07. 10
8
m/s =2,07. 10
8
m/s
Dy dn trn mch in
(a) dng dn trn gia (a) dng dn trn gia
(b) ng dn trn mt mt,
c mt t ring
(c) 2 ng trn cng mt,
khng c t ring
Mt s im cn ch khi thit k mch in
50
Mt s ngun nhiu Mt s ngun nhiu
Ngun do in cm t mch tng t
Ngun t sng in t tn s cao
La chn ng vt liu La chn ng vt liu
La chn s lp mch in
Tch bit t mch tng t v mch s Tch bit t mch tng t v mch s
Ngun nhiu
51
Conducted Emissions -nhiu do cc mch tng t to ra thng qua cc
kt ni ca mnh cho cc mch khc. iu ny thng khng ng k trong kt ni ca mnh cho cc mch khc. iu ny thng khng ng k trong
cc mch tng t, tr khi n c in p ca0
Pht x - nhiu cc mch tng t to ra, hoc truyn, qua khng kh. iu
ny cng thng khng ng k trong cc mch tng t, tr khi n l cao ny cng thng khng ng k trong cc mch tng t, tr khi n l cao
tn s nh tn hiu video.
nhy ng dn - nhiu t mch in ngoi c ni vo mch tng t. nhy ng dn - nhiu t mch in ngoi c ni vo mch tng t.
Mch tng t phi c kt ni t. Tt c u vo v u ra
C C
m m 1 2
+
0
Echelle logarithmique
bo v chng cm ng in dung
71
bo v chng cm ng in dung
a C a
b
C
Truyn nhiu qua
Capteur
Mesure
Truyn nhiu qua
in dung k sinh
Din dung k sinh
t chun
t chun
Capteur
Blindage quipotentiel Blindage quipotentiel
Chng nhiu- Bc kim bng mt mn
chn
72
chn
1 2
C1e
V
1
C
C1e
V2
R
Khng
V
1
Vem
Cem
Khng
bo v dy dn 2 nh mt mn chn
Cm ng thnh ca bc kim
73
Cm ng thnh ca bc kim
cran
C
e1
1
C
e2
cran
C
12
2
C
2m C
em
R
cm ng thnh do cc t k sinh C
12
, C
2m
v C
e2
Cm ng ny thng xem khng ng k Cm ng ny thng xem khng ng k
5.2.2.cm ng in cm
74
1
V
1
L
1
R
1
I
1
M
V
1
2
V
2
=pMI
1
R
1 M
R
L
2
R
2
V
2
= pMI
1
M h cm M h cm
Bo v (1)
75
Bo v (1)
ti cch in ni t
Bo v (2)
76
Bo v (2)
Ngun cch in vi t
S dng khuch i cch ly
77
S dng khuch i cch ly
Mu xanh l cy : 2 dy ni vi t vi sai
Mu : dy ni t ca cu Wheatstone vi khuch i o lng Mu : dy ni t ca cu Wheatstone vi khuch i o lng
Chn nhiu
Cc hiu ng chn Cc hiu ng chn
Hiu ng chn nhiu vi ngun xa
Hiu ng chn nhiu vi ngun gn Hiu ng chn nhiu vi ngun gn
Hiu ng che chn
Da trn kimloi Da trn kimloi
Tmchn c dy t,
in dn , in dn
, v in mi
r
, v in mi
r
E
nng lng sng
R th hin nng lng sng mt do phn x, M- nng lng sng R th hin nng lng sng mt do phn x, M- nng lng sng
b sung khi truyn qua v phn x, A- nng lng sng b hp th
Nng lng mt mt thng Nng lng mt mt thng
theo hme m, thng qua h
chiu sau ca vt liu (bc
sng =1/) sng =1/)
Hiu ng chn vi ngun nhiu xa
Cc nng lng Cc nng lng
Hiu ng chn vi ngun nhiu xa (tip)
Trong hng s gc v ni tr trong cc vng Trong hng s gc v ni tr trong cc vng
khng gian t do
Hng s t l v ni ti ca l chn ny l
Cc trng sinh ra bi thc thi cc cc iu kin bin Cc trng sinh ra bi thc thi cc cc iu kin bin
trn trng vect ti hai ng ranh gii, z v z t.
Tnh lin tc ca cc thnh phn tip tuyn ca in
trng ti hai giao din nh sau trng ti hai giao din nh sau
Tnh lin tc ca cc thnh phn tip tuyn ca t trng Tnh lin tc ca cc thnh phn tip tuyn ca t trng
hai giao din cho
T ta c T ta c
Gii h phng trnh ta c th h s s c v sng Gii h phng trnh ta c th h s s c v sng
truyn nh sau
su ca sng in t: su ca sng in t:
Nu th ta c khi su theo
chiu dy t
Gii h phng trnh ta c
Kt qu
Tnh theo thang logarithm Tnh theo thang logarithm
Vi Vi
Bng thng s k thut ca vt liu khc nhau Tnh ton gn ng
Tmchn c dn in tt , dy ca tm
chn ln hn chiu su chn ln hn chiu su
Mt mt do phn x:
H s truyn (a) H s truyn (a)
Tnh ton mt mt do phn x (tip)
H s truyn hnh (b) H s truyn hnh (b)
h s truyn l rt nh bin gii u tin, v xp x hai
ti ranh gii th hai. V vy, rt t trng in c truyn
qua bin gii (tri) u tin qua bin gii (tri) u tin
T s truyn lc ny T s truyn lc ny
Mt mt do hp th
Nng lng E1 suy gimtheo hms Thng s Nng lng E1 suy gimtheo hms Thng s
c trng cho s hp thu c tnh cho s yu i
Tnh theo dB
Phn x a chiu
Tng s in trng truyn qua l tng ca cc s cp v Tng s in trng truyn qua l tng ca cc s cp v
th cp sng truyn qua ti giao din bn phi l
Nng lng theo mt phi nng lng phn x li
H s dn truyn H s phn x
H s phn x li
H s phn x mt th 2
Phn truyn qua lp bn Phn truyn qua lp bn
phi
Trong Trong
Ton b in trng
truyn qua
H s hiu ng che chn
truyn qua
Vi Vi
Mt mt ton th
Tnh tr khng bn trong
v dn tt
V
v dn tt
Ta c Ta c
Vi
v
Chiu su ca lp v bo v
Mt mt do hp th nng lng Mt mt do hp th nng lng
Thay vo cng thc trn ta c Thay vo cng thc trn ta c
chn vi ngun tc dng gn
Ph thuc vo ngun nhiu: Ph thuc vo ngun nhiu:
in t trng
in trng
Hai c im tnh tc ng l
Ni tr Ni tr
Tr sng Tr sng
Cho ton b Cho ton b
Vi khong cch xa 1/r ta c vi khong cch
gn
Bin Bin
V d v kimtra thng s ng truyn Chng 3. Cc b lc
Cc b lc ni chung c dng thng thp, di thng
c hn ch gii hn nh nht bi ph c ch ca c hn ch gii hn nh nht bi ph c ch ca
tn hiu o.