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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

MC LC
LI M U..................................................................................................................................6
CHNG 1 :KHO NHA NG..............................................................................................7
1.1.GII THIU CHUNG...............................................................................................................7
1.2.GII THIU V BITUM..........................................................................................................7
1.3.PHNG PHP SN XUT BITUM....................................................................................7
1.3.1.Chng ct du th...................................................................................................................7
1.3.2.Tch bng dung mi................................................................................................................8
1.3.3.Oxy ho nhit cao ..........................................................................................................8
1.4.THNH PHN HO HC CA BITUM...............................................................................8
1.5.CC TNH CHT CA BITUM V CC PHNG PHP KIM NH..........................9
1.5.1.Kim nh ln kim ( xuyn kim) ...................................................................................9
1.5.2.Kim nh im mm..............................................................................................................9
1.5.3.Khi lng ring.....................................................................................................................9
1.5.4.Kim nh ha tan..............................................................................................................9
1.5.5.Kim nh tnh nht................................................................................................................9
1.5.6.Kim nh l cun lp mng................................................................................................10
1.5.7. do...................................................................................................................................10
1.6.H THNG CNG NGH.....................................................................................................10
1.6.1.H thng cng ngh nhp, tn cha v phn phi nha ng............................................10
1.6.2.H thng gia nhit.................................................................................................................10
1.6.3.Cc h thng k thut ph tr...............................................................................................11
1.6.4.Phng thc xut nhp tn cha..........................................................................................11
1.6.5.Kt cu ng ng................................................................................................................12
1.6.6.Khong cch gia cc gi di ng...................................................................................13
1.7.B CHA, H THNG GIA NHIT....................................................................................14
1.7.1.B cha BS4, BS5, BS6........................................................................................................14
1.7.2.H thng gia nhit.................................................................................................................14
1.8.QUY TRINH XUT NHP B..............................................................................................16
1.8.1.Nhp nha ng..................................................................................................................16
1.8.2.Bo qun nha ng...........................................................................................................16
1.8.3.Xut nha ng...................................................................................................................16

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1.9.CC H THNG K THUT PH TR............................................................................16
CHNG 2 :KHO GAS...............................................................................................................21
2.1.GII THIU CHUNG.............................................................................................................21
2.2.CNG NGH KHO LPG........................................................................................................21
2.2.1.Gii thiu chung v cng ngh kho LPG..............................................................................21
2.2.2.Cng ngh kho Ni Hin.......................................................................................................22
2.3.MT S THIT B CHNH...................................................................................................22
2.3.1.B cha.................................................................................................................................22
2.3.2.Cc thit b theo b ..............................................................................................................23
2.3.3.ng dn LPG........................................................................................................................25
2.3.4.H thng gin ng ng bnh................................................................................................26
2.3.5.Thit b bm chuyn LPG.....................................................................................................27
2.3.6.H thng khng kh nn trong kho LPG...............................................................................28
2.3.7. H thng phng chy cha chy ca kho Gas.....................................................................30
CHNG 3 :KHO XNG............................................................................................................33
3.1.GII THIU CHUNG.............................................................................................................33
3.2.CNG NGH KHO XNG....................................................................................................35
3.3.1.Cu to cc bn cha............................................................................................................35
3.3.2.H thng ng dn v van......................................................................................................37
3.3.3. Cng ngh cha chy...........................................................................................................38
3.3.4.Thit b in..........................................................................................................................38
CHNG 4 :PHNG HO NGHIM.........................................................................................40
4.1.PHNG PHP O T TRNG K BNG ASTM D1298-99..........................................40
4.1.1.Tm tt l thuyt...................................................................................................................40
4.1.2.Phm vi ng dng.................................................................................................................40
4.1.3.Tin hnh..............................................................................................................................40
4.1.4.X l kt qu.........................................................................................................................41
4.2.PHNG PHP O MU ASTM D 1500-98......................................................................41
4.2.1.Phm vi p dng phng php.............................................................................................41
4.2.2.Tm tt php th...................................................................................................................41
4.2.3.Dng c v thit b................................................................................................................41
4.2.4.Tin hnh..............................................................................................................................41
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4.3.PHNG PHP XC NH NHT NG HC ASTM D-445-97...........................41
4.3.1.Phm vi p dng....................................................................................................................41
4.3.2.nh ngha v ngha ca nht.......................................................................................41
4.3.3.Thit b o nht................................................................................................................42
4.4.XC NH HM LNG NC BNG PHNG PHP CHNG CT......................42
4.4.1.Phm vi ng dng.................................................................................................................42
4.4.2.Tm tt php th...................................................................................................................42
4.4.3.Dng c, thit b....................................................................................................................42
4.4.4.Dung mi..............................................................................................................................43
4.4.5.Tiu chun.............................................................................................................................43
4.4.6.Tin hnh..............................................................................................................................43
4.4.7.X l kt qu.........................................................................................................................44
4.5.PHNG PHP XC NH IM CHP LA CC KN:..............................................44
4.5.1.nh ngha.............................................................................................................................44
4.5.2.Phm vi p dng....................................................................................................................44
4.5.3.Thit b ha cht....................................................................................................................44
4.5.4.Tin hnh..............................................................................................................................45
4.5.5.X l kt qu.........................................................................................................................45
4.6.PHNG PHP XC NH IM CHP LA CC H.................................................45
4.6.1.nh ngha v phm vi ng dng..........................................................................................45
4.6.2.Thit b v ha cht...............................................................................................................46
4.6.3.Tin hnh..............................................................................................................................46
4.6.4.X l kt qu.........................................................................................................................47
4.7.PHNG PHP XC NH P SUT HI REID............................................................47
4.7.1.nh ngha.............................................................................................................................47
4.7.2.Phm vi p dng....................................................................................................................47
4.7.3.Nguyn tc............................................................................................................................47
4.7.4.Thit b..................................................................................................................................47
4.7.5.Tin hnh..............................................................................................................................48
4.8.PHNG PHP XC NH THNH PHN CT.............................................................48
4.8.1.Phm p dng........................................................................................................................48
4.8.2.Ni dung................................................................................................................................48
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4.8.3.Thit b..................................................................................................................................48
4.8.4.Tin hnh..............................................................................................................................49
4.9.PHNG PHP XC NH N MN L NG......................................................49
4.9.1.Phm vi ng dng.................................................................................................................49
4.9.2.Tm tt php th...................................................................................................................49
4.9.3.Dng c thit b.....................................................................................................................49
4.9.4.Tin hnh..............................................................................................................................50
4.10.PHNG PHP XC NH HM LNG LU HUNH, CH....................................50
4.10.1.Phm vi ng dng...............................................................................................................50
4.10.2.Nguyn tc hot ng.........................................................................................................50
4.10.3.Tiu chun...........................................................................................................................50
4.11.PHNG PHP XC NH TR S OCTANE................................................................51
4.11.1.nh ngha...........................................................................................................................51
4.11.2.Phm vi ng dng...............................................................................................................51
4.11.3.Tin hnh............................................................................................................................51
4.11.4.X l kt qu.......................................................................................................................52
4.12.XC NH TP CHT TRONG NHIN LIU T L BNG PHNG PHP
CHIT LY ASTM D473...............................................................................................................52
4.12.1.Phm vi ng dng...............................................................................................................52
4.12.2.Thit b................................................................................................................................52
4.12.3.Tin hnh............................................................................................................................52
4.12.4.X l kt qu.......................................................................................................................52
4.13.PHNG PHP NH GI BI TRN BNG THIT B CHUYN NG KH
HI CAO TNG (HFFR) TCVN 7758 : 2007 ; ASTM D 6079 04.........................................53
4.13.1.Phm vi ng dng...............................................................................................................53
4.13.2.Thit b................................................................................................................................53
4.13.3.Tin hnh............................................................................................................................54
4.13.4.X l kt qu.......................................................................................................................54
4.14.PHNG PHP XC NH N NH OXY HO BNG PHNG PHP CHU
K CM NG THEO TCVN 6778 : 2000; ASTM D 525 95..................................................55
4.14.1.Phm vi ng dng...............................................................................................................55
4.14.2.Thit b................................................................................................................................55
4.14.3.Tin hnh............................................................................................................................55
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4.14.4.X l kt qu.......................................................................................................................56
4.15.XC NH HM LNG NHA BNG PHNG PHP BAY HI THEO TCVN
6539 : 2006 (ASTM D 381- 04)....................................................................................................56
4.15.1.Phm vi ng dng...............................................................................................................56
4.15.2.Thit b................................................................................................................................56
4.15.3.Tin hnh............................................................................................................................57
4.15.4.X l kt qu.......................................................................................................................57
4.15.5. chm v lch ...........................................................................................................57
4.16.XC NH HM LNG CN CACBON BNG PHNG PHP CONRADSON
THEO TCVN 6324 : 2006 ; ASTM D 189 05 ...........................................................................58
4.17.XC NH HM LNG BENZEN BNG PHNG PHP SC K KH (THEO
ASTM D 5580)..............................................................................................................................59
4.18.XC NH HM LNG OXY BNG PHNG PHP SC K KH THEO ASTM
D 4815[4].......................................................................................................................................62
4.19. XC NH HM LNG TRO THEO TCVN 2690 : 2007; ASTM D482-03................63
4.20.XC NH HM LNG PARAFIN, OLEFIN, AROMATIC BNG PHNG PHP
SC K LNG.............................................................................................................................64
TI LIU THAM KHO.............................................................................................................65

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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

LI M U
Thc tp cng nhn l mt hot ng c ngha to ln i vi sinh vin cc ngnh k
thut ni ring cng nh cc ngnh ngh khc ni chung. y l dp sinh vin c th
tip cn thc t, tip cn cc thit b k thut, cng ngh ca cc qu trnh, cc phng
thc vn hnh, cc iu kin cng nghT , sinh vin c nhng tm nhn mi m
hn, su sc hn v cc phng tin k thut, nm bt vn mt cch chnh xc hn
Cc thng tin mang li t cc t thc tp thc s b ch cho sinh vin sau khi ra
trng. Do vy cn phi xc nh r tm quan trng ca thc tp cng nhn i vi mi
sinh vin.
Sau thi gian 4 tun thc tp ti kho Gas, kho Nha ng, phng ho nghim v
kho xng c s ch bo tn tnh ca gio vin hng dn cng cc anh ch ti cc kho,
chng em c b sung nhng kin thc ht sc hu ch v quan trng cho hnh trang
ca mnh trc khi bc vo i.
Mc d c gng nhng chng em cng khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st
trong qu trnh thc tp.
Em xin chn thnh cm n qu thy c v cc anh ch tai cc kho to iu kin
cho em hon thnh t thc tp ny.
Nng, thng 3 nm 2010

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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

CHNG 1 : KHO NHA NG


-------- -------1.1. GII THIU CHUNG
Kho nha ng Nai Hin Cng ty TNHH Nha ng Petrolimex xy dng vao
nm 1997. Nhim vu chinh cua kho la tip nhn va phn phi nha ng long cho toan
b khu vc min Trung va Ty Nguyn.
Cng sut ca kho t: Q = 800-1000 T/nm.
Sc cha ca kho: V = 2100 m3
1.2. GII THIU V BITUM
Bitum l hn hp ca cc hydrocacbon c khi lng phn t ln v cc cht nha
atphanten. Phn t lng c th t 2.000 n 3.000.
Thnh phn ca bitum gm cc atphanten, nha v du nhn. Atphanten m bo
cho bitum c rn v nhit chy mm cao. Nha lm tng tnh kt dnh v tnh n
hi ca bitum. Du nhn l mi trng pha long, c tc dng ho tan nha v lm
trng n atphanten.
Trong bitum, cc hydrocacbon c cu trc phc tp, dng hn hp ca mch cacbon
thng, vng napten, vng thm, vng ngng t. Cht nha atphanten cng l nhng cht
c cu trc phc tp, c phn t lng ln. c bit ngoi ccbon v hydro n cn cha
cc nguyn t khc nh oxy, nit v c lu hunh.
Thnh phn bitum phc tp nn n m bo c nhng phm cht tt nh:
Cht nha: lm tng kh nng kt dnh v n hi
Atphanten: lm tng tnh cng, tnh chy mm nhit cao
Bitum lam nha ng oi hoi phai co mt cng nht inh khi nhit tng cao, co
mt deo nht inh khi nhit ha thp. No cung phai co bn nen, va p ln, co
kha nng gn kt tt vi b mt a vi va chiu c thi tit.
san xut bitum (nha ng) thi nn s dung loai du mo co thanh phn cn cha
nhiu nha va asphalten. Ham lng asphalten trong cn cang cao, ty s asphalten trong
nha cang cao, ham lng parafin rn trong cn cang it thi cht lng bitum cang cao,
cng ngh ch bin cang n gian.
Tuy nhin trong thc t co rt it loai du mo co th ap ng tt yu cu san xut
bitum do o ngi ta thng tin hanh qua trinh oxi hoa bitum bng oxi khng khi
nhit 170 - 260oC. Tuy theo mc cng va deo ma quy inh mc cua qua trinh
oxi hoa. Vi nu oxi hoa cang nhiu thi bitum cang cng do co nhiu asphalten nhng lai
gion va it deo do lng nha khng thay i trong khi asphalten lai tng va du lai giam.
1.3. PHNG PHP SN XUT BITUM
C nhiu qu trnh sn xut Bitum t cc loi du th.
1.3.1. Chng ct du th
Bitum c sn xut bng cch chng ct du th trong 2 giai on.
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Giai on 1: chng ct kh quyn, trong giai on ny thu c sn phm y (RA)


c cha Paraphin, cc thnh phn du nhn, bitum v cc sn phm c gi tr khc.
Giai on 2: l chng ct p xut chn khng ( h im si). Trong giai on ny
ta thu c cc phn nh nh v cnh sn. Phn sn phm cn li y l vt liu
bitum (RSV). Mt s loi du th c th cho php sn xut c Bitum tha mn tt c
cc ch tiu mt cch trc tip ngay ngoi thp chn khng.
1.3.2. Tch bng dung mi
y l phng php tng nht ca cn qu trnh chng ct chn khng. Qu
trnh ny da trn c s qu trnh kt ta sn phm asphalten, s ha tan ca cc loi du
trung gian trong dung mi alcan. Cc dung mi thng s dng: Propan, butan, hoc hn
hp propan v butan.
1.3.3. Oxy ho nhit cao
y l mt qu trnh dng khng kh oxy ho nhit cao i vi cc phn cn
ca qu trnh ch bin du m nh cn gudron, cn cracking, cc cn chit ci thin
mt s tnh cht ca bitum: tng tnh nht (gim ln kim), nhit chy mm cao.
Khng kh c thi qua mt thp cha Bitum c nhit 285 0C. Oxy s phn ng du
v cht keo to ra Asphatl. Hm lng Asphalt trong Bitum tng ln to nht cao. Qu
trnh thi kh l qu trnh lin tc, hot ng theo nguyn tc ngc chiu. Nguyn liu
c a vo nh thp, cn khng kh c a vo pha y thp.
1.4. THNH PHN HO HC CA BITUM
Thnh phn nguyn t ha hc ca Bitum thng dao ng:
C: 83 88 %
H: 9 12%
N: <1%
S: 0,5 3,5%
O: 0,5 1,5%
Cc nguyn t ny kt hp vi nhau to thnh nhiu hp cht rt phc tp. Do vy
nghin cu ngi ta da trn c s ging nhau v thnh phn ha hc, tnh cht vt l m
chia chng ra thnh cc nhm sau:
Nhm cht du: L nhng hp cht thp phn t nht trong bitum. Khi lng phn
t khong 300 500, khng mu, t trng khong 0,91 0,925 g/cm3. S c mt ca cc
nhm cht du lm cho bitum c tnh lng ( nht, ln kim). Phn ny c t l 10
60% khi lng Bitum.
Nhm cc cht keo: Cc cht ny c mu nu, nht ln, lm dung mi cho du v
Asphalt. Cc cht du v asphalt s khng ha trn c khi khng lng keo.
Khi bitum nng phn ng vi Oxy, cc cht keo s chuyn thnh Asphalt lm tng
im chy mm ca Bitum.
Nu qu trnh oxy ha c tin hnh lu bitum tch thnh hai pha v mt i
kt dnh tc l c qu nhiu asphalt v khng cht keo gi cho asphalt c l
lng trong du.
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1.5. CC TNH CHT CA BITUM V CC PHNG PHP KIM NH


Kim nh Bitum hin nay c tiu chun ha tt c cc nc. Mt s nc c
phng php kim nh ring nhng hu nh tt c u da vo cc phng php kim
nh ca c (DIN), Anh (IP) v M (ASTM).
Cc tiu chun kim nh i vi Bitum c gm:
1.5.1. Kim nh ln kim ( xuyn kim)
ln kim ca bitum c xc nh bng cc thit b chuyn dng v c tnh
bng mm chiu su ln xung ca kim t di mt ti trng 100g trong thi gian 5s
nhit 00C v 250C. ln kim biu th cng ca bitum. ln kim nh th bitum
cng.
1.5.2. Kim nh im mm
Nhit chy mm biu th kh nng chu nhit ca bitum, l nhit ti mu
bitum tiu chun s chy v bin dng
Kim nh ny cn c gi l im mm v cu. Kim nh ny xc nh nhit
m ti mt vnh bitum c mm i cho php mt qu cu thp, lc u c t
trn b mt chm dn qua vnh bitum mt khong cch nh 2,5cm. Nhit tng
ng c gi l im mm hay cn gi l nhit m ti bitum c mt c ring.
Nhit chy mm cng cao th bitum cha nhiu asphanten v kh nng chu nhit
cng tt.
1.5.3. Khi lng ring
i lng ny c o bng t trng k (Pycnometre) (ASTM D70).
1.5.4. Kim nh ha tan
Vic xc nh ha tan ca bitum c thc hin bng cch ha tan bitum trong
mt dung mi ph hp v tch cc cht khng ha tan ra. Cc bitum c kh nng ha tan
trong disulfua cacbon (CS2) v tetra clorua cacbon (CCl4). Tuy nhin CS2 c kh nng bt
chy cao cn CCl4 th gy c v hiu ng c li tch ly. Do vy, ngi ta dng mt
dung mi tng ng l tri-clo-etylen v n t c hi hn v hiu ng c khng b tch
ly.
Kim nh ny cho php pht hin s c mt ca phn t than cc (do hin tng qu
nhit ca bitum) v cc phn t khng ha tan (nh cc cht khong) c trong bitum.
1.5.5. Kim nh tnh nht
Kim nh ny dng nht k ng mao dn. Nht k c nng ln n mt nhit
khng i l 600C. Bitum c un nng c vo thnh rng ca nht k. Sau
mt khong thi gian ph hp t s cn bng nhit , s p dng ch chn khng
tng phn v o thi gian (tnh bng giy) bitum chy gia hai u c o nhn thi
gian ny vi h s ca nht k ta s c gi tr nht.
Kim nh ny c lp li 1350C, lc ny nht bitum thp bitum c th
chy qua nht k m khng phi dng chn khng.
Mi bc trong vic s dng bitum c tin hnh vi bitum c mt nht xc
nh. Nhng gi tr nht l tng c kim nghim l:
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Phun: 40 100 cst


Trn: 150 300 cst
Bm: 300 2000 cst
Ty theo tng mc ch vn dng m ta gia nhit bitum c nht thch hp.
i vi mi loi bitum s c biu ph thuc gia nht v nhit . S dng
biu nht, nhit c th tit kim c nhin liu (cho qu trnh gia nhit) v
ngn chn c hin tng qu nhit ca bitum. Qu nhit s gy nn bc khi v c th
lm ha rn hoc gim tui th ca bitum.
nht phi t yu cu m bo xuyn thm cn thit ca bitum vo trong
t, pha trn tt vi cc cht khong v bao ph hon ton cc ht rn trong qu trnh x
l b mt ng.
1.5.6. Kim nh l cun lp mng
Trong mt nh my trn asphalt, cc mu nng v bitum s c trn ln nhau.
Trong hn hp ny lp bitum trn rt mng v khi trn li c khng kh do vy to
iu kin cho vic oxy ha v ha rn ca bitum.
Kim nh ny i hi tin hnh 3 o c sau:
o c v s mt mt khi lng (do cc thnh phn b bc hi ra)
o mc ha rn ca bitum. Vic ny c xc nh bng cch so snh gi tr
ln kim hay nht ca phn cht d vi cc gi tr ny ca mu ban u.
Tnh do: c th thp hn trong vt liu ban u. Kim nh ny s xc nhn bitum
c d ha rn trong cc iu kin ca mi trng.
1.5.7. do
do l mt ch s c tnh dnh bm ca bitum. do sau khi kim nh s cho
bit cc loi bitum c cht lng xu. Vic xc nh ny c thc hin iu kin 25 0C
v do c o bng 1 dn k.
1.6. H THNG CNG NGH
1.6.1. H thng cng ngh nhp, tn cha v phn phi nha ng.
Gm cc phn sau:
Cm thit b tip nhn nha ng (gi tt l cm thit b nhp) t tu bin chuyn
dng ti cu tu Ni Hin gm c cc ng mm, van, thit b kim sot lu lng, nhit
, p sut.
Tuyn ng nhp 219*6 t cu tu vo kho di 250 m (tnh n b xa nht).
Khu b cha nha ng gm 3 b * 725 m3 (BS4, BS5, BS6).
Cm b trung chuyn:2 b * 25 m3. t trn sn btng ct thp cao 5m so vi
nn sn xut.
My bm nha ng: 2 t t pha di sn cm b trung chuyn.
Cn xut nha ng cho t: 2 cn (xut cho 2 loi nha ng ring bit) b tr
trong mi che din tch 93 m2.
1.6.2. H thng gia nhit
Bao gm cc thnh phn:
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L nhit cng sut chn Q = 1000000 Kcal/h: 2 l (1 l d phng) b tr trong nh


bao che din tch 81 m2.
ng khi ca l gia nhit 377*8, cao H = 15 m b tr 1 ng chung cho 2 l nhit.
Cm b cha nhin liu t l (FO): 2 b *10 m3 t trn b bng btng cao H =
0,5m so vi mt t.
B cha iu ha du ti nhit: 1 b * 8 m 3 b tr trn gi d c chiu cao H = 9m so
vi nn sn xut.
H thng ng dn du ti nhit 57 v 89.
Thit b gia nhit cc b.
Thit b b gin n nhit trn ng ng.
1.6.3. Cc h thng k thut ph tr
H thng cung cp in v an ton, thu hi, tip a.
H thng cp thot nc v PCCC.
H thng ng bi ni b kho.
Nh hp khi: b tr cc phng chc nng gm: thng trc, bo v, iu
hnh, ha nghim, nh ngh cn b nhn vin.
1.6.4. Phng thc xut nhp tn cha
Nhp: Nhp nha ng c loi 60/70 hoc 80/100 qua ng nhp t cu tu v
khu b cha BS4, BS5, BS6 bng my bm trn tu.
Xut: Xut cho txitec chuyn dng (10 tn)
ng phuy (Khi lng nha ng mi phuy 190 kg)
Cng sut kho:
+ Cng sut kho 8000 10000 T/nm
+ Cng sut nhp 170 m3/h
Cng sut cho t xitec:
+ Xut bng my bm 35 m3/h (16 pht/1 xe) trng hp nha ng mi nhp nhit
cn p ng yu cu ca khch hng.
+ Xut bng t chy qua b trung chuyn: 9,36 m3/h.
T
T

Ch tiu th nghip

1
2
3
4

ln kim 250C (0,01mm)


ko di 250C Min(cm)
im chp chy 0C (Min)
Nhit ha mm (p2vng bi)

Phng
php kim
tra ASTM
D5
D113
D92
D36

T trng 25/250C (g/cm3)

D70

Lng ha tan trong dung mi CS2(%)

D204L

Loi nha
60/70

80/100

60 70
100
250
48 56
1,01 1,0
6
99

80 100
100
225
45 52
1,01 1,05
99

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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

7
8

Tn tht khi gia nhit %max


D6
2,0
0,5
Mc gim ln kim % max
D6 / D5
20
20
Dung tch kho:
Tng dung tch kho l 7125 m3
Gm 3 b: BS4, BS5, BS6 dung tch mi b 725 m3 .
Chc nng: Cha nha ng loi 60/70 hoc 80/100 vi nhit
bo qun 105,5 0C.
c im b cha:
Cc b cha BS4,BS5,BS6 c ci to t b cha du FO thnh b cha
nha ng nng. Pha ngoi thnh b c bc bo n bng lp bng thy tinh
chiu dy 50 mm. Bo v lp bc bng 1 lp tn km dy 1 mm v h thng
khung sn lin kt bng thp gc. u ng cng ngh nhp v xut b tr theo
yu cu tn cha, xut nhp nha.
Khu b cha trung chuyn:
Gm 2 b thp loi 25 m3.. Kt cu hnh tr nm ngang. Pha ngoi
b c bc bo n bng bng thy tinh dy 50 mm. Bo v lp bc bng 1
lp tn km dy 1mm. Hai b t trn dn btng ct thp cao 5 m.
Chc nng: Trung chuyn nha ng t b cha bo qun bng
my bm.Ti y nhit c nng ln 1300C xut cho t xitec.
Trm bm nha ng:
Trm bm nha ng c b tr di sn cm b trung
chuyn. Trong trm bm c lp t 2 t my bm ng c in c c
tnh k thut sau:
o Lu lng bm Q = 35 m3/h
o p lc bm H = 60 m (ct H2O)
o p lc ht: Hh = 7 m ct H2O
o Cng sut ng c N = 20 Kw

Chc nng trm bm gm:


o
Bm nha ng t b bo qun BS4, BS5, BS6 ln
cm b trung chuyn v xut cho t xitec.
o
Bm nha ng t b bo qun xut thng cho t
xitec khng qua b trung chuyn.
o
Bm vt o b.
1.6.5. Kt cu ng ng
ng ng dn nha ng nng v du ti
nhit l loi ng ng lm vic trong ch
nng vi bin dao ng nhit cao t 1500C

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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

2500C lm cho vt liu lm ng b co dn theo nhit sinh ra cc ng sut ph lm ph


v cc lin kt ng.
khc phc, ngi ta b tr trn tuyn ng cc thit b b gin n nhit kiu , Z,
L loi khp thng, loi mm hnh sng.
i vi cng trnh, thit b c chn l thit b b nhit kiu mm hnh sng cho
ng 159 219 v kiu cho ng 57 89. Kt hp vi gc ngoi cng
ngh. S lng thit b b nhit ph thuc vo chiu di ng gia hai gi c nh.
1.6.6. Khong cch gia cc gi di ng.
Khong cch gia nhng gi di ng c chn trong s tay quy nh thit k
ng ng kho xng du.
ng 219*7 c bc bo n, L1= 10 (m).
ng 159*5 c bc bo n, L2= 8 (m).
ng 89* 4 c bc bo n, L3= 6 (m).
ng 57*4 c bc bo n, L4= 5 (m).
Khong cch gia cc gi c nh.
Khong cch gia cc gi c nh ti kho nha ng Ni Hin c chn theo
cng thc: L = A/a * (T1-T2) (mm)
Trong A: Kh nng gin n ca thit b chn (mm)
a: h s gin n nhit ca thp ng, a = 0,000012 mm/10C
T1: Nhit ng lm vic ln nht 0C
T2: Nhit ng lm vic ngui nht 0C
Kt qu tnh c cho bng sau:
Loi ng
T10C
T20C
A(mm)
Chn khong cch
219 * 7
1
180
15
80
40
159 * 5
2
180
15
64
32
57 * 4
3
180
15
90
28

89
*
4
4
180
15
68
21
ng ng nhp:
ng ng nhp nha ng t cu tu vo b cha lp t ng thp
219 * 7 . Tuyn ng c gia nhit v bc bo n bng bng khong dy
50mm.
Tuyn ng c t ni trn h thng gi c nh v gi trt t do.
Trn dc tuyn b tr cc thit b co dn nhit kiu sng.
on ng t cm thit b nhp (trn cng) vo b b tr dc trn cu dn
cch mp cu 0.5m.
Cm thit b nhp lp t 2 loi lin kt cho hai loi ng mm D y100 v
Dy 150, trong 1 cho nhp nha v 1 cho kh nn y sch nha v cc b.
ng mm s dng loi c li thp, chu nhit T = 160 - 250 v p lc valve P
= 10 kg/cm2.
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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

ng ng ht t b cha ra trm bm:


Cc b cha BS4, BS5, BS6, b tr mi b cha mt ng ng ht c
lp 159 * 5 . Sau u vo ng gp 273 * 7 ti trm bm.
Gia nhit cho cc ng ng ht bng phng php truyn nhit trc tip
qua thnh ng nha ng.
ng ng c t trn h thng gi theo kiu treo bng kt cu
thp. Dc tuyn ng b tr thit b b gin nhit kiu sng. Ton b cc ng ht
v thit b u c bc bo n.
ng ng y t trm bm:
on ng t my bm n b trung chuyn c chn ng 159 * 5 v
gia nhit trc tip bng cch hn kp thp U50 vo ng.
on ng t b trung chuyn xung cc vi xut t xitec l ng 108 * 4 . Gia
nhit bng hai ng kp 57 * 3.5 .
1.7. B CHA, H THNG GIA NHIT
1.7.1. B cha BS4, BS5, BS6
Trn mi b lp t 2 ca nh sng Dy500, mt ca o mc Dy150, mt ng
thng p Dy150.
Trn thn b lp t 2 nhit k hai mc cu thang khc nhau.
Pha gn y b tr mt thit b gia nhit cc b, mt nhit k kim sot nhit
trc khi bm.
Cm b trung chuyn: 2 b *25.
Trn b c lp t cc thit b sau:
u ng nhp vo pha trn b Dy150.
u ng xut ra pha di b Dy100.
Trn np b lp 1 vale thng p Dy100, 1 ca o mc Dy100 v mt nhit k

kim sot nhit k xut hng.


Pha di b c mt cn xut nha ng phun.
Thit b xut cho t xitec: Trong nh xut lp t 2 cn xut Dy100 cho hai loi

nha ring bit (khng ng thi xut).


1.7.2. H thng gia nhit

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H thng gia nhit cho ng ng v b cha c chn l h thng gia nhit bng
u ti nhit.
M t h thng: H thng gia nhit bng du ti nhit bao gm cc thnh phn ch
yu cng ngh sau:
L nhit: L b phn c bn ca h thng nhit. Nhit c to ra trong qa trnh
t nhin liu, du ti nhit c bm qua l nhit. Ti y du ti nhit c nng nhit
ln ng theo yu cu v c i qua gia nhit cho h thng. Sau tr li l gia nhit
theo ch tun hon.
Theo thit k: L gia nhit c s dng c cng sut Q =1000000
kcal/h. Cc c tnh k thut ca l nh sau:
Nhin liu t s dng du FO.
Mc tiu hao nhin liu 112.8 kg/h.
Ngun in s dng 380/220 V
Cng sut tiu th ca ng c my bm 20 HP.
Lu lng bm du ti nhit 80 m3/h
L gia nhit c lp t trong nh c bao che vi din tch 81 m2. Ngoi l nhit
cn c cc thnh phn cng ngh ph tr khc gm:
Cm b cha nhin liu t l (FO) vi hai b cha bng thp hnh
tr nm ngang vi dung tch 10 m3/b. Nhp nhin liu vo b bng t
xitec.
ng khi bng thp ng 377 * 8 cao 15 m.
H thng ng ng dn du ti nhit:
Du ti nhit trong h thng c s dng l loi Transcal.
Nhit lm vic ti a ca du l 280 0C.
H thng dn du ti nhit bao gm:
ng ng chnh: 94 * 4 c ni t l gia nhit ra khu b
cha v trm bm, ng c t trn gi bng thp v bc bo n bng
lp bng thy tinh v ngoi bng tn km.
Vic gia nhit ng nhp c thc hin trc khi bm nhp m bo cho
nha ng trong qu rnh bm chuyn vo b cha vi nhit 160 0C 1800C.
H thng gia nhit cho b cha BS4, BS5, BS6 dng ng thp
57 * 4 , tng chiu di l 470 m/b, ng gia nhit c b tr hai tng:
o Tng th nht cch y b 100 mm
o Tng th hai cch tng th nht 500 mm.
Ton b h thng ng c lin kt trn cc gi bng thp v lin
kt vi kt cu b cha
H thng gia nhit cc b:

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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

Thit b gia nhit cc b c chc nng nng nhit nha ng t


105,5 C ln 1310C trc khi bm ht xut ra khi b.
H thng gia nhit cm b trung chuyn 25 m3
Bng ng 57 * 4 vi tng chiu di = 78 m b tr 1 tng cch y b
400mm. H thng c chc nng gia nhit nng nhit nha ng t
0
131 C ln 1400C d xut t chy cho txitec qua cn xut.
Dn gia nhit thu hi nha: Bng thp ng 57 * 4 b tr 1 tng c tng chiu di
28m.
1.8. QUY TRINH XUT NHP B
1.8.1. Nhp nha ng
Trc khi nhp tuyn ng nhp c gia nhit nng ln 1600C -1800C (nhit nhp
nha ca tu) bng h thng dn du ti nhit. Quy trnh thao tc c thc hin nh sau:
M tt c cc van chn trn tuyn ng, trnh hin tng tng p trong ng ng.
M ln lt cc van chn gia ng ng cp v ng ng hi du ti nhit theo
th t t kho ra cng. Sau khi m van gia nhit cho on ng nhp nhit t yu cu
th ng van li ri tip tc m van gia nhit on ng tip theo cho n ht tuyn ng
nhp.
Sau khi nhp xong tuyn ng c thi sch nha v b cha bng kh nn trn tu,
lng cn li c y qua ng vo thng cha.
1.8.2. Bo qun nha ng
Nha ng thm nhp loi 60/70 hoc 80/100 c bo qun trong b cha vi
nhit duy tr ti thiu T 105,5 0C (ph thuc vo cha y trong b). Thi gian gia
nhit bo qun cho mt b trong 1 ngy l 2 h.
1.8.3. Xut nha ng
Trc khi xut nha t b cha, vn hnh cho thit b gia nhit cc b hot ng
trong ti gian 1 h nng nhit nha ln t 105,5 ln 131,20C. Sau dng my bm
ht ln b trung chuyn 25 m3. Ti vn hnh cm gia nhit b trung chuyn a nhit
nha t 1310C ln 1400C xut cho t xitec.
1.9. CC H THNG K THUT PH TR
Ngun in v thit b in:
Ngun in cung cp cho kho nha ng ly t trm bin th kho xng du i
Nin.
Tng cng sut lp t 87 kW
Tng cng sut tiu th 74 kW
in p cp cho ph ti U = 380/220
Tn s H=50 Hz
Thit b in s dng trong kho l loi phng n ph hp vi quy phm lp t
in trong kho xng du ng thi m bo cung cp in lin tc, an ton cho kho.
Mng in: mng in trong kho l h thng cp dn in t ngm di t.
Trong thit k chia thnh 3 nhm:
0

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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

Mng in ng lc cung cp cho cc thit b ng lc gm: trm bo nha,


l nhit.
Mng in chiu sng: cung cp cho h thng n chiu sng quanh kho.
Mng in sinh hot cp cho thit b chiu sng, thit b in trong nh khi.
H thng thu li tip a:
Khu b cha BS4, BS5, BS6 s dng h thng thu li tip a m bo
an ton phng chy cho kho.
Lu :
Thng xuyn kim tra h thng chng st, h thng in, chng chp
in gy chy. Ti cc ni c thit b in b tr bnh cha CO2 xch tay.
Cha chy cho kho nha ng ch yu bng nc lm ngui. Mt khc, cn s
dng thm bt ho khng kh cha chy cho cm b cha nhin liu FO, du ti nhit.

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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

S h thng cc b trong kho nha ng

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CHNG 2 : KHO GAS


-------- -------2.1. GII THIU CHUNG

Kh du m ha lng LPG (Liquid Petroleum Gas) l hn hp hyrocacbon m ch


yu l Butane v Propane. LPG l sn phm ph ca nh my ch bin du m v c
ha lng p sut nht nh gi cho LPG lun trng thi lng thun tin cho vic
tn tr v vn chuyn. c im ca LPG l cn bng trng thi lng - hi v trong
iu kin p sut kh quyn, LPG tn ti trng thi hi v c s dng nh mt nhin
liu kh t.
Gas Petrolemex c kho Gas tip nhn v phn phi l hn hp gm 70% Butane
v 30% Propane. LPG l cht kh khng mu, khng mi, c t khi nng gn gp 2 ln
khng kh. Tuy nhin trong thc t qu trnh ch bin cn pha thm mi c trng ca
Etyl Mecaptan pht hin r r. Nng ca Etyl Mecaptan c thm vo phi nm
trong gii hn cho php pht hin c mi m khng gy ng c.
Gas LPG khng c, khng gy nhim mi trng, khng nh hng n thc
phm. Nhng nu b r r nhiu th Gas s lng xung v gy ngt th.
T trng ca LPG lng d = 0.55 - 0.56 bng mt na t trng ca nc.
T khi ca LPG gas nng gn gp i khng kh (1.86 ln), do vy khi gas b r r
s lan trn trn mt t v tch t ti nhng ch thp v c nguy c chy n khi nng
t 2 - 9%.
LPG c tn cha trong cc loi bnh p lc khc nhau, chng tn ti trng thi
hi bo ha. Gas lng di, hi pha trn v theo qui nh an ton, cc bnh ch c
php ng 80 -85% dung tch bnh.
LPG c h s dn n ln: mt n v th tch lng to ra 250 n v th tch hi, do
vy LPG rt thun tin v kinh t khi vn chuyn v tn tr dng lng. LPG trng
thi lng c h s dn n lng gp 10-15 ln nc.
2.2. CNG NGH KHO LPG
2.2.1. Gii thiu chung v cng ngh kho LPG

Cng ngh kho LPG l tp hp tt c cc thit b bn, b, bin php k thut vn


hnh, bo dng chng thc hin cng vic xut nhp, tn cha cp pht LPG ti kho
mt cch an ton.
Thng thng, LPG c vn chuyn t ni sn xut n ni tiu th bng ng
ng (trong phm vi hp), tu chuyn dng, xe bn, loi ng bnh.
LPG c vn chuyn bng tu 2 dng: c lm lnh hoc nn di p sut nht
nh. i vi cc tu vn chuyn LPG lm lnh c ti trng ln (trn 30000 tn), LPG
c lm lnh n -50OC. Vi cc kho nh Vit Nam, ngi ta thng s dng tu ch
LPG c ha lng p sut cao, cc tu ny thng c ti trng khng ln.
LPG c vn chuyn bng tu n cng v c bm ln b cha bng cc bm
hoc my nn LPG trn tu qua mt h thng tip nhn kn. Hi LPG trong cc b cha
trn b c dn tr li tu cn bng p sut. V vy bn cnh ng ng nhn LPG
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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

lng bao gi cng c ng ng dn LPG hi. Ngoi ra kho trn b cn c th c my


nn LPG ca mnh nn hi LPG xung tu cng nh vn chuyn LPG lng t b ny
sang b khc. Vic dng my nn LPG cho php vn chuyn ht 100% lng LPG c
trn tu cng nh trong cc b, tit kim hn so vi dng my bm vn chuyn.
LPG c tn cha trong cc b bn cha v c ng ra cc bnh nh h thng
bm v gin ng bnh t ng hoc bn t ng qua h thng cn xc nh khi
lng LPG ca tng bnh. Ngoi ra LPG cng c ng vo cc t xitec chuyn dng,
c kim tra bng lu lng k. Vic ng bnh hoc xe chuyn dng LPG u c
thc hin theo chu trnh kn.
2.2.2. Cng ngh kho Ni Hin
LPG c nhp n kho Ni Hin t tu thy qua cu cng. Ti cu tu, ngi ta s
dng cc ng mm chuyn dng ni dn xut trn tu vi ng dn LPG lng vo b
cha v c mt ng dn hi LPG i t b quay v tu trong qu trnh nhp. Vic vn
chuyn LPG t tu c thc hin bng bm, my nn LPG ca tu hoc 2 my nn ca
kho.
LPG c cha trong 5 bn hnh tr nm ngang. Mi bn c sc cha khong 100
tn LPG lng.
LPG t b c bm qua nh ng bnh bm vo cc loi bnh 9, 12, 13, 48 kg
nh my nn LPG hoc my bm LPG ra trm xut t np vo xe t xitec chuyn
dng. Gin ng bnh cho loi 9,13 kg c dng mm xoay gi l Carousel. y l gin
xut bn t ng c nng sut tng i ln, c iu khin bng kh nn. Vic ng
bnh i hi ngi cng nhn phi vn hnh ng thao tc. Gin ng bnh cho loi bnh
48,12 kg l gin c nh. T gin ng bnh v trm xut t u c ng dn hi LPG hi
lu v b.
2.3. MT S THIT B CHNH
2.3.1. B cha
B cha ti kho Ni Hin l loi b tr nm ngang, c lm bng thp chu lc cao,
c kim tra siu m v chp X quang 100% mi hn, th thy lc p sut 27kg/cm2,
th kn 18kg/cm2. B t nm ngang trn cc gi bng b tng. Mt s thng s ca
b hin c ti kho gas Nng nh sau:

Th tch: 223,76 m3

Sc cha: 100 000 kg

p sut thit k: 18kg/cm2

n mn cho php: 1mm / nm


V b c thit k nm ngang nn c nhng u nhc im sau:

u im: ch to v lp rp n gin hn b cu, chi ph lp t t hn.

Nhc im: tiu hao vt liu cho mt n v cha ln, din tch thit k cao
hn, sc cha b khng ln ch thch hp cho cc kho va v nh.
Cu to v trang thit b trn b

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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

Cu to b: c m t nh hnh v:
(10)

(9)
(8)

(11)

P
(12)
(7)

L
(13)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

B gm c cc b phn sau:

(1): ng ng hi lu: c dng hi lu LPG t trong ng


v b cha. Trn ng ng hi lu gm c 3 van: 1 van l chn; 1 van mt
chiu; 1 van iu khin bng kh nn.

(2): ng ng xut: trn ng ng ny gm c 3 van: 1van


qu dng t trong b; 1van l chn; 1 van iu khin bng kh nn. Chiu
cao ng xut trong b l 34 cm so vi y b trnh ht nc v cn bn
bn trong b

(3): ng ng nhp tu.

(4); (5): ng ng ht v nn kh dng nhp tu v o b.

(6): ng ng tho bi bm, t ct, r,cn bn, nc ra khi b.


Trn ng ng lun c 2 van trng thi ng.

(7): Thc o Rota dng o mc cht lng trong b, t tnh


c lng LPG tn cha.

(8): Ca vo ch c php m khi lm v sinh b.

(9): ng ng x hi.

(10): 2 van an ton p sut.

(11): ng h o p sut hi ca LPG.

(12): ng h o mc cht lng bng cu phao.


(13): ng h o nhit LPG lng.
2.3.2. Cc thit b theo b
Van an ton p sut:
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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

Chc nng: Van an ton p sut hay cn gi l van an ton c


dng bo v b khi cc nguy him do p sut trong b tng t ngt nh:
v b; hng van; hng thit b o b...
Van an ton p sut c chia thnh 2 nhm chnh: nhm van t
trn bnh cha (b, bn chai); nhm van t trn ng ng. Nhm van an
ton trn b bao gm; van an ton bn trong v van an ton bn ngoi. Van
an ton c lp t trn b ca kho LPG Nng l loi van bn ngoi.
C ch hot ng: Van an ton p c nh sn xut ci t v nim
phong di mt p sut nh trc (p sut bt u x). p sut ny ph
thuc vo yu cu thit k ca bnh cha. Khi p sut trong bnh tng ln
n p sut ci t th n s y van ra khi b van v kh c x ra ngoi.
Nu p sut tip tc tng th van m n v tr ti a cng theo nhng ting
ku. Khi van ny m th lng kh LPG thot ra lm p sut bn trong gim
i v khi p sut gim n mt gi tr no th l xo ca van s p cht a
ca van vo b v van khng cho LPG thot ra na. p sut ti van
ng cht li gi l p ti nim. p sut ny s nh hn p sut bt u x.
Thc o mc LPG loi Rota:
Cng dng: Dng kim lng hng tn trong b v trnh vic
nhp qu y.
Cu to v hot ng: Thc o mc cht lng loi Rota gm c:
ng x v ng o. ng o c dng cong v c th quay n cc v tr,
cao khc nhau bn trong b. Khi quay v tr cao nht ng vi mc nhp
an ton ti a. Nu b cha y th quay tay quay xung cho n khi ng
chm LPG lng.
Vn hnh:
o Dng chng nhp qu y: t thc v tr cao nht, khi
b gn y m ng x tng lc cho n khi LPG thot ra dng lng.
o Dng o b khng y: Trc tin quay thc n v tr
m ti u ng khng chm vi mc cht lng ch c LPG hi
thot ra. Sau quay t t ng cho n khi chm mc cht lng v c
s o trn mt ng h.
Thc o dng phao:
Loi thc ny c kt cu gm mt phao bn trong b nm trn mt cht
lng, hot ng theo nguyn tc n by v ch bo bng kim trn mt ng h
pha trn b.
X nc:
Mc ch: tho cc cht bn (nc, bi bm, t ct, r, cn...) ra
khi b. Cc cht bn ny i vo b sau mi ln nhp hng. Do vy cn
phi x nc sau mi ln nhp xong.
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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

Yu cu:
o Ch x nc sau khi thi gian cht bn lng xung y b.
Kim tra tnh an ton ti khu vc x nc.
2.3.3. ng dn LPG
ng mm
Cng dng: dng cp ni t ng thp dn LPG trong kho n gin Manifoll
trn tu trong qu trnh xut nhp tu, hoc ni h thng cng ngh kho vi xe bn LPG
khi cp pht cho xe bn.
Cu to:
ng mm c th c ch to theo 2 dng: mt dng c kt cu
Composite gm nhiu lp polime hoc cao su Noprene; mt dng c kt cu
bng cao su c cc np sng bng thp khng r bn ngoi v bn trong c gia
cng bng thp khng r.
Vt liu ch to ng mm (k c khp ni) chu c p lc ph hy ti
thiu 87kg/cm2. Trn thn ng c ghi r LPGas.ng mm c dn in
khng c qu 0.75 /m.
ng thp: S dng loi ng thp chuyn dng chu p lc.
Cc trang thit b trn ng ng
Van: Trn cc ng ng gm c cc loi van sau:
Van qu dng:
o Van qu dng dng gim ti thiu lng LPG khi ng
ng b v.
o Hot ng: bnh thng van qu dng trng thi lun m
cho lng LPG i qua vi mt lu lng nht nh. Khi lu lng vt
qu mc cho php th n s y van xung ng cht li vi b
van pha trn lm lng LPG khng thot ra c na.
o Van qu dng t ti u ng xut pha trong b, cho php lu
lng i qua t 10 - 40m3/h. Khi do s c nh v ng lm lu lng
tng vt trn 60m3/h th n y van ln pha trn kht vi b van lm
LPG khng thot ra c.
Van chn:
o Dng ng m ng dn, iu khin hng chy v lu
lng dng cht lng trong ng.
o C 2 loi van chn: van ca v van thng gc.
Van ng nhanh: Dng ct nhanh dng cht lng nhm trnh tn
tht, hao ht lng n mc ti thiu hoc hng nhanh dng cht lng
theo yu cu trong cc qu trnh cng ngh.
Van mt chiu:

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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

o C kt cu bo m ch cho cht lng trong ng chy theo mt


chiu v t ng ng li khi cht lng chy theo chiu ngc li.
o Van mt chiu cn c tc dng: bo v my mc, trang thit b
ng dn khng b tc dng bt li, c th b h hi khi dng cht lng
chy ngc chiu. Trong trng hp ny van mt chiu thng c
b tr trn ng ng y ca my bm.
o Van mt chiu gi cht lng trong ng ht ca my bm li tm
khng b tt, gip bm khi ng d dng. Trong trng hp ny van
mt chiu c b tr trn ng ng ht.
Van hi lu: Dng gim p sut trong ng v trong thit b my
bm bng cch t ng m ra mt p sut nh v x cht lng vo
mt b cha hoc mt nhnh ng dn khc, thc hin c vic bo v h
thng m khng phi m van an ton p sut x LPG vo khng kh. Tt c
cc bm LPG u phi c van hi lu bn ngoi v n:
o Bo v bm khi chnh lch p qu mc. S chnh lch p
qu mc s to ra ng sut bt li i vi cnh bm tr.
o Bo v h thng khi b qu p. Nu bm b qu p trn ng
ng y th van an ton p sut s x LPG vo khng kh.
o Trnh cho motor khi b qu ti.
Van an ton p sut trn ng ng: Van an ton p sut trn ng
ng cng c chc nng nh van an ton p sut trn b. Ngha l chng li
nguy him do p sut tng cao bng cch t ng m mt p sut nh
trc v do lm gim p sut c b tr trn tng on ng gia cc
van. Khi p sut trong ng ng tng th n m van x hi.
Lu lng k: Dng xc nh lng cht lng i trong ng dn
trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. Trong kho LPG, ngi ta s dng
loi lu lng k th tch kiu cnh trt t trn cc ng ng.
Bnh lc: Dng tch cn bn, x trong cht lng trc khi i vo lu lng k,
bm.
2.3.4. H thng gin ng ng bnh
Gin Carousel
ng cc loi bnh dn dng 9, 13 kg. Gin ny l gin ng bnh bn t ng, c
iu khin bng kh nn. Khi bnh gas cn np vo v tr chun b ng rt th tay bt t
ng y bnh t v tr ch vo gin Carousel, lc ngi cng nhn ch cn a u
ng rt vo van bnh ri n nt, van kh nn s lm cho van gas m gas c np vo
bnh. ng thi lc iu chnh trng lng v bnh trn cn nh thang o. Khi bnh
c ng xong th tay y trong cn tc ng ln van kh nn lm ng van gas v nh
u ng rt ra khi bnh. Kh bnh c a n v tr ra trn gin Carousel th tay y
a bnh ra khi v tr ng rt trn bng ti.
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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

Gin ng bnh 48 kg
Gin ng bnh 48 kg gm c 4 my ng rt t c nh vi h thng dn gas lng
v hon ton c lp vi gin Carousel.
H thng ny gm cc chi tit c bn sau:
Mt thang o trng lng v bnh: Ty theo trng lng v m ta iu chnh cn
cho thch hp.
Van khi ng.
Van nh.
Van ngt gas.
Khi van khi ng c vn hnh, gas i vo u ng rt. Khi bnh c np
y, thnh ni trong cn h xung lm cn bng u trn, lm tc ng n van nh v t
ng ngt np gas, vic ng bnh ngng li.
2.3.5. Thit b bm chuyn LPG
2.3.5.1. My bm LPG
Yu cu ca my bm khi dng bm LPG:
V LPG l kh t ha lng, tn ti hai trng thi cn bng lng hi do yu t
quan trng ca my bm l gi LPG lng khng c bin thnh hi, v hi LPG khi lt
vo trong my bm s lm cho lu lng gim i; hi lm ngui v bi trn km hn
cht lng nn my bm nhanh chng b mi mn. Hn hp lng hi s to ra lu lng
khng ng u v khng n nh s gy rung ng mnh lm ph hng bm.
My bm LPG phi l my bm c s di chuyn tch cc to ra p sut trn cht
lng m khng cn phi gia tng vn tc ca dng cht lng.
My bm s dng ti kho gas l loi my bm chuyn dng kiu tuc bin. My bm
tuc bin cng l loi my bm ly tm. Tuy nhin cc c tnh v hiu sut ca loi my
bm ny hot ng ging nh my bm kiu th tch. My bm tuc bin tc dng p sut
trn cht lng ging nh my bm ly tm, n tng vn tc cht lng bin ng nng
thnh th nng. S khc bit gia my bm tuc bin v bm ly tm l: my bm tuc bin
chia s gia tng vn tc/p sut thnh nhiu giai on, cht lng c tng vn tc v p
sut t t qua mi giai on. Nn ta c th cho rng: my bm tuc bin l loi my bm
a cp.
2.3.5.2. My nn LPG
My nn LPG c cng dng :
Chuyn gas t bn ny sang bn khc.
Xut cho xe bn.
Ht hi LPG ra khi bn.
o gas lng trong trng hp nhp tu.
Nguyn tc vn chuyn cht lng nh chnh lch p sut hi.
My nn c ch to vi mc ch dng cho hi. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh nn s
c mt t lng, cht lng ny tuy c mt lng nh nhng c th gy nguy him cho my
nn v khi trc bm y ht hi ra khi xylanh v gp lp lng khng th nn c.
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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

iu ny gy ph hng my nn. trnh hin tng ny, ngi ta dng mt dng c


rt cht lng ra khi my nn. Hi LPG b nn ti nhit ngng t ca n v thng
mang theo nhng git lng rt nh, hi khi b ht t bn qua h thng ng lnh thng
d b bin thnh lng trc khi n my nn. Cc git lng trn ln trong hi s chu tc
dng ca 2 lc: trng lc v lc ma st. Khi hi di chuyn cng nhanh, lc ma st s
tng, v to cng nhiu git nh. Khi hi di chuyn chm th trng lc lm ht lng tch
khi hi. By cht lng da trn nguyn tc: lm gim vn tc di chuyn ca hi. ng
knh ca by ln hn ng knh ca ng ht, iu ny s lm cho vn tc hi chm li
v git lng s ri xung y by. Trong nhiu trng hp, cht lng s b bc hi hon
ton tr li khi h thng bt u nng ln. Nu mc lng trong by qu cao cn phi
ngng chy my ht ra.
2.3.6. H thng khng kh nn trong kho LPG
Mc ch: H thng khng kh nn trong kho LPG dng iu khin t ng, iu
khin t xa cc b phn thit b ca cng ngh (nh van, thit b cn kim tra h thng
cha chy t ng...). Ngi ta dng p lc ca dng kh nn c dn t ngun cung
cp n ni tiu th.
Nhng ch tiu k thut ca kh nn:
Khng c cc ht cht rn vt qu kch thc cho php.
Khng ln hi nc.
c cung cp di mt p sut n nh.
c pha trn du bi trn.
S x l khng kh thnh kh nn:

Khng kh t mi trng sau khi qua bu lc th loi b nhng ht rn c kch


thc ln c a vo my nn kh ri qua b lc tinh tch nc. Ti y, lc u
kh nn c lm lnh xung di nhit im sng hi nc trong kh nn ngng
t li v tch ra ngoi. Kh nn c a n bnh tch kh (iu p) sau c th trn
du bi trn trc khi em s dng.
Nhng ni cn cung cp kh nn:

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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

Kh nn c s dng rng ri trong cc kho LPG iu khin, kim tra hot


ng, bo s c thit b.
Dng trong gin ng bnh 13 kg iu khin vic np gas, t ng ngt
van khi y bnh, phn loi bnh gas y, d, thiu sau khi t cn kim tra.
Dng trong gin ng bnh 48 kg.
Dng trong ng ng cng ngh LPG: S dng cc van kha iu khin
bng kh nn loi thng ng, khi cn cung cp gas, ta cung cp kh nn cho
cc van, van m ra. Nu xy ra bt k s c no lm gim p lc ca kh nn
th van t ng ng li v ngng cung cp gas.
Dng trong cng ngh cha chy: S dng cc van kha iu khin bng kh
nn loi thng m. Ngha l khi kho gas hot ng bnh thng, ta lun duy
tr p lc kh nn cn thit cho van cc van ny lun ng. Nu khi b s
c lm mt p lc kh nn th van cu ha m ra v t ng cha chy.
Cc thit b cung cp kh nn cho kho LPG:
H thng cung cp kh nn gm cc thit b chnh sau:
My nn trc vt ca ATLASCOPCO OIL- Jrection loi GA11P - 75.
Thit b lm kh kh loi FD40 - STD 220/50.
My lc trc hiu: ATLASCOPCO loi DD40.
My lc sau hiu: ATLASCOPCO loi PD40.
H thng x nc t ng hiu: ATLASCOPCO loi WD40.
Bnh tch kh.
My nn trc vt ATLASCOPCO.
Cc thng s k thut chnh:
o
p sut lm vic ti a: 7.5 bar.
o
p sut lm vic trung bnh: 7.0 bar.
o
Cung cp khng kh t do ti p sut 1.86 cbm (31 l/s).
o
Cng sut ti a (ti p sut 7.5 bar): 11kw
o
ng c 380v/50 hz.
Thit b lm kh kh ATLASCOPCO loi FD40.STD220/50.
Cc thng s chnh:
o
p sut lm vic ti a 13.0bar.
o
Dung tch bung kh ti p sut 7.0bar: 85 cbm.
o
Nhit im sng 2-3 OC
o
Nhit bao quanh 45OC.
My lm kh kh thc cht l h gm my lnh v thit b tch, x nc.
Khng kh sau khi qua my nn trc vt c nn n p sut cn thit
(khong 7bar) c dn vo my lm kh kh. Ti y kh nn c lm lnh
n nhit im sng lm cho hi nc trong kh nn ngng t li v tch ra
ngoi qua bnh x nc.
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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

Bnh tch kh:


o Dung tch: 1,0cbm
o Dng ng, p sut 11,0bar
o C trang b van an ton v ng h p sut
Tc dng ca bnh tch kh l cung cp cho h tiu th lng kh nn lin tc,n
nh, ng lu lng v p sut yu cu.
2.3.7. H thng phng chy cha chy ca kho Gas
Kho gas LPG Ni Hin c trang b h thng phng chy cha chy hin i. Khi
c s c v chy n th mi hot ng iu c t ng ha.
S nguyn l ca h thng cha chy:

Khi hot ng bnh thng, ton b h thng c duy tr p sut 6 kg/ cm 2. p lc


ny c duy tr bi mt bm gi l bm duy tr p lc. Khi p sut gim xung di
5.5 kg/cm2 th h thng iu khin t ng ng bm duy tr p lc hot ng b vo
phn tn tht p sut mt i cho n khi p sut trn ng ng t 6 kg/cm 2 th t ng
ngt.
Ti nhng ni d c nguy c xy ra chy n th h thng cha chy c thit k c
nhng ng thy tinh nh cha cht lng v khi nhit tng ln trn 800C th ng thy
tinh b v ra v nc trong ng cha chy s phun ra ngoi. V mt l do no nh: M
van nc cha chy, b ng thy tinh... s lm cho p lc trong ng ng gim xung.
Khi p lc ny xung di 4 kg/cm2 th h thng iu khin s t ng khi ng my
bm in cha chy.
Cc thng s chnh ca bm in: Cng sut 200 HP, s vng quay n=1470v/p,
ngun in 380v/500Hz.
Nu p lc trong ng ng tip tc gim xung di 3 kg/cm2 th bm diesel s
c hot ng. Cng sut ca bm ny l 280HP.
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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

Ngun cung cp nc cho h thng cha chy l b nc cha chy. Ngoi ra trong
iu kin b nc cha chy khng cung cp nc th ta c th m van trn ng
ng ht nc t sng Hn.
S qu trnh bm nc cha chy nh sau:

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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

Sng Hn

H tiu th
1

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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

CHNG 3 : KHO XNG


-------- -------3.1. GII THIU CHUNG

Kho xng Khu M l mt trong nhng kho xng ln nht ca min Trung hin nay,
l mt a im tip nhn v phn phi cc loi sn phm ca cng ty xng du khu vc 5
Cng M Kh

Kho Khu M

Phn phi trn


th trng

Kho xng du Khu M tn cha v phn phi ch yu 2 sn phm chnh l Xng


(A92, A95) v DO (DO 0,05; DO 0,25). Cc sn phm ny ch yu c nhp t nc
ngoi thng qua ng bin, c vn chuyn bng tu thy, n cng bin M Kh,
c bm ht vo thng qua cc h thng ng mm mu en, v sau c a vo
kho Khu M bng h thng ng ng ngm di lng t. Hin nay, h thng ny gm
4 ng, c kch thc ng l 12inches.Trong c 2 ng nhp vo b v 2 ng xut b.
H thng lm vic ca kho Xng Du Khu M gm c:
Khu vc phn phi sn phm
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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

H thng tn cha (h 6 b v h 4 b)
H thng bm
H thng cha chy
Phng iu khin trung tm
Kho xng du Khu M gm c tng cng l 10 b cha xng v du DO.
Trong :
Khu 6 b: B1, B2, B3, B4, B5,B6

KHU 6 B
Khu 4 b: B7, B8, B9, B10

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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

KHU 4 B
Cc b 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 c lp t h thng t ng ha trong vic o nhit v
chiu cao mc cht lng ca sn phm c trong b.(t v H)
3.2. CNG NGH KHO XNG
Kho xng du Khu M gm 10 b cha, nh s th t B1, B2, B3, B4, B5, B6, B7,
B8, B9, B10. Ngoi ra c 2 b cha nc. Vic cha loi sn phm no l ph thuc vo
vic xut nhp n hng, c th l xng cng c th l du. Khi ngi ta phi lm sch
b bng cch y nc vo h thng ng dn lin quan vo b cha. Sau khi thu phn cn
nhin liu, nc thi c chuyn qua khu x l nc thi lm sch nc, phn cn
c loi b, phn nc trong c thu hi lm nc cha chy. Sau khi lm sch b
th nhin liu cn cha s c bm trc tip t khu nhn hng.

3.3.1. Cu to cc bn cha

- Thn b:
Hnh tr, 1 lp, c ch to do nhiu ming thp tm (dy khong 2 phn) hn li,
kt cu chiu dy thnh b tng dn t trn xung di do chu lc thy tnh tng dn
theo chiu su ca xng du (pha gn y b c th 12mm v trn nc b c th khong
45mm). vnh ai trn thnh b c 1 vng ng mu xanh bao quanh, l ng cha
chy bng nc khi c s c chy bt ng, ngoi ra n cn c chc nng phun nc lm
mt vnh ai b (do nhit bn trong cng nh bn ngoi ca vnh ai bn trn cao hn
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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

so vi cc v tr khc). Ngoi ra cn c 2 ng nh c nhim v dn nc hoc bt i


cha chy khi c s c (ng mu xanh l dn nc, ng mu l bt cha chy). pha
di thn b c mt l c tc dng ngi cng nhn vo kim tra, sa cha, bo
dng, lm v sinh
- Mi b:
Hnh nn, t bn trong nhn ln nh hnh mi d, i vi h thng b c ca kho th
thanh tr chng gia khng th rt i, cn h thng b mi th thanh tr c th rt i
khin khng gian b cha c ci thin hn. Tc dng ca b cha l m bo s n
nh tng i ca sn phm trong qu trnh xut nhp xng du; trn mi b c cc thit
b chnh:
o Xupp th: 2 ci, c lp trn mi b, hot ng nh mi
xupap khc v c tc dng iu chnh p sut trong phm vi
cho php m b c th chu c trong qu trnh xut nhp, tn
cha. C th l vo ma ma th xng hoc du b co li nn
xupap c nhim v ht khng kh vo trnh hin tng mo
bn, cn thi im khc n li th ra. Di b phn khng ch
p sut trong xupap, tip gip vi mi b thng lp li ngn
chy ngn khng cho ht tia la chy t ngoi vo.
o L o: ti y c th ly mu xng du hoc o nhit hay o
mc cht lng trong b cha bng tay.
o L chiu sng: c tc dng chiu sng khi kim tra, bo dng,
hay lm v sinh.
o H thng o chiu cao t ng: dng o mc trong b 1
cch chnh xc khi cn i chiu, so snh khi kim nh.
o Thanh chng st: c 4 hoc 6 cy, dng trnh hin tng st
nh gy chy n vo ma ma dng.
o Cu thang b: lp bn ngoi b, bm theo thn b, dn t y
b ln mi b, n phc v cho vic i li cho cc thao tc trong
kho.
- y b:
C hnh nn nga, c t trn phn nn mng c gia c trnh st ln, bn
ngoi y b (vnh ai di ca thn b) c 4 ng ng xut nhp (2 nhp, 2 xut) c
nh s; trn cc ng ng v pha thnh b c 4 van tay tng ng xut nhp xng
du; ngoi ra c van nh (van x nc) c nhim v sau khi xng du vo b, n nh
xong th m van lng nc trong du c x ra. Trong y b c cc phn chnh
sau :
o Rn b: l ni ht vt x nc cn, thng t gia y b,
n c ni vi mt ng r st vi v tr thp nht ca y b
thng ra bn ngoi c ng ng ht vt, tiu cn ca kho.

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Bo co thc tp cng nhn


o Tm lc: im o du, lm im o mc chiu cao b, n

thng c hn vo y b v gn vi thnh b nm pha


di theo phng thng ng vi l o du.
- xc nh mc xng du ngi ta s dng dng c o l mt thc o (15-20m)
c bi cht ch th. Cht ny bm vo thc khi gp du s i mu. Da vo di theo
phn i mu, v kch thc ca b ta c th xc nh c lng sn phm trong b.
- o nhit xng du trong b ta c th dng thc o bng tay, hoc bng cp
nhit k.
3.3.2. H thng ng dn v van
H thng ng dn trong khu vc kho bao gm :
- ng dn t cng vo
- ng dn vo b
- ng lin h gia cc b
- ng dn n trm bm v t trm bm cp cho cc oto stec
Ngun hng cp cho kho ch yu c dn t cng vo v c bm vo kho bng 4
ng t cu tu vo kho.
1.
Qu trnh nhp kho
H thng ng nhp hng t cng bin v kho c t ngm di t, lc mi thi
cng phi lm sch sau dng nha ng qut ln 1 lp, ri dng 1 dy thu tinh
(chu nhit, cch in, khng chy) qun vo trong , tip tc dng nha ng qut ln
cho n khi c 3,4 lp th mi em s dng. Vic lm c mc ch bo v cho
ng ng ngm gim ti a b h hi do yu t bn ngoi tc ng khi lm vic trong
mi trng di t. Cc loi ng dn trong kho (4,6,8,10,12,14 inch)
2.
Qa trnh xut kho:
Kho dng 2 my bm ln xut ch yu cho tu nh, kho khc v 12 bm nh xut
cho to stec. 14 bm ny u l bm li tm ht sn phm t b xut ra. Trong h
thng cc b mi u trang b h thng t ng ni vi trm cp pht (acoload :12 ci) v
phng iu khin trung tm. My bm cp cho to stec:12 ng xut 4 inch. Trn cc
my bm u c cc van p sut v van 1 chiu, trong kho c 4 loi van (van p sut, van
tay, van nhanh v van 1chiu, trong van tay l t trn cc ng ng c nh.) Tu
theo iu kin hin ti, yu cu xut nhp kho, nhu cu th trng m vic xut nhp thay
i. Quy trnh tn cha trong b cng theo m thay i, mt b khng nht thit phi
cha mt loi sn phm; khi ang ch xng m mun chuyn sang cha du th phi qua
cng on lm sch ri cha nc ri cha du ri sau cha nc ri sa cha.
Khi cp cho to th ngi ta phi ly bnh mu (2 bnh) lu,c nim li, mt bnh
giao cho khch hng cn mt bnh lu li kho i chng cht lng, nhm khc phc
trng hp xy ra s c trong qu trnh s dng.
3.
Cc loi van trong kho :
Trong kho c tt c 4 loi van :
- Van p sut
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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

- Van mt chiu
- Van diu khin nhanh
- Van tay : thng thy trn cc ng ng nhp xut trong b.
Van p sut:
C ch hot ng v chc nng: chng li nguy him do p sut tng cao bng cch
t ng m mt p sut nh trc v do lm gim p sut c b tr trn tng
on ng gia cc van. Khi p sut trong ng ng tng th n m van x hi. Van p
sut thy trong kho 2 dng : trn bn b n ng vai tr l xupp th, trn ng ng
bm n nm trn van mt chiu.
Van mt chiu:
o C kt cu bo m ch cho cht lng trong ng chy theo mt chiu v t ng
ng li khi cht lng chy theo chiu ngc li.
o Van mt chiu cn c tc dng: bo v my mc, trang thit b ng dn khng b
tc dng bt li, c th b h hi khi dng cht lng chy ngc chiu. Trong trng hp
ny van mt chiu thng c b tr trn ng ng y ca my bm.
o Van mt chiu gi cht lng trong ng ht ca my bm li tm khng b tt, gip
bm khi ng d dng. Trong trng hp ny van mt chiu c b tr trn ng ng
ht.
Van tay :
c dng iu khin lu lng trn ng ng nhp xut
Van nhanh :
Dng trong cng ngh cha chy, ti mi khu vc trong kho u c mt h thng
bm nc cha chy bng van tay nhanh. Kt cu ca loi van ny rt n gin, tin cho
ngi s dng chng trong trng hp khn cp.
3.3.3. Cng ngh cha chy
Trong kho xng cha chy bng 2 loi: nc v bt, c quy nh bi cc ng
ng bi mu sc ring, ng xanh l nc, ng l bt. Trm cha chy c 2 b d tr
nc (500m3/1b), ngoi ra cn c 6 b con nm ngang cha bt pha sn, khi c s c
c th s dng ngay. Bn cnh cn mt b kch thc ln hn thng ng cha bt
cha pha. Cc my bm bm nc cha chy cng l bm li tm cng sut 300m3/h. Bt
cha chy s dng y l AFFF 3% ( ngha l 3% bt v 97% l nc) c nhp t
c, c pH (20oC):7-8,5; KLR : 1,03 0,01 g/ml.
Kho c trang b h thng xe cha chy, cc h thng cha chy c nh v khng
c nh (cc ln phun nc A/B-20m i km cc thit b ph tr nh 3 chc :1A2B, ln
bi s phun bt, bnh bt cha chy:35kg v 8 kg. Trong kho cc khu vc c 10m l c
mt thng cha nc cha chy tc thi.
3.3.4. Thit b in
Thit b in s dng trong kho l loi phng n ph hp vi quy phm lp t in
trong kho xng du ng thi m bo cung cp in lin tc, an ton cho kho.
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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

Mng in: mng in trong kho l h thng cp dn in t ngm di t. Cc


thit b in c bao bc bng nha cch in nhm trnh hin tng phng in ra mi
trng khi xy ra s c v in (chp in, chy n)

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CHNG 4 : PHNG HO NGHIM


---------------4.1. PHNG PHP O T TRNG K BNG ASTM D1298-99
4.1.1. Tm tt l thuyt

T trng chun l t s gia khi lng ca mt th tch cho ca cht lng nhit
xc nh v khi lng ca cng mt th tch nc nguyn cht cng nhit nht
nh
T trng d154 l t trng cu cht lng 15oC so vi nc 4 oC.
T trng tiu chun S l t trng ca lng 60F so vi nc 60F.
API l mt hm ring ca t trng lng tng i S c biu th bng biu
thc : API =

141,5
- 131,5
S

Vic xc nh chnh t trng, t trng chun hoc trng lng API ca du th v


sn phm du m l rt cn thit bin i th tch o c v th tch nhit tiu
chun 15oC hoc 60oF.
4.1.2. Phm vi ng dng
p dng cho du th v cc sn phm du m.
4.1.3. Tin hnh
Mu c gi mi trng nhit n nh v c chuyn ti ng ong hnh tr
c cng nhit . Mt t trng k thch hp c t trong lng mu v cho php chm
xung. Sau khi t c s cn bng nhit , c s ch trn t trng k v ghi li nhit
ca mu.
Dng c, thit b:
B cc t trng k v nhit k .
ng ong 500ml
Khay, cc dng hng du trn .
Chn t trng k thch hp cho cc mu cn o nh sau :
i vi mu MO chn t trng k 0,65 0,7 ; 0,7 0,75
i vi mu KO, Jet A1 chn t trng k 0,75 0,8
i vi mu DO chn t trng k 0,8 0,85
i vi mu FO chn t trng k 0,9 0,95 ; 0,95 1,00
t khay trn b mt phng v trong mi trng nhit n nh, bin dao
ng nhit l 2 oC.t ng ong vo lng khay ri rt mu vo y ong. Th nh t
trng k thch hp vo ng ong theo mu phng thng ng ng thi lm tan bt kh
trn b mt mu, yn nh th trong 5 pht. Ring i vi mu MO c kt qu sau 2
pht.

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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

t mt ngang mt thong cht lng c s ghi trn thang chia ca t khi k


v ghi li cc gi tr o c. Gi tr t trng trong khong gn nht 0,0005 n v.
Quan st v tr cc vch chia trn nhit k v c kt qu. Gi tr nhit c trong
khong gn nht 0,25 oC
4.1.4. X l kt qu
p dng theo cch tnh ca tiu chun ASTM D1298. Tra bng hiu chnh o xng
du theo TCVN 6065-1995/ASTM-D1250API.2540/IP.200 ta c gi tr t trng 15 oC.
chuyn i cc gi tr hiu chnh trn v nhit tiu chun, cn dng bng o
lng du m.
4.2. PHNG PHP O MU ASTM D 1500-98.
4.2.1. Phm vi p dng phng php.

p dng cho cc sn phm du m nh du nhn, cc du nhin liu v cc sp du


m.
4.2.2. Tm tt php th

Bng cch so snh s dng ngun sng chun, mu lng c t trong ng kim
nghim v so snh vi cc tm knh mu chun c gi tr t 0.5 n 8.0. Mu ca mu
c cng nhn l gi tr mu ca knh chun c mu sng gn nht.
4.2.3. Dng c v thit b
My o mu gm mt b sng chun n nh, cc knh mu chun, ng thy tinh
cha mu cn o v mt cp ng ng dung dch chun so snh.
Cc ng thy tinh ny khng mu, trong sut c hnh tr y phng, ng knh
trong y l 30mm n 33.5mm v chiu cao ngoi ng l 115mm n 125mm, ng
nhm quan st.
4.2.4. Tin hnh
Bt cng tc n ngun sng n nh trong 5 pht. Rt mu vo ng thy tinh
chiu cao 2/3 ng. Cp ng kia ng dung dch chun so snh (thng dng nc ct).
Ln lt t c 3 ng vo cc cc theo th t sau: ng mu gia cc ng dung dch
chun 2 bn. y np loi tr tt c cc ngun sng t bn ngoi.
Chn knh mu ph hp.
Mu dung dch cn o nm gia 2 khon mu chun.
4.3. PHNG PHP XC NH NHT NG HC ASTM D-445-97
4.3.1. Phm vi p dng

Ch p dng cho cc sn phm du m dng lng v ng nht iu kin bnh


thng, khng p dng cho cc sn phm dng rn hoc lng phn tch.
4.3.2. nh ngha v ngha ca nht
nht l i lng vt l c trng cho tr lc do ma
st ni ti ca n sinh ra khi chuyn ng. V vy nht
ca mt phn on du m c lin quan n kh nng thc
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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

hin cc qu trnh bm, vn chuyn ca chng trong cc ng ng, kh nng thc hin
cc qu trnh phun, kh nng bi trn ca cc phn on sn xut du nhn...
4.3.3. Thit b o nht
Gm cc b phn chnh :
-B phn gia nhit, km rle nhit t ng, nhit k canh nhit cho php ci t nhit
theo mun.
-Bn cha glycerin dng lm mi trng n nhit, trong bn c t b phn khuy
lm cho nhit ng nht.
-H thng n chiu sng
nht c xc nh trong cc nht k mao qun c ng knh thay i khc
nhau tu thuc vo loi sn phm du m cn o.
Nht k c t trong thng n nhit gi cho nhit khng i trong sut qu
trnh th nghim.
Nhit k o nhit .
Nht k c hai loi: Nht k xui v nht k ngc. Tu thuc vo sng ti ca
cc loi sn phm cn o m ta s dng loi nht k thun li cho vic o nht
Cch tin hnh:
Ra sch v sy kh nht k c s dng o.
Ly mu cn o cho vo nht k. Lng mu c ly sao cho sau khi bm mu ln
vch trn ca nht k th lng mu cn li trong bu trn ca nht k khong na bu.
Dng bm cao su bm cho mu i ln pha trn vch trn ca nht k.
o thi gian chy ca mu t vch trn xung vch di ca nht k v ghi li thi
gian.
nht ng lc ca cht lng c xc nh theo cng thc sau:
Hay =K.t
t: Thi gian chy ca cht lng gia hai vch.
K: H s nht k. Vi mi loi nht k s dng th h s K c xc nh trc.
Do vy nht c xc nh nh sau: =K.t
o thi gian chy ta bit c gi tr nht.
4.4. XC NH HM LNG NC BNG PHNG PHP CHNG CT
4.4.1. Phm vi ng dng

p dng cho cc sn phm du m nh nhin liu t l, nha ng v cc sn


phm du m khc b ln nc dng nh.
4.4.2. Tm tt php th
Mu kim tra c un hi lu vi dung mi khng tan trong nc, chng ct li
cun hi nc. Nc c ngng t trong ng ngng c chia vch. Hm lng nc
c xc nh bng s ml nc thu c trong ng ngng.
4.4.3. Dng c, thit b
B chng ct hi lu, ng hng c vch chia nh nht 0.1ml
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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

Bp si thy tinh c b phn gia nhit.


4.4.4. Dung mi
C th s dng loi dung mi hu c bt k khng cha nc v c nhit si trong
khong 100 n 2000C. Khng dng dung mi thm c kh nng tch cc hp cht
Asphalt trong cc loi du th asphalt, cn du t l, bitum. Khi xc nh hm lng
nc trong cc loi m bi trn phi s dng nhng phn on du m c khong si
hp.
Nhng dung mi thch hp cho phng php ny l:
Toluen - ISO 5272-1979 tinh khit loi 2.
Xylen-ISO 5280-1979
Cc phn on ct ca du m c khong nhit si 100 n 2000C.
Cc phn on ct ca du m c nhit si hp thng c s dng l Spirit du
m c khong nhit si 100 n 2000C hoc iso octan, c tinh khit 95%.
4.4.5. Tiu chun
Mt thit b c coi l thch hp nu kt qu thu c l chnh xc sau khi dng
pipet hoc buret chun thm mt loi nc ct vo mt loi sng v tin hnh xc nh.
Cc s liu c coi l chnh xc nu khng vt qu gii hn cho php ch ra trong
bng 1 i vi cc ng ngng chia c kch thc khc nhau.
Nu s liu nm ngoi gii hn cho php th c th c trc trc do thit b b h, hi
thot ra ngoi qu nhanh hoc do m thm nhp vo.
Gii hn cho php:
Dung tch
ngng 200C

ng

5
10
10
25

Th tch nc
Gii hn cho php
0
cho thm 20 C(ml) lng nc thu hi
200C
1
1 0,1
1
1 0,1
5
5 0,2
12
12 0,2

4.4.6. Tin hnh

Chun b: ng sinh hn v ng ngng phi c lm sch m bo rng nc


hon ton chy xung y ng ngng. Nht mt ming bng xp vo u ng sinh hn
hi lu ngn chn xm nhp hi m t mi trng.
Chuyn 100ml mu vo bnh cu chng ct, trng sch ng ong dng ly mu bng
100ml xng dung mi. Lp bnh cu vo b chng ct
Cho nc lnh chy tun hon trong v bc ca ng hi lu. Gia nhit cho bp v
iu chnh nhit sao cho phn ct ngng tc chy xung ng ngng vi tc t 2 n 5
git/1s . Ct lin tc cho n khi khng thy nc bm bt k phn no ca thit b, tr
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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

ng ngng v th tch nc trong ng ngng khng thay i trong 5 pht. Khi , ngng
gia nhit, ngui h thng ct n nhit phng. c th tch nc ngng t trong
ng ngng.
4.4.7. X l kt qu
Hm nc trong mu th c tnh bng % th tch theo cng thc.
%nc =
Trong

Vn
.100
Vm

Vn: Th tch nc trong ng ngng (ml).


Vm: Th tch mu th (ml)

4.5. PHNG PHP XC NH IM CHP LA CC KN:


4.5.1. nh ngha

im chp chy cc kn l nhit thp


nht (c hiu chnh v p sut kh quyn
760mmHg) m hn hp hi ca mu v
khng kh trn b mt mu trong cc b chp la.
Khi a ngn la th qua mt cc di iu kin
th nghim v lp tc truyn lan khp mt thong
ca mu.
4.5.2. Phm vi p dng
p dng i vi du Mazout, du nhn v
cc cht lng ng nht
4.5.3. Thit b ha cht
Thit b o nhit chp chy cc kn
gm cc b phn sau: Cc kim nghim, np y
cc gia nhit, b phn th.
Cc: C th lm bng ng thau hoc bng kim loi khng g c dn nhit tng
ng v c kch thc theo quy nh.
Np y: Lm bng ng thau c 4 l h A, B, C, D v c ca s quay gia 2 cht
hm ng m cc l A, B, C. Np cn c b phn chm la, ngn la v my khuy.
B phn chm ngn la: B phn ny c mt u nh, ng knh 0,69-0,97mm.
ng ny lm bng thp khng g hoc c th l kim loi khc ph hp. B phn chm
ngn la s c lp mt c cu iu khin khi ca chp v tr m s nhng u
ngn la vo tm ca chp.
B phn khuy: Np c lp b phn khuy t tm ca np v c 2 cnh khuy
kim loi. Cnh khuy ny c di xp x 38mm, rng 8mm, t nghing 45o. Hai cnh
khuy c trn trc khuy sao cho khi nhn t di ln cnh ca mt cnh khuy v tr
0 v 180o th cnh ca cnh kia v tr 90 v 120o . C hai cnh khuy c lp vo mi
b chuyn ng thch hp.
Bp gia nhit: Gm c bp cch kh v tm t cc.
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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

Bp cch kh c th l n kh, tm in tr hoc dy in tr.Bp cch kh phi p


ng nhit cn thit m khng b bin dng.
Tm : c lm bng kim loi v c t sao cho to ra mt khe h khng kh
gia n v bp cch kh. N c th ngn bp vi cnh khuy bng 3 inh c v c bc
ngn cch.
4.5.4. Tin hnh
Ra sch, sy kh cc b phn ca cc trc khi bt u th nghim loi b ht
cn du ca cc ln th nghim trc. mu cn kim tra vo cc n mc qui nh.
y np v t cc ca bp vo my, lp nhit k.
Chm ngn la th v iu chnh sao cho dng ngn la gn vi hnh cu c ng
knh 4 mm. S dng ngn la bng cch vn b phn trn np iu khin ca s v
que t sao cho ngn la c qut qua hn hp hi trn mt cc trong 0,5s v tr
1s ri nhanh chng nhc ln v tr cao hn ng thi ngng khuy mu.
Ch cp nhit v tc gia nhit:
i vi cc sn phm du m: Cp nhit ngay t u vi tc tng nhit t
5 6oC/pht. nhit thp hn im chp chy d on l 15 5oC ng thi bt my
khuy tc 90 120vng /pht.
Tin hnh chm la th khi nhit th cch im chp chy d on t 17 28oC.
Nu im chp la ca sn phm trn 110oC th c sau mi ln tng 2oC tin hnh chm
la 1 ln. Nu di 110 oC th c sau mi ln tng 1oC tin hnh chm la 1 ln.
Ghi li nhit trn nhit k l im chp la quan st uc khi ngn la gy nn
chp la thc s bn trong cc.
4.5.5. X l kt qu
Hiu chnh v p sut kh quyn:
Ch = Cqst + 0.25(101.3 K)
K:p sut mi trng ti thi im tin hnh php th
Lu :
p sut mi trng nh hn p sut kh quyn th cng thm gi tr hiu chnh v
lm trn ln 0.50C
p sut mi trng ln hn p sut kh quyn th tr bt i gi tr hiu chnh v lm
trn xung 0.50C
4.6. PHNG PHP XC NH IM CHP LA CC H
4.6.1. nh ngha v phm vi ng dng

im chp la cc h l nhit thp nht ( c hiu chnh v p sut


760mmHg) ca mu sn phm khi b t nng iu kin th nghim to thnh hn hp
hi. Khng kh trn b mt mu v b chp la khi a ngn la ngang qua mt cc v
lp tc lan truyn khp b mt mu.

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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

Tiu chun ny qui nh phng php xc nh im chp la v im bt chy ca


tt c cc sn phm du m tr mazut v cc sn phm c im chp la cc h di
79oC.
4.6.2. Thit b v ha cht
Thit b o nhit chp la cc h l cc h Claveland:
Cu to thit b gm:
Cc o chp la: C kch thc theo qui nh. Cc c lm bng ng thau hoc
kim loi khng g c h s dn nhit tng ng. Cc c th c lp sn tay cm.
Tm gia nhit: L 1 tm thp, ng, gang hoc m ng trn c ph lp cch nhit
tr phn t cc.
B phn cung cp ngn la kim tra c gn vo tm gia nhit, n c th l bt k
hnh dng no. Nhng phi tho mn l u cp la c ng knh 1,6mm v vi la l
0,8mm.
Thit b iu chnh ngn la th c lp t sao cho ngn la c th t ng qut i
qut li vi bn knh khng nh hn 150mm v tm ca n c nm trn mt mt phng
pha trn vch mt phng ca cc khng ln hn 2mm. Mt qu cu nh c ng knh
3,2 4,8 mm c gn trn mt thit b kch thc ngn la kim tra c th c biu
din bng cch so snh vi qu cu .
Bp nhit: Nhit c th c cung cp bng bt k ngun nht thch hp no. C th
dng n cn hoc gaz, nhng khng cho php sn phm chy vt qu xung quanh cc.
Bp in nn diu chnh bng bin th in. Ngun nhit s c tp trung ch h trn
tm un v khng c s qu nhit cc b.
Gi nhit k: Dng dng c thch hp lm gi nhit k v tr ring trong
khi kim tra v c th d dng dch chuyn nhit k khi cc th nghim sau khi th
nghim xong.
Gi tm gia nhit: C th s dng gi thch hp gi c nh tm gia nhit.
Nhit k: Dng nhit k c phm vi o t -6 400oC c gi tr mi vch l 2oC.
Ho cht: Dung mi, nc lm sch cc.
4.6.3. Tin hnh
t thit b trn mt bng phng, khng c gi. Dng dung mi ra sch cc, nu c
cn phi co sch cn trong cc bng nc lnh, sy kh.
mu vo cc sao cho nm ng ng ch nh du. Nu mu cho vo qu nhiu
th c th sng ng ht ra. Nu mu b tro ra khi cc th mu i v lm li. Ch
trch to bt trn b mt cht lng khi np vo cc.
Nht k c gi thng ng sao cho y ca bu thu ngn cch y cc 6,4mm v
im nm gia bn knh cong trn ng vung gc vi ng i ca ngn la th v
pha i din vi chm la th.
Chm ngn la th v iu chnh cho n c ng knh 3 - 5mm.

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Cp nhit vi tc tng nht ca mu t 14 0C n 170C/pht. Khi nhit ca


mu thp hn im chp la d on 560C th gim cp nhit xung cn 5-60C/pht cho
n khi cch nhit d on cn 280C.
T nhit 280C di im chp la d on bt u chm la th v c sau khong
tng 20C th chm la 1 ln. Tm ngn la cn c theo b mt ngang cao khng qu
2mm so vi ming cc v ch dch chuyn theo 1 hng, ln tip theo cho nhn la dch
chuyn theo hng ngc li. Thi gian dch chuyn ngn la trn mt cc mi ln l 1s.
Ghi li nhit trn nhit k l nhit quan st c khi xut hin ngn la xanh
u tin trn mt phn hay ton b b mt mu. xc nh im bt chy cc h ta gia
nhit n khi thu c ngn la bt chy lin tc trong 5s.
4.6.4. X l kt qu
Hiu chnh v p sut kh quyn:
Ch = Cqst + 0.25(101.3 K)
K:p sut mi trng ti thi im tin hnh php th
Lu :
p sut mi trng nh hn p sut kh quyn th cng thm gi tr hiu chnh v
lm trn ln 0.50C
p sut mi trng ln hn p sut kh quyn th tr bt i gi tr hiu chnh v lm
trn xung 0.50C
4.7. PHNG PHP XC NH P SUT HI REID
4.7.1. nh ngha

p sut hi bo ho l p sut sinh ra khi


mt cht lng th cn bng vi hi ca n ti
mt nhit nht nh.
p sut hi Reid l p sut hi bo ha ca
mu th cha trong mt bm tiu chun (bm
Reid) trong nhng iu kin xc nh, nhit
100oF (37,80C)
Nh vy, p sut hi bo ho c trng
cho cc phn nh trong du th cng nh cc
phn on du m. i vi xng nhin liu th gi tr ny c nh hng ln n kh nng
khi ng ca ng c, khi gi tr ny cng ln th ng c cng d khi ng. Nhng
nu gi tr ny ln qu th chng s gy mt mt vt cht v d to ra hin tng nt hi.
4.7.2. Phm vi p dng
p dng cho xng, du th bay hi v cc sn phm du m bay hi khc.
4.7.3. Nguyn tc
Bm Reid cha mu t trong thng iu nhit nhit 37.80C cho ti khi t
c p sut n nh. Gi tr c c trn p k ( hiu chnh) l p sut hi Reid.
4.7.4. Thit b
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Bm Ried
p k kim loi.
B phn lm lnh mu.
B n nhit.
Nhit k.
B phn gia nhit
B phn kim sot qu trnh o
4.7.5. Tin hnh
Mu th phi c bo qun cn thn, phi loi b nhng mu b bay hi.
Mu th nghim, dng c rt mu v bung nhin lu c a vo b phn lm
lnh cho n khi t c nhit thch hp.
Chun b b nc nhit 37,80C.
Dng mu th nghim trng qua bung nhin liu, sau y trn mu vo
bung, lc nh m bo loi ht kh. Ni ngay bung khng kh v bung nhin
liu np y mu (khng qu 1 pht).
o p sut hi bng p k kim loi:
Ni bung khng kh c p k vi bung nhin liu
Ngm bm vo b n nht.
c gi tr p sut khi n khng i.
Gi tr c c l p sut hi Reid.
4.8. PHNG PHP XC NH THNH PHN CT
4.8.1. Phm p dng
p dng cho xng t nhin, xng t, xng my bay, nhin liu phn lc, du ha,
diesel, mazout.
4.8.2. Ni dung
Chng ct 100ml mu iu kin thch hp. Ghi li s ch trn nht k ng vi tng th
tch thu c trong ng ong theo qui nh i vi loi sn phm th nghim. T cc s
liu ny tnh ton cc kt qu th nghim.
4.8.3. Thit b

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Chn dng c v thit b thch hp cho mu


v a nhit ca chng v qui nh
a nhit ca thng lm lnh v gi tr
qui nh. ng ngng phi ngp hon ton trong
nc.
Tu theo nhm qui nh m ta lm lnh
bng nc , nc, nc trn mui,
etylenglycol lnh.
ong 100ml mu bng ng ong v rt ton
b mu vo bnh ct.
Lp nhit k vo c bnh ct.
Lp ng dn hi tht kn vo ng ngng t
ca bnh lm lnh.
t ng ong s dng ong mu vo 1 cc lm lnh ngay du thp ca ng
ngng cao su sao cho u cui ca ng ngng nm gia ming ng ong, su vo trong
ng mt khong t nht l 25mm nhng khng qu vch chia 100ml ca ng ong. Dng
mnh giy lc y ming ng ong trnh s bay hi ca mu ngng t.
Ghi li nhit v p sut kh quyn lc th nghim.
4.8.4. Tin hnh
Cc iu kin khi tin hnh chng ct
Quan st v ghi li im si u, im si cui v cc gi tr cn thit tnh ton kt
qu. C th ghi s liu th nghim theo hai cch:
Ghi li nhit ti nhng phn trm ct nh
Ghi li gi tr phn trm ct ti nhng nhit nh.
Sau khi ct xong, xc nh phn cn ta rt phn cn li ca bnh ct vo ng ong
xc nh phn cn.
Phn trm hao ht c tnh bng 100ml tr i tng phn trm thu hi v phn cn.
4.9. PHNG PHP XC NH N MN L NG
4.9.1. Phm vi ng dng

p dng i vi xng my bay, nhin liu phn lc, xng t, du ha, diesel, du nhn.
4.9.2. Tm tt php th
Mt tm ng c nh bng theo qui nh ri c ngm vo lng mu quy nh,
c gia nhit theo thi gian quy nh i vi sn phm kim tra. Kt thc giai on ny,
tm ng c nhc ra, ra sch v so snh vi bng chun n mn tm ng ASTM.
4.9.3. Dng c thit b
ng mu hnh tr
B iu nhit c b phn gia nhit km rle nhit t ng cho php bin dao
ng l +/- 1oC.
Bom th n mn tm ng.
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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

Nhit k vch chia 1oC


ng nghim dt dng bo v mnh ng b n mn khi so snh v bo
qun.
Bn kp dng gi l ng khi bo qun v khi gn mnh ng vo.
Hp cc mnh ng.
Bng so mu chun.
4.9.4. Tin hnh
Mu c ly v bo qun nh sau: np y mu vo bnh thy tinh ti mu v y nm
kn, trnh nh sng hoc bt k loi nh sng khuch tn no.
t mnh ng vo bn kp, dng giy nhm nh bng tt c cc mt dt. (c cha
isooctan n ngp mnh ng)
Ci t nhit thch hp cho my (100oC vi nhin liu my bay v 50oC vi DO, FO,
MO).
Cho 30ml mu vo ng th lm sch v sy kh. Dng kp gp mnh ng c
lm sch trn, thm kh bng giy lc v bng v t vo ng th trn. i vi mu
d bay hi phi t mu vo bom. Nhng ton b h thng vo b iu nhit; 150pht i
vi 100oC v 150pht vi 50oC, ly ng ng mu ra v rt vo cc 100ml. Dng kp
gp mnh ng v nhng ngay vo dung dch isooctan. Sau gp mnh ng ra thm
kh bng giy lc v t trong ng nghim dt. nh v bng bng, so snh vi bng mu
chun xc nh n mn.
4.10. PHNG PHP XC NH HM LNG LU HUNH, CH
4.10.1. Phm vi ng dng

Xc nh hm lng Pb, S c trong cc sn


phm du m theo phng php
ASTM D5059 (i vi Pb) v ASTM (i vi
S) bng my LAB-X.
4.10.2. Nguyn tc hot ng
My LAB -X l thit b in t hot ng t
ng. My hot ng da trn nguyn tc ca
quang ph hunh quang tia X. Di tc dng
ca tia X cc nguyn t s chuyn t lp K
(lp bn nht) ln cc lp trn li cc l
trng trn lp K. Cc in t khc t lp trn
s lp cc l trng v pht x hunh quang h . Trong phng php ny ta ch xt trng
hp cc in t t lp L chuyn v lp K hay cn gi l K tng ng vi bc sng ca
vch ph pht x =5,573A0
My s o cng vch ph xc nh c hm lng Pb, S trong mu.
4.10.3. Tiu chun
Sn phm
Gii hn S(%m)
trng lp
ti din
SVTH: Nguyn Th Dim Linh
Trang 50

Bo co thc tp cng nhn

Mogas 83,92
Ko,Jet A1
DO cao cp
DO dn dng
FO
Hm lng Pb:
Sn phm
Mogas 83,92

Max 0,15
Max 0,3
Max 0,5
Max 1
Max 3

Gii hn Pb(g/l)
Max 0,15

0,02
0,03
0,03
0,05
0,10

0,03
0,07
0,07
0,10
0,23

trng lp
ti din
0,0070+0,14GTTB 0,018+0,15GTTB

4.11. PHNG PHP XC NH TR S OCTANE


4.11.1. nh ngha

Tr s octan l i lng c trng cho kh nng chng kch n ca xng, quy c c


tnh bng phn trm th tch ca iso-octan (loi 2,2,4trimetylpentan: C 8H18) trong hn hp
ca n vi n-heptan (n-C7H16) khi hn hp ny c kh nng chng kch n tng ng
vi xng ang xem xt.
Trong iso-octan l cu t c kh nng chng kch n ln nn ch s octan ca n c
quy c bng 100 cn n-heptan l cu t c kh nng chng kch n km nn ch s
octan ca n c quy c bng 0. Nh vy, tr s ny cng ln, cng c kh nng chng
kch n cao.
4.11.2. Phm vi ng dng
o tr s otan theo tiu chun ASTM 2699-01a, tiu chun ny qui nh phng php
nghin cu xc nh bn ca xng t, xng my bay v cc hp phn ca chng biu
th bng tr s otan.
4.11.3. Tin hnh
Mu kim tra tr s otan c a vo trong bnh cha nhin liu phn tch sau
c a vo ng c ca my octan ng c CFR-WAUKESHA xc nh c s ch
ca ng h o kch n. Sau pha dung dch chun s cp chn trn v chn di, c
c kt qu ca s ch ng h o kch n thay vo cng thc ta c kt qu cu tr s
octan.
Dng c thit b v ha cht :
My xc nh tr s octan.
T pha ha cht, ng ong 100 ml, 500 ml, bnh nn 500 ml.
Ha cht izo-octan, nHeptan, 80 octan Blend, Toluen.
Tin hnh th :
Tc ng c 600 6 vng /pht.
Chun b ng c trc khi khi ng ng c.
Quy trnh : Xc nh khong chn Mc nhin liu cn bng gm hai trng hp :
trng hp khi khong tr s octan kim tra c th d on c v rng hp khong tr
s octan ca mu l khng xc nh .
SVTH: Nguyn Th Dim Linh
Trang 51

Bo co thc tp cng nhn


4.11.4. X l kt qu

Tnh tr s octan ca mu :
ONs = ONifs + (KIirf- Kis)*(Onhrf Onirf )/(KIirf KIhrf )
Trong :
ONs: Tr s octan ca nhin li mu.
ONrf: Tr s octan ca nhin liu chun Toluen chn di.
ONhfr: Tr s octan ca nhin liu chun Toluen chn trn.
Kis: Cng kch n (ch s kch n ) ca nhin liu mu .
KIirf: Cng kch n (ch s kch n ) ca nhin liu chun Toluen chn di.
Kihrf : Cng kch n (ch s kch n ) ca nhin liu chun Toluen chn trn
4.12. XC NH TP CHT TRONG NHIN LIU T L BNG PHNG

PHP CHIT LY ASTM D473


4.12.1. Phm vi ng dng
Phng php ny bao gm vic kim tra xc
nh tp cht trong nhin liu t l bng phng
php chit ly vi Toluen.
4.12.2. Thit b
Chit ly bng Toluen nng mt lng mu du
cn kim tra c cha trong ng chit ly cho
n khi cn li cn c khi lng khng i. Khi
lng ca cn c tnh theo %.
Bnh chit ly.
ng ngng
ng chit ly
Gi ng chit ly
Ngun nhit
Dung mi Toluen
4.12.3. Tin hnh
Cho mt khi lng mu cn kim tra (khong 10g) vo trong ng chit ly ngay sau
khi mu c trn k. t ng chit ly vo thit b chit ly v chit vi Toluen nng
trong 30 pht k t sau khi dung mi chy t ng xung khng c mu. m bo tc
chit ly sao cho b mt ca hn hp du-Toluen trong ng l nhu nhau. Sau khi chit
ly,sy kh ng trong 1 gi 120oC, ngui trong bnh ht m trong 1 gi v cn chnh
xc n 0,2mg.
4.12.4. X l kt qu
Kt qu hm lng tp cht khng tan trong Toluen c th c tnh nh v d sau:
Vi mu l T10NH (FO)
m b (khi lng ng chit ly) = 16,0498g
m mu = 10,0130 g
SVTH: Nguyn Th Dim Linh
Trang 52

Bo co thc tp cng nhn

m sau tin hnh = 16,0526 g


Vy : % Cn = (m sau tin hnh - m b )*100/ m mu

16 ,0526 16 ,0498
100 = 0,028 %
10 ,013

4.13. PHNG PHP NH GI BI TRN BNG THIT B CHUYN

NG KH HI CAO TNG (HFFR) TCVN 7758 : 2007 ; ASTM D 6079 04


4.13.1. Phm vi ng dng
nh gi bi trn ca nhin liu Diesel, c th p dng cho cc loi nhin liu c
bi trn trung bnh c hm lng lu hunh thp nh loi 1D, 2D v cc nhin liu
gc du m tng t khc c th dng cho ng c diesel.
4.13.2. Thit b
Thit b chuyn ng kh hi cao tng: C kh nng to s c st ca vin bi thp c
ti trng 200g ln mt a tnh khi ngp hon ton trong nhin liu th. Thit b to
khong cch va trt ca vin bi thp ln mt a l 1mm vi tn s 50Hz trong vng 75
pht.
Bnh cha: C kh nng cha mt a th nm di nhin liu th. Duy tr nhit
ca bnh cha ny, nhin liu th bng cch dng tm gia nhit kim sot bng in, p
st vo bnh cha.
B phn iu khin: Dng iu khin khong cch va p, tn s, nhit bnh
cha, lc ma st, th in tip xc, thi gian th, vi h thng iu khin v thu thp cc
s liu in t.
Knh hin vi: c kh nng phng i 100 ln vi thang chia 0,1mm v kh nng
phng i c tng ln vi thang chia l 0,01 mm.
Thc micro loi trt: Bng thu tinh vi thang chia n 0,01 mm.
B lm sch: c bng thp khng g, c dung tch ph hp vi cng sut lm sch
bng hoc ln hn 40 w .
Bnh ht m, bnh cha mu, pipt.
Thuc v vt liu: Axeton, toluen, cp thuc th, khng kh nn, bao tay.
Cc cht lng chun: Cht lng A - cht chun c bi trn cao. Cht lng B - Cht
chun c bi trn thp.
Bi th lm t thp c ng knh 6mm.
a th c ng knh bng 10mm.

SVTH: Nguyn Th Dim Linh


Trang 53

Bo co thc tp cng nhn

Thit b xc nh bi trn.
4.13.3. Tin hnh
Dng kp t a th vo trong bnh th, mt bng ln trn. nh v a th vo bnh,
sau c nh bnh vo thit b th. Cn m bo cp nhit in c t ng v tr
trong bnh th. m tng i ca phng th nghim phi ln hn 30%.
Dng kp t vin bi vo trong gi , gn cht gi vo u ca cn rung. Gi gi
nm ngang trc khi xit cht c nh.
Dng pipt cho vo b 2ml 0,2 ml nhin liu th.
Dng b phn iu khin nhit t nhit mong mun v gia nhit. t chiu
di va trt l 1mm. t tn s rung l 50Hz.
Khi nhit n nh, h thp cn rung v treo ti trng 200 g vo, bt thit b
rung.
Php th c tin hnh trong 75 pht. Khi php th hon tt tt my rung v tt b
phn gia nhit. Nng cn rung ln v tho gi bi th ra.
t gi vin bi di knh hin vi v o ng knh vt mn ph hp, sau ly bi
ra v bo qun cng ch vi a th.
Bt cng tc knh hin vi, t vin bi th vo knh hin vi c phng i 100 ln.
iu chnh tiu im ca knh hin vi, v iu chnh v tr ca vt mi mn nm
trung tm ca vng quan st.
a vt mi mn vo ch c thang chia chun bng iu khin c hc. o trc ca
vt mi mn chnh xc n 0,01 mm, ghi li s o .
Ghi li trng thi ca vt mi mn nu c s khc bit i vi pho th mu chun,
nh cc mng mu, cc ht khng bnh thng, cc ht mi mn, vt rp thy c, . . v
s c mt ca cc ht cn trong bnh th.
4.13.4. X l kt qu
Tnh ng knh vt mi mn:
WSD = (M+N)/2x100
WSD l ng knh vt mn, tnh bng micromet
M
l trc chnh, tnh bng mm
N
l trc ph, tnh bng mm
SVTH: Nguyn Th Dim Linh
Trang 54

Bo co thc tp cng nhn

Bo co cc thng tin
di trc chnh v trc ph chnh xc n 0,01mm, ng knh vt mi mn chnh
xc n 10m. M t din tch vt mi mn.
chm v lch
chm: chm c xy dng cho cc nhin liu c ng knh vt mi mn
nm trong khong 143m v 772m 25oC.
ti lp: ti 25 oC = 127m
ti lp: ti 60 oC = 136m
4.14. PHNG PHP XC NH N NH OXY HO BNG PHNG
PHP CHU K CM NG THEO TCVN 6778 : 2000; ASTM D 525 95

4.14.1. Phm vi ng dng


Phng php ny xc nh n nh oxy ho ca xng thnh phm trong iu kin
oxy ho mnh.
4.14.2. Thit b
Bom oxy ho: Np v bnh cha mu bng thu tinh, cc ph tng, ng h o p
sut v b oxy ho.
Nhit k.
Ho cht v vt liu
xy: xy thng mi, kh, c tinh khit khng thp hn 99,6%.
CPU, my in.

Thit b xc nh n nh oxyho.
4.14.3. Tin hnh
bom v mu xng th nhit t 15 n 25 oC. t bnh cha mu bng thy
tinh trong bom v rt 50 1ml mu vo. y np bnh cha mu, y np bom, dng
khp ni x kh nhanh np oxy vo bom cho n khi p sut t t 690 n 705 kPa.
X t t kh ga trong bom ra ui khng kh ban u cn trong . Np li oxy cho
n khi p sut t t 690 n 705 kPa v kim tra s r r, b qua s st p nhanh ban
u iu ny c th quan st c v oxy ha tan vo mu. Nu tc st p khng qu 7
kPa trong 10 pht th coi nh khng r r v tin hnh th m khng np li p sut.
SVTH: Nguyn Th Dim Linh
Trang 55

Bo co thc tp cng nhn

t bom vo b n nhit v ni vi CPU s dng phn mm biu din qu trnh


cm ng trn th.
Thi gian cho ti khi t ti im gy l chu k cm ng quan st c ti nhit
ca php th.
4.14.4. X l kt qu
Thi gian t khi t bom vo b cho ti khi t ti im gy l chu k cm ng quan
st c ti nhit ca php th, tnh bng pht.
4.15. XC NH HM LNG NHA BNG PHNG PHP BAY HI THEO

TCVN 6539 : 2006 (ASTM D 381- 04).


4.15.1. Phm vi ng dng
Xc nh hm lng nha thc t c trong nhin liu hng khng, hm lng nha
c trong xng t hoc cc sn phm ct d bay hi khc (bao gm c cc loi nhin liu
c cha ru v cc loi ete xygenat khc v cc ph gia kim sot cn) ti thi im
tin hnh th.
Xc nh phn cn khng tan trong heptan ca cc loi nhin liu khng phi l nhin
liu hng khng.
4.15.2. Thit b

Thit b xc nh hm lng nha.


Cn: C kh nng cn chnh xc n 0,1mg.
Cc th: C dung tch 100 ml.
My xc nh hm lng nha gm c cc b phn: B phn gia nhit, lu tc k,
phu lc xp thy tinh, b phn iu nhit.
ng ong: C ming rt, c kh nng ong c 500,5ml.
Dng c cm tay: Kp hoc km kp cc cc th v cc u phun hnh cn theo
yu cu ca phng php th.
Khng kh: Dng khng kh c lc ti p sut khng ln hn 35 kPa.
Dung mi ho tan nha: Hn hp ca toluen v axeton c t l th tch 1:1.
Heptan: tinh khit ti thiu 99,7%.
SVTH: Nguyn Th Dim Linh
Trang 56

Bo co thc tp cng nhn

Hi nc: Dng hi nc khng cha cn du v ti p sut khng nh hn 35 kPa.


4.15.3. Tin hnh
Dng cc kp bng thp khng g ly cc cc ra khi dung dch lm sch v sau
ch c cm cc cc bng cc kp ny.
Cn cc b v cc cc th chnh xc n 0,1mg, ghi li kt qu cn.
Bt nt gia nhit cho my (ci t 232oC vi JetA1 v 162oC i vi xng)
Nu c cht dng l lng hoc cht rn lng xung, phi khuy u ton b lng
mu trong bnh cha theo phng php thch hp. Ti p sut kh quyn lc ngay 1 lng
mu bng phu lc xp thy tinh. X l phn lc theo quy nh.
Ly 50 0,5ml mu th bng ng ong v chuyn vo cc th cn tr cc b, mi
cc dng cho mt loi nhin liu. t cc cc c mu, k c cc b vo thit b xc
nh hm lng nha sao cho thi gian t cc cng ngn cng tt, gi nhit 160 1650C, khng lp cc vi phun hnh nn cc cc kh trong vng 5 0.5 pht.
Khi bp t nhit ci t, t c hai cc ny vo hc bp, lp phu thi kh
ng thi thi kh. Thi gian thi khong 30 pht. Trong qu trnh thi nu nhit gim
th tip tc tng thm nhit cho bp.
Sau khi kh ngng thi, dng kp ly cc cc ra khi b v t vo bnh lm ngui
gn cn trong thi gian t nht l 2 gi. Cn cc cc theo quy nh. Ghi li cc kt qu
cn.
Trong trng hp i vi mu xng cn lm cn ra th thc hin tip cng on sau:
cho 25 ml n-heptan vo mi cc lc nh, yn trong 10 pht, gn b i, tip tc lp li
ln hai vi 25 ml n-heptan. t cc cc vo li cc hc bp nhit (160-165 oC)
nhng khng ni vi vi phun cc kh trong 5 pht.
Kt thc giai on lm kh, gp cc ra t vo bnh ht m trong 2 gi.
Cn cc, ghi li kt qu cn c.
4.15.4. X l kt qu
Hm lng nha thc t theo cng thc:
G = (A -B) x 2
Trong :
G l hm lng nha thc t, tnh bng mg /100ml.
A l tng trng lng ca cc mu, mg
B l tng trng lng ca cc b, mg
i vi tt c cc loi nhin liu, nu thc hin cng on lc trc khi bay hi
th sau tr s ca hm lng nha ghi lc.
4.15.5. chm v lch
lp li:
r = 1,11+ 0.95 x
i vi hm lng nha thc t (xng hng khng)
r = 0,5882 + 0,2490 x i vi hm lng nha thc t.
r = 0,997 x0,4
i vi hm lng nha cha qua ra.
0,3
r = 1,298 x
i vi hm lng nha ra qua dung mi
SVTH: Nguyn Th Dim Linh
Trang 57

Bo co thc tp cng nhn

Trong : x l kt qu trung bnh cng ca cc kt qu ang so snh


ti lp:
R = 2,09 + 0,126 x
i vi hm lng nha thc t (xng hng khng)
R = 2,941 + 0,2794 x i vi hm lng nha thc t
R = 1,928 x0,4
i vi hm lng nha cha qua ra
0,3
R = 2,494 x
i vi hm lng nha ra qua dung mi
4.16. XC NH HM LNG CN CACBON BNG PHNG PHP

CONRADSON THEO TCVN 6324 : 2006 ; ASTM D 189 05


4.16.1. Phm vi ng dng
Xc nh lng cn cacbon cn li sau khi lm bay hi v nhit phn du, nhm a ra
mt s ch dn v xu hng to cc. p dng cho cc sn phm du m tng i kh
bay hi, b phn hy mt phn khi chng ct p sut thng.
4.16.2. Thit b

Thit b xc nh cn cacbon conradson.


ng thy tinh dung tch 29 31ml
Cn: C kh nng cn chnh xc n 0,1mg.
Thit b xc nh hm lng cn cacbon conradson.
Kh nit.
4.16.3. Tin hnh
Lc k mu th, khi cn gim nht, lm nng mu nhit 50 0C 100C trong
0.5 gi. Ngay sau khi lm nng v lc mu, cho lc phn chia qua sng 100. Cn 10 g
chnh xc n 5mg mu du kim tra, khng cha hi m v cc cht l lng, cho vo
ng thy tinh cn b trc trong c sn hai ht thy tinh ng knh khong
2,5mm. t chn ny vo my, y np.
M van bnh cha kh nit.
Bt nt khi ng thit b (cc gi tr thng s vn hnh ca my c ci t
sn). i khi tn hiu n xanh bt l qu trnh th nghim xong.
Dng cp h nng gp ng thy tinh, t vo bnh chng m, ngui ri cn.
Tnh phn trm cn cacbon theo lng mu ban u.
SVTH: Nguyn Th Dim Linh
Trang 58

Bo co thc tp cng nhn

i vi mu c hm lng cn cacbon ln hn 5% qu trnh th nghim s c nhiu


kh khn do mu b si tro cng nh s gp phi phc tp vi nhng mu sn phm
nng v n kh kh nc. Tin hnh kim tra li vi lng mu 5g 0,5g cn chnh xc
n 5mg. Trong trng hp kt qu thu c ln hn 15 % th tin hnh php th vi
lng mu 3g 0,1g cn chnh xc n 5mg.
Nu mu b si, tro th gim lng mu n 5g, nu cn th c th gim tip n 3g.
4.16.4. X l kt qu
Cn cacbon ca mu hoc cn cacbon c trong cn chng ct 10 % (X) c tnh
bng phn trm khi lng theo cng thc:
X = (A100) /W
Trong :
A l khi lng cn cacbon, tnh bng gam;
W l khi lng mu, tnh bng gam;
4.16.5. Bo co kt qu:
Bo co kt qu thu c l cn cacbon Conradson, tnh bng phn trm khi lng.
4.17. XC NH HM LNG BENZEN BNG PHNG PHP SC K KH

(THEO ASTM D 5580)


4.17.1. Tm tt phng php
H thng sc k 2 ct c trang b mt van chuyn ct v mt detector ion ha
ngn la. Th tch ca mu cha cht chun ni thch hp nh 2-hexanon c tim vo
bn trn ca ct ti sinh cha mt pha lng phn cc. C9 v nhng hp cht khng thm
nh hn thot t ct ti sinh ra ngoi. u d dn nhit c th c dng theo di s
tch ra ny. Ct ti sinh TCEP (1,2,3-tris-2 cyanoethoxypropan; pha lng sc k khi phn
cc) c o ngc ngay lp tc trc khi s tch ra ca benzen v phn cn li ca
mu c tim vo ct th 2 cha pha lng phn cc (WCOT: mt loi ct mao qun,
c chun b bng cch ph bn trong mao qun mt lp mng pha tnh). Benzen,
toluen v cht chun ni thot ra theo th t im si ca chng v c pht hin bi
detector ion ha ngn la. Ngay sau khi cht chun ni tch ra, lu lng chy qua ct
khng phn cc WCOT c o ngc thi ngc phn cn li ca mu (nhng hp
cht thm C8 v nng hn cng vi C10 v nhng hp cht khng thm nng hn) t ct
n detector ion ha ngn la.
Vic phn tch c lp li ln th 2 cho C 12 v nhng hp cht khng thm nh
hn, benzen v toluen tch khi ct ti sinh phn cc TCEP ti l thng. Detector dn
nhit c th c dng theo di s tch ri ny. Ct ti sinh TCEP c thi ngc
ngay lp tc trc khi etylbenzen v phn hp cht thm cn li ca mu tch ra v a
vo ct WCOT. Cht chun ni v nhng thnh phn hp cht thm C 8 thot ra theo th
t im si ca chng v c pht hin bi detector ion ha ngn la. Ngay sau khi oxylen thot ra, lu lng chy qua ct khng phn cc WCOT c o ngc thi
ngc hp cht thm C9 v nng hn n detector ion ha ngn la.
SVTH: Nguyn Th Dim Linh
Trang 59

Bo co thc tp cng nhn

Sau ln phn tch u tin, din tch pic ca benzen, toluen v cht chun ni (2hexanon) c o v ghi nhn. Din tch pic ca etylbenzen, p/m-xylen, o-xylen, nhng
hp cht thm nng hn, cht chun ni c o v ghi nhn t s phn tch ln th hai.
Pic do s thi ngc tch t ct WCOT trong ln phn tch th 2 ch cha C9 v hp cht
thm nng hn.
4.17.2. Phm vi ng dng
Nhng quy nh gii hn nng ca benzen v hm lng tng ca hp cht thm
ca xng thng phm c thit lp vo nm 1995. phng php th nghim xc nh
hm lng benzen v hm lng cht thm l cn thit quyt nh cht lng sn
phm v p ng nhng quy nh nhin liu mi.
Phng php th nghim ny c dng cho xng c cha oxy (cn v ete dng
ph gia). iu ny cho thy rng cn v ete khng lm nh hng n vic phn tch
benzen v nhng hp cht thm khc trong phng php th nghim ny.
4.17.3. Thit b

My sc k kh v thit b sinh kh H2
Bung tim:
Loi
Nhit ban u (oC)
p sut (KPa)
T l chia dng

Chia dng
200
100
4:1

SVTH: Nguyn Th Dim Linh


Trang 60

Bo co thc tp cng nhn

Ct mao qun:
Nhit cao nht (oC)
Chiu di ct (m)
ng knh trong (m)
Chiu dy lp pha tnh (m)
Loi
Lu lng u (ml/min)
p sut u (KPa)
Tc trung bnh (cm/sec)

280
30
530
5
C nh lu lng
22.9
100
129

Detector FID:
Nhit (oC)
Lu lng kh H2 (ml/min)
Lu lng kh (ml/min)
Loi kh b tr
Lu lng kh b tr (ml/min)

250
35
350
He
20

Ct sc k kh:
Ct ti sinh phn cc (TCEP)
Ct mao qun: khng phn cc
- Dng by cc H.C thm
- Dng phn tch cc H.C theo
- Lm bng thp khng g
th t im si ca n.
- L = 22 inch
- y l ct metyl silicon WCOT
- D = 1/16 inch
- Lm bng thch anh
- D = 0.03 inch
- L = 30 m
- c nhi t 0.14 0.15 g TCEP - Di = 0.021 inch
20% khi lng v chromosorb P - ng c ph metylsilosan
(AW) 80/100 mesh

Lu lng v iu kin
Kh mang
Lu lng n ct ti sinh TCEP (ml/pht)
Lu lng n mao qun WCOT (ml/pht)
Lu lng t l pht kh chia dng
(ml/pht)
T l chia dng
Kch c mu (l)

He
10
10
100
11 :1
1

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4.17.4. Chun b mu
Chuyn 1 ml cht chun ni (hexanol) vo bnh nh mc 10ml, ghi li khi lng
(chnh xc n 0.1 mg), lm y bnh vi 9 ml mu lm lnh, y np v ghi li khi
lng, lm u mu. Nim l vi np TFE-fluorocacbon. Nu mu khng c phn tch
ngay, lu 0 5 oC. Sau nhp s liu vo my v tin hnh chy sc k.
4.18. XC NH HM LNG OXY BNG PHNG PHP SC K KH

THEO ASTM D 4815[4].


4.18.1. Tm tt phng php
Vi cht chun ni thch hp l 1,2-Dimetoxyetan (etylen glycol dimetyl ete) c
pha vo trong mu sau c bm qua sc k kh c trang b bi 2 ct v van ng
m ct. Mu trc tin s chy qua ct phn cc TCEP trong Hydrocacbon nh s
c tch ra ngoi, cn cc Hydrocacbon nng hn v cc oxygenat b gi li trong ct.
Sau methylcyclopentan, nhng trc khi DIPE v MTBE b tch khi ct phn cc,
van s xoay sao cho tt c cc hp cht cha oxy chy vo trong ct khng phn cc
WCOT. Tt c ru v ete s b tch bng ct khng phn cc theo nhit si ca tng
cu t, trc khi cc thnh phn Hydrocacbon cn li b tch ra khi ct.
Sau khi Benzen v TAME b tch ra khi ct khng phn cc, van ca h thng s
quay ngc li v tr ban u tip nhn cc Hydrocacbon nng hn.
Cc thnh phn thot ra khi ct s c pht hin bng detector ion ha ngn la
(FID) hay detector dn nhit (TCD). Cc tn hiu ca detector s t l vi nng cc
thnh phn c tch ra khi ct, v c ghi li. T din tch cc pic s tnh c nng
ca tng thnh phn cn xc nh theo phng php chun ni (ISTD).
4.18.2. Phm vi ng dng
Cc ete, ru v cc hp cht cha oxy c a vo trong xng lm tng tr s
octan v gim lng cht thi trong ng c. Loi v hm lng ca cc hp cht
cha oxy khc nhau c quy nh r v tun theo cc nguyn tc m bo tnh chp
nhn v mt cht lng ca thng phm xng. Dn xut, p sut hi bo ha, phn tch
pha, bay hi v b thi ra ca mt s cc hp cht c lin quan vi cc nhin liu c
ngun gc t cc nhin liu ca hn hp cha oxy.
Phng php ny c p dng va qun l cht lng ca sn phm ca xng
va c s dng xc nh lng ph gia ca cc hp cht cha oxy cn thit, cc
trng hp gy hng nhiu liu.
4.18.3. Cc thng s lm vic ca thit b
Thit b vn hnh theo bng 10.
Bng 10. Cc iu kin vn hnh ca my sc k.
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Nhit (oC)
L
Bung bm mu
Detector TCD
Valve

Tc dng, ml/pht
60
200
200
60

Vo bung bm mu 75
Vo ct
5
Ph tr
3
Makeup gas
18

Kh mang: Heli
Lng mu 1.0 3 l
chia dng 15:1
Thi gian xoay van, min 0.20.3
Thi gian t van, min 810
Thi gian phn tch, min 1820

4.18.4. Chun b mu phn tch


Chuyn 0.5ml cht chun ni (1,2-Dimetoxyetan) vo bnh nh mc 10ml, ghi li
khi lng (chnh xc n 0.1 mg), lm y bnh vi 9.5 ml mu lm lnh, y np v
ghi li khi lng, lm u mu. Nim l vi np tephlon. Nu mu khng c phn
tch ngay, lu 0 5 oC. Sau nhp s liu vo my v tin hnh chy sc k.
4.19. XC NH HM LNG TRO THEO TCVN 2690 : 2007; ASTM D482-03

4.19.1. Phm vi ng dng


Xc nh lng tro trong khong 0,001% n 0,180% khi lng trong cc loi nhin
liu c thnh phn ct nh v cc nhin liu cn, tuc bin kh, du th, du bi trn, sp
v cc sn phm du m khng c ph gia to tro, k c hp cht photpho.
4.19.2. Thit b
Chn nung chu nhit
Cn: C kh nng cn chnh xc n 0,1mg.
Bnh ly mu, bnh ht m.
Bp in gia nhit
L nung
4.19.3. Tin hnh
Nu mu nhit phng dng nht hoc rn th gia nhit bnh cha mu cho n
khi mu chy hon ton, lc k mu th.
Cho mu vo chn s cn, cn mu (khong 80g). Ghi li khi lng chn,
chn + mu chnh xc n 0,1 mg.
t chn ny vo bp gia nhit, bt nt m ngun. Nung cho n khi ngn la bng
chy, t chy hon ton mu.
Dng cp chn s t vo l nung nhit khong 775 25oC cho ti khi tt c
cc hp cht cha cacbon bin mt, lm ngui trong bnh chng m, ngui ri cn.
Tnh phn trm tro theo lng mu ban u.
4.19.4. X l kt qu
Tro c tnh bng phn trm khi lng ca cc mu th ban u theo cng thc:
Tro, % khi lng = (w/W) x 100
Trong :
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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

w l khi lng tro, tnh bng gam;


W l khi lng mu, tnh bng gam;
4.20. XC NH HM LNG PARAFIN, OLEFIN, AROMATIC BNG

PHNG PHP SC K LNG


4.20.1. Phm vi ng dng
Xc nh lng parafin, olefin, aromatic c trong xng
4.20.2. Thit b
Ct nhi
Pha tnh silicagen
Pha ng kh N2 hoc khng kh nn
Thuc th mui flo
n cc tm
Thit b rung chuyn dng
4.20.3. Tin hnh
Nhi pha tnh vo ct, s dng thit b rung chuyn dng rung nh cho silicagen
nhi cht v u hn
Thm mt t mui flo vo v tip tc rung nh
Cho 10 ml mu c lm lnh t trc (-40C)
Cho pha ng i qua
Khi mui flo xung y thp nhi th dng li chiu n
Xem chiu cao ca mu trn ct xc nh phn trm th tch parafin, olefin,
aromatic trong mu (xanh dng l parafin, xanh l cy l olefin, mu tm l aromatic)
Ghi kt qu v tho b silicagen.

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Bo co thc tp cng nhn

TI LIU THAM KHO


1.inh Th Ng,PGS.TS (2001) : Ha hc du m v kh,NXB Khoa hc v k
thut,H Ni.
2.Nguyn Th Diu Hng,Ths (2008) : Sn phm du m thng phm,B mn
CNHH-Du v Kh,Bch Khoa nng.
3.Kiu nh Kim,Ths (2006) : Cc sn phm du m v ha du,NXB Khoa hc
v k thut,H Ni.
4.Kiu nh Kim (2001) : Ti liu k thut chuyn ngnh ca Tng cng ty xng
du Vit Nam,NXB Khoa hc v k thut,H Ni.

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