M i nhHT

PTIT
[ Pi ck t he dat e]



Bi ging
C s k thut
chuyn mch



Bin son: Hong Trng Minh, Nguyn Thanh Tr





















H ni: 2009
HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG

1

LI NI U

K thut chuyn mch l mt trong nhng k thut mu cht nht trong cc
mng truyn thng. S pht trin mnh m ca h tng truyn thng trong mt s nm
gn y to ra cc cuc cch mng v khoa hc cng ngh v k thut chuyn
mch l mt phn ca s pht trin . Mc tiu ca cun bi ging l cung cp cho
sinh vin chuyn ngnh Vin thng cc kin thc nn tng ca lnh vc chuyn mch,
h thng ha kin thc cho sinh vin tip cn cc gii php k thut v cng ngh
chuyn mch mi mt cch tt nht. T lm nn tng cho cc mn hc tip theo.
Ni dung chnh ca cc chng gm:
Chng th nht a ra cc khi nim v l thuyt nn tng ca lnh vc
chuyn mch, mt s bi ton v m hnh ng dng trong k thut chuyn mch c
trnh by vn tt l c s pht trin v tnh ton cho mt s vn s cp trong cc
chng tip theo.
Chng th hai tm tt cc vn ct li ca k thut chuyn mch knh bao
gm cc nguyn l chuyn mch c bn, cc hnh thi kt ni trng chuyn mch v
iu khin kt ni thng tin qua trng chuyn mch.
Chng th ba tip cn k thut chuyn mch gi t cc vn c bn nh
nguyn tc, phng php x l gi tin trong mng v trong trng chuyn mch ti
cc vn phc tp nh cc k thut nh tuyn, cc giao thc nh tuyn v bo hiu
m bo cht lng dch v. Chng ny cn a ra mt s vn m v xu hng
pht trin ca k thut chuyn mch gi.
Chng th t tp trung vo gii php cng ngh chuyn mch tin tin bao
gm cc gii php cng ngh mng c nh nh cng ngh MPLS, GMPLS v vn
nh tuyn ca cc cng ngh ny. Mng khng dy vi tng lai c ng dng rng
ri cng c tm tt trong chng ny vi nhng kin thc v nh tuyn. Tip cn
chuyn mch mm vi mt s m hnh ng dng cng c a ra trong chng cui
nhm gip Sinh vin tip cn ti cc gii php cng ngh thc tin trn mng vin
thng.
K thut chuyn mch l mt lnh vc rng v lin quan ti rt nhiu lnh vc
khc trong mi trng mng truyn thng. V vy, nhm bin son rt mong mun c
c s gp chn thnh ca ng nghip v ngi c.


H ni, ngy 25 thng 12 nm 2009

2

Mc lc
LI NI U ............................................................................................................. 1
Mc lc ....................................................................................................................... 2
CHNG 1:
GII THIU CHUNG V K THUT CHUYN MCH ...................................... 10
1.1 NHP MN K THUT CHUYN MCH ............................................. 10
1.1.1 Gii thiu chung ........................................................................................ 10
1.1.2 Mt s khi nim c s .............................................................................. 11
1.1.3 Cc m hnh ton hc ng dng trong lnh vc chuyn mch .................... 14
1.1.4 Cc l thuyt lin quan .............................................................................. 18
1.2 QU TRNH PHT TRIN CA K THUT CHUYN MCH .............. 22
1.2.1 Lch s v xu hng pht trin cng ngh mng ......................................... 22
1.2.2 Chuyn mch mm v hng tip cn my ch cuc gi CS. ..................... 25
1.2.3 Hng tip cn phn h a phng tin IP (IMS) ....................................... 26
1.3 CC T CHC TIU CHUN ................................................................... 27
1.4 KT LUN CHNG ................................................................................. 30
CHNG 2:
K THUT CHUYN MCH KNH ..................................................................... 31
2.1 C S K THUT CHUYN MCH KNH ........................................... 31
2.2 KIN TRC TRNG CHUYN MCH KNH ....................................... 34
2.2.1 Trng chuyn mch khng gian s ........................................................... 34
2.2.2 Trng chuyn mch thi gian s ............................................................... 36
2.2.3 Trng chuyn mch ghp TST ................................................................. 38
2.3 NH TUYN TRONG CHUYN MCH KNH ...................................... 41
2.3.1 Phn loi cc k thut nh tuyn ............................................................... 41
2.3.2 Phng php nh s trong mng PSTN ................................................... 44
2.3.3 Mng bo hiu PSTN ................................................................................ 46
2.3.4 X l nh tuyn cuc gi trong node mng chuyn mch knh ................. 47
2.4 KT LUN CHNG ................................................................................ 48
CHNG 3:
K THUT CHUYN MCH GI ......................................................................... 49

3

3.1. C S K THUT CHUYN MCH GI............................................... 49
3.1.1 M hnh kt ni h thng m OSI ............................................................. 50
3.1.2 Nguyn tc c bn ca chuyn mch gi ................................................... 51
3.2 KIN TRC CA B NH TUYN ........................................................ 53
3.2.1 Cc chc nng c bn ca b nh tuyn ................................................... 53
3.2.2 Tin trnh chuyn tip gi tin ...................................................................... 54
3.2.3 Cc thut ton tm kim thng tin trong bng nh tuyn ........................... 56
3.3. KIN TRC TRNG CHUYN MCH GI ......................................... 62
3.3.1 Phn loi kin trc trng chuyn mch gi ............................................ 62
3.3.2 Chuyn mch phn chia thi gian .............................................................. 62
3.3.3 Chuyn mch phn chia khng gian .......................................................... 65
3.4 CC KIU B TR HNG I ................................................................ 70
3.4.1 Cc kiu kiu b tr hng i c bn .......................................................... 70
3.4.2 Cc phng php x l hng i ................................................................ 77
3.4.3 Mng hng i ........................................................................................... 78
3.5. K THUT NH TUYN TRONG MNG CHUYN MCH GI ........ 82
3.5.1. Cc thut ton tm ng ngn nht........................................................... 84
3.5.2. Cc giao thc nh tuyn in hnh. ........................................................... 87
3.5.3 Mt s gii php ci thin hiu nng k thut nh tuyn .......................... 92
3.6 KT LUN CHNG ................................................................................. 96
CHNG 4:
CNG NGH CHUYN MCH TIN TIN .......................................................... 97
4.1. GII THIU CHUNG ................................................................................. 97
4.1.1 M hnh hi t cng ngh mng ................................................................ 97
4.1.2 Cc gii php ghp hp cng ngh ............................................................ 98
4.1.3 Cng ngh MPLS/GMPLS ......................................................................... 99
4.2 K THUT NH TUYN TRONG MPLS/GMPLS ............................... 103
4.2.1 Giao thc nh tuyn v phn phi nhn ................................................... 103
4.2.2 K thut nh tuyn h tr cht lng dch v trong MPLS/GMPLS ........ 106
4.3 NH TUYN TRONG MNG KHNG DY ......................................... 110
4.3.1 Phn loi cc giao thc nh tuyn............................................................ 110
4.3.2 K thut nh tuyn xuyn lp .................................................................. 113

4

4.4 GII PHP CHUYN MCH MM ........................................................ 114
4.4.1 M hnh kin trc chuyn mch mm ....................................................... 115
4.4.2 Cc giao thc iu khin ca chuyn mch mm ...................................... 117
4.4.3 Cc ng dng ca chuyn mch mm ..................................................... 123
4.5 KT LUN CHNG .............................................................................. 130
Ti liu tham kho. ............................................................................................ 132


5

DANH MC THUT NG V T VIT TT

3G Thirth Generation Th h th 3
3GPP Thirth Generation Partnership Project D n cho cc i tc mng th h 3
AAA Authentification, Authorization, Accounting Nhn thc, cp php, tnh cc
AAL ATM Adaptation Layer Lp tng thch dch v
ADM Add/Drop Multiplexing B ghp tch lung
ADSL Asymetric Digital Subscriber Line ng dy thu bao s khng i xng
AF Address Filter B lc a ch
A-F Acounting Function Chc nng tnh cc
AMG Access Media Gateway Cng phng tin truy nhp
API Application Programable Interface Giao din lp trnh ng dng
AS Autonomous System H thng t tr
AS Application Server Server ng dng
ASG Access Signalling Gateway Cng bo hiu truy nhp
ATCA Advanced Telecom Computing Architecture Kin trc tnh ton vin thng tin tin
ATM Asynchorous Transfer Mode Phng thc truyn ti khng ng b
AuC Authentification Centre Trung tm nhn thc
BAN Broadband Access Node Nt truy nhp bng rng
BGCF Border Gateway Control Function Chc nng iu khin cng ng bin
BGP Border Gateway Protocol Giao thc cng ng bin
BICC Bearer Independent Call Control iu khin cuc gi c lp knh mang
B-ISDN
Broadband Intergrated Service Digital
Network Mng s tch hp dch v bng rng
CA Call Agent Agent cuc gi
CAP CAMEL Application Part Phn ng dng CAMEL
CBR Constraint Bit Rate Tc bit rng buc
CCF Charging Collector Function Chc nng tp hp thng tin cc
CBR Constant Bit Rate Tc bit c nh
CBS Committed Burst Size Kch thc burst cam kt
CLP Cell Loss Priority u tin tn tht t bo
COPS Common Open Policy Service Dch v chnh sch m chung
CoS Class of Service Lp dch v
CQ Class-based Queuing Hng i theo lp
CR-LDP
Constraint-Based Routing-label Distribution
Protocol
Giao thc phn b nhn nh tuyn rng
buc
CS Call Server My ch cuc gi
CS
(IMS) Circuit Switched Chuyn mch knh
CSCF Call Session Control Function Chc nng iu khin phin cuc gi
CSPF Constraint Shorted Path First nh tuyn rng buc tm ng ngn nht
DG DataGram D liu

6

DSL Digital Subscriber Line ng dy thu bao s
DSLAM Digital Subcriber Line Acess Multiplexer B ghp knh truy nhp DSL
DTL Designated Transit List Danh sch ng i nh sn
DTMF Dual Tone Multi Frequency a tn m kp
DVA Distance Vector Algorithm Thut ton vect khong cch
EGP Exterior Gateway Protocol Giao thc nh tuyn min ngoi
ECN Explicit Congestion Notification Thng bo tc nghn hin
FEC Forward Equivelent Class Lp chuyn tip tng ng
FIB Forward Information Base C s thng tin chuyn tip
FIFO First In First Out Vo trc ra trc
FLC Fible Line Concentrator B tp trung quang
FR Frame Relay Chuyn tip khung
FTP File Transfer Protocol Giao thc truyn file
GFC General Flow Control iu khin lung chung
GMPLS Generalized MultiProtocol Label Switch MPLS m rng
GPRS General Packet Radio Service Dch v v tuyn gi chung
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication H thng ton cu cho thng tin di ng
HDB3 High-Density Bipolar 3 M lng cc mt cao
HDLC High level Data Link Control protocol Giao thc iu khin ng d liu mc cao
HLR Home Location Registor B ng k nh
HOL Head Of Line Nghn u dng
HSS Home Subscriber Server Server thu bao nh
HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Giao thc chuyn giao siu vn bn
IAD Integrated Access Device Thit b truy nhp tch hp
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol Giao thc bn tin iu khin Internet
IFMP Ipsilon Flow Management Protocol Giao thc qun tr lung ca Ipsilon
IGP Interior Gateway Protocol Giao thc nh tuyn min trong
IM CN IMS- Core Network IMS- mng li
IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem Phn h a phng tin IP
IMS-CS IMS- Circuit Switching IMS- chuyn mch knh
IM-SSF IMS- Service Switching Function Chc nng chuyn mch dch v IMS
IN Inteligent Network Mng thng minh
IOT Interoperability Testing Kim tra lin iu hnh
IP Internet Protocol Giao thc Internet
IPCP IP Control Point im iu khin IP
I-PNNI Intergated PNNI PNNI tch hp
IPX Internetwork Packet Exchange Giao thc trao i gi lin mng
ISC IMS Service Control iu khin dch v IMS
ISDN Integrated Service Digital Network Mng s a dch v tch hp
IS-IS Intermediate System to Intermediate System Giao thc nh tuyn lin mng
ISP Internet Service Provider Nh cung cp dch v Internet
ISR IP Switching Router B nh tuyn chuyn mch IP

7

ISUP ISDN User Part Phn ngi dng ISDN
ITU-T
International Telecommunication Union
sector T Lin minh vin thng quc t
IW-F InternetWorking Function Chc nng kt ni lin mng
LAN Local Area Network Mng ni ht
LDP Label Distribution Protocol Giao thc phn phi nhn
LER Label Edge Router B nh tuyn bin (LSR bin)
LGN Logical Group Node Nt i din nhm logic
LOC LOcal Controler B iu khin ni b
LSA Link State Algorithm Thut ton trng thi ng
LSP Label Switched Path ng chuyn mch nhn
LSR Label Switching Router B nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn
M3UA MTP3 User Adaptation Layer Lp tng thch ngi dng MTP3
MAP Mobile Application Part Phn ng dng di ng
MG Media Gateway Cng phng tin
MGC Media Gateway Controler iu khin cng phng tin
MGCP Media Gateway Control Protocol Giao thc iu khin cng phng tin
MHA Min Hop Algorithm Thut ton bc nhy ti thiu
MIRA Min Interference Routing Algorithm Thut ton nh tuyn nhiu ti thiu
MMAS Multi Media Application Server Server ng dng a phng tin
MMCS Multi Media Call Server Server gi a phng tin
MMG Mobile Media Gateway Cng phng tin cho mng di ng
MMPP Markov Modulete Poisson Process Tin trnh Poisson m phng Markov
MNO Mobile Network Operator Nh iu hnh mng di ng
MoS Mean of Service Thang im nh gi trung bnh
MPLS MultiProtocol Label Switch Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc
MPOA MultiProtocol over ATM a giao thc qua ATM
MRFC Media Resource Function Control
iu khin chc nng ti nguyn a phng
tin
MRFP Media Resource Function Processor
B x l chc nng ti nguyn a phng
tin
MSF MultiService Forum Din n a dch v
MTU Maximum Transfer Unit n v truyn bn tin ln nht
NGN Next Generation Network Mng th h k tip
NHC Next Hop Client Trm con bc k tip
NHRP Next Hop Resolution Protocol Giao thc gii bc k tip
NHS Next Hop Server Trm ch bc k tip
OMA Open Mobile Alliance Lin minh dch v di ng m
OSA Open Service Architecture Kin trc dch v m
OSPF Open Shortest Path First Giao thc ng ngn nht trc tin
OXC Optical Cross-Connect B u ni cho quang
PAM Pulse Amplitude Modulation iu bin xung

8

PAR PNNI Augmented Routing nh tuyn PNNI m rng
PCM Pulse Code Modulation iu xung m
P-CSCF Proxy- CSCF CSCF i din
PDF Policy Decicion Function Chc nng quyt nh chnh sch
PDU Protocol Data Unit n v d liu giao thc
PG Peer Group Nhm ngang hng
PGL Peer Group Leader Trng nhm trong nhm cng cp
PLMN Public Land Mobile Network Mng di ng mt t
PM Physic Medium Mi trng vt l
PNNI Private Network to Network Interface Giao din mng - mng ring
PPP Point to Point Protocol Giao thc im ti im
PQ Priority Queuing Hng i u tin
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network Mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng
PT Payload Type Kiu ti tin
PTSE PNNI Topology State Element Phn t trng thi cu hnh PNNI
PTSP PNNI Topology State Packet Gi tin trng thi cu hnh PNNI
QoS Quality of Service Cht lng dch v
RANAP Radio Access Network Application Part Phn ng dng mng truy nhp v tuyn
RAS Registration Admistion and Status Protocol Giao thc trng thi, qun l v ng k
R-F Routing Function Chc nng nh tuyn
RIP Routed Information Protocol Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn
RMG Remote Media Gateway Cng phng tin xa
RSVP Resource Reservation Protocol Giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn
RSVP-
TE RSVP Traffic Engineering RSVP cho k thut lu lng
RTCP Realtime Transport Protocol
Giao thc truyn ti iu khin thi gian
thc
RTP Realtime Transport Protocol Giao thc truyn ti thi gian thc
SAP Service Access Point im truy nhp dch v
SAR Segmentation Reassembly Sublayer Phn lp ct mnh to gi
SCP System Control Point im iu khin h thng
SCIM Service Capability Interaction Management Qun tr tng tc kh nng dch v
SCS Service Capability Server Server kh nng phc v
S-CSCF Serviced-CSCF CSCF phc v
SCTP Stream Control Transport Protocol Giao thc truyn ti iu khin lung
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Phn cp s ng b
SDS Space Division Switching Chuyn mch phn chia khng gian
SG Signalling Gateway Cng bo hiu
SIGTRA
N Signalling Transport Giao thc truyn ti bo hiu
SIN Ship - in - the - Night Chuyn hng
SIP Session Initiation Protocol Giao thc khi to phin

9

SMTP Simple Message Transfer Protocol Giao thc truyn th n gin
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol Giao thc qun tr mng n gin
SPC Stored Program Control iu khin theo chng trnh ghi sn
SSF Service Switching Function Chc nng chuyn mch dch v
SPVC Soft Permanent Virtual Chanel Knh o c nh mm
SUA SCCP User Adaptation layer Lp tng thch ngi dng SCCP
SVC Switched Virtual Chanel Knh o chuyn mch
SWPA Shortest Widest Path Algorithm
Thut ton tm ng rng nht v ngn
nht
TC Transmision Convergence Hi t truyn dn
TCP Transport Control Protocol Giao thc iu khin truyn ti
TDM Time Division Multiplexing Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian
TDS Time Division Switching Chuyn mch phn chia thi gian
TE Traffic Engineering K thut lu lng
TL Total Length Tng di
TLV Type/ Length/ Value Cc tham s kiu/ di/gi tr
TMG Trunk Media Gateway Cng phng tin trung k
TOS Type Of Service Kiu phc v
TTL Time to Live Thi gian sng
TUA TCAP User Adaptation Layer Lp tng thch ngi dng TCAP
UA Common Signalling User Adaptation Layer Lp tng thch ngi dng bo hiu CCS
UDP User Datagram Protocol Giao thc d liu ngi dng
UE User Equipment Thit b ngi dng
UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System H thng vin thng di ng ton cu
UNI User-Network Interface Giao din ngi dng - mng
VBR Variable Bit Rate Tc bit thay i
VC Virtual Chanel Knh o
VCC Virtual Chanel Connection Kt ni knh o
VCI Virtual Chanel Identifier Nhn dng knh o
VoIP Voice over IP Thoi qua IP
VPI Virtual Path Indentifier Nhn dng lung o
WAP Wireless Application Protocol Giao thc ng dng khng dy
WCDM
A R4
Wireless Code Division Multiple Access
Release 4
a truy nhp phn chia theo m phin bn
4
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing Ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng
WFQ Weighted Fair Queuing Hng i cn bng trng s
WLAN Wireless LAN Mng ni ht khng dy
WSPA Widest Shortest Path Algorithm
Thut ton tm ng ngn nht v rng
nht


10

Chng 1
GII THIU CHUNG V K THUT CHUYN MCH

1.1 NHP MN K THUT CHUYN MCH
1.1.1 Gii thiu chung
Vin thng l mt phn ca khi nim thng tin - mt dng thc chuyn giao thng
tin. Mng vin thng c coi l h tng c s ca x hi s dng k thut in, in
t v cc cng ngh khc chuyn giao thng tin. Mng vin thng di gc n
gin nht c nhn nhn gm tp hp cc nt mng, cc ng truyn dn kt ni
gia hai hay nhiu im xc nh v cc thit b u cui thc hin trao i thng
tin gia ngi s dng. Mt cch khi qut chng ta c th coi tt c cc trang thit b,
phng tin c s dng cung cp dch v vin thng to thnh mng vin thng.
Thit b u cui l cc trang thit b ca ngi s dng giao tip vi mng cung
cp dch v. Thit b chuyn mch l cc nt ca mng vin thng c chc nng thit
lp v gii phng ng truyn thng gia cc cc thit b u cui. Thit b truyn
dn c s dng ni cc thit b u cui hay gia cc nt vi nhau thc hin
truyn cc tn hiu mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc. Cc phn t v phng tin
ca mng truyn thng cu trc thnh h tng truyn thng nhm cung cp cc dch v
cho ngi s dng.
Ty thuc vo cc dch v ch cht m cc gii php cng ngh c xy dng,
phng php tip cn ny v ang tn ti trong h tng mng truyn thng hin
nay. Trong mt s nm gn y, cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh tin tin l xu
hng hi t c v cng ngh v dch v mng truyn thng gia mng c nh, mng
di ng v mng internet sang mng th h k tip NGN (Next Generation Network).
H tng mng vin thng thay i khng ngng nhm p ng cc yu cu ngy cng
cao ca ngi s dng, s tc ng ny lin quan v nh hng ti rt nhiu lnh vc
trn cc yu t khoa hc cng ngh v khoa hc k thut, trong bao gm k thut
chuyn mch. Mt xu hng mi c hnh thnh trn c s hi t v tch hp h tng
cng ngh nhm xy dng mt h tng truyn thng chung cho cc mi trng kin
to dch v lp cao. Chnh v vy, mt lot cc gii php k thut v cng ngh
chuyn mch mi v ang c a ra v trin khai. h tr sinh vin v ngi
c tip cn cc vn chuyn su ca lnh vc ny, bi ging c s k thut chuyn
mch tip cn cc vn nn tng k thut, cc gii php cng ngh v xu hng pht
trin nhm gip ngi c nhn thc tng quan cc kha cnh k thut lin quan ti
lnh vc ny.

11

Trong cc phn u tin ca ti liu s gii thiu cc khi nim c s lin quan ti
lnh vc chuyn mch, nht l cc c s ton hc v l thuyt lin quan. Tip sau l
cc k thut v nguyn tc hot ng ca cc mng chuyn mch knh v chuyn
mch gi cng vi cc vn lin quan nh nh tuyn, nh s v cht lng dch
v. Cc k thut chuyn mch mi trong h tng tch hp cng ngh c trnh by
trong cc chng cui l s kt hp gia cc gii php cng ngh v gii php k
thut, nhm th hin m hnh tng th ca cc cng ngh tin tin ang ng dng v
trin khai trn mng vin thng hin nay.
1.1.2 Mt s khi nim c s
tip cn cc vn mang tnh c th ca k thut chuyn mch, phn ny s
gii thiu mt s cc thut ng v khi nim c s lin quan ti cc chng tip theo
ca bi ging tron lnh vc chuyn mch.
i, nh ngha chuyn mch
Chuyn mch l mt qu trnh thc hin u ni v chuyn thng tin cho ngi
s dng thng qua h tng mng vin thng. Ni cch khc, chuyn mch trong mng
vin thng bao gm chc nng nh tuyn cho thng tin v chc nng chuyn tip
thng tin. Nh vy, theo kha cnh thng thng khi nim chuyn mch gn lin vi
lp mng v lp lin kt d liu trong m hnh OSI (Open System Interconnection)
ca T chc tiu chun quc t ISO (International Organization for Standardization).
i vi mt s trng hp m rng, khi nim chuyn mch cn c hnh thnh theo
m hnh phn lp v tri di t lp 2 ti lp 7 trong m hnh OSI.
ii, H thng chuyn mch
Qu trnh chuyn mch c thc hin ti cc nt mng, trong mng chuyn
mch knh cc nt mng thng gi l h thng chuyn mch (Tng i), trong mng
chuyn mch gi thng c gi l thit b nh tuyn (B nh tuyn). Trong mt s
mng c bit, phn t thc hin nhim v chuyn mch c th va ng vai tr thit
b u cui va ng vai tr chuyn mch v chuyn tip thng tin. i vi mt s
kin trc mng c bit v d nh mng ty bin (Ad-hoc), cc thit b u cui cn c
th ng vai tr nh mt ni cp v nhn ngun lu lng trong mng, ng thi m
nhim chc nng chuyn tip cc thng tin cho cc phn t khc trong mng.
iii, Phn loi chuyn mch
Cc h thng chuyn mch cu thnh mng chuyn mch, ta c hai dng mng
chuyn mch c bn: Mng chuyn mch knh v mng chuyn mch gi. Tuy nhin,
di gc truyn v x l thng tin, chuyn mch cn c th nhn nhn thnh bn

12

kiu: chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch bn tin, chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch t
bo.
Mng chuyn mch knh thit lp cc mch (knh) ch nh ring cho kt ni trc
khi qu trnh truyn thng thc hin. Nh vy, qu trnh chuyn mch c chia thnh
3 giai on phn bit: thit lp, truyn v gii phng. thit lp, gii phng v iu
khin kt ni, mng chuyn mch knh s dng cc k thut bo hiu thc hin
nh mt thnh phn bt buc.
i ngc vi mng chuyn mch knh l mng chuyn mch gi, da trn nguyn
tc phn chia cc lu lng d liu thnh cc gi tin v truyn i trn mng chia s,
mi gi tin l mt thc th c lp cha cc thng tin cn thit cho qu trnh x l
thng tin trn mng. Cc giai on thit lp, truyn v gii phng s c thc hin
ng thi trong mt khong thi gian v quyt nh ng i c xc lp bi thng
tin trong tiu gi tin. Knh thng tin c hnh thnh gia cc thit b mng khng
ph thuc theo logic thi gian m ch c ngha khi c lu lng chuyn qua c
gi l cc knh o, cc knh o c cng mt s c tnh c ghp thnh lung o.
Cc nt mng c th thc hin chuyn mch cho tng knh o hoc c lung o thay
v cho tng gi tin ring bit, tip cn ny cho php nng cao hiu nng truyn thng
ton mng nh gim bt mt s quy trnh x l.
iv, K thut lu lng TE
K thut lu lng TE (Traffic Engineering) c coi l mt trong nhng vn
quan trng nht trong khung lm vic ca h tng mng vin thng. Mc ch ca k
thut lu lng l ci thin hiu nng v tin cy ca cc hot ng ca mng
bng cc gii php ti u ngun ti nguyn mng v lu lng mng cng nh ca
ngi s dng. Mt cch chi tit hn, k thut lu lng c nhn nhn nh mt
cng c s dng ti u ti nguyn s dng ca mng bng phng php k thut
nh hng cc lung lu lng ph hp vi cc tham s rng buc tnh hoc ng.
Cc tham s y bao gm c tham s mng v tham s yu cu ca ngi s dng.
Nh vy, mc tiu c bn ca k thut lu lng l hng ti cn bng v ti u cc
iu khin ca ti v ti nguyn mng thng qua cc thut ton v gii php k thut.
i vi cc nh thit k v khai thc mng, k thut lu lng ng vai tr quyt nh
trong cc bi ton lin quan ti hiu nng mng. Do s bin ng ca cc yu cu t
pha ngi s dng, cc lu lng yu cu v kh nng phc v ca h thng mng
lun cn c cc gii php ti u. V vy, k thut lu lng lun c coi l vn c
phc tp cao nht l trong cc cng ngh mng chng ln v t hp.



13

v, Bo hiu trong mng vin thng
Bo hiu l mt phn ca c ch iu khin mng s dng cc tn hiu iu
khin truyn thng, trong mng vin thng bo hiu l s trao i thng tin gia cc
phn t trong mng lin quan ti cc vn nh: iu khin, thit lp cc kt ni v
thc hin qun l mng. Trong mng chuyn mch knh, bo hiu l mt thnh phn
c bn ca qu trnh kt ni, nh c chc nng bo hiu m h thng chuyn mch c
th thc hin c nhim v chuyn mch, thng qua thng tin bo hiu t nt mng
ti cc thit b u cui ca ngi s dng xc nh cc yu cu v qun l kt ni
t ngi s dng ti nt mng, bo hiu mng c thc hin h tr trc tip cho
qu trnh nh tuyn, chn knh v qun l kt ni gia cc nt mng. Trong mng
chuyn mch gi, h thng bo hiu hng ti mc tiu iu khin thit b v qun l
mng nhiu hn l mc tiu gn kt vi quy trnh nh tuyn nhm thit lp knh nh
trong mng chuyn mch knh.
Cc h thng bo hiu c th phn loi theo c tnh v nguyn tc hot ng gm:
bo hiu trong bng v bo hiu ngoi bng, bo hiu ng v bo hiu thanh ghi,
bo hiu knh lin kt v bo hiu knh chung, bo hiu bt buc, v..v. Cc thng tin
bo hiu c truyn di dng tn hiu in, quang hoc bn tin. V d, cc h thng
bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng PSTN c nh s t No1-
No7, trong gm c cc dng bo hiu s, tng t hay bn tin. Trong mng IP hin
c rt nhiu giao thc bo hiu c s dng cho cc kt ni v tri rng trn cc lp
t lp 2 ti lp 5 trong m hnh OSI.
vi, Mng tch hp dch v s bng rng B-ISDN
Xu hng pht trin ca mng vin thng lun hng ti mt h tng duy nht
nhm p ng tt nht cc loi hnh dch v trn c s bng thng rng. Mng tch
hp dch v s bng rng c nh ngha nh sau: Mng tch hp dch v s bng
rng c nhim v cung cp cc cuc ni thng qua chuyn mch, cc cuc ni c nh
hoc bn c nh, cc cuc ni t im ti im ti im hoc t im ti a im v
cung cp cc dch v yu cu, cc dch v dnh trc hoc cc dch v yu cu c
nh. Cuc ni trong B-ISDN phc v cho c cc dch v chuyn mch knh, chuyn
mch gi theo kiu a phng tin, n phng tin, theo kiu hng lin kt
(Connection-Oriented) hoc phi lin kt (Connectionless) v theo cu hnh n hng
hoc a hng. Hin nay, cng vi vi xu hng tch hp dch v s bng rng l s
hi t ca cc min mng khc nhau, B-ISDN c mt lot cc c tnh mi khng ch
trong kha cnh kt ni m cn trong cc kha cnh khc nh qun l, iu khin v
dch v. V vy, tn gi chung thng c s dng l h tng mng bng rng.

14

1.1.3 Cc m hnh ton hc ng dng trong lnh vc chuyn mch
M hnh ton hc c mt v tr ti quan trng trong rt nhiu lnh vc, trong c
lnh vc chuyn mch. Hng lot cc bi ton thit k, nh gi h thng khng th
thc hin trn cc h thng thc v c tin hnh thng qua cc m hnh ng dng.
Vi tm quan trng ca m hnh ton hc ng dng trong lnh vc chuyn mch, mc
ny ca bi ging a ra mt s cc l thuyt c s lin quan trc tip ti bi ton
nh tuyn v chuyn mch gm cc vn xc sut v phc tp thut ton. Thm
vo , lu lng trong k thut chuyn mch thng c m t qua cc s kin n
ca cc thc th ri rc (yu cu chim knh, gi, t bo, v.v..), n c th m hnh ho
bi tin trnh im. C hai dng tin trnh im l tin trnh m v tin trnh gia hai
s kin n. Khi nim c s trn s ng vai tr xuyn sut trong cc h thng m
phng s kin ri rc v cc bi ton ti u h thng trn c s m hnh ha v m
phng. Mt s dng phn b thng ng dng c ch ra di y.
i, Phn b Erlang
Phn b Erlang l mt phn b xc sut lin tc c gi tr dng cho tt c cc s
thc ln hn zero v c a ra bi hai tham s: sc k (s t nhin; Int) v tham
s t l (s thc; real). Khi tham s k =1 phn b Erlang tr thnh phn b m.
Phn b Erlang l trng hp c bit ca phn b Gamma vi tham s k l s t
nhin. Trong trng hp tng qut, k trong phn b Gamma l s thc.
ii, Qu trnh Markov
Qu trnh Markov l mt qu trnh mang tnh ngu nhin (stochastic process) thng
s dng m t cc h thng khng nh vi c tnh nh sau: trng thi c
k
ti thi
im k l mt gi tr trong tp hu hn {1,.,M}. Vi gi thit rng qu trnh ch din
ra t thi im 0 n thi im N v trng thi u tin v cui cng l bit, chui
trng thi s c biu din bi mt vect hu hn C = (c
0
,...,c
N
).
Nu P(c
k
| c
0
,c
1
,...,c
(k 1)
) biu din xc sut (kh nng xy ra) ca trng thi c
k
ti thi
im k khi tri qua mi trng thi cho n thi im k 1. Gi s trong qu trnh
th c
k
ch ph thuc vo trng thi trc c
k 1
v c lp vi mi trng thi trc khc.
Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh Markov bc 1 (first-order Markov process).
(a) Chui markov ri rc
Chui Markov thi gian ri rc bao gm mt tp hp cc trng thi v xc sut
chuyn i gia chng ti nhng khong thi gian ri rc nhau. Vi yu cu xc sut
chuyn i gia cc trng thi l mt hm ch ph thuc vo trng thi, s chuyn i
ny khng cn xut hin ti nhng khong thi gian xc nh m ch tun theo mt
quy lut thi gian no .

15

K thut chui Markov thi gian ri rc p dng cho cc s trng thi tu ,
trong tn ti mi lin kt gia cc i tng khc nhau tun th mt s iu kin.
Nu mt s trng thi khng th chuyn n trng thi khc th tin trnh c coi l
mc li v iu ny dn ti s phn ha chui ny thnh cc chui ring l. Vic tng
s lng trng thi s m t h thng chnh xc hn nhng cng ko theo phc tp
tnh ton tng ln.
(b) Chui Markov thi gian lin tc
Chui Markov thi gian lin tc ng dng trong lnh vc chuyn mch thng
m hnh ha cho h thng a ngi s dng kt ni ti mt b nh tuyn hay truy
nhp thit b chuyn mch. M hnh ha cho cc s kin n ca kiu h thng ny l
xem cc s kin xy ra ti cc khong thi gian rt nh. Khi gia s thi gian tin ti 0
(At0), gi tr gn ng l c coi l m hnh thi gian lin tc. Tuy nhin, vi
bi ton ny, chng ta phi s dng cc php tnh vi phn ton hc thay cho nhng
php nhn xc sut n gin c s dng phn tch chui Markov thi gian ri
rc.
Trn thc t m hnh chui Markov rt nhiu ng dng trong lnh vc k thut
chuyn mch nh: cc bi ton m hnh ho lu lng, tnh ton kh nng tc nghn,
cp phc v GoS ca trng chuyn mch v mt s vn iu khin khc. Vi
mt lot cc yu cu mi ca mng a dch v v cht lng dch v v tch hp lu
lng, vn m hnh ha bi ton lu lng khng dng m hnh Markov m cn
c pht trin theo mt s hng c phc tp ln hn, v d nh m hnh lu
lng t tng ng s dng trong bi ton m hnh ha lu lng internet. Tuy
nhin, m hnh chui Markov trong k thut chuyn mch lun ng vai tr c s ca
cc tnh ton thit k v qun l h thng chuyn mch.
iii, Phn b Poisson
Qu trnh Poisson l dng c bit ca qu trnh Markov vi thi gian lin tc. Qu
trnh Poisson ( ) N t m t qu trnh m s ln xut hin mt bin c A no cho
n thi im t . V d, nu s cuc gi n mt tng i l mt qu trnh Poisson,
mi cuc gi chim dng thit b trong mt khong thi gian no , gi s cc
khong thi gian ny l cc bin ngu nhin c lp cng phn b, khi tng s gi
gi l mt qu trnh Poisson phc hp. Cc qu trnh Poisson thi gian thun nht
(time-homogeneous) c xut pht t cc qu trnh Markov thi gian lin tc thi
gian thun nht.
iv, Mt s m hnh lu lng thng dng
Mt s m hnh lu lng c m t di y thng c s dng m hnh
ha lung lu lng trong cc h thng m phng mng vin thng gm:

16

0 1 1
{ ( )} ,{A } ,{B }
t n n n n
N t

= = =
hoc
1
{W }
n n

=

Trong tin trnh hi phc
1
{A }
n n

=
l c lp, cc phn b c th c s dng
nh biu din trong bng 1.1. M hnh ny n gin nhng thiu tnh thc tin
v n khng c kh nng th hin c cu trc tng quan trong lu lng
thc t.
Tin trnh Poisson l tin trnh hi phc vi cc thi gian tng tc
1
{A }
n n

=
l
hm phn b m vi tham s t l o. Tin trnh ny c th c coi nh l tin
trnh m vi
0
{N(t)}
t

=
c lp v tnh dng tng theo hm possion.
V d, { ( ) } exp( )( ) / !
n
P N t n t t n = =
Tin trnh Poisson thng c s dng trong l thuyt lu lng thoi v tnh n
gin v mt vi c tnh ring ph hp. Cc cuc gi thoi n h thng chuyn mch
knh thng c m hnh ha bi tin trnh poission.
Tin trnh Bernulli l tin trnh Poisson thi gian ri rc. Trong m hnh ny,
xc sut ca mt s kin n ti khe thi gian bt k l p, c lp vi cc s
kin khc. S lng cc s kin n ti khe thi gian th k l phn b nh thc.
V d, { ( ) } (1 )
n k n
k
P N t n p p
n

| |
= =
|
\ .
v thi gian gia hai s kin n l phn b
hnh hc { } (1 )
j
n
P A j p p = = .
Tin trnh khi phc kiu giai on l lp c bit ca tin trnh khi phc vi
thi gian gia cc s kin n phn b kiu giai on (phase-type). l mt
lp quan trng v cc m hnh ny c th phn tch c. Ni cch khc, bt k
phn b no c th xp x ha bi cc phn b giai on.
M hnh lu lng da trn chui Markov a s ph thuc vo cc chui ngu
nhin A
n
. Cu trc ca m hnh nh sau: Gi thit tin trnh Markov
0
{ ( )}
t
M M t

=
= vi khng gian trng thi ri rc. M ti trng thi i c thi gian
chim gi theo phn b hm m vi tham s
i
ch ph thuc vo i, chuyn
trng thi sang j vi xc sut p
ij
. Mi bc nhy Markov c th hin s kin
n vi thi gian gia hai s kin n tun theo hm m. y l m hnh lu
lng Markov n gin nht.
Tin trnh hi phc Markov tng quan hn tin trnh Markov v th hin
0
{( , )}
n n n
R M t

=
= c nh ngha bi chui Markov { }
n
M v cc khong thi
gian nhy
n
t a ra cc rng buc sau: phn b ca cc cp
1 1
( , )
n n
M t
= =
ca
trng thi bc nhy k tip v thi gian nhy ch ph thuc vo trng thi hin
thi M
n
, v khng ph thuc vo trng thi pha trc hoc thi gian bc nhy
pha trc.

17

Tin trnh n Markov (MAP Markov Arrivals Proccess) l mt phn lp
ca tin trnh hi phc Markov. Trong MAP, thi gian gia cc s kin n l
kiu giai on v s kin n l mt tin trnh tc thi ca chui Markov. Tin
trnh ny c khi to li vi hm phn b ph thuc vo trng thi nht thi
ngay khi s kin xy ra. Tin trnh ny rt linh hot trong cc bi ton m hnh
ha lu lng.
Tin trnh bin iu Markov (MMP Markov Modulated Proccess) l mt
chui Markov lin quan ti thi gian v cc iu khin trng thi hin thi ca
n. Gi s mt tin trnh Markov thi gian lin tc
0
{M(t)}
t

=
vi khng gian
trng thi 1,2, ...m. Vi M ti trng thi k , xc sut ca cc s kin n c
xc nh qua lut xc sut ti k. Khi M chuyn sang trng thi khc (j) th lut
xc sut mi ch c tc dng vi j. Ni cch khc, lut xc sut c p dng
cho tng trng thi v bin iu theo chui.
Tin trnh Poisson bin iu theo Markov (MMPP Markov Modulated
Poisson Proccess) l mt trong cc m hnh ph bin m hnh ha lu lng.
Trong m hnh ny, khi tin trnh Markov c bin iu trong trng thi k ca
M v s kin n xy ra tun theo tin trnh Poison vi tc
k
. Trng hp
n gin nht ca MMPP l m hnh hai trng thi (ON/OFF) vi tc n
Poisson. M hnh ny cn c gi l tin trnh Poisson ngt v c s dng
m hnh ha ngun lu lng thoi vi trng thi ON tng ng vi c tn
hiu thoi v OFF tng ng vi khong lng, hoc m hnh ha cho c
tnh bng n lu lng ca lu lng chuyn mch gi.
Trong m hnh lu lng Fluid, lu lng c xem xt nh mt dng chy
ca cc n v lu lng. y l mt m hnh rt quan trng cho cc h thng
chuyn mch gi, khi cc n v lu lng ring (gi) quan h rt ln vi
khong thi gian chn trc. u im ca m hnh ny l tnh n gin khi so
snh vi cc m hnh lu lng khc v n c kh nng nm bt c cu trc
ca cc n v lu lng ring bit. Kiu m hnh n gin nht l kiu m
hnh hai trng thi: ON khi cc lu lng n vi tc khng i v OFF
khi khng c lu lng. phn tch m hnh ny, cc chu k thi gian gia
ON v OFF c th gi thit l tun theo phn b hm m. Ni cch khc, l
mt dng thay th cho tin trnh hi phc.
Da trn cc m hnh lu lng khc nhau ta c th ng dng cc m hnh hoc
t hp cc m hnh cho cc ng dng ring bit. Vic la chn ng m hnh lu
lng s xc nh c cc c tnh quan trng ca lu lng. Trn c s , cc bi
ton phn tch v thit k cc nt chuyn mch hoc cc b nh tuyn s c c cc
kt qu tt nht nhm phn nh ng nht thc t ca mng.

18

1.1.4 Cc l thuyt lin quan
i, L thuyt hng i
L thuyt hng i l mt trong cc cng c ton hc mnh cho vic phn tch c
lng trong cc h thng vin thng v cc mng my tnh. L thuyt hng i thng
thng c p dng cho cc h thng l tng a ra kt qu gn ng cho mt
m hnh thc t. Tnh cht chung ca cc gii php ng dng l thuyt ny l lm r
hn cc c trng lu lng, cung cp d bo nhng ranh gii tt hn trn nhng
kt qu nghin cu nht nh, v chng c th rt hu ch trong vic kim tra tnh
chnh xc v hp l ca cc gi thit thng k. L thuyt hng i l mt hng pht
trin ca l thuyt xc sut nghin cu cc qu trnh lin quan n hng i v
cung cp cc phng php phn tch hoc dng thc ng (closed form) trong vi lnh
vc nht nh [3]. L thuyt hng i xc nh v tm cc phng n ti u h
thng phc v tt nht. Ngi ta phn loi cc qu trnh sp hng da vo lut phn b
ca qu trnh n, lut phn b phc v, nguyn tc phc v v c cu phc v.
M t hng i Kendall
D.G.Kendall xut k hiu cho cc h thng hng i gm 5 thnh phn theo th
t: A/B/X/Y/Z. Thng thng m hnh Kendall c xt theo nguyn tc n trc
phc v trc FCFS (First Come First Server), n sau phc v trc LCFS (Last
Come First Server), phc v theo th t ngu nhin SIRO (Serial In Random Out) v
chia s x l PS (Parallel Proccess). Trong :
A: phn b thi gian tin trnh n
B: phn b thi gian phc v
X: s lng server
Y: dung lng tng cng ca h thng
Z: s lng cc khch hng
Nu lut phn b c xt di dng tng qut th A hoc B ly k hiu G
(General). i khi ngi ta cn k hiu GI (general independence).
Nu qu trnh n l qu trnh Poisson, ngha l thi gian n trung gian c phn b
m th A c k hiu M (Markovian). Tng t nu thi gian phc v c phn b
m th B cng c k hiu M .
Nu thi gian n trung gian hoc thi gian phc v c phn b Erlang-k th A, B
c k hiu
k
E .
Nu thi gian n trung gian hoc thi gian phc v l hng s th A hoc B c k
hiu D (Deterministic).
Mt s tham s o hiu nng thng c s dng trong hng i l:

19


q
L : di hng i trung bnh ca hng, l k vng ca chui thi gian lin
tc
{ }
0
( )
q
t
l t
>
trong ) (t l
q
l s khch hng i trong hng ti thi im t .
L: di hng i trung bnh ca h thng, l k vng ca chui thi gian lin
tc { }
0
) (
> t
t l trong ) (t l l s khch hng trong h thng ti thi im t . Vy
) ( ) ( t l t l
q
= + s khch hng ang c phc v.

q
W : Thi gian i trung bnh ca hng l k vng ca qu trnh thi gian ri rc
{ } ... , 2 , 1 ; = n q
n
trong
n
q l khong thi gian m khch hng th n phi i trong
hng cho n lc anh ta c nhn phc v.
W: Thi gian i trung bnh ca h thng l k vng ca qu trnh thi gian ri rc
{ } ... , 2 , 1 ; = n w
n
trong
n n n
s q w + = l thi gian khch hng th n trong h
thng, l thi gian i trong hng v thi gian c phc v.
Mt s hng i thng dng c ch ra di y:
Hng i M/M/1: Thi gian ca tin trnh n c phn b theo hm m m hay theo
tin trnh Poisson ( thc cht l tin trnh khng nh hoc c tnh Markov) A := M;
B:=M; X:=1.
Thi gian n ca cc s kin theo tin trnh Markov
Thi gian phc v phn b theo hm m m B := M.
H thng ch c 1 server.
Hng i c khng gian m l v hn.
Hng i G/G/1: H thng c 1 Server, qu trnh n l tng qut nhng cc thi gian
n trung gian
n
t c lp, c cng phn b v c k vng chung l | |
1
E t . Thi gian
phc v trong mi chu k cng c lp, cng phn b v c k vng chung | |
1
E s .
Hng i ny c Kendall k hiu l 1 / / G G
.
Hng i M/G/1: Hng i ny c qu trnh n Poisson tc , ngha l qu trnh
n trung gian
n
t c phn b m tc . Qu trnh phc v { }
n
s c xt mt cch
tng qut nhng gi thit thi gian phc v trong cc chu k l c lp vi nhau v c
cng lut phn b. Trng hp hng i M/M/1 l trng hp c bit ca hng i
M/G/1 vi qu trnh n Poisson vi tc n , thi gian phc v c phn b m
tc ; 1 / / D M : Qu trnh n Poisson vi tc n , thi gian phc v khng
i tc ; 1 / /
k
E M : Qu trnh n Poisson vi tc n , thi gian phc v
ngu nhin c lp c cng phn b Erlang- k vi tc .



20

ii, L thuyt phc tp
phc tp l thut ng lin quan ti t chc ca h thng v l mt khi nim rng
v c nhn nhn di nhiu gc khc nhau. Trong lnh vc chuyn mch,
phc tp gn lin vi khi nim thng tin, phc tp h thng v phc tp tnh
ton. L thuyt phc tp c ng dng rt nhiu trong k thut chuyn mch gm
mt s vn c bn nh: Tnh ton, phn tch, thit k cu trc trng chuyn mch,
thc hin nh tuyn, phn loi lung lu lng v cc thut ton xp hng hoc tm
kim thng tin trong cc h thng chuyn mch hoc b nh tuyn.
Ban u khi nim thng tin do Shanon a ra nm 1948 da trn c s xc sut
thng k, khi nim thng tin tuyt i do Kolmogorov a ra nm 1973 da trn c
s thut ton. Thng tin c hiu nh mt i lng cn bn nh ngha mt cch
nghim ngt c th o lng c ca s vt ging nh nng lng. Thng tin tuyt
i cha trong mt i tng hu hn chnh l phc tp Kolmogorov (Kolmogorov
complexity) ca i tng . phc tp ca mt i tng hu hn x l di ngn
nht ca m t hu hiu ca x, hay di ngn nht ca chng trnh (v s liu ban
u), tnh bng x chng hn, sinh ra x. Cho trc x v nu tm ra m hnh hay chng
trnh m t x c di bng phc tp Kolmogorov ca x th chnh l m t ngn
nht khng th gn hn.
Mt kha cnh khc ca phc tp l lin quan ti cu trc ca mt h thng. Mt
k thut quan trng trong ton hc s dng m t quan h gia cc phn t trong
cu trc ca h thng l th v l thuyt th. V d, mt mng truyn thng c th
th hin theo cch t nhin nht qua th gm cc node mng ng vai tr cc nh
ca th v cc tuyn lin kt ng vai tr cc cnh ca th. Vic phn tch cc m
hnh thng qua th s gip ta c c cc gii thut tt nht cho cc bi ton lin
quan ti phc tp ca h thng, nht l cc bi ton tm ng, nh tuyn trong k
thut chuyn mch. Nh vy, kt qu ca l thuyt phc tp s l quan h c bit
ca s pht trin thut ton ca cc ng dng thc tin.
iii, l thuyt th
Nhng t tng c bn ca l thuyt th c xut ln u tin khi nh
ton hc Lenhard Eurler s dng th gii quyt bi ton 7 cy cu Kronigsbeg
(1736). n nay, l thuyt th c coi l mt nhnh ph bin ca ton hc ng
dng trong nhiu lnh vc gm ton hc, k thut my tnh v nhiu ngnh khoa hc
khc [4]. Mt s ng dng ch yu ca l thuyt th trong k thut chuyn mch
lin quan ti cc vn m hnh ha mng, nh tuyn, phc tp v k thut lu
lng nhm h tr cho bi ton ti u h thng. Trong mc ny s trnh by mt s

21

khi nim c s ca l thuyt th v v d ng dng l thuyt th cho bi ton
tm ng.
Mt s khi nim c s ca l thuyt th
th: Theo cch hiu thng thng, mt th m t hnh thi kt ni cho mt tp
cc i tng gm cc nh hoc nt kt ni vi nhau qua cc lin kt gi l cc
ng, cnh hoc cung. Trong ton hc, th c nh ngha nh sau:
Cho V l mt tp hu hn c nh ngha E(V)={{u.v}u,v e V, u v}; tp con
ca V gm hai phn t ring bit (u v v).
Mt cp G(E,V) vi E_ E(V) c gi l mt th. Cc phn t V c gi l
cc nh (nt) v E l cc cnh (lin kt) ca th. Mt th vi tp li V c gi
l th trn V, Mt tp li ca th G c k hiu l V
G
v cnh k hiu l E
G
v ta
c mt kiu biu din theo G: G=(V
G
, E
G
).
Cc kiu th c m t di y:
th v hng: th v hng hoc th G l mt cp c th t G(E,V) vi cc
cnh v hng. Trong , V l tp cc nh v E l tp khng th t cha cc nh
phn bit, c gi l cnh.
th c hng: Mt th c gi l c hng l mt cp c th t G(E,V) vi
cc cnh c hng. Trong , V l tp cc nh v E l tp c th t cha cc nh
phn bit, c gi l cnh. Mt cnh e=(x,y) k hiu cho hng t x ti y.
th n v a th: th n l th m gia hai nh ch c ti a mt
cnh, a th l th m gia hai nh c th nhiu hn mt cnh. Trong th n
v a th u c th c hng hoc v hng.
th hn hp: th hn hp l th trong c cc cnh l c hng v v
hng.
th trng s: L th m trng s (s) c gn cho mi cnh. Cc trng s c
th th hin cho nhiu tham s khc nhau ty thuc vo bi ton. Trng s th l
tng cc trng s gn cho tt c cc cnh ca th.
Cc th c mt lot cc c tnh v cc c tnh ny rt quan trng trong cc bi
ton kho st, so snh gia cc th vi nhau. Hai cnh ca th c gi l lin
k, nu chng cng chung cc nh, tng t nh vy i vi cc nh. Mt cnh v
tp li trn cnh c gi l lin thuc.
th ch c mt nh v khng c cnh c gi l th tm thng, mt th
ch c cc nh v khng c cnh c gi l th khng cnh. Mt th khng c
nh v cnh c gi l th rng hoc th trng.

22

Mt th G=K
v
c gi l th hon chnh trn V nu ton b nh u c
ni hay tt c hai nh l lin k : E= E(V). Tt c cc th hon chnh c bc n u
ng cu vi cc th khc v c k hiu l K
n
.
Hai th G v H c gi l ng cu vi nhau khi cc nh ca th H c
thay th tn tng ng vi cc nh trong G. Hai th ng cu cng chung cc c
tnh l thuyt th. V d v hai th ng cu c trnh by trong hnh 1.1, trong
cc yu cu ng cu c ch ra tng ng:
v
1
1; v
2
3; v
3
4; v
4
2; v
5
5.

Hnh 1.1: Hai th ng cu v biu din di dng ma trn
th c th c biu din di dng ma trn lin thuc, vi V(G)={v
1
,v
2
, v
n
}
theo th t. Ma trn lin k ca G l ma trn gm (n x n) phn t vi cc phn t
M
ij
=1 hoc M
ij
=0 ty thuc vo v
i
v
j
e E(G) hoc khng. Tt c cc ma trn lin k u
l ma trn i xng qua ng cho v mt th c th c nhiu ma trn lin k ph
thuc vo bc ca th. Hai th ng cu cng chung mt ma trn lin k, chnh
xc hn l c chung mt tp cc ma trn lin k. Trn hnh 1.7 trn y ch ra v d v
biu din dng ma trn cho th.
1.2 QU TRNH PHT TRIN CA K THUT CHUYN MCH
1.2.1 Lch s v xu hng pht trin cng ngh mng
Vo khong thp nin 60 ca th k 20, ln u tin xut hin sn phm tng i
in t s l s kt hp gia cng ngh in t vi k thut my tnh. Tng i in t
s cng cng u tin ra i c iu khin theo chng trnh ghi sn SPC (Stored
Program Control), c gii thiu ti bang Succasunna, Newjersey, USA vo thng 5
nm 1965. Trong nhng nm 70 hng lot cc tng i thng mi in t s ra i.
Mt trong nhng tng i l tng i E10 ca CIT Alcatel c s dng ti
Lannion (Php). V thng 1 nm 1976 Bell gii thiu tng i in t s cng cng
4ESS. Hu ht cho n giai on ny cc tng i in t s u s dng h thng
chuyn mch l s v cc mch giao tip thu bao thng l Analog, cc ng trung
k l s. Mt trng hp ngoi l l tng i DMS100 ca Northern Telecom a vo
nm 1980 dng ton b k thut s u tin trn th gii. H thng 5ESS ca hng

23

AT&T c a vo nm 1982 ci tin rt nhiu t h thng chuyn mch 4ESS v
c cc chc nng tng thch vi cc dch v mng s tch hp dch v ISDN
(Integrated Service Digital Network). Sau hu ht cc h thng chuyn mch s
u a ra cc cu hnh h tr cho cc dch v mi nh ISDN, dch v cho mng
thng minh v cc tnh nng mi tng thch vi s pht trin ca mng li.
Khong nm 1996 khi mng Internet tr thnh bng n trong th gii cng ngh
thng tin, n tc ng mnh m n cng nghip vin thng v xu hng hi t cc
mng my tnh, truyn thng, iu khin. H tng mng vin thng tr thnh tm
im quan tm trong vai tr h tng x hi. Mt mng c th truyn bng rng vi cc
loi hnh dch v thoi v phi thoi, tc cao v m bo c cht lng dch v
QoS (Quality Of Service) tr thnh cp thit trn nn tng ca mt k thut mi:
K thut truyn ti khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). Cc h
thng chuyn mch in t s cng phi dn thay i theo hng ny cng vi cc ch
tiu k thut, giao thc mi. Mt v d in hnh l cc h thng chuyn mch knh
khi cung cp cc dch v Internet s c tin cy khc so vi cc cuc gi thng
thng vi thi gian chim dng cuc gi ln hn rt nhiu, v cng nh vy i vi
cc bi ton lu lng. S thay i ca h tng mng chuyn i sang mng th h k
tip NGN v ang tc ng rt ln ti cc h thng chuyn mch, di y trnh
by mt s vn lin quan ti mng NGN v cc c im ca qu trnh hi t mng
ca h tng mng cng cng. Mng chuyn mch knh cng cng PSTN v IP
(Internet Protocol) ang dn hi t ti cng mt mc tiu nhm hng ti mt h tng
mng tc cao c kh nng tng thch vi cc ng dng a phng tin tng tc
v m bo cht lng dch v. Hnh 1.2 di y ch ra xu hng hi t trong h tng
mng cng cng:

Hnh 1.2: Xu hng hi t cng ngh mng cng cng
S khc bit ny bt u t nhng nm 1980, PSTN chuyn hng tip cn sang
phng thc truyn ti bt ng b ATM h tr a phng tin v QoS, sau

24

chuyn hng sang cng ngh kt hp vi IP chuyn mch nhn a giao thc hin
nay. Trong khi Internet a ra mt tip cn hi khc vi PSTN qua gii php trin
khai kin trc phn lp dch v CoS (Class Of Service) v hng ti m bo cht
lng dch v QoS thng qua m hnh tch hp dch v IntServ v phn bit dch v
DiffServ, cc chin lc ca Internet theo hng tng thch vi IP, mng quang v
hng ti mng chuyn mch nhn a giao thc tng qut GMPLS (Generalized
MultiProtocol Label Switch). Cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS ra i
vo nm 2001 l s n lc kt hp hai phng thc chuyn mch hng kt ni
(ATM, FR) vi cng ngh chuyn mch phi kt ni (IP), cng ngh chuyn mch
nhn a giao thc MPLS nh ngha khi nim nhn (Label) nm trn mt lp gia lp
2 v lp 3 trong m hnh OSI, vi mc tiu tn dng ti a cc u im ca chuyn
mch phn cng (ATM, FR) v s mm do, linh hot ca cc phng php nh
tuyn trong IP. Mt s quc gia c h tng truyn ti cp quang pht trin tt c xu
hng s dng cc k thut chuyn mch quang v s dng cc cng ngh trn nn
quang nh GMPLS, IP qua cng ngh ghp bc sng quang WDM (Wavelength
Division Multiplexing), kin trc chuyn mch trong mng th h k tip NGN.
Trong mi trng mng hin nay, s phn cp h thng thit b bin (ni ht), thit
b qu giang v thit b li trong mng cung cp cc dch v PSTN vn ang tn ti.
Cc mng bao trm nh FR, ATM v Internet ang c trin khai song song v to
ra nhu cu kt ni lin mng. Cc truy nhp cng thm gm cp ng, cp quang v
truy nhp khng dy ang c trin khai lm a dng v tng mt truy nhp t
pha mng truy nhp.
S tng trng ca cc dch v truy nhp to nn sc p v t ra 3 vn chnh
i vi h thng chuyn mch bng rng a dch v: Truy nhp bng thng rng, s
thng minh ca thit b bin v truyn dn tc cao ti mng li. Cc thit b truy
nhp bng thng rng bao gm cc thit b h tng mng truyn thng (tng i PSTN
ni ht) v cc module truy nhp ng dy s DSLAM (Digital Subcriber Line
Access Mutiplexer) phi truyn ti v nh tuyn mt s lng ln cc lu lng thoi
v d liu ti thit b g mng. Cc thit b g mng hin c rt nhiu dng gm VoiP
Cc cng truy nhp cho thit b VoiP (Voice Over IP), cng trung k, chuyn mch
ATM, b nh tuyn IP v cc thit b mng quang. Cc thit b bin cn phi h tr
cc chc nng nhn thc, cp quyn v ti khon AAA (Authentificaton,
Authorization v Accounting) cng nh nhn dng cc lung lu lng t pha khch
hng, v vy vic qun l v iu hnh thit b bin l mt vn rt phc tp.

25

Vi mi trng mng PSTN trc y, cc thit b li mng chu trch nhim chnh
trong iu hnh v qun l v iu ny c thay i chc nng cho cc thit b g
mng trong mi trng NGN. Cc h thng chuyn mch a dch v cn phi h tr
cc chuyn mch lp 3 trong khi vn phi duy tr cc chuyn mch lp 2 nhm h tr
cc dch v ATM v FR truyn thng, c tin cy cao v phi tch hp tt vi cc h
tng c sn.
Hn na, cc h thng chuyn mch phi c mm do ln nhm tng thch v
p ng cc yu cu tng trng lu lng t pha khch hng. V vy, c ch iu
khin cc h thng chuyn mch c pht trin theo hng phn lp v module
ho nhm nng cao hiu nng chuyn mch v m bo QoS t u cui ti u cui.
Hng tip cn my ch cuc gi CS (Call Server) v hng trin khai phn h a
dch v IP (IMS) c trnh by di y l nhng im mc quan trng nht trong
lch s pht trin k thut chuyn mch trong nhng nm gn y.
1.2.2 Chuyn mch mm v hng tip cn my ch cuc gi CS.
Hng tip cn my ch cuc gi CS c hnh thnh trong qu trnh chuyn i
cc h tng mng chuyn mch knh sang chuyn mch gi trong mng PSTN.
thc hin qu trnh chuyn i v truyn thoi trn nn IP, mt gii php c th thc
thi l to ra mt thit b lai c th chuyn mch thoi c dng knh v gi vi s tch
hp ca phn mm x l cuc gi. iu ny c thc hin bng cch tch ring chc
nng x l cuc gi khi chc nng chuyn mch vt l. Thit b B iu khin cng
a phng tin MGC (Media Gateway Controller) c coi l thnh phn mu cht
trong gii php k thut chuyn mch mm Softswitch.
Bn cht ca khi nim chuyn mch mm nm ti phn mm thc hin chc nng
x l cuc gi trong h thng chuyn mch cho php chuyn ti nhiu loi thng tin
theo cc giao thc khc nhau (chc nng x l cuc gi bao gm nh tuyn cuc gi
v qun l, xc nh v thc thi cc c tnh cuc gi). Theo thut ng chuyn mch
mm th chc nng chuyn mch vt l c thc hin bi cng a phng tin MG
(Media Gateway), cn x l cuc gi l chc nng ca b iu khin cng a phng
tin MGC. Chuyn mch mm khi pht t xu hng tch chc nng truyn ti v
iu khin trong mi trng mng phc hp, vic tch chc nng nhm c c mt
s li im chnh sau:
Cho php c mt gii php phn mm chung i vi vic x l cuc gi. Phn
mm ny c ci t trn nhiu loi mng khc nhau, bao gm c mng
chuyn mch knh v mng gi (p dng c vi cc dng gi v mi trng
truyn dn khc nhau).

26

L ng lc cho cc h iu hnh, cc mi trng my tnh chun, tit kim
ng k trong vic pht trin v ng dng cc phn mm x l cuc gi.
Cho php cc phn mm thng minh ca cc nh cung cp dch v iu khin
t xa thit b chuyn mch t ti tr s ca khch hng, mt yu t quan trng
trong vic khai thc tim nng ca mng trong tng lai.
Chuyn mch mm thc hin cc chc nng tng t chuyn mch knh truyn
thng cho cc cuc gi nhng vi nng lc mm do v cc tnh nng u vit hn.
Cc u im ca chuyn mch mm mang li l do vic chuyn mch bng phn mm
da trn cu trc phn tn v cc giao din lp trnh ng dng m.
Trong chuyn mch truyn thng, phn cng chuyn mch lun i km vi phn
mm iu khin ca cng mt nh cung cp. iu ny lm tng tnh c quyn trong
vic cung cp cc h thng chuyn mch, khng cung cp mt mi trng kin to
dch v mi, lm gii hn kh nng pht trin cc dch v mi ca cc nh qun tr
mng. Khc phc iu ny, chuyn mch mm a ra giao din lp trnh ng dng m
API (Application Programable Interface), cho php tng thch phn mm iu khin
v phn cng ca cc nh cung cp khc nhau. iu ny cho php cc nh cung cp
phn mm v phn cng c c ting ni chung v tp trung pht trin theo hng
m ti cc vng hot ng ring. Vi cc giao din lp trnh m, chuyn mch mm
c th d dng c nng cp, thay th v tng thch vi cc ng dng ca nhiu nh
cung cp dch v v thit b khc nhau. Mt s c im chnh ca chuyn mch mm
gm:
Chuyn mch mm c xy dng trn c s mng IP, x l thng tin mt
cch trong sut, cho php p ng nhiu loi lu lng khc nhau.
c xy dng theo cu hnh phn tn, tch cc chc nng khc khi chc
nng chuyn mch cng lm cho nhim v chuyn mch tr nn n gin
hn v do nng lc x l mnh m hn.
Cng ngh chuyn mch mm lm gim tnh c quyn ca cc nh cung
cp, gp phn tng tnh cnh tranh v do gim gi thnh ca h thng
chuyn mch mm.
Cc vn k thut chi tit ca chuyn mch mm s c trnh by trong chng
cui ca ti liu bi ging.
1.2.3 Hng tip cn phn h a phng tin IP (IMS)
thc hin hi t gia mng di ng vi mng c nh theo hng IP ho, mng
th h k tip NGN ng dng ti mng 3G (Third Generation) trong nhiu cch. Vo

27

nm 2000, 3GPP (3
rd
Generation Partnership Project) thit lp cc c tnh ca
WCDMA R4 (Wireless Code Division Multiple Access Release 4), l ln u tin
a khi nim chuyn mch mm vo trong h thng mng li di ng. S thay i
ny nh hng ti kin trc mng, cc giao din mng, s pht trin ca cc dch v
trong h thng thng tin di ng hng s pht trin ca 3G ti NGN. Trong kin trc
mng, NGN v 3G u nhm chuyn hng tch bit gia lp iu khin v lp knh
mang trong cc giao thc giao tip. 3G v NGN a ra rt nhiu giao thc nh: Giao
thc iu khin c lp knh mang BICC, Giao thc khi to phin SIP/SIP-T, giao
thc iu khin bo hiu H.248/Megaco, giao thc truyn ti bo hiu trong nn IP
(SIGTRAN), v..v khng ch cung cp cc dch v nh thoi m cn l cc dch v a
phng tin thng qua cc giao din dch v m. iu ny to kh nng kin to cc
dch v mi cho cc nh cung cp dch v th 3 ng thi trong c vng mng c nh
v di ng. Khi kin trc chuyn mch mm c ng dng trong vng NGN 3G, n
c gi l chuyn mch mm di ng. Gii php tch hp v h tr cc dch v IP
trong di ng c thc hin qua phn h IMS (Internet Multimedia Subsystem) nm
ti bin vng mng c nh v di ng.
1.3 CC T CHC TIU CHUN
H thng tiu chun lun ng vai tr ct li trong qu trnh pht trin cng ngh.
Cc tiu chun cho php cc nh cung cp thit b pht trin cc sn phm theo mt
tp c tnh chung v ngi s dng cng nh nh cung cp dch v c th la chn
c cc thit b t nhiu nh cung cp.
H thng tiu chun c chia thnh hai loi: Tiu chun thc t (de facto) v tiu
chun php l (de jure). Tiu chun thc t c pht trin bi mt nh cung cp thit
b hoc mt nhm cc nh cung cp c chp thun bi cc t chc tiu chun. Tiu
chun php l c lp bi tha thun chung gia cc t chc tiu chun Quc gia
hoc y ban tiu chun Quc t. Cc tiu chun lin quan ti lnh vc chuyn mch
thuc v c hai loi tiu chun trn, nhng tp trung ch yu trong h thng tiu chun
php l. Di y l mt s t chc tiu chun v din n chnh.
i, Lin minh vin thng Quc t ITU
Lin minh vin thng Quc t ITU (International Telecommunication Union) l
mt t chc lin chnh ph c thnh lp ngy 01/01/1934 gm c cc Quc gia
Thnh vin v Thnh vin Lnh vc, vi quyn hn v ngha v c xc nh r
nhm hp tc t c cc mc tiu chung ca Lin minh. Lin minh vin thng
Quc t ITU gm 3 lnh vc chnh: Lnh vc thng tin v tuyn ITU-R
(Radiocommunication); Lnh vc tiu chun ho vin thng ITU-T

28

(Telecommunication Standardization); Lnh vc pht trin vin thng ITU-D
(Development) [6].
Mc tiu ca ITU-T nhm tiu chun ha ton cu lnh vc vin thng thng qua
cc hot ng nghin cu k thut, iu hnh, tr li cc yu cu v a ra cc
khuyn ngh. ITU-T c thnh lp vo thng 03/1993 thay th cho y ban t vn
in thoi v in tn Quc t CCITT (International Telegraph and Telephone
Consultative Committee). ITU-T c t chc bi 15 nhm nghin cu k thut v
a ra cc tiu chun di dng khuyn ngh. Cc khuyn ngh ca ITU-T c t
chc thnh cc nhm c nh th t theo ch ci Alphabet. Cc khuyn ngh ca
ITU-T trong series Q lin quan ti bo hiu v chuyn mch. V d, Q.2931 m t th
tc bo hiu s dng thit lp knh o im-im qua giao din ngi s dng
mng trong mi trng ATM.
ii, T chc tiu chun Quc t ISO
T chc tiu chun Quc t ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
c thnh lp vo nm 1947 gm cc y ban tiu chun ca cc Quc gia. Nhim v
ca t chc tiu chun Quc t ISO l xc tin vic tiu chun ha v cc hot
ng lin quan trn ton cu nhm to iu kin thun tin trong trao i hng ha v
dch v, pht trin s hp tc trn nhiu lnh vc. Cc tiu chun ISO a ra cc tiu
chun ha bao trm tt c cc lnh vc k thut, trong lnh vc vin thng m hnh h
thng kt ni h thng m OSI (Open System Interconnection) l mt tiu chun ph
bin ca ISO. ISO hp tc vi y ban in t Quc t IEC (International Electronical
Commission) pht trin cc tiu chun trong mng my tnh v lp ra y ban lin
kt k thut JCT1 (Joint Technical Committee 1) nm 1987 pht trin cc tiu
chun trong lnh vc cng ngh thng tin [6].
iii, Vin k thut in v in t IEEE
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering) l cng ng chuyn gia
k thut ln nht trn th gii pht trin cc tiu chun trong lnh vc in-in t v
my tnh thng qua hip hi tiu chun IEEE-SA (Standards Association). IEEE-SA
gm Hi ng qun tr v cc y ban tiu chun. Hi ng qun tr chu trch nhim
v chnh sch, ti chnh v hng chin lc cho cc y ban tiu chun. y ban tiu
chun chu trch nhim pht trin v qun l cc tin trnh tiu chun ha thng qua
cc d n [6].
iv, T chc c nhim k thut Internet IETF
IETF (The Internet Engineering Task Force) l mt cng ng m Quc t ca cc
nh thit k mng , iu hnh mng, cc nh cung cp thit b v cc nh nghin cu

29

lin quan ti s pht trin ca kin trc Internet. Mt s vng chc nng c bn ca
IETF nh: ng dng, Internet, qun l mng, cc yu cu iu hnh, nh tuyn, bo
mt, truyn ti v dch v ngi s dng. Mi mt vng c mt vi nhm lm vic
thc thi cc nhim v c th. Cc tiu chun ca IETF c a ra di dng cc yu
cu dn gii RFC (Request for Comments) gn vi cc s hiu. V d, RFC 1058 dn
gii cc vn lin quan ti giao thc thng tin nh tuyn RIP (Routing Information
Protocol) trong mng IP. RFC gm ba dng: RFC tiu chun, RFC bn tho v RFC
xut. Cc dng RFC bn tho v RFC xut ch c hiu lc trong mt khong thi
gian, cc ti liu ny c th c chnh sa, cp nht, thay th hoc loi b khi ht thi
hn [6].
v, Vin tiu chun vin thng chu u ETSI
ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) l t chc tiu chun ha
vin thng, phi li nhun v c lp ca chu u cng nh ca th gii c t chc
nm 1988. Mc tiu ca ETSI nhm h tr qu trnh tiu chun ha trong lnh vc
vin thng, cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng ton cu thng qua cc din n, to
iu khin cho cc thnh vin ch cht ng gp kin xy dng cc tiu chun. Cc
nhm lm vic c thnh lp thc hin tiu chun ha cc nhim v c th. V d,
Nhm WG3 trong d n TIPHON ca ETSI a ra cc tiu chun v bo hiu v iu
khin cuc gi trong mi trng kt hp giao thc IP vi h tng mng vin thng.
Nhm WG4 a ra cc tiu chun v nh s, tn gi v a ch cho cc thit b ngi
s dng u cui. ETSI a ra mt s dng ti liu pht hnh gm: Tiu chun ETSI,
bin bn ETSI, c tnh k thut v bo co k thut. Trong dng ti liu tiu chun
ETSI v bin bn ETSI c pht hnh sau qu trnh b phiu [6].
vi, Din n chuyn mch a phng tin MSF
MSF (The Multimedia Switching Forum) c thnh lp nm 1998, cung cp cc
tiu chun cho chuyn mch a dch v da trn nn tng ATM, h tr cc kiu dch
v gm cc dch v IP v dch v ATM cng nh l cc dch v khc. Cc ti liu tiu
chun c xy dng bi ba nhm lm vic:
Kin trc: Kin trc giao din v nguyn l giao din;
iu khin chuyn mch: Cc giao din iu khin v qun l chuyn mch;
Phng tin: M hnh iu khin thoi v cc giao din cng a phng tin.
vii, Din n IP/MPLS
Din n IP/MPLS c thnh lp vo thng 7/2007 v l mt t chc Quc t phi
li nhun ca cc nh cung cp dch v, cc nh cung cp thit b, cc trung tm o

30

kim v ngi dng x nghip. Mc tiu ca din n tp trung vo cc gii php pht
trin v ng dng trn h tng cng ngh IP/MPLS. Cc tiu chun ca din n
IP/MPLS hng ti s chuyn dch ca cc cng ngh hin thi sang h tng
IP/MPLS ph hp vi cc tp c tnh ca IETF v ITU-T. Mt trong cc tiu chun
c xy dng bi din n IP/MPLS kt hp vi ITU-T l lin kt bo hiu
MPLS/PNNI v bo hiu cho thoi qua MPLS [6].
1.4 KT LUN CHNG
Chng 1 tp trung vo gii thiu cc thut ng, nh ngha c bn trong lnh vc
k thut chuyn mch. Nhm khi qut cc kin thc v lnh vc lin quan ti k thut
chuyn mch, cc khi nim c s v cc l thuyt lin quan ti k thut chuyn mch
c a ra. Trong , cc m hnh ton c s c trnh by vn tt l nn tng
ca cc vn m hnh ha, phn tch v tnh ton cc tham s mng chuyn mch.
Qu trnh pht trin v xu hng pht trin cng ngh mng c trnh by ti phn
cui ca chng nhm gip sinh vin nhn thc v l trnh v xu hng chuyn i h
tng mng vin thng cng nh cc tc ng lin quan ti lnh vc chuyn mch. Cc
t chc tiu chun c gii thiu trong chng ny nhm gip sinh vin phn bit v
xc nh r cc kha cnh tiu chun k thut v cng ngh c p dng trong lnh
vc chuyn mch.



31

Chng 2
K THUT CHUYN MCH KNH
2.1 C S K THUT CHUYN MCH KNH
K thut chuyn mch knh da trn nguyn tc thit lp knh ni dnh ring
cho cc cuc gi phc v cho qu trnh truyn tin qua mng. K thut chuyn mch
knh ng vai tr quan trng trong cc h thng mng vin thng k t mng chuyn
mch in thoi cng cng truyn thng PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)
n cc mng quang hin i. Chng 2 ca cun bi ging ny s trnh by cc vn
k thut chuyn mch knh c ng dng trong mng in thoi cng cng PSTN
v tp trung vo cc nguyn l c bn ca chuyn mch knh tn hiu s.
Chuyn mch knh tn hiu s l qu trnh kt ni, trao i thng tin s gia cc
khe thi gian c ghp knh phn chia thi gian TDM (Time Division Mode).
Lu lng ngi dng c chuyn i t tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s theo
nguyn l PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) v ng thnh cc khung tn hiu PCM theo
chun G.704 ITU-T ri c truyn n nt mng thc hin chuyn mch trn
trng chuyn mch. Tiu chun G.704 ITU-T m t cc dng cu trc khung tn hiu
PCM ca h thng PCM 24 (T1) v h thng PCM 30/32 (E1) nh sau:
i, Cu trc khung v a khung PCM 24
Cu trc khung PCM 24 c m ho theo lut v c mt s c tnh c bn sau:

Hnh 2.1: Cu trc a khung PCM 24
Tc truyn 1,544 Kb/s; Mt khung gm 24 DS0 (64 kb/s).
di khung l 125 s c 193 bit c nh s t 1- 193;
Bit u tin ca mi khung c s dng xp khung, gim st v cung cp
lin kt s liu.
K thut m ho ng dy : AMI, B8ZS.

32

Cu trc a khung gm hai khun dng: DS4 nhm 12 khung, v khung m
rng EPS nhm 24 khung (hnh 2.1 th hin cu trc a khung 24).
Bit bo hiu F s dng xp a khung, lin kt d liu, kim tra v bo hiu
c ch nh trong tng khung
ii, Cu trc khung v a khung PCM 30
Cu trc khung PCM 30 th hin trn hnh 2.2 c m ho theo lut A v c mt
s c tnh c bn sau:
Tc truyn 2,048 Kb/s; Mt khung gm 32 TS/30 CH.
di khung l 125 s cha 256 bit; nh s t 1 n 256.

Hnh 2.2: Cu trc khung v a khung PCM 30
K thut m ho ng dy : AMI, HDB3.
Cu trc a khung cha 16 khung. TS0 s dng xp khung v ng b,
TS16 s dng cho bo hiu.
iii, Trao i khe thi gian ni TSI
Trong k thut chuyn mch knh, sau khi tn hiu thoi c m ho thnh cc
t m nh phn 8 bit, cc knh thng tin c xc lp trn cc khe thi gian cch nhau
125s v c truyn i nh cc h thng truyn dn v chuyn mch.
Trn nguyn tc s dng chung ti nguyn, thng tin ca ngi s dng c
chuyn i trn cc knh c phn chia logic theo thi gian. Vic sp xp li ni dung
thng tin trn cc khe thi gian trong cng mt khung thng tin c gi l qu trnh

33

trao i khe thi gian ni TSI (Time Slot Interchange). Mt c cu s dng chuyn
i khe thi gian ni c minh ho trn hnh 2.3.

Hnh 2.3: Nguyn l trao i khe thi gian ni TSI
Cc khi thit b chnh gm c:
Cc tuyn PCM u vo v u ra c cu trc khung gm n khe thi gian, yu
cu chuyn i ni dung thng tin ca mt khe thi gian bt k t u vo ti
u ra.
B nh lu m tm thi hot ng theo nguyn tc truy xut ngu nhin
(RAM) c dung lng cha ton b thng tin d liu trong mt khung PCM,
(S ngn nh: n, dung lng ngn nh: 8 bit).
Khi iu khin CM (Control Memory) s dng ghi cc thng tin iu khin
chuyn i ni dung khe thi gian trn b nh lu m (S ngn nh: n, dung
lng ngn nh: l= log
2
n).
Qu trnh ghi c vo cc b nh c ng b thng qua mt b m khe thi
gian TS.C.
Khi c yu cu chuyn i ni dung thng tin v tu thuc vo ngun ti
nguyn ca h thng, khi x l trung tm s a cc d liu iu khin ti khi iu
khin CM nhm sp xp v tr chuyn i ca cc khe thi gian. m bo tc
lung thng tin u vo v u ra, trong mi khe thi gian b nh lu m phi thc
hin ng thi hai tc v ghi thng tin vo v c thng tin ra. Theo nguyn tc trao
i khe thi gian ni TSI, tr ti a ca thng tin trao i khng vt qu thi gian
ca mt khung: T
d
(max) = (n-1)TS < 125s.

34

2.2 KIN TRC TRNG CHUYN MCH KNH
Chuyn mch knh tn hiu s l qu trnh thc hin trao i ni dung thng tin
s trong cc khe thi gian ca cc tuyn PCM u vo ti u ra. thc hin hiu
qu qu trnh chuyn mch, cc tuyn PCM thng c ghp knh vi tc cao
trc khi a ti trng chuyn mch. Vic b tr s dng cc trng chuyn mch
trong h thng chuyn mch ph thuc ch yu vo kin trc iu khin ca h thng.
Tuy nhin, kin trc trng chuyn mch knh c chia thnh hai dng phn chia
theo nguyn tc hot ng: Trng chuyn mch khng gian S (Space) v trng
chuyn mch thi gian T (Time).
Di y s trnh by nguyn l cu trc ca trng chuyn mch khng gian
(S), thi gian (T) v kin trc ghp ni cc trng chuyn mch (TST).
2.2.1 Trng chuyn mch khng gian s
Trng chuyn mch khng gian s S thc hin qu trnh chuyn ni dung
thng tin t cc tuyn PCM u vo ti cc tuyn PCM u ra m khng lm thay i
v tr khe thi gian trn trc thi gian. to ra knh truyn thng cho cc cuc gi,
cc thng tin c chuyn qua trng chuyn mch khng gian s c chuyn mch
nh k vi khong thi gian 125s.
Cc trng chuyn mch khng gian (S) c thit k h tr chuyn mch ng
thi mt s lng ln cc cuc ni di s iu khin ca cc chng trnh ghi sn.
Hnh 2.4 trn y ch ra s nguyn l cu trc ca trng chuyn mch khng gian
(S) in hnh theo kiu iu khin u vo. Kiu iu khin u ra c thc hin
bng s hon i v tr gn cng u ra ca cc phn t kt ni.
Trng chuyn mch khng gian (S) c cu to t hai khi chnh: Khi ma trn
chuyn mch v khi iu khin cc b.
i, Khi ma trn chuyn mch
Khi ma trn chuyn mch c cu trc di dng ma trn hai chiu gm cc
cng u vo v cc cng u ra. Trn cc cng l cc tuyn PCM c chu k khung
125s. Cc im ni trong ma trn l cc phn t logic khng nh (thng thng l
cc mch AND). Mt ma trn c (N) cng u vo v (M) cng u ra tr thnh ma
trn vung khi N=M.


35


Hnh 2.4: Nguyn l chuyn mch khng gian (S)
ii, Khi iu khin khu vc
Khi iu khin khu vc gm mt s khi thit b nh:
B nh iu khin kt ni CMEM (Control MEMory) lu tr cc thng tin iu
khin theo chng trnh ghi sn cho ma trn chuyn mch, ni dung thng tin
trong CMEM s th hin v tr tng ng ca im kt ni cn chuyn mch
(S ngn nh: n, dung lng ngn nh: l= log
2
N);
B gii m a ch DEC (DECode) chuyn cc tn hiu iu khin m nh phn
thnh cc tn hiu iu khin cng cho phn t kt ni AND;
B m khe thi gian TS.C (Time Slot Counter) nhn tn hiu ng h t ng
h h thng cp cc xung ng b cho b iu khin theo ng b ca cc
tuyn PCM vo v tuyn PCM ra;
TS.C a tn hiu ng b vo b chn (SEL) ng b qu trnh ghi dch a
ch v tc v ghi c ca b nh CMEM.
Nguyn tc hot ng ca trng chuyn mch khng gian (S) gm mt s bc c
bn sau:

36

Cc tuyn PCM trn cc cng u vo v u ra c ng b ho theo tn hiu
ng b. Nh trn hnh 2.4 ch ra mi khi iu khin khu vc LOC m nhim mt
cng u ra, v vy s b iu khin LOC s bng ng s cng u ra (M b iu
khin).
i vi mi mt cuc ni thoi, chu k ng tip im c thc hin tun t
theo chu k 125s. Vic ngt cc kt ni c thc hin n gin thng qua qu trnh
ghi li d liu trong b nh CMEM. Cc khong thi gian cn li s c thc hin
cho cc kt ni khc. Nu ma trn chuyn mch l ma trn vung th tng s knh ti
a c th kt ni ng thi s l Cmax= n x N (n: s khe thi gian trong mt khung
PCM; N: s cng u vo chuyn mch (S)).
Trng chuyn mch khng gian (S) mang tnh thi gian nu xt v tnh chu k
ca qu trnh ng ngt tip im. V chu k ny l c nh cho tt c cc cuc ni
qua trng chuyn mch. Nhc im lun tn ti trong cc trng chuyn mch
khng gian (S) l xy ra hin tng tc nghn khi c nhiu hn mt yu cu chuyn
mch ca cc khe thi gian u vo cng ch s cng mun n mt cng u ra. Mt
ma trn chuyn mch khng tc nghn hon ton c nh ngha l mt ma trn c
kh nng p ng c cc kt ni t cc u vo bt k ti cc u ra bt k.
Hin tng tranh chp cng u ra trong ni b trng chuyn mch c gi
l hin tng tc nghn ni. gii quyt vn trn, cc trng chuyn mch (S)
thng c kt hp vi cc b m gy tr thi gian trnh tranh chp, chnh l
cc gii php ghp ni trng chuyn mch (S) vi trng chuyn mch thi gian (T)
trong cc h thng chuyn mch thc t.
2.2.2 Trng chuyn mch thi gian s
Trng chuyn mch thi gian tn hiu s thc hin qu trnh chuyn i ni
dung thng tin t mt khe thi gian ny sang khe thi gian khc, vi mc ch gy tr
cho cc tn hiu. Qu trnh gy tr tn hiu c thc hin theo nguyn tc trao i khe
thi gian ni. Hnh 2.5 ch ra s nguyn l cu trc ca trng chuyn mch thi
gian (T). Trng chuyn mch thi gian (T) c hai kiu iu khin: iu khin u
vo thc hin qu trnh ghi thng tin c iu khin v c ra tun t; iu khin u
ra thc hin ghi thng tin tun t v c ra theo iu khin. Trong mc ny ta xem xt
nguyn l hot ng ca trng chuyn mch (T) theo kiu iu khin u ra.
Trng chuyn mch thi gian (T) c cu to t 2 khi chnh: Khi b nh thoi
SMEM (Speech MEMory) v khi iu khin cc b LOC.

37


Hnh 2.5: Nguyn l chuyn mch thi gian (T)
Khi b nh thoi SMEM l mt thit b ghi nh truy xut ngu nhin RAM
(S lng ngn nh: n; dung lng ngn nh: 8 bit). Nh vy, b nh SMEM
lu ton b thng tin trong mt khung tn hiu PCM. m bo tc lung
thng tin qua trng chuyn mch, tc ghi c ca CMEM phi ln gp 2
ln tc lung trn tuyn PCM u vo hoc u ra.
Khi iu khin khu vc gm mt s khi nh: B nh iu khin CMEM lu
tr cc thng tin iu khin SMEM, s th t ca ngn nh v ni dung d liu
trong CMEM th hin cc ch s khe thi gian TS cn trao i ni dung tin.
TS.C nhn tn hiu t ng h h thng iu khin cc b chn SEL1, SEL2
nhm ng b ho qu trnh ghi c thng tin d liu cho CMEM v SMEM.
Nguyn tc hot ng ca trng chuyn mch thi gian (T) trn c s ca
nguyn tc trao i khe thi gian ni. Hnh 2.5 th hin kiu iu khin ghi vo tun
t c ra c iu khin SWRR (Sequence Write Random Read).
Trng chuyn mch thi gian (T) mang tnh khng gian nu xt trn kha cnh
v tr thng tin d liu trong cc ngn nh ca CMEM. Chuyn mch (T) lun gy tr
tn hiu v tr ln nht khng vt qu mt khung PCM, T
d
(max) = (n-1)TS. Do
tc ghi c ca b nh yu cu ln gp 2 tc lung PCM nn s lng khe thi
gian trong mt khung thng khng vt qu 1024 khe thi gian do gii hn ca cng
ngh vt liu in t. m rng dung lng, ngi ta la chn gii php ghp vi
cc trng chuyn mch khng gian (S).


38

2.2.3 Trng chuyn mch ghp TST
Di gc h thng, h thng chuyn mch s c coi l h thng tn tht.
V vy, vn nng cao hiu nng chuyn mch lun l vn hng u trong thit k
ch to trng chuyn mch. Trong k thut chuyn mch knh, cc hin tng tc
nghn c coi l yu t c bn c tc ng suy gim cht lng h thng v ch yu
ri vo cc h thng chuyn mch s dng tng (S). Tc x l v thi gian tr trong
trng chuyn mch (T) cng l cc tham s nh hng ln ti hiu nng trng
chuyn mch. Tuy nhin, do c tnh t nhin ca chuyn mch, vic s dng cc
chuyn mch khng gian (S) trong h thng chuyn mch l yu t bt buc. Hn na,
chuyn mch (S) chnh l iu kin mu cht p ng c dung lng chuyn
mch trong thc tin. V vy, cc trng chuyn mch thc tin thng c ghp ni
a tng v phi hp gia cc kiu chuyn mch (T) v (S). Mc tiu kt ni a tng
chuyn mch khng ch nhm tng dung lng h thng m cn lm gim bt phc
tp v s lng thit b trong trng chuyn mch. Kt ni a tng trong chuyn mch
knh c chia thnh hai kiu nhm m bo kh nng khng tc nghn hon ton cho
trng chuyn mch: Kiu kt ni y v kt ni tng phn.
Nguyn tc ghp ni cc trngchuyn mch 3 tng tun th theo nh l Clos
c pht biu nh sau:
Ma trn chuyn mch kt ni 3 tng khng tc nghn khi v ch khi s kt ni
trung gian r
2
n + m -1. Trng hp c bit khi n=m th r
2
2n-1.
T cc tng chuyn mch (T) v (S) c bn c th c nhiu kiu ghp cc tng
chuyn mch theo cc m hnh nh: TS, ST, STS, TST ty theo dung lng v kin
trc iu khin h thng. Do s pht trin rt nhanh ca tc x l m kin trc ghp
ni TST thng c s dng nhiu nht trong cc h thng chuyn mch thng
mi. Do vy, trong phn ny ta xem xt cc nguyn tc hot ng ca trng chuyn
mch ghp da trn kiu ghp ni TST. Trn thc t, trng chuyn mch ghp TST
nhm gii quyt bi ton m rng dung lng v s dng cho cc kt ni hai hng
trong trng chuyn mch thc t. Theo l thuyt, trng chuyn mch TST c h s
tp trung l 1:1 v m bo khng tc nghn khi s lng khe thi gian trn lin kt
trung gian tun th theo nh l Clos.
Nh mc 2.2.2 trn y trnh by, trng chuyn mch thi gian T c th
hot ng theo hai kiu iu khin u vo (RWSR) v iu khin u ra (SWRR), v
vy khi ghp 2 tng T ta s c 4 phng n ghp ni tng ng vi cc kiu iu
khin tng chuyn mch T1 v T2.

39

Trong v d trn hnh 2.6 ta chn chuyn mch thi gian tng T1 hot ng theo
nguyn tc SWRR v chuyn mch thi gian tng T2 hot ng theo nguyn tc
RWSR, A truyn v nhn thng tin d liu trn TS#05, B truyn v nhn thng tin d
liu trn TS#10, khe thi gian trung gian gia T1-S v S-T2 c chn l TS#15,
thng tin iu khin ti cc CMEM tng T c vit tt di dng a[b] [a: ch s ngn
nh, b: ni dung ngn nh].

Hnh 2.6: Ghp ni trng chuyn mch TST
Ni dung thng tin trn cc b nh CMEM c trnh by vn tt nh sau:
Hng kt ni t AB qua SMEM1(T1) SSMEMN(T2), cc b nh
CMEM1(T1) v CMEMN(T2) c ni dung tng ng 15[5] v 15[10].
Hng kt ni t BA qua SMEMN(T1)SSMEM1(T2), cc b nh
CMEMN(T1) v CMEM1 (T2) c ni dung tng ng 15[10] v 15[5].
T ni dung cc khi iu khin chuyn mch (T) nh trn hnh v, ta nhn
thy hai khi iu khin CMEM1(T1) v CMEM1(T2) hon ton ging nhau, cng
nh vy i vi CMEM N (T1) v CMEM N (T2).
tit kim s b iu khin ta c th s dng mt b iu khin s dng iu
khin chung thay v hai b iu khin. V trng hp ang xt l trng hp c bit
khi ta chn khe thi gian trung gian ging nhau (TS#15), iu ny s khng ng vi

40

trng hp tng qut khi A v B cng c kt ni ti cng mt khi chuyn mch
thi gian trong tng T1, hin tng tranh chp s xy ra khi c hai yu cu u vo
TS#05 v TS#10 cng mun ra u ra TS#15. Mt gii php trnh trng hp ny
l s dng kt ni th hai (BA) qua tuyn trung gian c khe thi gian l TS#15 +
2
n
.
Lc ny ni dung b iu khin tng ng l: CMEM1(T1):=15[5]; CMEM1(T2):=
(15+
2
n
)[5]; CMEMN(T1):= (15+
2
n
)[10]; CMEMN (T2):= 15[10].
Khi s dng mt b nh i ngu nh trn hnh 2.6 (A*) ta hon ton c th
iu khin c hai b iu khin CMEM ti hai tng chuyn mch bng mt khi
iu khin.
Trng hp s dng mt b nh dng chung nh trn hnh 2.6 (B*) khi ta chn
chuyn mch tng T1 hot ng theo nguyn tc RWSR v chuyn mch tng T2 hot
ng theo nguyn tc SWRR.
Vn chn khe thi gian trung gian trong trng chuyn mch TST iu
khin kt ni gia cc tng T v S l mt khu quan trng trong qu trnh x l chuyn
mch. Phng php tm kim khe thi gian trung gian ri c thc hin mt cch
n gin qua vic x l tm kim cc cp bit (bn/ ri) ti u ra tng T1 v u vo
tng T2. Phng php c xut tm kim cc cp bit ri ti hai u l phng
php tm kim kiu mt n chn knh. Cc bit trong thanh ghi ch th trng thi v
thanh ghi mt n th hin r s bn/ri ca cc knh thng qua bn nh nh x
trng thi. Ba thut ton thng c s dng trong cch thc di chuyn mt n gm:
Ngu nhin lin tip, c nh- lin tip v phng php th lp.
(i) Phng php ngu nhin - lin tip: phng php ny da trn nguyn tc tm
kim ngu nhin mt khe thi gian ri, nu khe thi gian u tin chn ngu nhin
khng tho mn yu cu, h thng dch chuyn lin tip trong ton di nhm tm khe
thi gian tho mn yu cu. Phng php ny to ra hiu ng chim dng cc b t
cc im xc lp ngu nhin, thi gian tm kim s ko di khi s lng knh b chim
tng ln.
(ii) Phng php c nh lin tip: Phng php ny ch nh khe thi gian u
tin sau tm lin tip trn ton di. Hiu ng tri di cc knh b chim dng bt
u t knh c chn v xc sut chn knh trong phng php ny khng ging
nhau.
(iii) Phng php th lp: Phng php ny da trn c tnh ca lu lng yu
cu v s chim dng ngu nhin ca cc khe thi gian. Qu trnh th lp da trn

41

theo khong thi gian chim dng khe thi gian. Phng php ny c bit hiu qu
nu m hnh lu lng u vo c xc nh.
2.3 NH TUYN TRONG CHUYN MCH KNH
nh tuyn l mt chc nng then cht trong cc mng truyn thng nhm nh
ra cc tuyn ng chuyn lu lng t ngun n ng ch. Ty theo tiu ch
cn thit khi xy dng cc h thng mng m p dng cc k thut nh tuyn khc
nhau: nh tuyn phn cp, nh tuyn tnh, nh tuyn ngNi dung ch yu ca
phn ny s xem xt cc k thut nh tuyn c bn ca cc h thng chuyn mch
knh dng trong mng PSTN gn lin vi k hoch nh s v hot ng ca nt
mng chuyn mch knh khi thc hin x l nh tuyn cuc gi.
2.3.1 Phn loi cc k thut nh tuyn
C hai kiu nh tuyn c bn trong k thut chuyn mch knh l : nh tuyn
phn cp v cc lc nh tuyn ng da trn mng phn cp.
i, nh tuyn phn cp
Trn hnh 2.7 ch ra mt cu hnh mng n gin gm 2 cp, h thng chuyn
mch 1, 4 ti cp thp v h thng chuyn mch (c k hiu l node trn th) 2, 3
ti mc cao. Trn hnh 2.7 (a) mt cuc gi c kt ni trc tip t node 1 ti node 4
nu tn ti lin kt trc tip. nu lin kt 14 bn, cuc gi s trn theo hng 13
v y c coi l cuc gi th, khi lin kt 34 cn ti nguyn cho cuc gi th kt
ni thnh cng t 14. Nu lin kt 34 khng cn knh ri cho cuc gi th cuc
gi c coi l khng th kt ni. Trong trng hp ny, ng kt ni (134)
c gi l hng trn cho hng 14. Tuy nhin, lc ny cn c th cung cp
nh tuyn lun phin, nu cuc gi khng tm thy mch ri trn lin kt 1-4, cuc
gi th s chim ng 1-2 nh nhm trung k cui.

Hnh 2.7: V d v nh tuyn phn cp
Cc nhm trung k trong mng nh tuyn phn cp gm c 2 loi: trung k lu
lng ln HU (high usage) v trung k cui (final trunk). Nhm trung k lu lng

42

ln l nhm trung k thng xuyn c lu lng trn , nhm trung k cui l nhm
khng cho php cc nhm khc trn ti nu cuc gi khng tm c knh ri. Trong
hnh trn, cc nhm trung k 1-4, 1-3 v 2-4 l trung k lu lng ln v 1-2, 3-4 l
nhm trung k cui. Th t ca cc cuc gi th s l 14, 134, 124.
Trong m hnh mng trn hnh 2.12 (b) c b sung nhm trung k cui 2-3, th t
cuc gi th s l 14, 134, 124, v 1234. Cng trong m hnh
mng ny, cuc gi c th bt u ti node 2 ti node 4, hai ng nh tuyn c
sp theo th t sau 24 v 234. Tuyn 214 s khng c xc nh bi c
ch nh tuyn phn cp khng cho php nh tuyn ti cc node c cp thp hn.
Vi mc tiu trnh lp vng trong qu trnh nh tuyn, mt s lut c p dng
cho c ch nh tuyn phn cp nh sau:
Mt node ti mc cao hn phi c chc nng nh tuyn v chuyn mch cho
cc node cp thp hn.
Cuc gi c nh tuyn qua node phn cp trc tip i vi c node ngun v
node ch.
i vi cc cuc gi t min phn cp ny sang min phn cp khc, cc nhm
trung k HU trong min cha node ngun chuyn mch ti bc cao hn trong
min cha node ch. Lut ny c gi l lut nh tuyn u tin.
Trong thc t, cc h thng chuyn mch knh c b tr phn cp thnh 5 cp
vi cp cao nht c kt ni hnh li y nhm h tr lu lng mc ti a, cc
ng nh tuyn lun phin c nh ngha trc, mt s lut c p dng nhm
trnh nh tuyn vng lp v cc cuc gi c nh tuyn ti node c cp cao hn
hoc ngang cp.
ii, nh tuyn ng
Mt c im bt li ln nht ca qu trnh nh tuyn phn cp l khng th
nh tuyn cuc gi ti cc node c bc thp hn, trn v d hnh 2.9(b) tuyn
214 l khng th xc nh cho kt ni t node 2 sang node 4 mc d c th cn
d bng thng. Hn na, trong nh tuyn phn cp s dng c ch iu khin cuc
gi ly tin PCC (Progressive Call Control), iu khin cuc gi chuyn t mt node
ny sang node khc cho ti khi tm c node ch v nu khng th tm thy mt
trung k ra ti trung k chuyn tip th cuc gi s tn tht. Ni cch khc, iu khin
cuc gi khng cho php ti nh tuyn t node ngun. Mt c ch b sung cho qu
trnh chuyn ngc iu khin cuc gi t node trung gian v node ngun gi l c
ch crankback, c ch ny cho php node ngun ti nh tuyn. Trn c s mt s
lc nh tuyn ng c xy dng cho mng phn cp nhm khc phc cc im

43

hn ch ca nh tuyn phn cp. Di y s trnh by s lc cc k thut nh
tuyn ng c bn v cc u nhc im ca n v phn loi cc lc nh tuyn
ng.
nh tuyn ng khng phn cp.
nh tuyn ng khng phn cp DNHR (Dynamic Nonhierarchical Routing) l
mt k thut nh tuyn ph thuc theo thi gian, cc tp tuyn c thit lp trc
theo th t. Ty thuc vo khong thi gian trong ngy, trong tun m cc lu lng
ti c chuyn qua cc tuyn. Cn c vo cc mu lu lng thng k m cc tuyn
c tnh ton trc v c sp xp theo th t. Cc cuc gi th s thc hin ln
lt trn cc tuyn xc nh v trng hp cui cng l s dng c ch crankback.
Nh vy, DNHR cho php nhiu hn 2 lin kt cho mt cuc gi trong mng v lu
tr cc ng nh tuyn lun phin ti cc node.
nh tuyn iu khin ng.
nh tuyn iu khin ng DCR (Dynamically Controlled Routing) l mt k
thut nh tuyn thch ng yu cu cp nht trng thi mng theo chu k. Cn c vo
trng thi ca cc lin kt mng, cc tuyn c tnh ton bi mt b x l trung tm.
C ch nh tuyn iu khin ng cho php d phng ln hn 2 lin kt cho mt
cuc gi, tuy nhin nh tuyn iu khin ng khng thc hin c ch crankback. V
vy, cuc gi s tn tht nu cc ng lin kt nh ngha trc b nghn do khng
m bo thi gian thc hoc h thng tnh ton trung tm li.
nh tuyn lun phin ng
nh tuyn lun phin ng DAR (Dynamic Alternate Routing) l lc nh
tuyn phn tn v thch ng. Tng t nh cc lc nh tuyn ng khc, DAR
cng b hn ch bi s lin kt nh tuyn v thiu c ch crankback. i vi mi mt
node ngun i, duy tr mt ng dn d phng k trong cache ca n. Mt cuc gi
mi s th lin kt trc tip ij, nu khng cn bng thng trn ng lin kt trc
tip, n s chuyn sang ng lun phin trong cache. Khi cuc gi chuyn sang
ng nh tuyn lun phin, node ngun chn tip mt ng dn mi lun phin
thng qua qu trnh chn ngu nhin. Mc d thut ton tng i n gin, nhng
DAR cho php cache cc tuyn c lu lng ti thp nht v mi khi lu lng thay
i cc ng nh tuyn lun phin s la chn t ng cc ng lun phin c ti
thp nht. nh tuyn lun phin ng c th cho php cp nht trng thi lin kt ca
mng tnh ton ng dn thng qua mt qu trnh hc thng tin nh tuyn t
ng. V vy, DAR cn c coi l c ch nh tuyn theo s kin.
nh tuyn mng thi gian thc

44

nh tuyn mng thi gian thc RTNR (Real-Time Network Routing) c pht
trin t k thut nh tuyn ng khng phn cp DNHR v l lc nh tuyn
tng thch ng. Bng nh tuyn cho cc tuyn lun phin c cp nht theo tng
cuc gi. Thng qua cc bn tin truy vn, cc trng thi lin kt c xc nh theo
tng thi im v xc lp theo kh dng ca lin kt. Mt tp cc tuyn kh dng
c lu tr trong bng nh tuyn v l c s cho cc quyt nh chn tuyn.
Phn loi cc lc nh tuyn
Mt s cc kiu nh tuyn trn y c th c phn loi thnh cc kiu lc
nh tuyn nh sau.
(1) Tp trung v phn tn. Trong cc h thng tp trung, tnh ton tuyn c thc
hin bi mt b x l tnh ton. Cc lc nh tuyn nh DNHR v DCR
nm trong loi ny. Trong nh tuyn phn tn cc node chuyn mch t tnh
ton ng dn v RTNR v DAR thuc loi ny.
(2) Ph thuc thi gian v tng thch. nh tuyn ph thuc thi gian lin quan
ti ni dung bng nh tuyn bin i theo thi gian to ra mt tp ng
dn kh dng trc. nh tuyn tng thch lin quan ti tn sut cp nht bng
nh tuyn da trn lu lng hoc s kin. DNHR thuc loi th nht v
DCR, RTNR v DAR thuc loi th hai.
(3) nh k v theo yu cu. Trong kiu nh tuyn tng thch, cp nht bng nh
tuyn c thc hin theo chu k hoc theo yu cu. DCR l lc nh
tuyn cp nht theo chu k (10s) v RTNR v DAR c hot ng cp nht theo
cuc gi hoc tuyn d phng nghn.
(4) Ph thuc trng thi v ph thuc s kin. nh tuyn ph thuc trng thi
lin quan ti xem xt trng thi ca mng trong quyt nh nh tuyn. Thng
thng, trng thi y c xt l kh dng ca lin kt, v d nh trong
hai lc nh tuyn DCR v RTNR. DAR i din cho kiu ph thuc s
kin khi n chn ng lun phin trong trng hp c s kin li xy ra.
2.3.2 Phng php nh s trong mng PSTN
i, K hoch nh s ton cu
ng dng in hnh ca k thut chuyn mch knh l mng chuyn mch in
thoi cng cng PSTN. Nguyn tc chung ca qu trnh nh tuyn cho cc cuc gi
trong mng PSTN da trn a ch ch, cc h thng chuyn mch thc hin qu trnh
nh tuyn thng qua a ch ch trn c s thng tin bo hiu. Cc phng php nh
tuyn trong mng PSTN thc t lun thng nht vi k hoch nh s, tnh cc,

45

truyn dn v bo hiu. T chc lin minh vin thng quc t ITU-T ch ra cc
nguyn tc c bn ca k hoch nh s trong mng PSTN nhm m bo 3 yu t:
(1) Cung cp nhn dng duy nht trong phm vi quc gia v quc t,
(2) p ng c cc yu cu tng trng ca thit b u cui,
(3) di cc con s ph hp vi khuyn ngh ca t chc vin thng quc t.
Khuyn ngh ITU-T E.164 ra i vo thng 5 nm 1997, thuc vo seri E vi tiu
"Hot ng chung ca mng, dch v in thoi, hot ng dch v v cc tc nhn con
ngi", quy nh cc "Hot ng, nh s, nh tuyn v cc dch v di ng - Hot
ng quc t - Quy hoch nh s cho dch v in thoi quc t". Chi tit hn, E.164
quy nh v cc phng php nh s cho cc thit b vin thng hot ng trong
mng cng cng.
E.164 tp trung quy nh cu trc con s v chc nng ca cc s s dng trong
vin thng cng cng quc t tun theo theo 3 dng: Vng, dch v chung v theo
mng. E.164 quy nh c th mi loi tin t cn thit cho tng dng nhm thng nht
vic nh s ton cu cho mi loi nhu cu dch v. Ngoi ra, E.164 cng cung cp
cc quy c chung nh tuyn cuc gi gia cc con s v nhm s trn ton h
thng.
i vi mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng PSTN, E.164 quy nh tng
di cc con s s dng khng vt qu 15 digits, c phn cp thnh cc vng
m gm: m quc gia, m vng, m tng i v cc con s thu bao. Cc h thng m
ny thng i km vi m trung k to ra cc tin t c nh (prefix). Cc h thng
chuyn mch da trn cc tin t phn bit cc cuc gi ra trong vng, trong nc
hoc quc t. Cn c vo cc a ch tin t, h thng bng bin dch ca h thng
chuyn mch s lu cc nh x a ch logic sang a ch vt l s dng trong qu
trnh nh tuyn. Mt v d v h thng nh s theo vng a l nh sau: +84 43 556
9999; Trong : + l tin t cho bit dy a ch c vit theo dng y ; 84 l m
quc gia ca Vit nam, 43 l m vng hay cn gi l m trung k, 556 9999 l s thu
bao gm 556 l m tng i v 9999 l con s thu bao ni i.
ii, a ch trong mng bo hiu s 7
Mng bo hiu s 7 ng mt vai tr quan trng trong c ch nh tuyn ca
mng PSTN v hin l phng php bo hiu ph bin nht hin nay cho mng PSTN.
Cc a ch node trong SS7 (Signalling System No7) c gi l cc m im (point
code), chng l cc a ch logic v c nhn dng ti lp 3 ca chng giao thc SS7.
C hai dng m im c s dng trn th gii hin nay tun theo chun ca ANSI
v ITU c m t trn hnh 2.8.

46


Hnh 2.8: M im theo tiu chun ANSI v ITU
M im bo hiu theo tiu chun ca ANSI c di 24 bit v c chia thnh
3 trng chc nng 8 bit gm: S hiu mng, m vng v thnh vin. Cch nh a
ch theo ANSI tng t nh cch nh a ch IP. Trng 8 bit u tin nhn dng bi
nh cung cp mng SS7, trng th hai nhn dng im m bo hiu SSP v trng
chc nng th 3 ch ra cc thnh vin kt ni ti im m bo hiu.
M im bo hiu theo ITU c di 14 bit v chia thnh 3 trng chc nng:
trng th nht gm 3 bit nhn dng vng, trng th hai gm 8 bit nhn dng
mng v trng th 3 gm 3 bit l nhn dng im bo hiu.
2.3.3 Mng bo hiu PSTN
Hnh 2.9 di y m t mt mng SS7 in hnh gm cc kiu node trong
mng SS7 nh: im chuyn mch dch v SSP (Service Switching Point), im
chuyn tip bo hiu STP (Signalling Transfer Point) v im iu khin dch v SCP
(Sevice Control Point). Su dng lin kt c nh ngha trong mng SS7 gm:

Hnh 2.9: Cu hnh nt v lin kt mng SS7
Lin kt truy nhp (A-link) kt ni cc SSP ti STP, hoc SCP ti STP.
Lin kt cu ni (B-link) kt ni cc STP khng cng lp.
Lin kt cho (C-link) kt ni cho cc STP cng lp.
Lin kt trc giao (D-link) kt ni cc SSP ti cc STP ca vng khc.
Lin kt m rng (E-link) s dng kt ni mt SSP ti STP ca vng khc.
Lin kt (F-link) s dng kt ni trc tip hai nhm SSP.
S hiu mng (8bit) M vng (8bit) Thnh vin (8bit)
Nhn dng vng
(3bit)
Nhn dng mng
(8bit)
Nhn dng SSP
(3bit)
(a)
(b)

47

nh tuyn cc bn tin bo hiu trong mng SS7 c thc hin theo phng
php hop-by-hop v da trn mt tp lut nh tuyn di y:
Mt bn tin pht ra t SSP ti mt SSP kt ni trc tip s chn ng F-link
trc. Nu F-link khng tn ti, bn tin s chn A-link l tuyn ng dn cho
bn tin.
Mt bn tin t mt SSP ti mt SSP khc c phc v bi mt cp STP c
nh tuyn theo ng A-link ti STP ca vng sau mi c chuyn tip.
Mt bn tin ti STP ca vng ch la chn A-link kt ni ti SSP ch,
nu A-link khng tn ti, bn tin theo ng C-link ti STP cng cp kt ni
ti SSP ch.
Mt bn tin ti STP ca vng ch c th chn E-link ti SSP ch, nu E-
link khng tn ti, bn tin c nh tuyn ti STP ca vng ngun theo B-link.
La chn tip theo l s dng B-link ti vng ch th hai ca SSP hoc s
dng C-link ti cc vng khc c kt ni ti SSP ch.
Mt bn tin t mt SSP ti mt SCP thc hin nh tuyn trn F-link nu n
tn ti, nu F-link khng tn ti, bn tin s c nh tuyn ti STP ngun trn
ng A-link kt ni ti SCP.
Da trn cc lut trn, mng bo hiu SS7 xy dng mt cu trc d phng cho
php nh tuyn a ng gia hai node SS7. Mt tuyn trong mng SS7 l mt tp
lin kt tun t nh ngha con ng t SSP ngun ti SSP ch, mt tp hp tuyn
gm nhiu tuyn t ngun ti ch c t nht hai tuyn: mt tuyn s cp v mt tuyn
th cp, iu ny cho php cung cp ty chn lun phin ti mi node.
2.3.4 X l nh tuyn cuc gi trong node mng chuyn mch knh
Nh trnh by trn nh tuyn trong mng PSTN bao gm cc th tc
tm mt ng i trong mng cho cuc gi gia 2 thu bao. Vi cc trng hp 2 thu
bao ny cng kt ni vo mt tng i gi l cuc gi ni b hoc 2 thu bao kt ni
vo 2 tng i khc nhau c gi l cuc gi lin i m s lin kt to nn tuyn
ng cho cuc gi l khc nhau. Vi mc tiu phn tch qu trnh x l bo hiu v
nh tuyn cho cuc gi trong mt node mng mt cch y nn phn ny tp trung
vo qu trnh x l cuc gi lin i. Vic thit lp v gii phng ng i trong mng
c bt u v kt thc thng qua bo hiu.
Trong h thng chuyn mch knh cc kt ni cho cuc gi lin i c thit
lp dc theo ng i n ch c nh sn qua cc bng nh tuyn. Bng nh
tuyn c xy dng trn c s nhn cng. Thng thng, mt h thng chuyn mch

48

knh gm mt s bng bin dch, v d nh bng bin dch cho cc tuyn ng nh
tuyn quc t, quc gia v ni ht. Cn c vo cc con s m thu bao ch gi gi ti
tng i m h thng phn tch s s la chn bng bin dch nh tuyn cho ph hp.
Phng php truy nhp bng bin dch trong mt s tng i chuyn mch knh in
hnh thng s dng kiu con tr, vi kha l cc tin t. Cn c vo tin t v thng
tin c ci t sn ti h thng chuyn mch knh m tng i trung gian hoc kt
cui c xc nh. Tin trnh bo hiu tip theo s thc hin vic xc nh tuyn v
knh truyn cho cc cuc gi.
2.4 KT LUN CHNG
K thut chuyn mch knh l k thut ng dng ph bin nht trong cc mng
chuyn mch in thoi cng cng PSTN. Trong chng 2 trnh by vn tt v cu
trc khung tn hiu ca kt ni gia cc node chuyn mch knh. Cc nguyn l v
nguyn tc c bn ca trng chuyn mch knh theo thi gian, khng gian v ghp
kt hp cng c trnh by. Cc phng php nh tuyn thng c s dng
trong h thng chuyn mch knh lun gn lin vi cc th tc bo hiu kt ni cuc
gi. Cc vn chi tit v bng bin dch v cc tham s c th phc v cho qu trnh
nh tuyn cuc gi ph thuc vo kin trc mng chuyn mch knh.

49

Chng 3
K THUT CHUYN MCH GI

3.1. C S K THUT CHUYN MCH GI
K thut chuyn mch gi da trn nguyn tc chuyn thng tin qua mng di
dng gi tin. Gi tin l thc th truyn thng hon chnh gm hai phn: Tiu mang
cc thng tin iu khin ca mng hoc ca ngi s dng v ti tin l d liu thc
cn chuyn qua mng. Qu trnh chuyn thng tin qua mng chuyn mch gi c th
khng cn xc lp ng dnh ring v cc mng chuyn mch gi c coi l mng
chia s ti nguyn, cc gi tin s c chuyn giao t cc nt mng ny ti nt mng
khc trong mng chuyn mch gi theo nguyn tc lu m v chuyn tip, nn mng
chuyn mch gi cn c coi l mng chuyn giao trong khi mng chuyn mch
knh c coi l mng trong sut i vi d liu ngi s dng.
Trn hng tip cn tng i n gin t kha cnh dch v cung cp, cc dch v
c cung cp trn mng vin thng chia thnh dch v thoi v dch v phi thoi,
trong i din cho dch v phi thoi l dch v s liu. Mt cch trc quan, mng
chuyn mch in thoi cng cng PSTN c pht trin trn c s k thut chuyn
mch knh cung cp cc dch v thoi truyn thng. Cc mng d liu nh cc
mng cc b LAN (Local Area Network), mng Internet l mng chuyn mch gi
da trn k thut chuyn mch gi thc hin chuyn ti thng tin d liu cho ngi
s dng.
Nh trong chng 2 trnh by, dch v thoi trong mng chuyn mch cng cng
PSTN thng s dng k thut iu ch PCM v chim dng bng thng c nh
64kb/s, cht lng cuc gi thoi ph thuc ch yu vo k thut iu ch v s dng
knh dnh ring cho cc cuc ni. Mt khc, cht lng cc dch v d liu c thc
hin qua mng chuyn mch gi ph thuc rt ln vo lng bng thng cung cp.
Mt s ng dng i hi bng thng rt ln v nhiu khi khng c nh, s bin ng
bng thng ln theo xu hng tng bt thng c gi l hin tng bng n bng
thng. V vy, c ch xc nh knh dnh ring trc trong mng chuyn mch knh
kh c th p ng c tiu ch bng n bng thng ca cc dch v d liu.
Mt kha cnh khc ca cht lng dch v cng lun c tnh n trong qu trnh
chuyn thng tin cho ngi s dng l tr ca qu trnh truyn tin. Cc dch v
thoi i hi thi gian tr thp v n nh, yu cu ny hon ton c tha mn trong
mng chuyn mch knh v mng chuyn mch knh s dng knh dnh ring v kt
ni c hng cho cc kt ni. Trong khi , cc mng chuyn mch gi ch yu nhm

50

mc ch cung cp dch v truyn d liu c th c xy dng theo hng kt ni v
s dng knh o cung cp cc dch v yu cu tr thp v n nh. Tuy nhin,
mt khi yu cu tr ca dch v d liu khng qu ngt ngho th mng d liu
thng c xy dng theo m hnh phi kt ni nhm gim thiu cc quy trnh iu
khin v lu lng iu khin trn mng.
3.1.1 M hnh kt ni h thng m OSI
Trong khong gia nhng nm 70, khi cng nghip my tnh bt u pht trin rt
mnh ko theo nhu cu kt ni thng tin ca cc my tnh tng t bin trn cc h
tng mng khc nhau. iu ny thc y mt qu trnh chun ha cc kt ni gia
cc h tng mng khc nhau v kin trc. H thng m ra i nhm to ra cc tiu
chun ho cho tt c cc u ni gia cc kin trc mng, c gi l m hnh kt ni
h thng m OSI (Open System Interconnection) do t chc tiu chun quc t ISO
a ra.

Hnh 3.1: M hnh phn lp OSI RM
Mc tiu ca m hnh kt ni h thng m OSI l m bo rng bt k mt x
l ng dng no u khng nh hng ti trng thi nguyn thu ca dch v, hoc
cc x l ng dng c th giao tip trc tip vi cc h thng khc trn cng lp nu
cc h thng cng c h tr theo tiu chun ca m hnh OSI. M hnh OSI cung
cp mt khung lm vic tiu chun cho cc h thng kt ni vi nhau da trn m
hnh phn lp. M hnh gm c 7 lp chc nng chnh c th phn loi thnh 2 vng
chnh.
Lp thp cung cp cc dch v u cui - ti - u cui p ng phng tin
truyn s liu, cc chc nng hng v pha mng t lp 3 ti lp 1.
Lp cao cung cp cc dch v ng dng p ng truyn thng tin, cc chc
nng hng v ngi s dng t lp 4 ti lp 7.
M hnh OSI c th chia thnh ba mi trng iu hnh:

51

Mi trng mng: lin quan ti cc giao thc, trao i cc bn tin v cc tiu chun
lin quan ti cc kiu mng truyn thng s liu khc nhau.
Mi trng OSI: Cho php thm vo cc giao thc hng ng dng v cc tiu
chun cho php cc h thng kt cui trao i thng tin ti h thng khc theo hng
m.
Mi trng h thng thc: Xy dng trn m hnh OSI v lin quan ti c tnh
dch v v phn mm ca ngi sn xut, n c pht trin thc hin nhim v x
l thng tin phn tn trong thc t.
Nhng mi trng ny cung cp nhng c tnh sau:
Giao tip gia cc lp.
Chc nng ca cc lp, giao thc nh ngha tp hp ca nhng quy tc v
nhng quy c s dng bi lp giao tip vi mt lp tng ng tng t
trong h thng t xa khc.
Mi lp cung cp mt tp nh ngha ca nhng dch v ti lp k cn.
Mt thc th chuyn thng tin phi i qua tng lp.
Cc chc nng chi tit ca cc lp c nh ngha trong tiu chun ISO 7498 v
chun X.200 ca ITU-T.
3.1.2 Nguyn tc c bn ca chuyn mch gi
c c cc gi tin chuyn mch, mt qu trnh phn mnh vo to gi t d
liu ngi s dng c thc hin ti cc lp cao pha ngi s dng.

Bn t i n nguy n t hu ( di L bi t )
Thng ti n CRC
Ti u
Trng t hng t i n c di (M bi t )
Ti ti n (N bi t)
Ti u CRC
Bt bt u k hung Bt kt t hc khung

Hnh 3.2: ng gi d liu theo m hnh OSI
Qu trnh phn mnh v to gi theo cc lp ca m hnh OSI ch ra trn hnh 3.2
gm m hnh ng gi d liu v khun dng d liu ng dng. T cc lung d liu
ngi s dng, thng tin c ct mnh theo cc c tnh ca h thng truyn dn
hoc chuyn mch, mt trong cc tham s chnh yu c s dng xc nh kch

52

thc gi l tham s tc truyn dn ti a MTU (Maximum Transfer Unit) ca cc
lin kt. n v d liu ngi s dng c chuyn qua tng lp v mang tiu
thng tin ca tng lp ti khi phn on to gi ti lp 3 ca m hnh OSI.
K thut chuyn mch gi cho php kt ni thng tin t u cui ti u cui qua
qu trnh chia s ti nguyn, s dng cc tp th tc v cc lin kt c tc khc
nhau truyn cc gi tin v c th chuyn gi trn nhiu ng dn khc nhau. C
hai kiu chuyn mch gi c bn: chuyn mch datagram v chuyn mch knh o
VC (Virtual Circuit). Trn hnh 3.3 m t s lc 2 kiu chuyn mch ny.

Hnh 3.3: Chuyn mch Datagram v chuyn mch knh o
i,Chuyn mch Datagram
Chuyn mch datagram cung cp cho cc dch v khng yu cu thi gian thc,
vic chuyn cc gi tin ph thuc vo cc giao thc lp cao hoc ng lin kt d
liu. Chuyn mch kiu datagram khng cn giai on thit lp kt ni v rt thch
hp i vi dng d liu c lu lng thp v thi gian tn ti ngn. Chuyn mch
datagram l chuyn mch kiu n lc ti a (best effort), cc thng tin v tr s khng
c m bo cng nh cc hin tng lp gi, mt gi cng d dng xy ra i vi
kiu chuyn mch ny. Cc datagram phi cha ton b cc thng tin v a ch ch
v cc yu cu ca lp dch v pha trn c th hin trong tiu , v vy tiu ca
datagram l kh ln. V u im, chuyn mch datagram cho php la chn cc con
ng ti ch nhanh nht p ng cc thay i nhanh ca mng.
ii, Chuyn mch knh o
Chuyn mch knh o VC yu cu giai on thit lp tuyn gia thit b gi v thit
b nhn thng tin, mt knh o c hnh thnh gia cc thit b trong ng dn
chuyn mch; knh o l knh ch c xc nh khi c d liu truyn qua v khng
ph thuc vo logic thi gian. Chuyn mch knh o yu cu mt tuyn hin ngay
trong qu trnh nh tuyn v knh o c nhn dng thng qua trng nhn dng
knh o VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier) nm ti tiu gi tin. Trong qu trnh thit
lp knh o, nhn dng knh o VCI c to ra bi cc node chuyn mch ch

53

nh cc ngun ti nguyn ca gi tin s chuyn qua (v d: b m, dung lng lin
kt).
Mt khi knh o c thit lp dc theo tuyn ng t ngun ti ch qua cc lin
kt v cc node th knh c s dng truyn cc gi tin. Cc gi c VCI trong tiu
c th c s dng nh con tr truy nhp ti cc thng tin lu tr ti cc nt
chuyn mch. Cc trng nhn dng knh o cn phi duy nht phn bit cc thng
tin ngi s dng v ti s dng, nu s dng cc VCI cho ton b mng th s lng
VCI rt ln v khng ngng tng ln theo kch c mng. V vy, ngi ta s dng cc
nhn dng knh o theo cc vng cc b, thm ch l trn tng lin kt. Vi cch ny,
khi mt VC khi to mi mt nt chuyn mch dc tuyn ng s phi xc lp cc
nhn dng knh o trn cc lin kt u vo v lin kt u ra ca nt chuyn mch
. Cc nt phi tho thun vi nhau v nhn dng knh o duy nht trn lin kt gia
hai nt cho mt knh o.
Nhn dng knh o trn cc lin kt u vo v u ra khng cn thit phi ging
nhau, mt s knh o c cng mt c tnh (v d, cng a ch ngun v a ch ch)
c th ghp thnh lung o v c th hin qua trng chc nng VPI (Virtual Path
Identifier), Thit b chuyn mch nhn dng thng tin lung o v thc hin chuyn
mch ton b lung o.
3.2 KIN TRC CA B NH TUYN
Trc khi tm hiu cc vn lin quan ti kin trc trng chuyn mch gi, ta
xem xt s lc cc cu trc c bn ca h thng chuyn mch gi hin nay, cc h
thng chuyn mch gi trong mng internet c cn c gi l cc b nh tuyn.
Mc ny s trnh by v cc thnh phn chc nng v hot ng c bn ca b nh
tuyn qua qu trnh chuyn tip gi tin v vic tm kim thng tin trong bng nh
tuyn.
3.2.1 Cc chc nng c bn ca b nh tuyn
Hai chc nng, nhim v c bn ca mt b nh tuyn c nhn nhn di gc
k thut chuyn mch l chc nng nh tuyn v chuyn tip gi tin qua b nh
tuyn.
Trn hnh 3.4 th hin mt kin trc chc nng in hnh ca b nh tuyn cng
nh cc tuyn kt ni gia cc khi chc nng. Mt s nhim v chnh c m t
nh sau: Da trn cc thng tin trao i vi cc b nh tuyn ln cn, tin trnh nh
tuyn xy dng cu hnh mng v tnh ton ng dn tt nht thng qua c s d liu
trong bng nh tuyn. Cu hnh mng phn nh cc mng ch c th tm kim v
nhn dng qua cc a ch tin t IP v c th hin trong bng nh tuyn. Bng

54

nh tuyn nh x thng tin d liu 1:1 ti mt bng c s d liu mang tnh cc b
s dng chuyn tip gi tin l bng chuyn tip. Tin trnh x l chuyn tip l tin
trnh chuyn cc gi tin t cc giao din u vo ti cc giao din u ra thch hp da
trn cc thng tin trong bng chuyn tip.

Hnh 3.4: Tin trnh x l nh tuyn v chuyn tip trong b nh tuyn
3.2.2 Tin trnh chuyn tip gi tin
(i) Cc chc nng chuyn tip c bn
chuyn tip mt gi tin IP t mt giao din u vo ti mt giao din u ra,
mt b nh tuyn cn phi thc hin cc chc nng c bn sau:
Xc nhn tiu IP: Tt c cc gi tin ti b nh tuyn u c xc nhn
thng tin thng qua tiu . Cc gi tin c tiu khng hp l s b loi b
ngay lp tc. Cc thng tin cn xc minh nh: phin bn IP, di tiu v
tng di gi.
iu khin thi gian sng gi tin: Cc b nh tuyn thc hin gim gi tr
trng TTL (time to live) trong tiu gi tin IP trnh hin tng lp vng.
Gi tr ln nht ca TTL l 255 v s gim i 1 khi mi ln qua b nh tuyn,
trng TTL c gi tr = 0 th gi tin s b loi b.
Tnh li tng di: Sau khi trng TTL thay i, tng di tiu c
cp nht li. Thay v tnh ton li ton b di tiu , b nh tuyn ch tnh
ton lch tng ca n v TTL lun lun gim 1 sau mi bc qua b nh
tuyn.
Tm kim tuyn: a ch ch ca gi tin c s dng tm kim trong bng
chuyn tip nhm xc nh cng u ra. Kt qu ca qu trnh tm kim ch ra
mt cng u ra (unicast) hoc mt tp cng u ra (multicast).

55

Phn on: Quy trnh phn on c thc hin khi n v truyn ln nht
MTU ca lin kt cng u ra nh hn MTU ca lin kt cng u vo.
X l trng ty chn trong gi tin IP: Trng ty chn ca gi tin IP ch ra
cc x l c bit i vi gi tin ti b nh tuyn.
(ii) Cc chc nng chuyn tip phc tp
Bn cnh nhng chc nng chuyn tip c bn, cc chc nng chuyn tip phc tp
c s dng h tr mt s c tnh c bit ca mi trng ng dng nh: Bo
mt, cc yu cu lu lng khc nhau t ngi s dng v cc mc cht lng dch
v. Cc vn trn c chuyn thnh cc x l ph tr trong qu trnh chuyn tip
gi tin gm nhn dng cc yu cu, xc nh ti nguyn v phn bit mc dch v
thng qua mt s c ch sau:
Phn loi gi: phn bit cc gi tin, b nh tuyn khng ch xc nh
trng a ch IP ch m cn xc nh mt s trng chc nng khc nh: a
ch ngun, a ch ch, cng ngun v cng ch. Tin trnh phn bit gi tin
v ng dng cc hot ng cn thit vi gi tin c gi l qu trnh phn loi
gi tin.
Bin dch gi: Trong mt s kch bn kt ni mng, b nh tuyn ng vai tr
nh mt cng kt ni gia mng ring v mng cng cng, trn h tr chc
nng bin dch a ch mng NAT (Network Address Translation). Chc nng
ny yu cu b nh tuyn duy tr mt danh sch cc host kt ni v a ch cc
b chuyn i a ch.
Sp xp th t u tin lu lng: B nh tuyn c th c yu cu m bo
mt s mc cht lng dch v. V vy, b nh tuyn cn p dng cc mc u
tin khc nhau cho cc lung lu lng ph hp vi cc yu cu cung cp
cht lng dch v.
Qu trnh x l chuyn gi c m t mt cch khi qut qua cc giai on sau :
1. Khi mt gi n Card ng truyn u vo, c ch chuyn tip gi thc hin cc
th tc kim tra li c bn khng nh gi v tiu l khng c li. Tnh ton
lch (offset) trong bng chuyn tip gi v ti ra tuyn tng ng.
2. C cu chuyn tip gi kim tra xem tuyn c lu m trong Cache c ph hp
vi a ch ch ca n v d liu khng, nu khng c cu chuyn tip gi s tin
hnh vic tm kim m rng trn bng chuyn gi trong n. Thc cht, bng chuyn
tip gi ny c ly ra t bng nh tuyn c trong cc b x l nh tuyn chnh,
mt qu trnh tng t vi cu trc Bus chia s. Khi tm kim s ph hp, c cu s
kim tra trng thi gian sng (TTL-Time to Live) v tnh ton TTL mi v tng

56

kim tra ng thi cng xc nh xem n v d liu c thuc v bn thn b nh
tuyn hay khng.
3. Trng TTL mi v tng kim tra c t vo tiu IP. Cc thng tin nh tuyn
cn thit c ly ra t khon mc trong bng chuyn gi v to nn tiu IP mi
cng vi cc thng tin lp lin kt t bng .
4. Khi qu trnh ny hon thnh, gi c xp vo hng i trong b m u vo ti
Card ng truyn. Mt s b nh tuyn s dng cc k thut m phc tp ngn
nga kh nng tc ngn u tuyn. C cu chuyn gi thc hin vic tra cu tuyn v
bin i tiu gi xc nh giao din u ra cho gi. iu ny c thng bo cho
b lp lch tp trung, b lp lch ny iu khin vic phn x crossbar bng cch duy
tr tt c cc trng thi ca crossbar.
5. Khi thc hin lp lch, c cu chuyn gi nhn c s truy nhp n cng t Card
ng truyn c th ti ma trn chuyn mch. B lp lch ng cc im chuyn mch
cn thit trn crossbar cho gi truyn qua ma trn ny n Card ng truyn pha
u ra.
Cc phn trn m t ngn gn cc giai on ca mt qu trnh x l chuyn gi.
Ngoi ma trn chuyn mch cn c mt s thnh phn khc ng vai tr quan trng
nh hng n hiu qu lm vic ca b nh tuyn nh b lp lch tp trung v thut
ton lp lch, c ch tm kim thng tin trong b nh tuyn.
3.2.3 Cc thut ton tm kim thng tin trong bng nh tuyn
i, Khi nim v tm kim a ch IP
Trn mi b nh tuyn, cc thng tin x l cho bng chuyn tip c xy dng
c t mt bng nh tuyn, trn ch r a ch cn n v ng i tng ng. B
nh tuyn da vo a ch ca gi tin kt hp vi bng nh tuyn chuyn gi tin i
ng n ch. Bng nh tuyn ca mt b nh tuyn l mt bng trong bao gm
cc khon mc dng <route prefix , next hop addr>, trong routeprefix l mt
tin t IP v nexthop addr l a ch IP ca chng tip theo tng ng vi tin t
routeprefix. a ch ch s c a ra so snh s ph hp vi tin t tuyn khi cc
bt ca tin t l ging vi mt s bt u tin ca a ch ch. Tin t ca a ch IP l
phng php n gin nht biu din cc nhm a ch IP lin k nhau nn c th
coi mt tin t l mt tp cc a ch IP lin k.
ii, Tm kim tuyn tnh
Danh sch mc ni l mt kin trc c s d liu n gin nht. Thut ton s tra
cu cc tin t ng thi v a ra tin t ph hp di nht. phc tp lu tr cho N
tin t s l O(N). Thut ton tra cu ny s rt chm khi trong thc t l N ln. Thi

57

gian tra cu trung bnh ca thut ton tuyn tnh c th gim nu ta sp xp cc tin t
theo th t di gim dn.
iii, Lu vt
tng lu vt li nhng d liu cn truy nhp thng xuyn ln u tin c s
dng tng cng hiu nng b x l cng c th c ng dng cho vic tra cu
bng nh tuyn. Nhng a ch tng c tm kim v kt qu tra cu c lu
trong b nh lu vt ng i. Vic tra cu (s dng thut ton tin t di nht ph
hp) by gi ch thc hin khi m a ch ch n khng c tm thy trong b nh
lu vt.
iv, Cc phng php tm kim da vo cy nh phn
Mi mt cy nh phn (hnh 3.5) u c th c xem xt di hai kha cnh ca
cy nh phn.
P
r
e
f
i
x

L
e
n
g
t
h
Value
0 1
Prefix Node
Internal Node

Hnh 3.5: Cc kha cnh ca mt cy nh phn
Kha cnh th nht c nhn theo phng thng ng, l chiu di ca cy tm
kim hay chnh l s bt thc hin ng i t nt gc n nt tin t (Prefix
Node). Cn kha cnh th hai c nhn theo phng nm ngang, l gi tr ca nt
tin t hay l s cng u ra tng ng vi chui bt ng i. Tng ng vi cc
kha cnh trn th cng c hai gi tr c s dng tm kim, l chiu di tin t
v gi tr tin t. ng thi trong phn ny ta cng s xem xt n hai phng php
tm kim l phng php tm kim tun t v phng php tm kim nh phn.
iv, Tm kim tun t theo chiu di tin t
Phng php ny s dng cch duyt tt c cc tin t c trong bng nh tuyn
cho n khi tm c tin t ph hp di nht. Trong qu trnh tm kim th khi tm
thy c tin t ph hp vi u vo, ta khng ch lu gi li gi tr cng ra m ta

58

cn phi lu gi chiu di ca tin t ph hp. Kt qu cui cng th tin t ph hp
no c chiu di ln nht s c chn l tin t ph hp di nht.
Trong trng hp xu nht tm ra c tin t ph hp di nht th thut ton
phi so snh N ln vi N l s khon mc trong bng nh tuyn . Do vy phc tp
ca thut ton tm kim tun t s c bc l O(N).
Tm kim nh phn theo chiu di tin t
Trong phng php tm kim ny th bng nh tuyn s c sp xp theo th t
chiu di tin t t nh n ln. Phng php tm kim nh phn theo chiu di tin t
s coi tt c cc tin t trong bng nh tuyn l mt khng gian tm kim. Sau mi
bc kim tra th khng gian ny s c chia lm i hoc l gm tt c cc tin t
c chiu di ln hn chiu di ang kim tra hoc l gm tt c cc tin t c chiu di
nh hn chiu di ang kim tra tu thuc vo kt qu kim tra. Thut ton s dng li
khi khng gian ny ch cn duy nht mt tin t. Tin t ph hp di nht chnh l tin
t c lu li cui cng trong tt c cc bc kim tra.
Trong trng hp xu nht tm ra c tin t ph hp di nht th thut ton phi
so snh log
2
W ln vi W l chiu di ca tin t di nht trong bng nh tuyn. Do
vy phc tp ca thut ton s c bc l O(log
2
W).
Tm kim tun t theo gi tr tin t
Phng php ny s dng cch duyt tt c cc cng ra c trong bng nh tuyn
cho n khi tm c tin t ph hp di nht. Trong qu trnh tm kim th khi tm
thy c tin t ph hp vi u vo, ta khng ch lu gi li gi tr cng ra m ta
cn phi lu gi chiu di ca tin t ph hp. Kt qu cui cng th tin t ph hp
no c chiu di ln nht s c chn l tin t ph hp di nht.
Trng hp ny ging nh trong tm kim tun t theo chiu di tin t nn cng c
phc tp ca thut ton tm kim tun t s c bc l O(N).
Tm kim nh phn theo gi tr tin t
Trong phng php tm kim ny th chiu di ln nht trong tt c cc tin t c
trong bng dng phn chia khng gian gi tr tin t theo di a ch.
Trong trng hp xu nht tm ra c tin t ph hp di nht th thut ton
phi so snh log
2
(2*N) ln vi N l s khon mc trong bng nh tuyn . Do vy
phc tp ca thut ton tm kim tun t s c bc l O(log
2
(2*N)).
v, Cc phng php tm kim da trn bng bm
Cu trc bng nh tuyn nh trn thc hin vic tm kim cng ra bng cch so
snh cc khon mc ca bng vi a ch u vo, do vy thi gian truy xut khng

59

nhanh v ph thuc vo kch thc ca bng. Mt phng php khc c s dng
da trn cu trc bng nh tuyn c tn l bng bm (Hash Table). C s ca phng
php ny ny da vo 3 im quan trng sau y: Th nht, s dng bm kim tra
xem mt a ch c ph hp vi tin t chiu di ring bit hay khng. Th hai, tm
kim nh phn gim s bc tm kim xung t hm tuyn tnh thnh hm loga.
Th ba, s dng tnh ton trc ngn chn Backtracking khi tht bi trong vic tm
kim nh phn. Vi mi loi bng bm ta phi xc nh c tp kho K, xc nh tp
a ch M v xy dng c hm bm. Hm bm l hm bin i kho ca nt thnh
a ch trn bng bm. Mt bng bm cho bng nh tuyn c th c thc hin nh
sau: Tp kho u vo s l tt c cc tin t ph hp cng vi cc cng tng ng s
c phn ra thnh cc tp c cng chiu di, mi tp s c chiu di khc nhau. Khi
ta s xy dng c mt bng bm gm hai thnh phn l chiu di v con tr
tng ng ch n a ch ca mng cha cc tin t c chiu di chn. Qu trnh
tm kim vi bng bm c thc hin bng hai phng php tm kim tun t v
tim kim nh phn.
Tm kim tun t vi bng bm
Phng php tm kim tun t trn bng bm c thc hin t tin t c chiu di
tin t di nht cho n khi kt thc. Nu vic so snh l thnh cng th thut ton s
dng li, nu khng th chiu di s c gim xung n gi tr gn nht vi gi tr
ang xt. Gi s tp kho u vo ca bng bm c K kho v chiu di ca tp gi tr
tng ng vi kho l M. Do tm kim tun t trn c tp kho v tp gi tr nn qu
trnh so snh phi thc hin nhiu nht l K*M ln so snh. Do vy phc tp ca
thut ton tm kim tun t s c bc l O(K*M).
Tm kim nh phn vi bng bm
Trong phng php ny ta s tm kim nh phn trong tp cc chiu di ca tin t.
Ta cng coi nh tt c cc chiu di ny l mt khng gian, mi bc th khng gian
ny s c chia lm i tu theo kt qu m xt bc tip theo hng khng gian c
chiu di tng hay gim so vi chiu di ang xt. Thut ton s dng li khi khng
gian ny ch cn duy nht mt chiu di. thc hin c thut ton ny th tp kho
u vo l chiu di phi c sp xp theo th t t nh n ln
Gi s tp kho u vo ca bng bm c K kho v chiu di ca tp gi tr tng
ng vi kho l M. Do tm kim l nh phn trn tp kho v tun t trn tp gi tr
nn qu trnh so snh phi thc hin nhiu nht l log
2
K*M ln so snh. Do vy
phc tp ca thut ton tm kim tun t s c bc l O(log
2
K*M).


60

vi, Phng php tm kim s dng cy nh phn (Binary Tree)
Thng qua bng nh tuyn vi cc tin t ph hp v cc cng ra, ta s xy dng ln
c cy nh phn vi mc ch tm kim u ra tng ng vi cc u vo. Cy
nh phn ny s bao gm cc nt m mi nt trong s c ba thnh phn: Thnh
phn thng tin ch ra cng ra tng ng vi tin t v hai con tr tri v phi ch
n nt tip theo tng ng theo hng i sang tri hoc i sang phi. Nu nt khng
c cc thnh phn tri hoc phi th cc con tr tri hoc phi s c gi tr l NULL.
Prefix Next Hop
10*
1010*
10101*
111* P1
P2
P3
P4
P3
P1
P2
P4
Root
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
Trie node
next hop
left-ptr right-ptr
Routing Table
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H

Hnh 3.6: V d v mt cy nh phn
Ta s quy c rng nu bt tip theo trong a ch l 0 th ng lin kt tip theo s
i theo nt con tr tri ch ti, ngc li nu bt tip theo trong a ch l 1 th ng
lin kt tip theo s i theo nt con tr phi ch ti. Cy nh phn s c mt nt gc
(Root) tng ng vi tin t c chiu di bng 0 (tin t *). V d v cy nh phn ca
mt bng nh tuyn nh hnh v 3.6. Trong phng php tm kim s dng cy nh
phn, ta s duyt cy nh phn theo chui bt u vo bt u t nt gc theo quy tc:
Vi bt 0 th ta s i v bn tri ca nt cn bt 1 th ta s i v pha bn phi ca cy.
Trong qa trnh duyt cy, tin t c gp trong qu trnh i t nt gc s c lu
li v tin t c gp cui cng s l tin t ph hp di nht. Thut ton s kt thc
nu chui bt u vo kt thc hoc khng cn ng i tip theo trong qu trnh
duyt do nt tri hoc nt phi ca nt ang duyt khng c hoc ta duyt n nt
l. phc tp ca thut ton c bc l O(W) vi W l chiu di tin t di nht trong
bng nh tuyn.
vii, Phng php tm kim s dng cy Patricia
Trong phn ny ta s xem xt mt cu trc cy khc so vi cy nh phn trnh
by phn trc. Cu trc cy Patricia (PATRICIA-Practical Algorithm To Retrieve
Information Coded In Alphanumeric) c nn xung t cy nh phn vi s khc bit

61

l trong trong cy Patricia s khng c mt nt no ch c mt nt con (Cy Patricia
lc ny s l mt cy nh phn ng-Strictly binary tree). Mi chui ng i c
nn thnh mt ng n trong mt cy Patricia. Do gii thut duyt cy c th
khng cn thit phi kim tra tt c cc bt lin tip trong a ch m c th b qua
mt s bt tu thuc vo nhn ca ng i. Mi nt trong cy Patricia by gi s
c lu tr thm mt trng xc nh r v tr bt trong a ch dng xc nh
nhnh i tip theo ca nt. Cc tin t s c lu tr ti cc nt l (nt khng c nt
con) ca cy Patricia. Gii thut tm kim s di dc theo cy t nt gc n nt l ca
cy tu theo chui a ch u vo. Ti mi nt th n s thm d ng i tip theo
bng bt trong a ch c ch th bi trng v tr bt ca nt. Khi gii thut tm kim
t n c nt l ca cy, n s thc hin so snh gia a ch u vo v vi tin t
c lu trong nt l. Tin t ny s c tr li l tin t ph hp di nht nu kt
qu so snh l ph hp. Nu kt qu so snh l khng ph hp th gii thut s thc
hin quay lui quy v tip tc tm kim trn nt cha ca nt l ny.
Nu chiu di ca tin t di nht trong bng nh tuyn l W th phc tp ca
thut ton tm kim trn cy nh phn s l O(W
2
) do vic tm kim s thc hin
quy sang c hai nhnh ca nt cho n khi tm thy LPM.
viii, Phng php tm kim h tr bi phn cng
Cc phng php tm kim trnh by cc phn trn chnh l cc gii php
v phn mm nng cao hiu qu tm kim ca b nh tuyn. Mt gii php v phn
cng, l vic s dng b nh CAM cng c th c s dng nng cao hiu qu
tm kim. Mi mt b nh CAM s lu gi nhiu khon mc c cng chiu di trong
bng nh tuyn, ngha l cc tin t c cng chiu di s c lu vo trong mt b
nh CAM. Khi c mt a ch u vo tm kim tin t ph hp di nht th a ch
ny s c a n tt c cc b nh CAM tm kim song song. Kt qu u ra s
so snh u tin c c tin t ph hp di nht. Nh vy vic tm kim s c
kt qu u ra ch sau mt vi chu k truy nhp b nh v tt c cc khon mc trong
bng nh tuyn c tm kim song song tt c trn b nh CAM.
Mc d CAM hiu qu v mt tc tm kim gi thnh cao v CAM ch c th
thc hin tm kim trn ton b a ch cha trong n m khng h tr cho vic tm
kim mt tin t c chiu di bt k. V vy, Mt gii php khc mm do hn s
dng b nh CAM, l vic s dng cc b nh TCAM (Ternary-CAM) c kh
nng so snh a ch u vo vi cc tin t c chiu di thay i.

62

3.3. KIN TRC TRNG CHUYN MCH GI
3.3.1 Phn loi kin trc trng chuyn mch gi
Cc thit b chuyn mch gi tc cao thng s dng mt ma trn chuyn mch
lm c cu chuyn tip gi tin. Trong mc ny s trnh by tng quan v cu trc v
mt s nguyn tc c s ca cc kiu trng chuyn mch gi. Hnh 3.7 di y ch
ra m hnh phn chia tng quan cc kiu kin trc trng chuyn mch gi.

Hnh 3.7: Phn loi cc kin trc trng chuyn mch gi
Da trn k thut chuyn mch cc trng chuyn mch gi c phn chia thnh
hai nhm tng t nh trong k thut chuyn mch knh: Chuyn mch phn chia
theo thi gian v chuyn mch phn chia khng gian. Chuyn mch phn chia thi
gian chia thnh hai kiu: Chia s b nh v chia s phng tin; Chuyn mch phn
chia theo khng gian chia thnh hai nhnh chnh: Chuyn mch n ng v chuyn
mch a ng. Trong mc ny chng ta xem xt mt s c im c bn, cc u
nhc im ca cc ma trn chuyn mch ny.
3.3.2 Chuyn mch phn chia thi gian
Cu trc chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian TDS c nhn nhn nh mt cu
trc truyn thng n chia s ti nguyn cho cc gi tin vo/ra h thng. Thnh phn
chia s ti nguyn ny c th l Bus, mch vng Ring hoc b nh. Nhc im ln
nht ca k thut ny l gii hn dung lng ca cu trc truyn thng ni. Tuy nhin,
cc cu trc ny c th d dng m rng h tr cho cc iu hnh kt ni a hng.
Mt s b nh tuyn thuc vng mng truy nhp s dng kin trc ny v thuc v
cc th h u v th h hai ca b nh tuyn.

63

i, Chuyn mch chia s phng tin
Trong chuyn mch chia s phng tin, cc gi tin ti cng vo c ghp knh
theo thi gian v chuyn trn phng tin (bus hoc mch vng ring). thng qua
ca phng tin chia s ny quyt nh nng lc ca ton b chuyn mch.
thc hin chuyn mch qua phng tin s dng chung, trng chuyn mch
c iu khin bi khi logic iu khin bus. Truy nhp phng tin dng chung
c iu khin theo mt trong cc phng php nh iu khin s dng th, iu
khin phn tn s dng bo hiu gia cc cng u vo v u ra, iu khin phn tn
ng b s dng Bus ghp knh chia thi gian.
Nh ch ra trn hnh 3.8 cc cng u ra c gn trc tip vi b lc a ch AF v
b m FIFO (First in First Out). AF xc nh a ch ca cc cng u vo v lc cc
a ch c u ra tng ng trn cng u ra. Cc b lc a ch v cc b m trn cc
cng u ra hot ng c lp v c th thit k ring bit nhm tng hiu qu x l
gi tin.

Hnh 3.8: Cu trc trng chuyn mch chia s phng tin
im bt li ln nht ca kin trc ny l dung lng trng chuyn mch b gii
hn bi tc b nh. Trong thc t, khi tt c N gi u vo u cng ra mt cng
u ra. Cc b m u ra khng th lu ton b N gi tin trong mt khe thi gian nu
trng chuyn mch c kch thc ln v tc u vo qu cao. Vic thiu b nh
m s gy tc nghn cc b ti u ra v cc gi s b tn tht trong khi cc b
nh ti cc cng khc c th cn trng m khng c s dng.
ii, Chuyn mch chia s b nh.
Trong cu trc chia s b nh nh ch ra trn hnh 3.9, cc gi tin c ghp theo
thi gian thnh mt lung d liu n v chuyn tun t vo b nh chia s. a ch

64

cung cp cho cc gi tin ghi vo v c ra c iu khin bi module iu khin
theo cc thng tin trong tiu gi tin.
u im ca kiu trng chuyn mch chia s b nh ny l c th ti u c b
nh khi chia s ti nguyn. Kch c ca b nh c th t ph hp vi yu cu gi
t l mt mt gi tin di mt gi tr chn trc. Tuy nhin, nhc im chnh cng
ny sinh t vn la chn kch c b nh ny, khi b nh phi duy tr mt khng
gian ti thiu ng thi phi mm do p ng s bng n ca lu lng.

Hnh 3.9: Kin trc trng chuyn mch chia s b nh
B nh chia s l b nh gm hai cng (kp), cng ghi cho cc giao din u vo
v cng c cho cc giao din u ra. Mt khc, b nh chia s c t chc thnh N
hng i tch bit tng ng vi N u ra, tuy nhin khng gian b nh (S) khng bt
buc phi phn hoch hon ton. Di gc tng qut, cc gi tin u vo thuc vo
N lp s tng ng vi N hng i u ra, khng gian b nh c chia thnh (N+1)
vng tng ng vi N cng u ra c k hiu l s
j
vi (j=1,2,....N) v mt vng nh
s
0
s dng chung. Ty thuc vo phng php phn vng s
j
ta c 3 kiu chia s vng
nh.
Chia s hon ton gia N cng u vo: s
0
=S v s
j
=0 vi j=1,....,N. B nh khng
phn hoch thnh cc vng nh v cc gi tin chuyn ti u ra c th c m ti
bt k v tr no trong b nh. B iu khin ch nh cc vng nh cho cc gi tin n
v duy tr mt danh sch lin kt cc gi tin cho mi hng i u ra.
Phn hoch hon ton gia N u ra vi s
0
=0: Kiu chia s ny rt n gin trong
qun l: Tng phn b nh c ch nh cho mi u ra, cc gi tin c c t nh
hng i bi giao din u ra. Nu gi tin ti hng i y, gi tin s b loi b.
Phn hoch tng phn: Hai kiu chia s b nh trn y hng ti hai tiu ch
ngc nhau: tiu ch chia s v tiu ch cng bng. V vy, nu chn mt tiu ch th
tiu ch cn li s l nhc im. Kiu phn hoch tng phn l t hp ca hai kiu

65

trn vi 0<s
0
<S, kiu chia s ny duy tr mt lng b nh ti thiu cho tt c cc
cng u ra v v vy s gim bt c nhc im ca kiu phn hoch hon ton
khi trng hp ti u ra ln.
ci thin hiu nng ca trng chuyn mch chia s b nh, ngi ta thng s
dng hng i logic trnh tranh chp u ra hoc ci thin phng thc truy nhp
b nh. Cc gi tin trong cng mt lung tin u vo n trng chuyn mch c
tch ra thnh cc dng bit song song v a ti b nh chung. Cc gi tin kt cui trn
cng mt cng u ra lin kt vi cc gi khc qua hng i logic, hng i logic
c hnh thnh bi hai con tr: con tr u (Header) v con tr ui (Tailer). Con tr
u s dng ch ti gi tin u tin ca hng i v con tr ui ch ti gi cui
cng ca hng hoc v tr trng cho hng i tip theo. Phng thc truy nhp b nh
theo kiu truy nhp ngu nhin c thay th bi s dng kiu b nh ch ni dung
CAM (Content Addressable Memory). Ngoi ra cn c cc gii php ghp hp vi
chuyn mch khng gian hoc s dng cc b nh song song.
3.3.3 Chuyn mch phn chia khng gian
Trong mng chuyn mch khng gian, cc ng dn c thit lp ng thi gia
cc cng u vo v cc cng u ra, hot ng cng mt tc s liu nh ti u
vo v u ra. Theo l thuyt, dung lng ca trng chuyn mch khng gian l v
hn, tuy nhin trong thc t dung lng b hn ch bi s lng cc u ni vt l,
gii hn ca kt ni v ng b h thng. Vn trung tm v mang bn cht c hu
ca cc trng chuyn mch khng gian l vn tc nghn ni, nht l khi trng
chuyn mch c xy dng bi kt ni a tng. Vn ny ph thuc ch yu vo
kin trc ca cc trng chuyn mch. Mt khc, k c khi kin trc ma trn chuyn
mch khng tc nghn, hin tng tranh chp u ra vn c th xy ra v c gii
quyt bi gii php b tr cc b m trong trng chuyn mch.
Cc mng chuyn mch khng gian c phn chia da trn s lng ng dn
kh dng gia cc cp u vo v u ra. Cc mng chuyn mch n ng tn ti
mt ng dn gia mt cp u vo/ra, trong khi chuyn mch a ng tn ti
nhiu hn mt ng dn gia mt cp u vo/ra. Mng chuyn mch n ng c
cc kiu chuyn mch Crossbar, chuyn mch kt ni y v chuyn mch
Banyan. Trong chuyn mch a ng gm: chuyn mch Banyan m rng, chuyn
mch Clos, chuyn mch a mt v chuyn mch quay vng.
i, Chuyn mch crossbar
Chuyn mch crossbar l mt ma trn chuyn mch hai chiu thng l ma trn
vung (NxN), c cu to bi cc phn t kt ni cho hai trng thi (Cross-Bar),

66

mt ma trn chuyn mch (NxN) c N
2
im kt ni cho. thit lp mt ng dn
t mt u vo I
i
ti mt u ra O
j
, cc chuyn mch (i,1) ti (i, j-1) v (i+1,j) ti
(N,j) c t vo trng thi Cross, v chuyn mch (i,j) c t vo trng thi Bar.
Hnh 3.10 ch ra v d ca mt ma trn crossbar kch thc (4x4).
phc tp phn cng ca ma trn Crossbar l mt hm ca cc im u ni
cho v tng theo s lng im kt ni cho. Ta s xem xt s lng im kt ni
cho tt nht c th c ca ma trn chuyn mch Crossbar. Ta c mi im kt ni
cho gm hai trng thi, v vy mt trng chuyn mch c k im kt ni cho, th s
c 2
k
trng thi. Mt chuyn mch NxN khng tc nghn phi thit lp c cc im
kt ni cho cho N! cch kt ni u vo vi u ra. iu ny c thc hin vi
log
2
(N!) phn t hai trng thi.
Nh vy, phc tp ca trng chuyn mch Crossbar s dng cc phn t hai
trng thi bng
2
( log ) O N N .

Hnh 3.10: Kin trc ma trn chuyn mch Crossbar
Trong k thut chuyn mch knh, cc tip im c iu khin t mt trung tm
iu khin khu vc LOC (Local Controller); trong ma trn Crossbar s dng trong
mng chuyn mch gi, cc phn t u ni cho thc hin trc tip vic kt ni thng
qua cc bit ti tiu gi tin. Cc c tnh t kt ni l mt c im ring ca trng
chuyn mch gi, chc nng ny cn c gi l chc nng t nh tuyn (seft
routing). Kin trc trng chuyn mch kiu Crossbar c 3 c im u vit: Khng
tc nghn ni, cu trc n gin v c th cu trc theo module.
ii, Chuyn mch kt ni y .
Trng chuyn mch vi cc kt ni trung gian y cho php cc gi tin lun
la chn c mt tuyn ng gia hai trng chuyn mch. Kiu kt ni ny m
bo kh nng khng tc nghn ca trng chuyn mch nhng tng phc tp ca

67

phn cng khi s im kt ni tng ln. Trng chuyn mch kt ni y hot ng
tng t nh trng chuyn mch chia s phng tin. Hnh 3.11 ch ra mt v d ca
kiu trng chuyn mch kt ni u .
Cc gi tin u vo c pht qung b trn ton b cc cng u ra, v vy mt s
gi t cc u vo khc nhau c th yu cu ra ng thi mt cng u ra ti mt thi
im, gii quyt vn ny cc b m s c b tr ti trung tm hoc ti cc u
ra ca cc cng. Chuyn mch kt ni y c tc x l tiu rt ln khng
gian tiu tiu yu cu N
2
bus qung b ring bit. y chnh l nhc im ln
nht ca kiu trng chuyn mch ny. u im ca trng chuyn mch kt ni y
nm ch n gin v cu trc khng tc nghn.

Hnh 3.11: Chuyn mch khng gian kiu kt ni y
iii, Chuyn mch da trn cu trc Banyan.
Nh ta bit, kin trc chuyn mch ghp a tng thng c s dng trong cc
h thng chuyn mch nhm gim thiu phc tp phn cng v m rng dung
lng. Trong mc ny ta tp trung vo mt s vn c bn lin quan ti cc trng
chuyn mch a tng kt ni kiu hnh cy, cn c gi l mng banyan. Cc c
tnh c bn ca mng banyan gm: (1) Mng banyan gm k = log
2
N tng v mi
tng c
2
N
node, (2) Mng banyan c c tnh t nh tuyn qua s dng k bit a ch,
mi bit s dng nh tuyn qua mt tng v (3) Lut u ni n gin v tng
minh.
Hnh 3.12 ch ra v d v tuyn kt ni t nh tuyn qua mng banyan kch thc
(8x8) vi cc phn t u ni l ma trn (2x2), trong trng hp tng qut mng
banyan c cu thnh t cc phn t ma trn (n x n). Cc ng m ch ra con
ng t nh tuyn, tuyn ni xc nh bng mt chui gm k bit nm trong tiu
ca gi tin theo th t cc tng. Cc kt ni lin tng c xc nh bi phng php
hon v xo trn.


68


Hnh 3.12: V d v mng banyan (8x8)
- Hin tng nghn ni trong mng banyan.
Hin tng tc nghn ni trong trng chuyn mch banyan xy ra khi c hin
tng tranh chp lin kt gia cc tng chuyn mch. Ni cch khc, hin tng tc
nghn ni xy ra khi hai iu kin sau tho mn: khng c mt u vo ri gia hai
u vo hot ng bt k v cc a ch u ra ca cc gi u trn cng mt cng
pha trn hoc pha di. trnh hin tng nghn ni cng nh nng cao hiu nng
chuyn mch, mng banyan thng c kt hp vi k thut phn l batcher. Mc
tiu ca qu trnh phn lo l phn tn lu lng iu khin qua cc mu lin kt gia
cc tng nhm gim thiu tranh chp.
- Cc kiu trng chuyn mch da trn cu trc banyan
Ty theo cc mu kt ni trung gian gia cc tng chuyn mch v c tnh kt ni
m mng chuyn mch da trn cu trc banyan c cc tn gi khc nhau. Trong ,
cc mng delta l mt phn lp ca cc mng da trn cu trc banyan c c tnh t
nh tuyn. Rt nhiu kiu mng delta nh: mng omega, flip, cube, mng tro i
(da trn hon v tro i) v cc mng baseline. Hnh 3.13 minh ha hai kiu mng
da trn cu trc banyan.
Cc kiu mng chuyn mch delta c mt s u im chnh:
phc tp phn cng ca cc im kt ni cho gim xung O(N log
10
N);
Khng cn c ch nh tuyn;
C th xy dng cc cu trc song song phc v cho cc kt ni a ng.


69


Hnh 3.13: Cc trng chuyn mch trong h bayan
Mt nhc im c bn ca cc trng chuyn mch da trn cu trc banyan l
tc nghn ni. Tc nghn ni lm gim hiu nng ca trng chuyn mch ng k khi
kch thc ca trng chuyn mch tng ln. Gii php hin nay i vi cc trng
chuyn mch ny l s dng b m hoc tng tc ca cc lin kt gia cc trng
chuyn mch.

Hnh 3.14: Kin trc cc trng chuyn mch a ng
Chuyn mch da trn cu trc banyan m rng: Kin trc trng chuyn mch
banyan m rng trnh by trn hnh 3.14 (a), y l phng php m rng theo chiu
ngang. Vic m rng thm tng chuyn mch ng ngha vi vic to thm c hi
chn ng cho cc gi tin i trong ni b trng chuyn mch. V vy, hin tng
mt gi s gim xung so vi trng chuyn mch banyan cha m rng. Tuy nhin,
nhc im chnh ca trng chuyn mch da trn cu trc mng banyan m rng l
vn nh tuyn phc tp cng vi phc tp phn cng s tng ln cng vi s
im kt ni cho.

70

Chuyn mch da trn cu trc ghp Clos: Phng php ghp ni Clos nhm xy
dng mng chuyn mch khng tc nghn hon ton gm 3 tng chuyn mch.
Trng chuyn mch Clos cho php gim phc tp ca h thng xung cn O
(N
3/2
). Nhc im ca trng chuyn mch ny l cn c mt c ch iu khin
thng minh v nhanh sp xp cc gi tin vo ma trn chuyn mch, vn ny
khng c t ra i vi cc yu cu kt ni chuyn mch knh v cc yu cu kt
ni knh c thc hin trong pha thit lp cuc gi. Hn na, trn thc t, rt kh
t c kh nng khng tc nghn hon ton nu trng chuyn mch khng phi l
trng chuyn mch c cu trc khng tc nghn hon ton, nht l vi cc dng lu
lng bin ng ln. Vic tng cc kt ni trung gian cng s lm gim kh nng tc
nghn nhng ng thi lm tng phc tp ca iu khin.
Chuyn mch da trn cu trc a mt: Nh ch ra trn hnh 3.14 (c) trng
chuyn mch gm nhiu mt nhm mc ch tng kh nng thng qua ca trng
chuyn mch. S dng mt s k thut nhm phn chia lu lng u vo, chuyn
mch da trn cu trc a mt gim hin tng tranh chp trong trng chuyn mch.
Cc u im khc ca kiu kin trc ny l tc ca u ra ch bng tc u vo
v tin cy ca h thng s tng ln khi c cc trng chuyn mch hot ng song
song. Tuy nhin, tnh tun t ca cc gi tin s khng c m bo nu nh khng
cng c truyn trn cng mt mt.
Chuyn mch da trn cu trc quay vng: Chuyn mch quay vng ch ra trn
hnh 3.14 (d) c thit k trnh tranh chp u ra. Vic quay vng cc gi tin
khng tm ng a ch ch v cc cng u vo tng t nh mt qu trnh tr thi
gian. T l tn tht gi tin s gim xung v lm tng thng qua ca trng chuyn
mch. Tuy nhin, nhc im ca chuyn mch quay vng l yu cu s lng chuyn
mch ln tng ng vi s cng, hn na vic quay vng c th gy ra li nn cn
phi thm mt s c ch iu khin v lm phc tp hn cho h thng chuyn mch.
3.4 CC KIU B TR HNG I
3.4.1 Cc kiu kiu b tr hng i c bn
i, Hng i u vo
Cc trng chuyn mch c cu trc hng i u vo gm mt ma trn khng gian
b tr cc hng i ti tt c cc cng u vo gii quyt vn tranh chp. M
hnh trng chuyn mch hng i u vo c ch ra trn hnh 3.15.

71


Hnh 3.15: Chuyn mch b tr m u vo
Cu trc trng chuyn mch m u vo gm ba khi chc nng: (1) Cc hng
i u vo; (2) Khi chuyn mch khng tc nghn; (3) Khi gii quyt tranh chp.
Cc gi tin c lu gi u tin ti cc hng i u vo ch cho n khi u ra
ri. Mng chuyn mch khng tc nghn thc hin chc nng nh tuyn ni b, c
th c cu trc t cc ma trn crossbar. Khi gii quyt tranh chp phn b cc cp
u v v cc cp u ra. Mt u im quan trng ca chuyn mch hng i u vo
l chuyn mch tc cao c th thc hin d dng, bi v vi chuyn mch hng i
u vo c tc hot ng b m (tc ghi/c b nh) cn bng v xp x vi
tc cng. V vy, chuyn mch vi c ch hng i u vo c th tng kch thc
tng i d dng.
Tuy nhin, chuyn mch c cu trc hng i u vo phi i mt vi vn
thng qua b hn ch bi hin tng nghn u lung HOL (Head Of Line) v vn
sp xp cc gi tin trnh tranh chp ti u ra ca trng chuyn mch khng gian.
V vy, thng qua ti a ca trng chuyn mch s dng hng i u vo ch t
58,6%. Vn u tin c th c gii quyt thng qua vic tng tc iu khin
trng chuyn mch hoc m rng cc lin kt trung gian. Vn chng tranh chp
cng u ra s c thc hin qua cc lc iu khin, mt lc iu khin
thng dng nht c xut bi HUI qua thut ton chim cng 3 giai on.
Ngoi ra cn mt s lc da trn kiu quay vng cc khong thi gian chim cng
v phng php chim cng u ra o.
Thut ton gii tranh chp 3 pha: Thut ton gii tranh chp 3 giai on gm: Tm
kim, xc nhn chim cng, v gi gi tin. Trong pha th nht, tt c cc u vo u
c cc gi u tin ca hng i, gi gi yu cu, ch cha a ch ngun v a ch
ch qua mng phn l (batcher). Cc gi c phn loi bi mng phn l ph
hp vi ch yu cu. Tt c cc gi s c thc hin mt qu trnh lc tm a ch
ch. Gi tm thy a ch ch s vng li xc nhn cng, tt c cc gi u vo
trong lung c cc gi vng li s gi gi xc nhn ACK, cha a ch ngun ca gi

72

vng nh l a ch ch cn i ti, qua mng batcher-banyan. Cc u ra ca mng
banyan c cp vi cc u vo xc nhn ng chim. Cc ng chim ca
cng u vo tip tc gi gi u lung (pha 2 v 3) qua mng, v cc b m u vo
ch i chu k thi gian tip theo sau khi gi gi i t b m. Hot ng 3 pha ny
c m t trn hnh 3.16.


Hnh 3.16: Lu x l ba giai on chng tranh chp
Nhc im ch yu ca lc ny nm ti 2 pha u khi x l tiu . Qu trnh
gi thng tin chim cng v xc nhn cng s lm tr qu trnh x l gi tin trong
trng chuyn mch, nht l khi trng chuyn mch c yu cu x l tc cao.
Cc yu t ph thuc vo tc x l nm ti kch thc ca trng chuyn mch v
kch thc ca trng thng tin x l nh tuyn.
Thut ton gii quyt tranh chp da trn kiu nghch vng: Thut ton mch vng
khng cn chc nng phn loi, phi hp gia cc b m u vo c thc hin trn
hai chu k phc v: th nht cho nghn u ra qua kch hot cc b iu khin m,
th hai l ch nh cc u ra khng th phc v ti cc b iu khin m cn li. C
ch nghch vng l c ch phn chia thi gian logic theo chu k chn cng chuyn
mch. Trong lc ny, cc b iu khin cng u vo c lin u ni thnh cu
trc mch vng. Mt token c to ra tun t tng ng ti tt c cc cng u ra.
Token c chim khi n ti ti cng u tin cha u ra lin kt vi token. u vo
no chim token u tin, th s c php chuyn gi tin ti cng u ra tng ng.
Vi gii php iu khin ny, ma trn chuyn mch khng cn s dng c ch
Speedup m vn thc hin c nhim v chuyn mch.

73

Tuy nhin, c hai im hn ch vi kiu cu trc ny: (1) tc bit tng ln trong
mch vng t l vi kch thc ca trng chuyn mch; (2) khng tho mn iu kin
cng bng ti qu trnh chim token. V vy, lc ny ch thch hp cho cc trng
chuyn mch nh.
Cc cu trc gii quyt tranh chp khc: Chuyn mch s dng hng i u vo
cng c th ci thin c nng cao hiu nng ca trng chuyn mch. Khi lu
lng u vo cao, cc gi s b loi b theo th t u tin.Vi cc thut ton gii
quyt tranh chp, hiu nng trng chuyn mch tng ng k khi so snh vi cc
chuyn mch hng i u vo thun tu. Mc d vy, cc thut ton trn khng m
bo c n nh ca t l mt mt t bo khi lu lng ln. duy tr t l mt t
bo, im mu cht l phi gii quyt tt vn nghn u lung lu lng. Mt s
cu trc gii quyt tranh chp khc c xut gm: m rng trng chuyn
mch, s dng k thut ca s, hoc k thut nhm knh.
K thut ca s thng c s dng cng vi cc hng i u vo. Trong k thut
ny, tt c cc u vo c cho php gi cc yu cu cho cc gi ca n tun t trong
hng i ca n ti im bt u ca khe thi gian, cho n khi mt trong s chng
c chim hoc c mt con s chc chn ca cc ln th ti a (gi l ca s) c
tm thy. S ln th ti a khng vt qu ca s kch thc w, ngha l cc thut ton
chy w ln trong mt khong thi gian yu cu, v vy n cn tc bit rt cao. Kt
qu m phng chng minh rng thng qua tng ln cng vi kch thc ca ca s
w.
Trong k thut nhm knh, cc u ra chuyn mch c chia thnh cc nhm knh
kch thc n v cc gi c cng vo cc nhm knh thay v tn ti di dng knh
ring bit. N c kh nng ci thiu hiu nng, khi tng ti cung cp ng thi trn
cng mt nhm knh khng ging nh ti trung bnh v s lng ngun phc v ln
cho mt nhm knh. Tuy nhin, cn c mt s vn cn phi quan tm trong lc
s dng k thut nhm knh l: Trong mt khe thi gian khng ch c u ra xung t
m cn phi x l trnh xung t cho c mt nhm knh khi c ch nh trn cng
mt tuyn truyn dn trong cng thi gian. Hn na, iu khin ch nh nhm knh
trong trng hp ca s kch thc w cn chy trn Log
2
n tng a ch phn cng.
thng qua c th t c trong trng hp ny l 0.9 trong trng hp s dng nhm
knh 32 (n=32). Vi cng mt kch thc nhm knh v ca s, ci thin thng
qua trong lc ny c nh gi l n gin hn so vi lc ca s.



74

ii, Hng i u ra
Nh ch ra trn hnh 3.17, chuyn mch c hng i u ra c thc hin bi
mt ma trn chuyn mch khng gian u vo v mi u ra chuyn mch c trang
b mt b m s dng cho cc hng i.

Hnh 3.17: Chuyn mch m u ra
Cc t bo tranh chp cng mt u ra s c lu tr tm thi vo trong cc hng
i ny. Vi chuyn mch (NxN) trong trng hp xu nht s c N t bo tranh chp
trong mt khong thi gian t bo. V vy, tc mong mun ca cc b m u ra
l ln hn N ln tc ng lin kt.
V cc chuyn mch hng i u ra khng b nh hng ca vn nghn u
lung d liu, nn hiu nng ca trng chuyn mch ny tt hn so vi cc trng
chuyn mch trang b b m u vo. Tuy nhin, kiu chuyn mch ny ph thuc rt
ln vo hiu nng ca hng i u ra.
Theo l thuyt hng i, xc sut mt mt gi c xc nh bi hiu qu ca lin
kt v kch thc b m. Nu b m c kch thc N th khng c hin tng mt
mt gi tin, trong khi dung lng b m l (ks N) th s gi tin c kh nng b mt do
trn b m l (N-k). Mt s tnh ton cho thy kch thc hng i thng rt nh
(khong 2 gi tin) th vn m bo c hiu sut s dng lin kt l 0.8. Mt khc,
nu cc hng i c s dng ring r th kch thc trng chuyn mch l yu t
nh hng ln nht ti tr trung bnh ca gi tin. Cc tnh ton l thuyt cho thy
thng qua ca trng chuyn mch m u ra c th t ti 80%.
iii, Hng i trung tm
Chuyn mch vi hng i trung tm cng c bit n vi tn gi l hng i
chia s, cc trng chuyn mch c b m trung tm ch c mt hng i c chia
s cho cc u vo v cc u ra. Cu trc c bn ca trng chuyn mch c hng
i trung tm ch ra trn hnh 3.18. Vi kiu hng i trung tm, tn ti mt b nh

75

trung tm c th c truy nhp bi tt c cc u vo v cc u ra. Cc gi tin n
c lu tr tm thi trong b m v cc u ra s la chn cc gi tin c ch ti n
c ra. Nh vy, gii hn ca trng chuyn mch kiu ny chnh l tc truy
nhp b nh.
thng qua ca trng chuyn mch kiu ny tng ng vi trng chuyn
mch s dng hng i u ra. Tuy nhin, khng gian b nh ca trng chuyn mch
b m trung tm nh hn ca trng chuyn mch s dng b m u ra v b nh
c th s dng phng php dng chung.

Hnh 3.18: Trng chuyn mch m trung tm
V tip cn hng i trung tm tng t nh vi chuyn mch thi gian nn mt
vn ng ch l khi cc gi tin u vo ti b m trung tm v c chuyn ra
ti cc u ra khc nhau, cc gi tin s c c ngu nhin (c iu khin) ti cc
vng nh ngu nhin, v vy cn phi c mt chin lc qun l vng nh. Trong cc
chuyn mch chia s b nh, mt vn mu cht lun phi c quan tm l kh
nng x l hogging, xy ra trong trng hp lu lng khng ng nht, mt u ni
bt k no c th chim ton b khng gian nh trong mt khong thi gian. Cc
gi tin khc khng th c c hi chuyn mch trong thi gian ny. gii quyt vn
ny c th c mt phng n khc nhm phn hoch vng nh thnh cc vng nh
hn c lp. Tuy nhin, phng php phn hoch thnh cc vng nh nh hn s gy
nn tn tht khi mt s lu lng chim mt ng no ln trong khi cc ng
khc khng c hoc rt t lu lng, iu ny cng lm gim hiu nng tng th ca
mng chuyn mch khi vic s dng b nh m khng hiu qu.
iv, Hng i u ra o VOQ
Cu trc hng i u ra o VOQ (Virtual Output Queuing) c s dng rng ri
hn ch hiu ng tc nghn ca gi tin u lung d liu HOL v v th tng
thng qua ca trng chuyn mch. Tng t nh cu trc chuyn mch hng i u
vo cc gi tin c xp hng ti u vo nhng cc b m u vo c chia thnh

76

N hng i logic, lu tr cc gi tin nh trc ti cng u ra lin kt. Tuy nhin,
vic s dng hng i logic dn ti cc thut ton lp lch gia tng phc tp. Nu
mi mt b m u vo c N hng i FIFO th tng s hng i s l N
2
, ni cch
khc cc gi tin n mt cng u vo th i v s ra cng ra th j c lu trong hng
i VOQij, cc gi tin u lung lu lng ca mi VOQ s c lp lch v c la
chn gi tin s c chuyn i.

Hnh 3.19: Trng chuyn mch m u ra o
Nu mt trng chuyn mch n nh v xc nh c c tnh lu lng u vo
th trng chuyn mch s dng VOQ trn c th c thng qua ti a 100%.
v, T hp hng i u vo v hng i u ra CIOQ
T hp hng i u vo v hng i u ra CIOQ (Combine Input Output
Queueing) l mt gii php khc trnh nghn u lung lu lng bng cch cho
php mi mt cng u ra nhn c nhiu hn mt gi tin trong mi khe thi gian.

Hnh 3.20 Cu trc trng chuyn mch CIOQ

77

Gi s trng chuyn mch hot ng vi tc s ln tc ng dy 1<s<N.
Khi trng chuyn mch hot ng ln hn tc ng dy, th cc b m c
t vo cc cng u vo v u ra iu ha s khng nht qun gia tc ng
dy v tc trng chuyn mch. Mt cu trc CIOQ c ch ra trn hnh 3.20.
Mi mt cng u vo v cng u ra u c mt hng i FIFO. Vi tc
speedup s 2 v s dng thut ton tm kim trng s ln nht th trng chuyn mch
s dng CIOQ c th t c thng qua theo l thuyt l 100% vi lu lng u
vo c xc nh.
3.4.2 Cc phng php x l hng i
Nh cc mc trn y trnh by, hiu nng ca h thng chuyn mch gi khng
ch ph thuc vo kin trc ca trng chuyn mch, m cn ph thuc vo lu lng
u vo ti cc trng chuyn mch. Vi lu lng c a vo hng i th vic x
l cc hng i cng l vn nh hng ti thng qua ca trng chuyn mch.
Trong k thut qun l hng i tch cc gm c 2 kiu c bn: k thut loi b gi
ngu nhin sm RED (Random Early Discarding) v loi b gi sm theo trng s
WRED (Weighted Random Early Discarding).

Hnh 3.21: S nguyn l hot ng ca RED
(a) K thut loi b gi ngu nhin sm RED.
RED pht hin trn tp tc nghn v loi b gi ngu nhin t b m. Hnh 3.37
th hin s nguyn l hot ng ca k thut loi b gi ngu nhin sm. Nh ch
ra trn hnh, RED cha mt thut ton d on tc nghn v h s loi b gi nh l
cc thnh phn trung tm.

78

Chc nng ca module d on tc nghn l nh gi hnh vi lu lng trong b
m theo thi gian v pht hin kh nng tc nghn.
Tip cn n gin nht l da vo chiu di hng i (N) v xc nh trng thi
tc nghn da trn c s hng i y (so snh vi kch thc b m (B)).
Mt phng php khc s dng d on tc nghn da trn thut ton tnh
ton thi gian trung bnh ca hng i, u ra ca module d on tc nghn l chiu
di hng i trung bnh trng s (nN). Mc d n phn nh di hng i hin thi,
nhng (nN) khng phi l chiu di hng i thc t m l php o cho hin tng tc
nghn. Gi o l phn trm (%) in y b m c tnh theo cng thc sau:

N
n
B
o =
(3.1)
Trong : B l kch thc b m
H s loi b gi l mt phng php tham chiu gia % b m y v xc sut
loi b gi, khi o t mt gi tr no th RED c kch hot, khi o t gi tr ln
nht (<100%) th xc sut loi b gi =1. C ch loi b gi chuyn sang theo phng
php ct bt phn cui ca lu lng.
(b) K thut loi b gi sm theo trng s WRED.
K thut loi b gi sm theo trng s WRED l k thut loi b gi sm RED
vi nhiu h s loi b gi. Thay v s dng mt h s loi b gi cho tt c cc hng
i, WRED s dng nhiu h s loi b gi cho mt hng i (V d, 3 h s loi b
gi khc nhau c th s dng cho 3 mu ca cc gi).
3.4.3 Mng hng i
M hnh ha mt trng chuyn mch c th c biu din qua mng hng i
vi nhiu node phc v. Cch tip cn ny nhm hng ti mc tiu nh gi hiu
nng thng qua mt lot cc phn tch c tnh ca mng hng i. Mng hng i c
hai kiu: mng hng i ng v mng hng i m c phn bit qua cch thc x
l d liu vo ra mng hng i. Phn ln cc h thng trng chuyn mch vi
nhim v chuyn mch cho cc gi tin t mt u vo bt k ti mt u ra bt k l
mt m hnh mng hng i m . Trong nhiu trng hp vi nhng phn tch chi tit
tng phn th c th m hnh ha trng chuyn mch thnh cc mng hng i ng.
Thm na lu lng i qua trng chuyn mch gi l cc gi tin ng dng hoc
khng ng dng tng ng vi phn loi thnh kiu mng n lp v mng a lp.
Mt s tnh ton c s c ch ra di y.



79

i, Mng n lp
Mng n lp c m hnh ha cho cc h thng mng c lu lng ng nht v
m t qua cc k hiu trong bng 3.1 sau:
Bng 3.1: K hiu trong mng hng i n lp
N S node
K S lng cng vic c nh trong mt mng ng
(k
1
, k
2
, , k
N
) Trng thi ca mng
k
i

S lng cng vic ti node th i. i vi mng ng
1
N
i
i
k K
=
=

m
i
S lng server song song ti node i (m
i
1)

i
Tc phc v cc cng vic ti node th i
1/
i
Thi gian phc v trung bnh ti node i
P
ij
Xc sut nh tuyn, xc sut m mt cng vic c chuyn
n node j sau khi c phc v ti node i
P
0j
Xc sut m mt cng vic a vo mng t bn ngoi ngay t
ln u vo node j
P
i0
Xc sut m mt cng vic ri khi mng ngay sau khi c
phc ti node i
0 ij
1
( 1 )
N
i
j
p p
=
=

0i
Tc n ca cng vic t bn ngoi ti node i

i
Tc n tng th ca cng vic ti node i

Tc n
i
cho node i = 1,.....,N ca mt mng m c tnh
0
1
N
i i i ji
J
p
=
= +

vi i = 1,...,N (3.2)
y c bit n l phng trnh lu lng. i vi mng ng phng trnh ny
c biu din nh sau:
1
N
i i ji
J
p
=
=

vi i = 1,...,N (3.3)
Mt tham s quan trng na ca mng l s ln trung bnh gh thm (e
i
) ca d liu
ti node th i. N cn c bit n l t l gh thm hoc t l n tng i:
i
i
e

= vi i = 1,....,N (3.4)
Vi l thng lng tng th ca mng. T l gh thm ny c th tnh ton trc
tip t xc sut nh tuyn s dng cc phng trnh trn. i vi cc mng m v
0i

= p
0i
nn:

80


0
1
N
i i j ji
j
e p e p
=
= +

vi i = 1,....,N (3.5)
V cc mng ng l:
1
N
i j ji
j
e e p
=
=

vi i = 1,.....N
1
N
i j ji
j
e e p
=
=

(3.6)
V ch c (N-1) phng trnh c lp cho t l gh thm trong mng ng nn e
i
c
th c xc nh bng vic gp nhiu ln mt hng s. Thng chng ta gi nh e
i
=
1 mc d cc kh nng khc l cng c th. S dng e
i
ta c th tnh ton h s s
dng tng i x
i
l:
i
i
i
e
x

=
T c th thy t l s dng server c a ra bi cng thc:
i
i
j j
x
x

= (3.7)
ii, Mng a lp
Kiu m hnh va trnh by trn c th m rng nu c cc nhiu phn lp d liu
khc nhau trong mng. Cc phn lp ny c th khc nhau v thi gian phc v hoc
xc sut nh tuyn. C th d liu s thay i phn lp ca mnh khi di chuyn t
node ny sang node khc. Nu khng c phn lp no c bit i vo hoc ri khi
mng tc l s lng phn lp trong mng l hng s th mng c phn lp d liu
ng. Mt phn lp d liu khng ng c gi l m. Nu mt mng hng i c c
phn lp ng v m c gi l mng hn hp. Cc k hiu thm vo sau y c
dng m t cc mng hng i a lp:
Bng 3.2: K hiu b sung trong mng hng i a lp
R S lng phn lp d liu trong mng
k
ir
S lng d liu ca phn lp r ti node i i vi mt mng ng
ir
1 1
N K
i r
k K
= =
=

K
r
S lng d liu ca phn lp r trong mng. N khng cn thit phi
c nh thm ch l vi mt mng ng:
ir
1
N
r
i
k K
=
=

K S lng d liu trong cc phn lp c bit n l mt vector tng
qut (K= (K
1
,..., K
R
) )
S
i
Trng thi ca node th i (S
i
= (k
i1
,...,k
iR
)):

81

1
N
i
i
S K
=
=

S Trng thi tng th ca mng vi cc phn lp (S=(S
1
,...,S
N
)
ir
Tc phc v ca node th i cho d liu ca lp r
p
ir,js

Xc sut mt d liu ca lp r ti node i c c chuyn thnh
lp s ti node j (xc sut nh tuyn)
p
0,js
L xc sut trong mt mng m m mt d liu t ngoi c a
n node j vi phn lp l s
p
ir,0
Xc sut trong mt mng m mt d liu lp r ri khi mng sau khi
c phc v ti node i. Do vy
ir ,0 ir,
1 1
1
N R
js
j s
p p
= =
=

Tc n tng th t bn ngoi vo mt mng m

0,ir
Tc n t bn ngoi ti node i ca phn lp d liu r(
0,ir
=
p
0,ir
)

ir
Tc n ca d liu lp r ti node i
ir 0,ir ,ir
1 1
N R
js js
j s
p p
= =
= +
ir 0,ir ,ir
1 1
N R
js js
j s
p p
= =
= +

i vi cc mng ng p
0,ir
=0 (1<i<N, 1<r<R) chng ta c c:
ir ,ir
1 1
N R
js js
j s
p
= =
=

(3.8)
S ln trung bnh gh thm e
ir
ca dch v lp r ti node i ca mt mng m c th
c xc nh t xc sut nh tuyn tng t phng trnh (3.5):
ir 0,ir ,ir
1 1
N R
js js
j s
e p e p
= =
= +

(3.9)
ir 0,ir ,ir
1 1
N R
js js
j s
e p e p
= =
= +

vi i = 1,....,N v r = 1,....,R (3.10)

i vi cc mng ng phng trnh tng ng l:

0
1
N
i i j ji
j
e p e p
=
= +

(3.11)

ir ,ir
1 1
N R
js js
j s
e e p
= =
=

vi i= 1,...,N, r = 1,...,R (3.12)

Chng ta thng gi s e
1r
= 1 vi r = 1,...,R mc d cc trng hp khc l hon
ton c kh nng xy ra.

82

3.5. K THUT NH TUYN TRONG MNG CHUYN MCH GI
Nh trong chng 1 nh ngha, nh tuyn l mt tin trnh la chn con ng
cho thc th thng tin chuyn qua mng, n cn c coi l kh nng ca mt node
trong vn la chn ng dn cho thng tin qua mng. nh tuyn l mt khi
nim ct li ca mng chuyn mch gi v nhiu loi mng khc nhau. nh tuyn
cung cp phng tin tm kim cc tuyn ng theo cc thng tin m thc th thng
tin c chuyn giao trn mng.
Mi nt trong mng nhn gi d liu t mt ng vo ri chuyn tip n ti
mt ng ra hng n ch ca d liu. Nh vy mi nt trung gian phi thc
hin cc chc nng chn ng hay cn gi l nh tuyn v chc nng chuyn tip
cho n v d liu. Cc chc nng tng ng vi chc nng lp mng (lp 3)
ca m hnh OSI. Cc giao thc nh tuyn thng hot ng pha trn lp lin kt
d liu (lp 2) v cung cp dch v trong sut cho tng truyn ti, v vy chng
phi di tng giao vn (lp 4).
Mc tiu c bn ca cc phng php nh tuyn nhm s dng ti a ti nguyn
mng, v ti thiu ho gi thnh mng. t c iu ny k thut nh tuyn phi
ti u c cc tham s mng v ngi s dng nh: Xc sut tc ngn, bng thng,
tr, tin cy, gi thnh, v..v. V vy, mt k thut nh tuyn phi thc hin tt 2
chc nng chnh sau y:
(i) Quyt nh chn ng theo nhng tiu chun ti u no .
(ii) Cp nht thng tin nh tuyn, tc l thng tin dng cho chc nng (i)
Tu thuc vo kin trc, h tng c s mng m cc k thut nh tuyn khc
nhau c p dng. Cc tiu chun ti u khi chn ng dn t nt ngun ti nt
ch c th ph thuc vo chnh yu cu ca thng tin cn chuyn. Trong min mng
phc hp, a loi hnh dch v s tn ti a dng cc yu cu chn ng khc nhau.
iu c th dn ti kh nng chn ng ca mng ch l cn ti u i vi mt
loi hnh dch v c th, hoc vi mt s nhm ngi s dng dch v c th.
tng thch c vi s bin ng ca mng, chc nng cp nht thng tin
nh tuyn l chc nng quan trng nht m cc giao thc nh tuyn phi thc hin
xy dng nn c s d liu tnh ton. Vic cp nht lun hng ti gii quyt bi ton
cn i lu lng bo hiu, lu lng thng tin nh tuyn nhm m bo tnh y
v ti u v mt thi gian cho cc thng tin nh tuyn. nh gi c nng lc v
phm vi ng dng ca cc giao thc nh tuyn, ngi ta s dng mt s tiu ch so
snh gia cc giao thc nh tuyn. Mt s v d v cc tham s c th s c trnh
by trong phn tip theo.

83

Trong cc mng my tnh c rt nhiu cc k thut nh tuyn khc nhau c
a ra. S phn bit gia cc k thut nh tuyn ch yu cn c vo cc yu t lin
quan n 2 chc nng chnh ch ra trn y. Cc yu t thng l:
(a) S phn tn ca cc chc nng chn ng trn cc nt ca mng.
(b) S thch nghi vi trng thi hin hnh ca mng.
(c) Cc tiu chun ti u nh tuyn.
Da trn yu t (a) ta c th phn bit k thut nh tuyn thnh: k thut nh
tuyn tp trung v phn tn. Da trn yu t (b) ta c k thut nh tuyn tnh hoc
ng (tng thch). Cui cng cc k thut nh tuyn cng loi theo (a) v (b) li c
th phn bit bi yu t (c). Mt s tiu ch c bn nhm xc nh k thut nh tuyn
trong thc t c th l:
tr trung bnh ca thi gian truyn gi tin.
S lng nt trung gian gia ngun v ch ca gi tin.
an ton ca vic truyn tin.
Ngun ti nguyn mng s dng cho truyn tin .
v.v..
T hp ca cc tiu chun trn.
Vic chn tiu ch ti u nh vy ph thuc vo tng dng mng c th nh: cu
hnh mng, c tnh lu lng mng, yu cu thng lng, mc ch s dng.v.v..).
Cc tiu ch la chn cho bi ton nh tuyn c th thay i mc d cu trc mng
khng thay i. Kin trc mng cng c th thay i theo thi gian hoc cc trin khai
ng dng trn mng, chnh v th m vn ti u ho nh tuyn lun c t ra
ngay c trong qu trnh thit k v trong thi gian trin khai mng. Mt khc, trong
mi trng mng thc t lun tn ti s i lp v quan im ngi s dng dch v
v nh khai thc dch v mng. Ngi s dng lun mun c nhng dch v tt nht
vi cht lng cao nht cho h, trong khi nh khai thc li mun ti u dch v
ngi dng trn nn mng c sn hoc u t ti thiu em li li nhun cao nht.
V vy, cc gii php nh tuyn thc t thng l gii php dung ho hay cn gi l
gii php cn ti u i vi hai hng yu cu mang tnh i lp.
V mt nguyn tc, cc gii php qun tr mng bao gm c chc nng nh tuyn
trong mng thng c chia thnh hai loi, qun l kiu tp trung v kiu phn tn.
Gii php qun l nh tuyn cho cc mng nh (v kch c mng v phc tp ca
mng) thng ng dng kiu nh tuyn tp trung gim gi thnh v thun tin
trong cng tc qun l. Tuy nhin kiu nh tuyn tp trung thng bc l cc yu
im v phi cng khai thng tin nh tuyn cho ton mng v d b tn cng. Hn
na, nh tuyn tp trung phn ng vi s thay i trng thi mng km nhanh nhy

84

do phi thu thp thng tin ton mng v x l tp trung. Gii php nh tuyn phn tn
ph hp vi cc mng ln v phc tp cao, n da trn s phn cp v kt hp gia
cc nt c coi l ngang hng phn vng, v vy nu c li xy ra th n ch mang
tnh cc b gia cc nt lin quan. Cc thng tin nh tuyn phn tn c x l v
chuyn rt nhanh trong mng qua cc nt mng c chc nng phn b thng tin nh
tuyn trn din rng ca mng.
3.5.1. Cc thut ton tm ng ngn nht
Cc thut ton tnh ton nh tuyn c s dng tnh ton v quyt nh chn
ng trn c s thng tin nh tuyn nhn c qua cc giao thc nh tuyn. Cc
thut ton tt v ph hp vi mi trng mng s m bo c tc v hiu nng
ca quy trnh nh tuyn. Trong mc ny s trnh by v cc c s l thuyt v thut
ton ca hai thut ton thng c s dng trong mng truyn thng: thut ton
BellmanFord v thut ton Dijkstra. Hai thut ton ny c gi l cc thut ton tm
ng ngn nht, vi mc tiu tm ra con ng ngn nht t node ngun ti node
ch trong cc m hnh mng tng qut (tp trung, phn tn).
i, Thut ton Bellman-Ford v nh tuyn vecto khong cch
Thut ton Bellman-Ford c s dng trong m hnh tp trung tnh ton mt
ng dn ngn nht gia mt node ngun v mt node ch. Trong m hnh phn tn,
thut ton c s dng tnh ton cc ng dn ngn nht.
a, M hnh tp trung.
xem xt thut ton Bellman-ford trong tip cn m hnh tp trung, ta xem xt v
d mt m hnh ha mng trn hnh 3.22. M hnh mng v d c th hin qua mt
th c trng s th hin trn cc lin kt, kt qu tnh ton ng dn ngn nht da
trn cc trng s trn th. Gi d
ij
l trng s (gi) lin kt gia node i v node j, D
ij

l gi ti thiu gia node i v node j. Nu hai node khng c kt ni trc tip gi lin
kt c t bng . Gi nt trung gian c kt ni trc tip ti mt trong hai node l k
v biu thc Bellman-Ford c biu din nh sau.

Hnh 3.22: v d v m hnh kt ni mng
W 0
ii
= vi mi i,

85


ij ik
W min{W w }
kj
= + vi ij. (3.13)
Nh vy, gi ti thiu ph thuc vo gi ti thiu t i ti k v gi ca lin kt k-j.
C th c nhiu node k kt ni trc tip ti node j(k
1
, k
2
,..) ngoi tr node k=i .

Hnh 3.23: Thut ton Bellman-Ford tp trung
Mt vn quan trng trong thut ton ny l: nu node k khng kt ni trc tip
ti node j nn d
kj
=. Vi gi thit bit gi ti thiu D
ik
t node i ti node k, trong
tnh ton thc t, mt bin chy c s dng tnh gi ti thiu sau mt s bc, ta
c gi ti thiu sau bc th h l
ij
h
D .
b, M hnh phn tn.
Trong tip cn m hnh phn tn, cc node mng t tnh ton trn c s thng tin
thu nhn c t mng xc nh con ng ngn nht t ti ch bt k. V vy,
node ngun cn bit gi ng dn ngn nht ti tt c cc node trung gian ti ch
D
ik
. Theo m hnh phn tn, ta tm kim cc lin kt ra khi node i trc tip ti node k
vi gi lin kt d
ik
v coi gi lin kt ti thiu gia k v j l D
jk
m khng cn bit cch
thc xc nh gi tr ny ca k. Danh sch cc kt ni trc tip ti i c k hiu l N
i
.
Nu node i tm c mt node ln cn ca n c ng i ngn nht ti ch, n c
th s dng thng tin ny xc nh gi ti ch bng cch cng vi gi lin kt d
ik
.
Trong phng php tnh theo vector khong cch, mt node nh vo cc node ln
cn bit gi ca ng i ti ch xc nh tuyn tt nht. thc hin nhim
v , phng php ny thng xuyn tnh ton li theo nh k hoc khi c thng tin
t cc node ln cn. tng then cht ca thut ton trong m hnh phn tn l node k
cn phn tn gi ca n ti node j (D
kj
) ti tt c cc kt ni trc tip ti i, ph thuc
vo i v thi gian. S khc bit vi thut ton Bellman-Ford tp trung l th t tnh
ton cng vi cc lin kt a ra mt gc khc tnh ton ng dn ngn
nht.
ii, Thut ton Dijkstra
Thut ton Dijkstra l mt kiu tip cn khc trong k thut tm ng dn ngn
nht gia hai node trong mng. Thut ton Dijkstra hot ng trn mt tp node ng

86

c ln cn ca node ngun tnh ton v cc nh ng dn ngn nht ti mt node
ch. Mt c tnh ni tri ca thut ton Dijkstra l c th tnh ton cc ng dn
ngn nht ti tt c cc node ch t mt node ngun, thay v tnh ton theo tng cp
ngun ch. Thut ton Dijkstra cng c phn loi hot ng theo m hnh tp
trung v phn tn.
a, M hnh tp trung
Gi thit mt node i bt k trong mt mng gm N node m t ta mun tnh ton
cc ng dn ngn nht ti tt c cc node cn li. Danh sch N node c nh
ngha bi N={1, 2, 3,N}. Mt node ch c k hiu l j (ji). Ta s dng hai k
hiu sau: d
ij
=gi lin kt gia node i v j; D
ij
= gi ng dn ti thiu gia node i v j.
Thut ton Dijkstra chia danh sch N node thanh hai danh sch: N c bt u
vi danh sch c nh S th hin cc node c xem xt, danh sch ngh S cho
cc node s c xem xt tnh ton. Trong qu trnh tnh ton, danh sch S s m rng
vi cc node mi trong khi danh sch S s rt ngn li khi node trong gia nhp vo
S. Thut ton dng khi tt c cc node trong danh sch ca S nm trong danh sch S.
Mu cht ca thut ton nm ti hai phn: (1) cch thc m rng tp S v (2) cch tnh
ton ng dn ngn nht ti cc node ln cn ca cc node trong S (cc node cha
nm trong danh sch S). Danh sch S c m rng sau mi vng lp tnh ton mt
node k ca node i c gi ti thiu ti node i. Ti mi vng lp, thut ton tnh ton cc
node ln cn ca node k ( k S e ) tm gi ti thiu c th thay i sau mi vng lp.
b, Tip cn phn tn
Bin phn tn ca thut ton Dijkstra tng t nh trong tip cn tp trung. S khc
bit ln nht l gi ca lin kt nhn c bi mt node c th khc vi cc node khc
khi cc thng tin chuyn ti cc node khng ng b. V vy ta nh ngha gi ca lin
kt (k-m) nhn c ti node i l ( )
i
km
d t , tng t nh vy i vi gi ti thiu t i ti j
ph thuc vo thi gian D
ij
(t). Nh vy, thut ton Dijkstra cho mi trng phn tn
trao i thng tin gi lin kt theo cch phn tn c a vo trong thut ton, cc
bc tng theo thi gian hc thng tin t cc lin kt v gi lin kt trong mng.
iii, So snh thut ton Bellman-Ford v Dijkstra
Hai so snh di y nhm a ra hng ti cc ng dng thc tin ca hai thut ton
trn.
u tin, thut ton Bellman-Ford tnh ton ng dn ngn nht ti mt node ch
trong mt khong thi gian trong khi Dijkstra tnh ton ng dn ngn nht ti tt
c cc node ch (i khi gi l cy ng dn ngn nht). Khi so snh qu trnh
tnh ton gi ti thiu ta thy s tng t nhau. Tuy nhin, y c s khc bit rt

87

quan trng. Trong c hai thut ton u s dng node trung gian k; thut ton
Bellman-Ford coi node k l chung cho tt c cc node tm bc nhy k tip tt
nht ti node j, trong khi thut ton Dijkstra l node trung gian c la chn u
tin v c nh v v vy tnh ton ng dn ti tt c cc node j cha c thc
hin ngay.
Th hai, khi c cc kiu tnh ton khc nhau trong mt thut ton s dn ti phc
tp thut ton khc nhau. Gi thit N l tng s node v L l tng s lin kt th
phc tp tnh ton ca thut ton Bellman-Ford l O(LN). phc tp tnh ton ca
thut ton Dijkstra l O(N
2
) v c th gim xung cn O(L+NlogN) nu s dng
mt cu trc c s d liu tt. Ch rng nu mng c kt ni theo hnh li y
th s lng lin kt song hng l N(N-1)/2. v phc tp tnh ton ca thut
ton Bellman-Ford l O(N
3
) v Dijkstra l O(N
2
).
iv, Tnh ton k ng dn ngn nht
Trong rt nhiu tnh hung ta cn phi tnh ton khng ch mt ng dn ngn
nht m cn cn cc ng dn th hai, th ba.. ti k ng dn t mt node ngun
ti mt node ch. Cc thut ton s dng xc nh cc ng dn ngn nht c
gi l cc thut ton k ng dn ngn nht. Mt cch tip cn n gin nht to ra
thm cc ng dn ngn nht bng cch s dng cc thut ton tm mt ng dn
(v d thut ton Dijkstra), sau xa tm thi lin kt trn ng dn ngn nht
trong mt khong thi gian v thc hin tnh ton li trn th rt gn tm
ng dn tip theo. Kt qu l cc ng dn c tnh ton tip theo s khng ti
u bng ng dn th nht v s dng cch thc tng t nh cc ng dn th 2,
th 3, hoc th k.
Gi thit ta mun tm k ng dn ngn nht tch bit. Trong trng hp ny, ta
xa tm thi tt c cc lin kt trn ng dn ngn nht v chy li thut ton
Dijkstra mt ln na tm c ng dn ngn nht tch bit vi ng dn c,
tip tc ti k ng dn. i khi phng php ny khng thc hin tm c ng
dn tch bit tip theo nu th thu gn b c lp.
3.5.2. Cc giao thc nh tuyn in hnh.
i, K thut nh tuyn trong mng ATM
Hot ng nh tuyn trong mng ATM l mt thnh phn ca giao din mng-
mng ring PNNI (Private Network Network Interface). PNNI l l t hp ca k thut
nh tuyn v bo hiu da trn trng thi lin kt c s dng trong mng chuyn
mch ATM. PNNI gm c 2 thnh phn giao thc:

88

Giao thc bo hiu m t th tc v cc bn tin s dng trong qu trnh thit lp kt
ni t im ti im v im ti nhm ch trn mng ATM. Giao thc bo hiu xy
dng trn nn tng l cc tn hiu theo chun giao din ngi dng v mng UNI trong
mng ATM, c b sung thm c ch h tr nh tuyn ngun, th tc Crankback v
nh tuyn lun phin (phc v cho vic thit lp li knh truyn trong trng hp c
li khi kt ni).
Giao thc nh tuyn s dng tnh ton ng i trn mng. M hnh phn cp ca
mng PNNI m bo n c th ng dng trong cc mi trng mng ln.
Th tc bo hiu PNNI gip to knh o truyn tin qua mng ATM. Bo hiu
PNNI c xy dng tng thch vi chun UNI 3.1 v cc giao din kt ni trong
mng ATM, gm cc tnh cht c bn nh sau:
Kt ni im im v im a im;
H tr cht lng dch v t u cui ti u cui;
H tr kt ni Anycast.
Cung cp bo hiu cho cc dch v tc bit thay i VBR;
Kt ni ng dn chuyn mch o;
Tha thun v tham s truyn: s khi ti a, s khi ti thiu v kch thc
khi.
Ngoi ra, bo hiu PNNI xy dng tng thch vi phin bn UNI 4.0 nn c
thm knh o c nh mm SPVC (Soft Permanent Vitual Circuit), c mc knh o
VC v lung o VP. Hn na, do m hnh PNNI s dng k thut nh tuyn ngun
nn giao thc bo hiu c th h tr c danh sch ng i nh sn DTL, th tc
Crankback, v nh tuyn lun phin.
Th tc Crankback v nh tuyn lun phin mang li cho PNNI li th nng cao
kh nng thnh cng trong vic thit lp knh. Ngi s dng c th t c s ln
th li ti a ca thut ton quay ngc th kt ni ti nt ngun kt ni vi u
cui nhm t c hiu nng cao nht cho mng.
Cc chc nng chnh ca nh tuyn PNNI bao gm:
Tm kim thng tin trng thi cc nt ln cn.
Trao i thng tin v c s d liu cu hnh mng
Trn lt cc bn tin trng thi cu hnh PTSE
Bu ra trng nhm trong nhm cng cp PGL
Tng kt li cc thng tin trng thi ca cu hnh mng.
Xy dng ng i trong h thng phn cp.
Ban u, thut ton Dijkstra c s dng trong nh tuyn PNNI. Tuy nhin, n
ch p ng c yu cu tm ng trong i hi p ng tham s cht lng dch

89

v n l. V vy, thut ton Dijkstra nguyn thy khng th s dng cho nh tuyn
p ng m bo cht lng vi nhiu dch v cng lc. Sau thut ton Dijktra
c ci tin nhm p ng cc loi hnh a dch v bng cch kt hp vi mt s
chc nng bo hiu.
ii, Giao thc nh tuyn trong mng IP
Khi nim min hay h thng t tr xut pht t mng Internet. T kha cnh nh
tuyn, mng Internet l mng din rng ln n mc mt giao thc nh tuyn khng
th x l cng vic cp nht cc bng nh tuyn ca tt c cc b nh tuyn. V l do
ny, lin mng c chia thnh nhiu h thng t tr AS (Autonomous System). H
thng t tr l mt nhm cc mng v b nh tuyn c chung chnh sch qun tr, i
khi cn c gi l min nh tuyn. Cc giao thc nh tuyn c s dng bn trong
mt AS c gi l giao thc nh tuyn ni min IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol).
thc hin nh tuyn gia cc AS vi nhau chng ta phi s dng mt giao
thc ring gi l giao thc nh tuyn ngoi min EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol).
Trong mc ny ta xem xt mt s giao thc nh tuyn thng thng c s dng
trong mng internet, bng 3.1 di y tng kt cc c im chnh ca cc giao thc
nh tuyn.
Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn RIP
RIP l mt giao thc nh tuyn min trong c s dng cho cc h thng t tr.
Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn thuc loi giao thc nh tuyn s dng thut ton
vector khong cch, tham s gi tr tnh ton da trn s bc nhy (hop count) trn
ng i t ngun n ch. Mi chuyn tip t mt b nh tuyn ny ti b nh
tuyn khc k cn c gi tr 1 bc nhy. Khi mt b nh tuyn nhn c 1 bn tin
cp nht nh tuyn cho cc gi tin th n s cng 1 vo gi tr o lng bc nhy
ng thi cp nht vo bng nh tuyn.
RIP thc hin vic ngn cn vng lp nh tuyn v hn bng cch thc hin gii
hn s ng i cho php trong 1 ng i t ngun ti ch. S bc nhy ti a
trong mt ng i l 15. Nu 1 b nh tuyn nhn c mt bn tin cp nht nh
tuyn v ti y gi tr o lng tr thnh 16 th ch coi nh l nt mng khng th
n c. Nhc im ca RIP chnh l gii hn ng knh ti a ca 1 mng RIP l
di 16 bc nhy. RIP c c im hot ng n nh nhng kh nng thay i
chm.
Khi c thay i v cu hnh mng, RIP lun thc hin ch chia r tng (phm vi)
v p t c ch ngn chn cc thng tin nh tuyn sai c pht tn trong cc b
nh tuyn. Mt khc, RIP s dng cc b nh thi iu chnh hot ng ca mnh.
B nh thi cp nht nh tuyn theo khong thi gian nh trc, thng thng 30s
l b nh thi li c reset cp nht li cc thng tin nh tuyn c gi t cc

90

b nh tuyn ln cn. iu ny cng gip ngn chn s tc nghn trong mng khi tt
c cc b nh tuyn cng 1 thi im c gng cp nht cc bng nh tuyn ln cn.
Bng 3.3: Cc giao thc nh tuyn v tiu ch so snh



Tiu ch Cc giao thc nh tuyn
Tnh RIP-1 RIP-2 IGRP EIGRP IS-IS OSPF BGP
Thch
hp cho
mng
ln
C Khng Khng Khng C C C C
D cho
thi hnh
Khng C C C C Khng Khng khng
Kiu
thut
ton
Khng DVP DVP DVP DUAL LSP LSP DVP
H tr
a ch
C C C C C C C C
H tr
CIDRR
v
VLSM

C

Khng

C

Khng

C

Khng

C

C
H tr
chia ti
Khng Khng Khng C C C C C
H tr
chng
thc
Khng Khng C Khng C C C C
Cho
php
nh
trng s
Khng Khng Khng C C C C C
Hi t
nhanh
Khng Khng Khng C C C C C
Th tc
Hello
Khng Khng Khng Khng C C C Khng
S dng
qung b
Khng C C C C C C Khng

91

Giao thc nh tuyn OSPF
Giao thc OSPF l mt giao thc nh tuyn min trong cn gi l giao thc trng
thi lin kt da trn thut ton Dijkstra. Cc b nh tuyn c bit ti bin vng t
tr AS c trch nhim ngn thng tin v cc AS khc vo trong h thng hin ti.
thc hin nh tuyn hiu qu, OSPF chia h thng t tr ra thnh nhiu khu vc (area)
nh. Khu vc l tp hp cc mng, trm v b nh tuyn nm trong cng mt h
thng t tr. Tt c cc mng trong mt khu vc phi c kt ni vi nhau. Ti bin
ca khu vc, cc router bin khu vc tm tt thng tin v khu vc ca mnh v gi cc
thng tin ny ti cc khu vc khc. Trong s cc khu vc bn trong AS, c mt khu
vc c bit c gi l ng trc s dng kt ni ti cc khu vc cn li. Cc b
nh tuyn bn trong khu vc ng trc c gi l cc b nh tuyn ng trc
bao gm c b nh tuyn bin khu vc. Vic phn vng ny coi ng trc c coi
nh l khu vc s cp cn cc khu vc cn li u c coi nh l cc khu vc th
cp.
OSPF l giao thc nh tuyn trng thi lin kt, c thit k cho cc mng ln
hoc cc mng lin hp v phc tp. Cc gii thut nh tuyn trng thi s dng cc
gii thut tm ng ngn nht SPF (Shortest Path First) cng vi mt c s d liu
phn nh cu hnh ca mng thng qua cc thng tin ca lin kt.
Gii thut chn ng ngn nht SPF l c s tnh ton cho giao thc OSPF v nm
ti phn mm x l nh tuyn ca b nh tuyn. Khi mt b nh tuyn s dng SPF
c khi ng, b nh tuyn s khi to cu trc c s d liu ca giao thc nh
tuyn v sau i ch bo t cc giao thc tng thp hn di dng cc hm. B
nh tuyn s s dng cc gi tin OSPF Hello thu nhn cc b nh tuyn ln cn
ca mnh. B nh tuyn gi gi tin Hello n cc ln cn v nhn cc bn tin Hello t
cc b nh tuyn ln cn. Ngoi vic s dng gi tin Hello thu nhn cc ln cn,
bn tin Hello cn c s dng xc nhn trng thi ca chnh b nh tuyn ti cc
b nh tuyn khc.
Mi b nh tuyn nh k gi cc bn tin thng bo v trng thi lin kt LSA
(Link State Advertisement) cung cp thng tin cho cc b nh tuyn ln cn hoc
cho cc b nh tuyn khc khi mt b nh tuyn thay i trng thi. Qua vic so
snh trng thi lin kt ca cc b nh tuyn lin k tn ti trong c s d liu, cc
b nh tuyn b li s b pht hin ra nhanh chng v cu hnh mng trong c s d
liu s c bin i cho ph hp. Do cu trc d liu c sinh ra bi qu trnh cp
nht lin tc cc gi LSA, mi b nh tuyn s tnh ton cy ng i ngn nht ca
mnh v t mnh s lm gc ca cy. Sau t cy ng i ngn nht s sinh ra bng
nh tuyn di dng c s d liu.



92

Giao thc cng bin BGP
Giao thc cng bin BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) l mt giao thc nh tuyn
min ngoi, thc hin vic nh tuyn gia cc h thng t tr AS. Giao thc ny da
vo phng php nh tuyn c tn l nh tuyn vecto ng i. Thut ton Vector
khong cch khng thch hp v tuyn c chn lun l tuyn c s bc nhy nh
nht. Trong khi , c nhiu trng hp ngi qun tr khng mun cho gi tin i qua
mt mng khng an ton mc d tuyn ny l tuyn c s bc nhy nh nht. Hn
na, nh tuyn vector khong cch khng ch r ng i c th dn ti ch. nh
tuyn trng thi lin kt cng khng ph hp cho nh tuyn gia cc AS v mt cc
kt ni lin mng s lm bng nh tuyn rt ln, phc tp cao. nh tuyn vector
ng i s dng bng nh tuyn cha a ch mng ch, b nh tuyn k tip v
ng i n ch. ng i y c th hin di dng mt danh sch cc AS m
gi phi i qua ti ch.
3.5.3 Mt s gii php ci thin hiu nng k thut nh tuyn
Nhm sng t cc yu cu v kh nng trin khai p dng cc k thut nh tuyn
t c hiu nng cao trong cc m hnh mng, ta xem xt kh nng thc thi ca nh
tuyn vi cc m hnh tnh ton nh tuyn trn cc kha cnh c s bao gm cc kiu
nh tuyn: Tp trung, phn tn v phn cp.
a, nh tuyn tp trung
Trong mng s dng k thut nh tuyn tp trung, mi nt duy tr thng tin v
ton b trng thi mng, bao gm cu trc vt l ca mng v thng tin trng thi ca
tng lin kt. Giao thc trng thi lin kt s cp nht trng thi ton mng ti mi nt
(v d nh giao thc OSPF, IS-IS). Da vo thng tin lin kt trng thi, ton b
ng i s c tnh ton ti mi nt. Do vy, n trnh c cc vn ca tnh ton
phn tn, nh lp n v cng, ng i lp vng. Vi phng php tnh ton tp
trung, cc node c th trin khai cc thut ton n gin, d thc hin thc hin tnh
ton tm ng i ti u.
Tuy vy, nh tuyn tp trung gp phi mt s vn sau.
Th nht, h tr cht lng dch v v p ng cc tham s mng, trng thi
ton mng ti mi nt phi c cp nht tn sut cn thit p ng cc
thay i lin tc ca cc tham s mng nh bng thng v tr. yu cu ny s
dn n chi ph truyn tin kh cao i vi cc mng ln.
Th hai, giao thc trng thi lin kt ch c th cung cp thng tin gn ng
vi trng thi mng v mc sai lch cng ln nu thng tin cha c cp
nht. V vy, thut ton nh tuyn c th khng tm ra ng i cho lu lng
yu cu do thng tin trng thi khng chnh xc.

93

Th ba, v qu trnh tnh ton ch tp trung ti nt ngun nn chi ph l kh cao
khi c mt lng ln cc yu cu v nhiu rng buc. Nh vy, vn ca c
ch nh tuyn tp trung chnh l kh nng m rng km. nh tuyn tp trung
kh c th c thc hin vi mng c quy m ln.
b, nh tuyn phn tn
Trong cc mng s dng k thut nh tuyn phn tn, ng i c tnh ton ti
cc nt trung gian gia ngun v ch. V vy, thi gian p ng yu cu nh tuyn l
ngn hn v d dng m rng. nh tuyn phn tn c th tm ra nhiu ng i ng
thi cho cng mt node v lm tng xc sut thnh cng ca bi ton nh tuyn. Hu
ht cc thut ton nh tuyn cng yu cu mi nt duy tr trng thi ton mng
(thng di dng cc vect khong cch, mi bng cha thng tin cho tng tham s),
cc quyt nh nh tuyn c thc hin ti tng nt mng.
V nh tuyn phn tn cng da vo trng thi ton mng nn n cng gp phi mt
s vn v kh nng m rng nh nh tuyn tp trung. Ngoi ra, do thng tin trng
thi mi nt khng hon ton ging nhau nn c th hnh thnh cc ng i lp
vng, gy lng ph ti nguyn mng. Lp vng cng c th c pht hin khi nt
nhn c cc bn tin iu khin trong khong thi gian tnh theo giy ng h. Tuy
nhin, cc vng lp thng lm cho qu trnh nh tuyn khng thnh cng v cc
vector khong cch khng cung cp y cc thng tin tm ng i thay th.
c, nh tuyn phn cp
nh tuyn phn cp nhm gii quyt kh nng m rng ca nh tuyn ngun
trong cc mng ln. nh tuyn phn cp c kh nng m rng rt tt bi v mi nt
mng ch duy tr thng tin v trng thi ton mng gin lc, ngha l cc nhm nt
tng ng vi cc nt logic. mi cp, trong m hnh phn cp, nh tuyn tp trung
c s dng tm ng i ph hp da vo trng thi mng gin lc. V vy,
nh tuyn phn cp c nhiu u im ca nh tuyn tp trung. Bn cnh , n cng
c u im ca nh tuyn phn tn v qu trnh tnh ton c chia s ti nhiu nt
mng.
Tuy vy, v trng thi mng c tp hp li nn thng tin ny l cng tr nn
khng chnh xc. C th hn, mi nt logic c th l mt mng con c rt nhiu nt v
c nhiu lin kt vt l khc nhau, nhng cc thng tin ny khng c th hin nu
coi mng l mt nt logic. Vn ny cng tr nn phc tp hn khi c ch nh
tuyn h tr nhiu tham s QoS. C th c nhiu ng i gia hai nt bin ca mt
logic ng vi cc ti nguyn khc nhau trn cc ng i . Lm th no gom cc
thng tin vn cn l mt vn m i vi nh tuyn phn cp.

94

Vic la chn phng php nh tuyn t c hiu nng cao no cn ph thuc
v chi ph ca qu trnh nh tuyn v phn thnh 3 loi: Chi ph giao thc, x l v
lu tr thng tin.
Chi ph giao thc: Mt yu cu c bn ca cc phng php nh tuyn l phi theo
di s thay i ca cc ti nguyn mng hin c (nh bng thng lin kt) nn thng
tin ny s c gi tr vi thut ton tm ng. Gi s giao thc trng thi lin kt c
s dng cp nht trng thi mng, v c ch cp nht s ng thi gi thng tin v
tt c trng thi lin kt ca b nh tuyn cho cc b nh tuyn cn li trong mng,
nn chi ph x l v vn chuyn bn tin s phn b nhiu cho cc lin kt v cc nt
trong mng. Mt khc giao thc trng thi lin kt ch cn thay i cc sai khc v
trng thi phn b thm cc thng tin v QoS, nhng cn phi thm c ch xc
nh thit b cn gi bn tin cp nht. C th hn, cc b nh tuyn cn xc nh bng
thng hin c ti cc lin kt v xc nh khi no c mt s thay i ng k cn cp
nht. C ch khi ng qu trnh cp nht s quyt nh ch ph v hiu sut ca nh
tuyn.
C ch khi ng cp nht s xc nh khi no gi bn tin cp nht, mi s thay i
ca ti nguyn c thng bo s cung cp thng tin v trng thi mng rt chnh xc,
nhng chi ph chuyn ti thng tin ny l rt ln. Mt phng php n gin hn
ch tn sut cp nht thng tin l s dng b nh thi gian. C ch ny iu khin
trc tip lng tin cp nht, nhng khng bm st mi thay i quan trng theo thi
gian. bm st mi thay i quan trng, ngi ta nh gi mc thay i ca tham
s. V d, phng php da vo mc ngng s quyt nh gi bn cp nht bt c lc
no gi tr mi nm ngoi phm vi tnh theo % ca gi tr c. Phng php ny iu
khin da vo s cn i gia chnh xc ca thng tin v lng tin cp nht dn ti
hin tng lu lng tng t bin v lm tc nghn mng.
V vy, ngi ta c th s dng kt hp b nh thi vi mc ngng nh gi thay
i. Chu k cp nht xc nh khong thi gian ti thiu v ti a gia hai ln cp
nht. Mc ngng s nh gi s thay i ca cc tham s mng l ng k hay
khng. Nu thay i ca tham s mng l ng k (tc l vt ngng cho php) v
khong thi gian t ln cp nht trc n hin ti ln hn mc ngng ca chu k
cp nht, th thay i s c thng bo cho cc nt mng. Nu qu chu k cho php
m khng c s thay i ng k (c th do mc ngng t qu cao) th bn tin trng
thi vn s c gi i. Nh vy, vn l phi cn i gia chi ph ca tn sut
thng bo v chnh xc ca thng tin trng thi.

95

Chi ph yu cu x l: Chi ph x l bao gm x l cc bn tin cp nht v tnh
ton, chn ng i. Chi ph x l cc bn tin cp nht truy nhp vo c s d liu
da vo bn tin nhn c. Nu s ln cp nht tng th chi ph ny s tng theo.
Tnh ton ng i l thnh phn c nhiu thay i hn c so vi nh tuyn n lc
ti a. Cc ng i c tnh ton da vo cc tnh cht ca yu cu v thng tin v
ti nguyn hin c. C ch nh tuyn n lc ti a v nh tuyn QoS khc nhau hai
im: thut ton thc hin v iu kin kch hot thut ton. iu kin kch hot thut
ton chnh l nhn t quyt nh chi ph tnh ton ca c ch nh tuyn QoS. Cc
ng i c th c tnh theo yu cu hoc c tnh trc. Trong c ch nh tuyn
n lc ti a, thng tin nh tuyn c chuyn vo bng chuyn tip gi FIB
(Forward Information Base) theo m hnh y push, tc l giao thc nh tuyn y
ton b ni dung ca bng nh tuyn RIB. Khc vi nh tuyn n lc ti a, nh
tuyn QoS s dng m hnh pull (ko), cc ng i c chn c chn lc vo
bng FIB. Vic chn cc ng vo bng FIB c thc hin bi giao thc bo hiu
thit lp ng i cho loi lu lng no .
Nu ng i c tnh theo yu cu, th u im l lun s dng thng tin mi
c cp nht nn sai lch vi trng thi mng thc t l thp. Tuy nhin, nu yu
cu n qu nhiu s lm tng ng k chi ph tnh ton. cch tip cn th hai tng t
nh nh tuyn n lc ti a, cc ng i cc ng i s c tnh trc. Tuy nhin,
khi yu cu v bng thng cha c bit th bng nh tuyn cn phi c tnh trc
cho tng nt ch vi cc yu cu bng thng c th c trong tng lai. Chi ph tnh
ton mt ng i ph thuc vo cu hnh mng v khong cch tng i gia ngun
v ch. Mt nhn t quyt nh i vi tnh ton yu cu l tn sut ca cc yu cu
mi.
Ngc li, tnh ton trc hu nh khng nhy cm vi tn sut ca cc yu cu
mi, n ch ph thuc vo tn sut m bng nh tuyn c tnh li. Trong khi tn
sut ca yu cu mi khng th iu khin c th tn sut tnh li bng nh tuyn
li ph thuc vo b nh tuyn. Vic tnh ton li bng nh tuyn thng xuyn s
lm tng chnh xc v hiu sut nh tuyn, nhng cng ng thi lm tng ti cn
x l. Hn na xy dng bng nh tuyn s phc tp hn nhiu so vi vic tnh
ton mt ng n v n i hi chi ph gii phng b nh v ti cp pht b nh.
Ngoi ra, sau khi bng nh tuyn c xy dng, cn phi thm mt bc chn
ng t bng nh tuyn - tc l tm ng i thch hp khi c mt yu cu n.
Chi ph xy dng bng nh tuyn trong cch tnh trc ph thuc vo bng thng
hin c ca cc lin kt mng, tp hp cc gi tr khc nhau s to ra cc bng nh

96

tuyn khc nhau vi chi ph khc nhau. Chi ph cho vic tm ng thch hp sau khi
xy dng bng nh tuyn l nh v khng ng k so vi cc chi ph khc.
Khi mt ng c tnh phc v mt yu cu mi, chi ph tnh ton ph thuc
vo v tr ch ca yu cu, v tr ch s quyt nh s ln lp ca thut ton. Khi
chiu di ng i tng ln, chi ph tnh ton ng i s tin gn n chi ph xy
dng bng nh tuyn; v vi nt ch xa, cc ng i ti tt c cc nt s c tnh
trc khi ti ch.
Chi ph lu tr thng tin: Chi ph lu tr lin quan n vic m rng c s d liu
lu tr thm cc thng tin v ti nguyn lin kt hin c. Ngoi ra, nu bng nh
tuyn c tnh ton ti cc rng buc c dng th cng lm tng thm chi ph lu tr.
Kch c bng nh tuyn ph thuc vo phn thc hin c th. Nh vy chi ph hot
ng ca nh tuyngm chi ph cho giao thc trao i thng tin nh tuyn, tnh ton
ng i , v lu tr cc thng tin v ti nguyn trong c s d liu.
3.6 KT LUN CHNG
Phn u ca chng 3 trnh by v nguyn tc hot ng ca mng chuyn mch
gi, cc phng php chuyn gi v kin trc chc nng ca h thng chuyn mch
gi in hnh. Trn c s phn tch cu trc chc nng ca h thng chuyn mch gi,
vn phn loi trng chuyn mch gi, cng nh phn tch v nh gi cc kiu
trng chuyn mch gi in hnh gip cho sinh vin nm bt c cc u nhc
im ca cu trc trng chuyn mch gi trong cc thit b chuyn mch gi. Cc
giao thc nh tuyn c ch ra trong hai min mng in hnh l min mng ATM
v IP l cc giao thc hin ang s dng v c ti s dng trong mt s cng ngh
chuyn mch tin tin.



97

Chng 4
CNG NGH CHUYN MCH TIN TIN

4.1. GII THIU CHUNG
4.1.1 M hnh hi t cng ngh mng
Trong mt s nm gn y, cc cuc cch mng v cng ngh v k thut mng
vin thng v ang din ra mnh m do s thay i v h tng c s, phng php
tip cn cc mc tiu mi v yu cu hoch nh ca cc chin lc pht trin. H
tng mng vin thng ang ng trc nhng thch thc ln do cuc cch mng
chuyn i h tng v hng ti s mng hi t trn c kha cnh cng ngh, dch v
v thit b mng. Di gc mng, mng hi t l mt khi nim th hin s pht
trin hin ti v tng lai nhm hng ti cc li ch t mt h tng chung to ra
cc dch v qua cc phng tin khc nhau. Mt cch tng th, tin trnh hi t mng
c nhn nhn l mt tin trnh chin lc c s h tr t 3 tc nhn chnh: Ngi
s dng, nh khai thc mng v cc nh cung cp khc (sn xut thit b, pht trin
dch v). Cc li ch thu c trn c s ca mng hi t gm:
- Ngi s dng: M rng kh nng linh ng, tch hp dch v trn thit b u
cui, khng ph thuc vo mng truy nhp, v..v.
- Nh khai thc mng: Gim thiu u t khai thc thng qua chia s chc nng,
gim thiu phc tp v ti s dng h tng mng; kt hp v tng thch cc
loi hnh dch v mi trn c s thng nht; m rng mng ti cc nh cung cp
dch v th 3 v hng ti xy dng mng c giao din m nhm m ra c hi
la chn thnh phn mng.
- Nh sn xut v cung cp dch v: Hi t cc thit b gip gim chi ph sn
xut, m c hi pht trin sn phm, linh hot v c lp trong pht trin dch
v.
Mng hi t l mt khi nim rng mang tnh tng th, khng ch bao hm vn
hi t mng m cn lin quan ti cc vn hi t dch v v thit b u cui. S hi
t v dch v em ti quy m ton cc khng gii hn bi cng ngh, s dng chung
mi trng thc thi dch v v cho php kin to dch v t cc nh cung cp th ba.
Trong khi , s hi t v thit b u cui cho php tch hp cc giao din v giao
tip khc nhau nhm tng thch vi cc loi hnh cng ngh truy nhp, thit b a
nng nhm thch ng vi cc nhu cu v mi trng hot ng khc nhau. Cc tin
trnh hi t trn ph thuc vo s pht trin ca tin trnh hi t mng v c coi
l mc tiu hng u vi cc nh cung cp v khai thc mng. Thm vo , qu trnh

98

hi t mng ng vai tr nh hng cho s pht trin h tng truyn thng sang mng
th h k tip NGN (Next Generation Networks). Trn c s h tng mng sn c, cc
hng i chin lc c hnh thnh v c th ha bi cc bc tin thch hp hng
ti mi trng mng mi.
Khuyn ngh Y.2001 ca ITU-T nh ngha v mng th h k tip nh sau: Mng
th h k tip l mng chuyn mch gi c kh nng cung cp cc dch v vin thng
v to ra ng dng bng thng rng, cc cng ngh truyn ti m bo cht lng
dch v v trong cc chc nng dch v c lp vi cc cng ngh truyn ti lin
quan. N cho php truy nhp khng gii hn ti mng v l mi trng cnh tranh
gia cc nh cung cp dch v trn cc kiu dch v cung cp. N h tr tnh di ng
ton cu cho cc dch v cung cp ti ngi s dng ng nht v m bo.
NGN tp hp c u im ca cc cng ngh mng hin c, tn dng bng thng
rng v lu lng truyn ti cao ca mng gi p ng s bng n nhu cu lu
lng thoi truyn thng hin nay v nhu cu truyn thng a phng tin ca ngi
dng u cui. S tch bit mt bng truyn ti v dch v trong NGN to iu kin
trin khai dch v ca cc bn th 3 c mm do v khng ph thuc vo cc cng
ngh lp truyn ti. Cc chc nng ca ngi dng kt ni vi NGN thng qua giao
din ngi dng-mng UNI (User Network Interface), kt ni lin mng thng quan
giao din NNI (Network Network Interface) v giao din ng dng mng ANI
(Application Network Interface) s dng cho cc ng dng pht trin ca nh cung
cp dch v th 3.
4.1.2 Cc gii php ghp hp cng ngh
Mi trng mng hi t l mt mc tiu chnh ca cc nh xy dng v trin khai
cng ngh mng. Th hin r nht l xu hng kin to mng truyn ti a dch v
trn c s chuyn mch gi. Yu t hng u l tc pht trin theo hm s m ca
nhu cu truyn dn d liu v cc dch v d liu l kt qu ca tng trng Internet
mnh m. Cc h thng mng cng cng hin nay ch yu c xy dng nhm
truyn dn lu lng thoi, truyn d liu thng tin v video c vn chuyn trn
cc mng chng ln, tch ri c trin khai p ng nhng yu cu ca chng. Do
vy, mt s chuyn i sang h thng mng chuyn mch gi tp trung l khng th
trnh khi khi m d liu thay th v tr ca thoi v tr thnh ngun to ra li nhun
chnh. Chuyn mch gi c coi l ng lc c bn nhm thc hin ha tng
mng hi t v l h tng truyn ti ca cc mng th h k tip. Cuc cch mng tin
ti mng hi t hin nay c da trn nn tng ca IP v l bc i u tin trong
chuyn i mng PSTN truyn thng ti h tng chuyn mch gi da trn IP nhm
p ng mt lot cc yu cu ca ngi s dng nh: truy nhp internet bng rng

99

trn nhiu loi hnh truy nhp nh cp ng, cp quang hoc khng dy, cc dch v
a phng tin thi gian thc m bo cht lng dch v, hi t dch v di ng v
c nh nhm hp nht mi trng cung cp dch v. M hnh ghp hp cng ngh v
xu hng pht trin h tng truyn ti trong mng th h k tip c ch ra trn hnh
4.1.
GM PLS

Hnh 4.1: M hnh pht trin kin trc ca mng truyn ti
Trn hnh 4.1 gm c 4 kiu kin trc c bn, (a) ch ra trng hp thng dng nht
nhng c nhiu ngn xp phc tp nht, n gp hu ht cc giao thc truyn ti chnh
trong min vin thng. (b) ch ra kin trc IP/MPLS thay v truyn ti trn lp ATM
v (c) l s ci thin ca lp cp quang cho php lu lng IP truyn thng qua mng
quang ghp bc sng WDM. Hnh 4.1.(d) l xu hng pht trin trong tng lai vi
cng ngh chuyn mch quang kt hp vi cc khi ghp knh quang chia thi gian
hnh thnh mng ton quang, iu ny tr thnh kh thi khi mt s nhc im hin
nay v mt k thut c khc phc nh tc tm kim tuyn v gii php x l m
cho cc lung lu lng, v..v. Trn hnh trn ch r xu hng pht trin ca mng
truyn ti nhm m bo cc mc tiu gim gi thnh, n gin h thng v tng kh
nng h thng. chnh l xu hng pht trin ca cc gii php cng ngh chuyn
mch ghp hp hin nay.
4.1.3 Cng ngh MPLS/GMPLS
Cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS (MultiProtocol Label Switching)
l kt qu pht trin ca cng ngh chuyn mch IP s dng c ch hon i nhn nh
ATM tng tc truyn gi tin m khng cn thay i cc giao thc nh tuyn IP.
Quyt nh chuyn tip da trn nhn v c ch nh tuyn mm do l nhng u
im ni tri ca cng ngh MPLS. Trong MPLS, vic truyn d liu thc hin theo
cc ng chuyn mch nhn LSP (Label Switch Path). Cc ng chuyn mch nhn
cha dy nhn ti tt c cc nt dc theo tuyn t ngun ti ch. LSP c thit lp
trc khi truyn d liu hoc trong khi pht hin mt lung d liu no . Cc nhn
c phn phi bng vic s dng giao thc phn phi nhn LDP (Label Distribution
Protocol) hoc giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn RSVP (Resource Reservation

100

Protocol) trn cc giao thc nh tuyn nh giao thc trong IP (BGP, OSPF). Mi gi
d liu c ng gi v mang cc nhn trong thi gian di chuyn t ngun ti ch.
Chuyn mch d liu tc cao hon ton c th thc hin da theo phng php
ny, v cc nhn c di c nh c chn vo phn u ca gi hoc t bo v c
th c s dng bi phn cng chuyn mch nhanh cc gi gia cc lin kt. Mt
s c tnh c bn ca MPLS c lit k di y.
K thut lu lng: Cung cp kh nng thit lp ng truyn m lu lng s truyn
qua mng v kh nng thit lp cc cht lng cho cc lp dch v CoS v cht lng
dch v QoS khc nhau. MPLS l s pht trin chnh trong cc cng ngh Internet m
h tr vic b sung mt s kh nng thit yu cho mng h tng mng IP.
Cung cp dch v IP da trn cc mng ring o (VPN-Vitual Private Network):
Thng qua mng MPLS, cc nh cung cp dch v c th to cc ng hm IP i qua
mng trong sut i vi dch v ngi s dng.
Loi b cu hnh a lp: S pht trin ca cc cng ngh v dch v trn nn IP
to ra rt nhiu cc m hnh chng ln. MPLS l mt gii php thay th cho m hnh
chng ln IP trn nn ATM cng nh cc h tng lp 2 khc. Loi b cu hnh a lp
ng ngha vi vic n gin ha qun l mng v gim phc tp ca mng.
Tuyn hin: Mt c im ni tri ca MPLS l cho php thit lp cc ng nh
tuyn tng minh v ng i trn mng. Cc ng chuyn mch nhn c h tr
tuyn hin cho php qun l v m bo c cht lng dch v cho cc lung lu
lng. Cc ng hm lu lng c to ra trn mng MPLS l trong sut i vi
cc lu lng truyn ti do cc LSR ch quan tm ti nhn gn vo lung lu lng.
H tr a lin kt v a giao thc: Thnh phn chuyn tip chuyn mch nhn khng
mc nh vi bt k mt mt lp no. c coi l lp trung gian gia lp 2 v lp 3
(lp 2,5), MPLS c th s dng trn bt k cng ngh lin kt d liu lp 2 no v
cng nh h tr tt c cc giao thc lp mng .
Cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc tng qut GMPLS (Generalized
Multiprotocol Labed Switching l bc pht trin theo ca cng ngh chuyn mch
nhn a giao thc MPLS. GMPLS thc cht l s m rng chc nng iu khin ca
mng MPLS, n cho php kin to mt phng iu khin qun l thng nht khng ch
lp mng m cn thc hin i vi cc lp ng dng, truyn dn v lp vt l. Vic
kin to mt mt phng iu khin thng nht i vi cc lp mng ha hn kh nng
to ra mt mng n gin v iu hnh v qun l, cho php cung cp cc kt ni t
u cui ti u, qun l ti nguyn mng mt cch hon ton t ng v cung cp cc
mc cht lng dch v (QoS) khc nhau cc ng dng trn mng.

101

Xu hng pht trin mnh m vic xy dng cc h thng truyn ti quang trong c
s h tng mng vin thng ang din ra. p ng c nhu cu bng thng cho
cc ng dng dch v th mng truyn ti ch yu s l cc h thng truyn dn trn
si quang vi cc thit b ghp tch lung ADM, thit b ghp bc sng quang
WDM, thit b u cho lung quang OXC... S a dng v phc tp trong qun l cc
phn t mng ti cc phn lp mng khc nhau l nhn t c bn thuc y vic nghin
cu ci tin b giao thc MPLS thnh GMPLS khng ngoi mc ch thng nht qun
l gia cc thc th mng khng ch phng thc chuyn mch gi m MPLS
thc hin m cn c trong lnh vc chuyn mch thi gian, khng gian qun l.
GMPLS cn m rng chc nng h tr giao thc IP iu khin thit lp hoc gii
phng cc ng chuyn mch nhn LSP cho mng hn hp bao gm c chuyn mch
gi, chuyn mch knh, mng quang.
Mt trong nhng yu t ni bt ca GMPLS l n c chc nng t ng qun l
ti nguyn mng v cung ng kt ni truyn ti lu lng khch hng t u cui ti
u. Vic cung ng kt ni cho khch hng theo kiu truyn thng nh i vi mng
truyn ti Ring SDH c c im l mang tnh nhn cng, thi gian p ng di v chi
ph kt ni cao. thit lp c kt ni t u cui n u cui theo phng thc
nhn cng ni trn ngi ta cn phi xc nh cc vng ring SDH no trong mng
m ng kt ni i qua, dung lng cn li ca vng ring cn kh nng
phc v khng, nu nh cha thi cn phi tm ng vu hi qua vng ring no
khc? Sau khi xc nh c ng kt ni ngi ta phi thng bo cho ton b cc
nt mng thuc cc vng ring thc hin cc thit lp lung hoc u chuyn nhn
cng trong cc vng ring, cng vic ny i hi rt nhiu nhn cng v tn rt nhiu
thi gian trao i thng tin nghip v. Cng ngh GMPLS cho php cc nt mng t
ng cung cp cc kt ni theo yu cu do vy gi thnh chi ph cung cp kt ni cng
nh gi thnh qun l bo dng gim i rt nhiu, thi gian cung ng kt ni cung
cp dch v gim i rt nhiu so vi phng php truyn thng (tnh theo gi hoc
pht so vi tun hoc thng ca phng thc nhn cng truyn thng). Cc chc nng
ca GMPLS c m t trong bng 4.1 di y. .
Bng 4.1: Chc nng thc hin trong GMPLS
Vng
chuyn
mch
Kiu lu
lng
Lc
chuyn tip
Thit b v d K hiu
Gi, t bo
IP, ATM
Nhn, kt ni
knh o.

B nh tuyn
IP, chuyn mch
ATM
Chuyn mch
gi (PSC)

102

Thi gian TDM/SONET Khe thi gian
H thng u
ni cho (DCS),
ADM
Chuyn mch
TDM
Bc sng Trong sut Lambda DWDM
Chuyn mch
lambda (LSC)
Vt l
Transparent Fiber, line OXC Chuyn mch
si quang
(FSC)

Mt trong nhng im hp dn nht ca GMPLS l s thng nht v giao thc
iu khin thc hin thit lp, duy tr v qun l k thut lu lng theo ng xc
nh t im u n im cui mt cch c hiu qu.
c th h tr cc thit b chuyn mch trong cc min khc nhau, GMPLS a vo
nhng b sung mi cho khun dng ca cc nhn. Khun dng nhn mi gi l nhn
tng qut, n cha thng tin cho php cc thit b thu lp chng trnh chuyn mch
v chuyn tip d liu bt k cu trc ca n (gi, TDM, Lambda ..). Nhn tng
qut c th biu din cho mt bc sng n, mt si quang hoc mt khe thi gian.
N cng th hin cc nhn MPLS truyn thng, v d nh ATM, VCC hoc shim IP.
Thng tin c gn vo nhn tng qut gm:
1. Kiu m ho LSP m th hin loi nhn ang c mang (gi, bc sng
SONET).
2. Loi chuyn mch th hin nt c kh nng chuyn mch hoc gi, khe thi
gian, bc sng hoc si quang.
3. B nhn dng ti trng chung th hin loi ti ang c mang bi LSP
(v d nh nhnh o VT, DS-3, ATM, Ethernet, ..)
Ging nh MPLS, s phn b nhn bt u t LSR pha trc yu cu mt nhn t
LSR pha sau. GMPLS thc hin iu ny tt hn bng vic cho php LSR pha trc
ngh nhn cho LSP m c th c u tin bi LSR pha sau. Cuc cch mng ca
MPLS sang GMPLS m rng cc giao thc bo hiu (RSVP- TE, CR LDP) v
cc giao thc nh tuyn (OSPF-TE, IS-IS-TE) thch nghi vi nhng c tnh ca
TDM/SONET v cc mng quang. Thm vo , GMPLS c b sung giao thc
qun l lin kt LMP (Link Management Protocol) qun l v bo tr hot ng mt
phng v d liu, iu khin gia hai nt ln cn.

103

4.2 K THUT NH TUYN TRONG MPLS/GMPLS
4.2.1 Giao thc nh tuyn v phn phi nhn
Thit lp ng chuyn mch nhn LSP: ng chuyn mch nhn l tuyn to ra
t u vo n u ra ca mng MPLS dng chuyn tip gi ca mt FEC no
s dng c ch hon i nhn. MPLS s dng ngn xp nhn phn cp cc nhn,
ngn xp nhn to ra cc kh nng thit lp cc ng dn khc nhau da theo mc
nhn cho cc gi tin ti ch. MPLS cung cp hai c ch thit lp ng dn sau:
nh tuyn tng bc/ iu khin c lp: Phng php ny tng t nh trong
mng IP thun. Mi LSR s dng mt giao thc nh tuyn c sn nh OSPF hoc
PNNI la chn c lp bc nhy k tip cho FEC.
nh tuyn hin/ iu khin theo yu cu: Phng php ny cung cp cc dch v
phn bit trn cc lung lu lng theo mc dch v hoc phng php qun l mng.
Cc LER u vo lit k ton b cc nt dc theo LSP ti LER u ra ng thi gi
thng tin ti cc nt lin quan. Kiu LSP ny c th khng ti u v tiu ch
ng ngn nht, nhng mc tiu hng u ca cc LSP ny l m bo cht lng
dch v.
Phng php nh tuyn tng bc cho php thi gian hi t v thi gian thit lp
LSP nhanh, do qu trnh lin kt nhn c th thit lp v pht hnh t LSR vo bt c
thi gian no. Trong khi nh tuyn hin cn phi c thi gian ch bn tin truyn ti
tt c cc nt dc tuyn m LSP c th thit lp, tuy nhin chnh iu li h tr tt
cho vn iu khin lu lng v chng vng lp. Hn na, c th tn ti hai ng
dn chuyn mch tch bit qua mng m khng nh hng ti cu trc hoc cc vn
lin iu hnh trong mng.
Giao thc phn b nhn LDP
Giao thc phn b nhn LDP lm mt trong cc tip cn nn tng phn b nhn
gia cc LSR. Giao thc LDP l giao thc iu khin tch bit c cc LSR s dng
trao i v iu phi qu trnh gn nhn/FEC. Giao thc ny l mt tp hp cc th
tc trao i cc bn tin cho php cc LSR s dng gi tr nhn thuc FEC nht nh
truyn cc gi thng tin. Cc hot ng c bn ca LDP c chia thnh 4 vng sau:
Pht hin cc LSR ln cn c h tr giao thc LDP
Thit lp iu khin gia cc LSR ln cn, m phn cc kh nng v la chn
thng tin.
Pht hnh nhn.
Thu hi nhn.

104

LDP trao i cc bn tin gia cc LSR bng cc n v d liu giao thc PDU
(Protocol Data Unit) trong c cha i tng TLV (Type-Length- Value). y
chnh l c im rt quan trng ca LDP, n cho php h tr thm cc chc nng v
c tnh mi v to ra tnh tng thch ngc i vi cc giao thc nh tuyn.
Hai b nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn s dng LDP pht hnh cc nhn ti nhau
c gi l cc LSR ng cp. S trao i thng tin gia cc LSR ng cp c gi
l mt phin LDP, phin LDP c s dng qun l v trao i thng tin gia mt
cp cc khng gian nhn nm trn hai LSR.
LDP c hai phng thc phn b nhn: ng xung theo yu cu v ng xung
khng yu cu. Trong c hai trng hp, node ng xung u chu trch nhim
phn b nhn, nhng trong phng thc sau node ng xung ch phn b nhn khi
c kh nng.


Hnh 4.2: V tr ca LDP trong chng giao thc ca MPLS
Sau khi mt b nh tuyn ng ln LSR nhn c pht hnh nhn mi t mt b
nh tuyn ng xung, n cn phi thay th cc nhn trong bng chuyn tip thng
tin nhn LFIB (Label Forwarding Information Base). B nh tuyn c hai s la
chn: Duy tr nhn c hoc loi b nhn c v thay th bng nhn mi, tng ng vi
hai phng thc: duy tr nhn tin tin v duy tr nhn bo th. Nu mt LSR h tr
phng thc duy tr nhn tin tin, n c th duy tr lin kt nhn vi cc FEC v s
dng khi cn, vic ny c thc hin mt cch t ng m khng cn n bo hiu
LDP hay qu trnh phn b nhn mi. u im ln nht ca phng thc duy tr tin
tin l kh nng phn ng nhanh hn khi c s thay i nh tuyn. Phng thc
duy tr nhn tin tin tng thch vi phng thc phn b nhn khng theo yu cu v
bng c s d liu chuyn tip lun c sn cc lin kt nhn cp phn cho b nh
tuyn LSR ng xung. Mt hn ch ca phng thc ny l tiu tn b nh v

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khng gian nhn. iu ny c bit quan trng v c nh hng rt ln i vi nhng
thit b lu tr bng nh tuyn trong phn cng nh cc b nh tuyn s dng trng
chuyn mch ATM. Khi LSR hot ng ch duy tr nhn bo th, n s ch gi
nhng gi tr Nhn/FEC m n cn ti thi im hin ti, khi c yu cu lin kt nhn
t cc b nh tuyn ng xung, cc nhn c cp pht bng cch thay th cc
nhn c bng cc nhn mi. Nh vy, khng gian nhn s dng s nh hn nhng thi
gian x l cp pht nhn s di hn. ci thin thi gian x l nhn, b nh tuyn
ng xung pht hnh cc nhn theo chu k hoc s dng bn tin yu cu nhn cc
b nh tuyn ng ln hiu chnh li cc gi tr tt nht cho bc nhy k tip ti
bng LFIB.
Giao thc phn b nhn da trn nh tuyn rng buc CR-LDP
Mt gii php phn phi nhn c ci thin t LDP nhm h tr k thut lu lng
TE c th hin qua giao thc phn phi nhn nh tuyn rng buc CR-LDP
(Contraint Routing). CR-LDP h tr phng php phn phi nhn theo yu cu v
hot ng trong ch duy tr nhn bo th. Cc chc nng m rng so vi LDP gm
c:
Kh nng thit lp cc ng dn chuyn mch nhn LSP vi iu kin rng
buc;
Phn phi nhn theo cc tham s lu lng;
Chim gi trc ti nguyn mng;
Phn lp ngun ti nguyn.
Giao thc nh tuyn rng buc phn phi nhn CR-LDP c pht trin v hai l
do c bn. Trc ht, MPLS cho php tch cc thng tin s dng chuyn tip nhn
t cc thng tin c trong mo u ca gi IP. Th hai l vic chuyn i gia FEC v
LSP ch c gii hn trong LSR ti mt u ca ng chuyn mch nhn LSP. Ni
mt cch khc, vic quyt nh gi IP no s nh tuyn hin nh th no hon ton do
LSR pha ngun tnh ton xc nh tuyn.
nh tuyn trong GMPLS
Cc m rng vi IGPs nh OSPF, IS-IS cho php cc nt trao i thng tin v cu
hnh mng quang, ti nguyn c th s dng v cc rng buc qun tr. c tnh nh
tuyn GMPLS li c th s dng gm ba phn: M t chc nng nh tuyn, OSPF-
TE m rng v IS-IS m rng.
Bo hiu GMPLS m rng cc chc nng c bn vn c ca bo hiu RSVP-TE v
CR-LDP ca MPLS, trong mt s trng hp c bit c b sung thm tnh nng.
Nhng thay i v b sung ny tc ng n cc tnh cht c bn ca LSP, cch thc

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thng bo li, v thng tin c cung cp cho vic ng b cc nt li vo v li ra.
c tnh bo hiu GMPLS li gm: M t chc nng bo hiu, RSVP-TE m rng v
CR-LDP m rng. nh tuyn lung quang ng trong mng IP qua WDM c da
trn m hnh nh tuyn da trn rng buc GMPLS.
Ngay khi mt lung quang thch hp c la chn. Mt giao thc bo hiu nh
CR-LDP hoc RSVP TE c gi ra thit lp kt ni. Trong khi hin nay t chc
IETF tp trung vo mt vi giao thc c th th bn thn GMPLS khng hn ch vi
bt k giao thc nh tuyn hay bo hiu ring no. Hn na, cc giao thc nh OSPF,
CR-LDP v RSVP-TE mm do v thch hp vi thc hin cc bi ton nh tuyn v
bo hiu khc nhau cho thit lp lung quang.
4.2.2 K thut nh tuyn h tr cht lng dch v trong MPLS/GMPLS
i, nh tuyn m bo QoS trong MPLS
nh tuyn QoS xc nh tuyn da trn ti nguyn mng hin c v yu cu ca
lung lu lng. Kt qu l cht lng ca ng dng c m bo v ci tin so vi
nh tuyn n lc ti a truyn thng. N c cc u im sau:
nh tuyn m bo cht lng dch v QoS la chn tuyn ng i kh thi
bng cch trnh cc nt v kt ni b nghn.
Nu ti lu lng vt qu gii hn ca tuyn ng ang c th nh tuyn
m bo QoS a ra nhiu tuyn khc truyn lu lng d .
Nu xy ra li mng hoc li nt th nh tuyn m bo QoS s la chn mt
tuyn ng i thay th nhanh chng khi phc li vic truyn d liu m
khng lm gim nhiu QoS.
Cc loi lu lng khc nhau c yu cu QoS khc nhau, cc t hp lu lng
c ngun v ch ging nhau c th i cc tuyn ng khc nhau.
Tuy nhin, cc u im ny ca nh tuyn QoS cng phi chu chi ph pht trin
cc giao thc nh tuyn mi hay m rng cc giao thc hin ti. Mt s kh khn ch
yu l:
Th nht: do cc rng buc v cht lng (tr, rung pha, t l mt gi, bng thng..)
ca cc ng dng phn tn thng thay i. Nhiu rng buc ng thi thng lm
cho vic nh tuyn tr nn phc tp v rt kh cng mt lc tho mn c tt c cc
rng buc. Hn na, phc tp ca giao thc nh tuyn QoS cng ph thuc vo s
phn nh ca n s dng trong cc quyt nh nh tuyn
Th hai: bt k mt mng tch hp dch v no trong tng lai cng s truyn ti c
lu lng QoS v lu lng BE, iu lm cho vn ti u ho tr nn phc tp
hn v rt kh c th xc nh c iu kin tho mn tt nht c hai loi lu
lng trn nu chng phn b c lp.

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Th ba: trng thi mng thay i thng xuyn do ti khng n nh, cc kt ni
c to ra v gii phng lin tc, kch thc mng ngy cng ln lm cho vic thu
thp thng tin v trng thi mng tr nn kh khn hn, c bit khi bao gm c mng
v tuyn. Hot ng ca cc thut ton nh tuyn QoS c th b nh hng nghim
trng nu khng cp nht thng tin trng thi mng kp thi.
ii, Mt s thut ton nh tuyn QoS trong MPLS
Cc gii php nh tuyn m bo QoS trong MPLS c ci thin t thut ton tm
ng ngn nht v b sung mt s iu kin rng buc ca mng. Mt s thut ton
h tr nh tuyn m bo QoS trong mng MPLS c trnh by di y.
Thut ton bc nhy ti thiu MHA (min Hop Algorithm): Thut ton bc nhy
ti thiu l thut ton n gin nht nhm tm ra mt ng dn vi s bc nhy ti
thiu t ngun ti ch, mc d thut ton ny c kh nng tm c ng dn p
ng c yu cu bng thng v c u im l tnh ton nhanh, nhng MHA gy ra
hin tng nghn c chai ti lin kt ti ln trong mng. MHA c khuynh hng s
dng cng mt ng dn cho ti khi t ti tnh trng bo ho trc khi chuyn sang
cc ng dn khc c mc ti thp hn.
Thut ton tm ng ngn nht v rng nht WSPA (Widest Sortest Path
Algorithm): Thut ton tm ng ngn nht v rng nht (WSPA) l mt thut ton
ci tin t thut ton bc nhy ti thiu nhm cn bng ti lu lng mng. Trong
thc t, WSP s dng bc nhy nh l mt h o lng v chn ng dn c t
bc nhy nht tho mn cc yu cu, nu tn ti nhiu ng dn, thut ton s chn
mt ng dn vi bng thng cn d ti a. Tuy nhin, thut ton ny vn c im
hn ch ging nh MHA khi la chn ng dn c thc hin gia cc ng dn
ngn nht c dng ti khi bo ho, hn na thut ton khng tnh ti s lin quan
gia cc yu t bc nhy v bng thng.
Thut ton tm ng rng nht v ngn nht SWPA (Shortest Widest Path
Algorithm):Thut ton tm ng rng nht v ngn nht (SWPA) s dng bng thng
nh l mt tham s o lng v la chn ng dn vi bng thng nghn c chai ti
a. Bng thng nghn c chai ti a ca mt ng dn l bng thng d ti thiu
trong tt c cc lin kt ca mt ng dn. Nu c nhiu hn mt ng dn c cng
bng thng d ti thiu, thut ton s chn ng c s lng bc nhy t nht.
Nhc im ca thut ton ny l u tin bng thng nhm ti u ti lin kt m b
qua cc tham s khc.
Thut ton nh tuyn nhiu ti thiu MIRA (Minimum Inteference Routing
Algorithm): Mc tiu ca thut ton ny l cung cp ng dn c nhiu t nht vi
cc yu cu kt ni ng dn chuyn mch nhn LSP trong tng lai gia cc cp

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ngun ch khc. thut ton ny gi thit c mt s nhn nh v tim nng ca cc
cp ngun- ch. Nhn nh v tim nng ca cp ngun- ch cho php nh tuyn
lu lng mi dc theo cc ng dn khng b ti hn bi yu cu trong tng lai, v
vy n gim c cc s t chi yu cu kt ni. Nhiu ca mt ng dn c th
c nh ngha nh l s suy gim gi tr lung ti a ca mt cp ngun ch do vn
nh tuyn trn cng mt LSP ca cc cp ngun ch khc. Cc lin kt ti hn l
cc lin kt khi s dng trong mt hng mi gia mt cp ngun-ch, n lm suy
gim tc lung ti a gia cc cp khc. N tnh ton ng dn ngn nht bng
cch t gi lin kt l tham s ti hn v chy thut ton Dijkstra. Nhc im ca
thut ton ny l s dng phng php tnh nhm t c ti a s cc yu cu, v
vy n c th chn cc ng dn di v ti cao thay v cc ng dn c s bc
nhy ngn nhng ri vo ti hn, iu s dn ti ti tng th ca mng s tng ln.
Hn na, khi s dng cc cp ngun ch tnh cc lin kt ti hn, thut ton
khng xc nhn ti thc t s dng trn cc cp lin kt ny, v vy mc nh hng
ca cc cp lin kt c ti khc nhau l khc nhau. Nhc im cui cng l MIRA
khng tnh ton cho cc yu cu trn cng mt cp ngun - ch (trng hp t can
nhiu).
iii, nh tuyn gn bc sng trong GMPLS
Do GMPLS gn trc tip ti iu khin lung quang nn bi ton nh tuyn trong
GMPLS phi tm c cc bc sng c la chn bng cch ti thiu tc nghn
cho chui cc kt ni. Di y l mt s thut ton in hnh.
Thut ton gn bc sng theo th t bc sng. Mt v d v thut ton gn bc
sng n gin nhng hiu qu l gn bc sng theo th t bc sng. Trong thut
ton ny, cc bc sng c nh ch s v lung quang s c gng la chn bc
sng vi ch s thp nht trc khi la chn bc sng vi mt ch s cao hn. Bng
vic la chn bc sng theo phng php ny, cc kt ni hin ti s c gi thnh
tng cc bc sng nh hn, loi b cc bc sng ln hn c th s dng cho cc
lung quang.
Thut ton gn bc sng ngu nhin. Phong php khc la chn cc bc
sng khc nhau l la chn n gin mt trong cc bc sng ngu nhin. Ni chung,
thut ton gn bc sng theo th t bc sng s lm tt hn gn bc sng ngu
nhin khi thng tin y v trng thi mng c th s dng. Tuy nhin, nu vic la
chn bc sng c thc hin bng phng php phn tn ch vi thng tin hn ch
v li thi th gn bc sng ngu nhin c th lm tt hn gn theo th t bc sng.
L do cho c tnh ny l ch, trong phng php gn theo th t bc sng nu

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nhiu kt ni ang ng thi c gng thit lp mt lung quang th rt c th chng s
la chn bc sng ging nhau dn n mt hoc nhiu kt ni b chn.
Thut ton gn bc sng da trn bc sng s dng nhiu nht v t nht. Thut
ton gn bc sng n gin khc bao gm thut ton gn bc sng da trn bc
sng s dng nhiu nht v t nht. Trong gn bc sng c s dng nhiu nht th
bc sng c s dng nhiu trong phn cn li ca mng c la chn. Phng
php ny n lc cung cp ti a bc sng s dng li trong mng. Phng php gn
bc sng c s dng t nht n lc tri rng ti trng bng nhau qua tt c cc
bc sng bng vic la chn bc sng c s dng t nht xuyn xut mng. C
hai phng php gn bc sng da trn bc sng s dng t nht v s dng nhiu
nht i hi tin tc tng th.
m bo cht lng dch v QoS v thit lp lung quang th giao thc bo hiu
c yu cu trao i thng tin iu khin gia cc nt v t trc ti nguyn
dc ng i. Trong nhiu trng hp, giao thc bo hiu c kt hp cht ch vi
cc gii thut RWA. Cc giao thc bo hiu v t trc c th c phn loi da
trn hoc ti nguyn c t trc sng sng trn mi tuyn lin kt, c t trc
theo chng dc ng i theo hng tin hoc c t trc theo chng dc ng
ngc li. Cc gii thut cng s khc nhau ph thuc vo thng tin tng th c th s
dng hoc khng th s dng.
t trc song song. Bi ton da trn nh tuyn trng thi lin kt cho rng mi
nt duy tr thng tin tng th v cu hnh mng v trng tha hin ti ca mng bao
gm thng tin v cc bc sng ang c s dng trn mi tuyn lin kt. Da trn
thng tin tng th ny nt c th tnh ton tuyn ti u ti ch vi bc sng nht
nh. Nt ngun sau c gng t trc bc sng mong mun trn mi tuyn lin
kt trong tuyn bng vic gi bn tin iu khin ring ti mi nt trong tuyn. Mi nt
m nhn bn tin yu cu t trc s c gng t trc bc sng xc nh, v s
gi hoc tn hiu chp nhn hoc khng chp nhn quay tr li ngn Nu nt ngun
nhn tn hiu chp nhn t tt c cc nt th n c th thit lp lung quang v bt u
truyn thng vi ch.\u im ca bi ton t trc song song l n rt ngn thi
gian thit lp lung quang bng vic cc nt x l cc yu cu t trc song song. N
cng n gin hn thc hin cc bi ton t trc khc nh t trc theo chng
c nu chi tit trong phn sau. Tuy nhin, khng thun li ch n i hi tin tc
tng th do c hai ng i v bc sng phi bit sm hn ch i.
t trc theo chng. Khc vi t trc song song l t trc theo chng trong
bn tin iu khin c gi dc theo tuyn la chn tng chng k tip nhau.

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mi nt trung gian, bn tin iu khin c x l trc khi chuyn tip ti nt tip
theo. Khi bn tin iu khin tin ti ch, n c x l v gi li nt ngun. Vic t
trc ti nguyn tuyn lin kt thc t c th thc hin hoc trong khi bn tin ang i
theo hng tin ti ch, hoc trong khi bn tin iu khin ang i theo hng ngc
li tr v ngun.
4.3 NH TUYN TRONG MNG KHNG DY
4.3.1 Phn loi cc giao thc nh tuyn
nh tuyn l vn nn tng cho mi mng. Rt nhiu cc giao thc nh tuyn
c xut cho mng hu tuyn v mt s c s dng rng ri. Cc tip cn
nh tuyn ng thng c s dng trong mng hu tuyn. Trong , nh tuyn
vector khong cch v nh tuyn trng thi lin kt l 2 thut ton nh tuyn ng
c s dng rng ri.
Nh phn trn gii thiu di gc cc gii php cng ngh mng khng dy.
Vi hng lot cc u im ca cng ngh truyn thng khng dy, cc mng di ng
khng dy c pht trin rt mnh trong thi gian gn y. Mng di ng khng
dy c th chia thnh hai kiu mng: mng h tng v mng khng h tng ty thuc
vo s ph thuc vo h tng truyn thng. Trong mng h tng, truyn thng gia cc
phn t mng ph thuc vo s h tr ca h tng mng, cc thit b u cui di ng
truyn thng n bc khng dy qua cc im truy nhp (cc trm c s) ti h
tng mng c nh. Kiu mng khng ph thuc h tng cn c gi vi tn chung l
cc mng ty bin di ng MANET (Mobile Adhoc Networks), mng cm bin khng
dy WSN (Wireless Sensor Netwworks), hoc cc h tng lai ghp nh mng hnh
li khng dy WMN (Wireless Mesh Networks).
Trong mng hu tuyn, cc thut ton nh tuyn trng thi lin kt v vector
khong cch hot ng rt tt bi nhng tnh cht ca mng nh cht lng lin kt v
cu trc hnh hc l c bit trc. Tuy nhin nhng c tnh ng ca cc mng ty
bin di ng s lm gim hiu lc ca cc giao thc ny. S thay i topo thng
xuyn lm cho tiu iu khin tng ln nhanh chng dn n vic chim dng qu
nhiu bng thng khan him ca cc mng ty bin di ng. Thm na cc thut ton
nh tuyn vector khong cch v trng thi lin kt gy nn nhng mu thun trong
thng tin nh tuyn, dn n vic lp vng khi s dng trong cc mng ng.
Truyn thng tin a im c yu cu bi nhng ng dng khi nhiu node cng
quan tm n mt thng tin ring bit no . Vi nhng kch bn ny nh tuyn a
im s tit kim c bng thng v ti nguyn tnh ton. nh tuyn a im cng
vi a ch a im v vic ng k ng h tr c thng tin a im trong mng

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hu tuyn. Cc tip cn nh tuyn a im nh giao thc nh tuyn a im vector
khong cch DVMRP (Distance Vector Multicast Routing Protocol), nh tuyn
ng dn u tin ngn nht a im MOSPF (Multicast Open Shortest Path First),
nh tuyn a im c lp giao thc PIM (Protocol Independent Multicast) c
s dng rng ri. Cng ging mng hu tuyn, thng tin a im cng l vn cn
thit trong mng ty bin di ng. Kiu trao i thng tin ny thch hp vi nhiu ng
dng trong mng khng dy v tit kim c ti nguyn bng thng ca cc knh v
tuyn. Thm na c tnh qung b tim tng ca cc knh v tuyn c khai thc
tng cng hiu nng truyn thng tin a im trong cc mng ty bin di ng. So
snh vi nguyn tc nh tuyn n im th nh tuyn a im trong mng ty bin
di ng s kh khn hn nhiu. Tnh nng di ng ca node dn n vic theo vt ca
cc thnh vin nhm a im l rt phc tp v tn km. Thm na phi xy dng li
thng xuyn cy phn b bi s di chuyn ca node. Do nguyn tc nh tuyn a
im trong mng ty bin di ng buc phi bao gm c cc c ch ng u vi
nhng kh khn gy ra bi tnh di ng ca node v s thay i cu trc hnh hc ca
mng. Vn lun c t ra i vi cc mng MANET chnh l phng php gi
thng tin gia cc node khng c lin kt trc tip, khi m cc node trong mng di
chuyn khng theo cc d on v dn ti cu hnh mng thng xuyn thay i. V
vy, cc tip cn nh tuyn trong cc mng c nh truyn thng khng th p dng
c i vi cc mng ty bin di ng khng dy. Mt phng php ph bin
phn bit cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng MANET da trn cch thc trao i
thng tin nh tuyn gia cc node. theo phng php ny, cc giao thc nh tuyn
c chia thnh: nh tuyn theo bng, nh tuyn theo yu cu v nh tuyn lai ghp
(hnh 4.3). S khc bit ca cc giao thc ny xut pht t tnh chuyn bit i vi cc
kha cnh nh tuyn nh phng php tm ng ngn nht, thng tin tiu nh
tuyn hay c tnh cn bng ti, v..v.

Hnh 4.3 : Phn loi cc giao thc trong MANET


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i, Cc giao thc nh tuyn theo bng
Trong phng php nh tuyn theo bng, cc node trong mng MANET lin tc
nh gi cc tuyn ti cc node duy tr tnh tng thch, cp nht ca thng tin nh
tuyn. V vy, mt node ngun c th a ra mt ng dn nh tuyn ngay lp tc
khi cn. Trong cc giao thc nh tuyn theo bng, tt c cc node cn duy tr thng
tin v cu hnh mng. Khi cu hnh mng thay i, cc cp nht c truyn lan trong
mng nhm thng tin s thay i. Hu ht cc giao thc nh tuyn theo bng u k
tha v sa i c tnh tng thch t cc thut ton chn ng dn ngn nht trong
cc mng hu tuyn truyn thng. Cc thut ton nh tuyn theo bng c s dng
cho cc node cp nht trng thi mng v duy tr tuyn bt k c lu lng hay khng.
V vy, tiu thng tin duy tr cu hnh mng i vi cc giao thc ny thng l
ln. Mt s cc giao thc nh tuyn in hnh theo bng trong MANET gm: Giao
thc nh tuyn khng dy WRP (Wireless Routing Protocol), nh tuyn vector
khong cch tun t ch DSDV (Destination Sequence Distance Vector), nh tuyn
trng thi ti u lin kt OLSR (Optimized Link State Routing), nh tuyn trng thi
fisheye (Fisheye State Routing), v..v.
ii, Cc giao thc nh tuyn theo yu cu
Trong phng php nh tuyn theo yu cu, cc ng dn c tm kim ch khi
cn thit, hot ng tm tuyn bao gm c th tc xc nh tuyn. Th tc tm tuyn
kt thc khi mt tuyn khng c tm thy hoc khng c tuyn kh dng sau khi xc
minh ton b tp hon v tuyn. Trong mng MANET, cc tuyn hot ng c th
ngng do tnh di ng ca node. V vy, thng tin duy tr tuyn l ti quan trong i
vi cc giao thc nh tuyn theo yu cu. So vi cc giao thc nh tuyn theo bng,
cc giao thc nh tuyn theo yu cu thng c tiu trao i thng tin nh tuyn
nh hn. V vy, v mt nguyn tc, cc giao thc ny c kh nng m rng tt hn
i vi cc giao thc nh tuyn theo bng. Tuy nhin, vn ln nht ca cc giao
thc nh tuyn theo yu cu l tr do tm kim tuyn trc khi chuyn tip thng tin
d liu. V d v mt s giao thc nh tuyn theo yu cu gm: giao thc nh tuyn
ngun ng DSR (Dynamic Source Routing), giao thc nh tuyn vector khong cch
theo yu cu AODV (Ad hoc On- demand Distance Vector routing) v giao thc nh
tuyn theo th t tm thi TORA (Temporally Ordered Routing Algorithm).
iii, Giao thc nh tuyn lai ghp
Cc giao thc nh tuyn lai ghp c xut t hp cc c tnh u im ca
cc giao thc nh tuyn theo bng v theo yu cu. Thng thng, cc giao thc nh
tuyn lai ghp MANET c s dng trong kin trc phn cp. Cc giao thc nh

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tuyn theo bng v theo yu cu c trin khai trong cc cp thch hp. Mt s v d
v giao thc nh tuyn lai ghp: giao thc nh tuyn vng ZRP (Zone Routing
Protocol), giao thc nh tuyn trng thi lin kt da trn vng ZHLS (Zone-based
Hierarchical Link State routing) v giao thc nh tuyn mng ty bin lai HARP
(Hybrid Ad hoc Routing Protocol), v..v.
4.3.2 K thut nh tuyn xuyn lp
Mt lot cc nghin cu gn y cho thy vic p dng cc lp m hnh OSI mt
cch n l trong mng khng dy s rt hn ch do thiu s hp tc gia cc lp
khng ln cn, trong khi cc tc ng qua li gia cc lp khng ln cn tn ti mt
cch t nhin. Do vy, trong thit k ca mng khng dy v nht l trong nhng nm
gn y ngi ta rt quan tm n thit k xuyn lp (Cross-layer design), nhm cho
php cc lp khng ln cn c th trao i thng tin vi nhau.
tng ca thit k xuyn lp l coi trng s tc ng qua li gia cc lp khng
ln cn bng cch trong thit k cho php cc lp khng ln cn vn c th trao i
thng tin cho nhau trong khi chc nng chnh ca lp vn c m bo. Hnh 4.4 so
snh m hnh OSI v m hnh xuyn lp.
Cc lp thng c xem xt kt hp vi nhau trong thit k xuyn lp nh: Vt l
(Physical-PHY), iu khin truy nhp mi trng (Medium Access Control-MAC),
Mng (Network - NET) v lp Truyn ti (Transport -TRA). C ch trao i gia cc
lp khng ln cn trong thc t c th s dng mt trong s cc phng php nh:
- Trao i trc tip giao tip gia cc lp.
- Cc lp chia s c s d liu chung.
- To ra mt giao din mi, chung cho vic s dng/trao i cc thng tin lin
quan.

Hnh 4.4 : M hnh phn lp OSI v m hnh xuyn lp

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Phn hi xuyn lp c ngha l s tng tc gia cc lp d liu trong chng giao
thc. V mc ch thun tin phn hi xuyn lp c th c phn loi nh sau :
Bn trn xung cc lp thp hn : V d s hn ch hoc mt mt cc rng buc ca
cc ng dng c truyn ti lp lin kt cho php lp lin kt thch ng vi c
ch hiu chnh li; ngi dng c xc nh cc ng dng c u tin s truyn t
ti TCP tng thm ca s nhn ca cc ng dng vi u tin cao hn.
Bn di ln cc lp cao hn : V d gi TCP mt mt thng tin s chuyn giao cho
lp ng dng cc ng dng c th thch ng vi t l ca n gi i. Lp vt l c
th truyn ti ngun v t l li bit thng tin truyn ti lp lin kt/ MAC c th
thch ng vi c ch hiu chnh li.
4.4 GII PHP CHUYN MCH MM
Nh trnh by trong chng 1 v xu hng pht trin ca k thut chuyn mch
trong nhng nm gn y cho thy chuyn mch mm ni ln l c ch lm vic ti
lp iu khin ca mng NGN.
Chuyn mch mm l mt khi nim mang ngha rng, theo hip hi chuyn mch
mm quc t ISC (International Softswitch Consortium) a ra nh ngha v
softswitch nh sau:
Chuyn mch mm l mt thc th da trn phn mm cung cp chc nng iu
khin cuc gi. N mang hai c tnh then cht: thc th phn mm khng ph thuc
hin vo phn cng v chc nng ca n l iu khin cuc gi.
Mi nh pht trin nhn nhn chuyn mch mm di cc gc khc nhau, cc nh
cung cp nh thng tp trung vo vai tr ca Chuyn mch mm trong vic thay th
tng i ni ht. Mc d chuyn mch mm th hin rt r u im ca mnh trong
ng dng lm tng i ni ht, nhng cc nh cung cp thit b ln nh (Siemen,
Nortel, Alcatel, Cisco...) a ra cc gii php chuyn mch mm hon chnh cho c
tng i ni ht v tng i chuyn tip. Softswitch tr thnh mt tn gi chung cho
thc th c chc nng thc hin cc logic ca cc phin giao dch trong mng Vin
thng th h mi (NGN) v cn c cc tn khc nh: Media Gateway Controller
(MGC) hay CallAgent, hay c th hiu nh l mt din mo mi ca h thng chuyn
mch iu khin theo chng trnh ghi sn SPC (Stored Program Control) trong mng
NGN. Hn na, Cc softswitch cng c xy dng da trn cc h thng m, y l
mt s khc bit c bn gia softswitch v cc h thng chuyn mch cng c
quyn truyn thng.

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Hnh 4.5: Dch chuyn t chuyn mch truyn thng sang chuyn mch mm
4.4.1 M hnh kin trc chuyn mch mm
Mc d c rt nhiu nh ngha khc nhau, nhng tng mu cht ca kin trc
chuyn mch mm l tch bit phn iu khin vi cc chc nng phng tin ca cc
thit b chuyn mch truyn thng (th hin trn hnh 4.5). Kin trc ny tch hoc
phn tn cc ng dng, iu khin cuc gi v cc chc nng truyn ti ca cc h
thng chuyn mch truyn thng. V vy, phn cng chuyn mch s tch khi cc
chc nng iu khin, dch v v ng dng.
Hnh 4.6 th hin kha cnh kin trc phn tn theo chuyn mch mm, tnh cht
c lp ca phng tin mang c ngha trong c mng chuyn mch knh v mng
chuyn mch gi. Tuy nhin, chuyn mch mm gn vi mng th h k tip v c h
tng chuyn mch gi, nn thng c ngm hiu l cho mng chuyn mch gi da
trn IP hoc ATM. Nh trn hnh 4.6 ch ra, cc thnh phn kin trc ca chuyn
mch mm gm c: Softswitch, cng a phng tin MG, cng bo hiu v cc my
ch c tnh /ng dng. S thng minh ca chuyn mch mm c to ra bi s
phi hp cc bo hiu nh: bo hiu iu khin cuc gi, bo hiu qun l v iu
hnh v bo hiu knh mang.

Hnh 4.6: Cc thnh phn kin trc chuyn mch mm

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nhn thc r v cc chc nng ca h thng chuyn mch mm, ta xem xt m
hnh cc im tham chiu cc thc th chc nng c bn trong mng NGN gm:
- Chc nng iu khin cng phng tin (MGC-F)
- Chc nng nh tuyn cuc gi v tnh cc (R-F, A-F)
- Chc nng cng bo hiu v chc nng bo hiu cng truy nhp
- Chc nng Server ng dng
- Chc nng cng phng tin (MG-F)
- Chc nng Server phng tin.
Thnh phn chnh ca chuyn mch mm l b iu khin cng thit b Media
Gateway Controller (MGC) vi cc chc nng chnh th hin trn hnh 4.7

Hnh 4.7: Chc nng ca b iu khin cng a phng tin MGC
CA-F v IW-F l hai chc nng con ca MGC-F. CA-F c kch hot khi MGC-F
thc hin iu khin cuc gi. IW-F c kch hot khi MGC-F thc hin cc bo hiu
gia cc mng bo hiu khc nhau. Thc th chc nng qun l lin iu hnh c nhim
v lin lc, trao i thng tin gia cc MGC vi nhau.
Cc chc nng chnh ca MGC gm:
iu khin cuc gi, duy tr trng thi mi cuc gi trn mt MG;
iu khin v h tr hot ng ca cng a phng tin, cng bo hiu;
Trao i cc bn tin c bn gia hai MG-F;
X l bn tin SS7 (khi s dng SIGTRAN);
X l bn tin lin quan QoS;
Pht hoc nhn bn tin bo hiu;

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nh tuyn: gm bng nh tuyn, phn tch s v dch s;
Tng tc vi AS-F cung cp dch v hay c tnh cho ngi dng;
C th qun l cc ti nguyn mng (cng, bng tn).
Cc giao thc ca MGC thng c s dng phn theo chc nng gm:
Thit lp cuc gi: H.323, SIP;
iu khin Media Gateway: MGCP, MEGACO/ H248;
Truyn thng tin: RTP, RTCP;
Truyn ti bo hiu: SIGTRAN (SS7);
4.4.2 Cc giao thc iu khin ca chuyn mch mm
Nh phn trn trnh by v kin trc chc nng ca chuyn mch mm, cc chc
nng phng tin thng tr trong MG v cc chc nng iu khin trong Softswitch.
Bo hiu iu khin cuc gi s dng gia cc thit b chuyn mch mm thit lp
cuc gi, sa i v gii phng cc phin a phng tin. Bo hiu iu khin knh
mang s dng to, sa i v xa cc lung a phng tin. Thc t, bo hiu knh
mang c s dng gia chuyn mch mm v cc cng a phng tin MG. Hnh
4.8 di y ch ra quan h gia bo hiu iu khin cuc gi v bo hiu knh mang.

Hnh 4.8: Quan h bo hiu iu khin cuc gi v bo hiu knh mang
i, Bo hiu iu khin cuc gi
Hai giao thc bo hiu iu khin cuc gi c s dng trong chuyn mch mm
l b giao thc H.323 v giao thc khi to phin cuc gi SIP. H.323 khng ch l
giao thc bo hiu cuc gi m cn l mt b giao thc v kin trc khung lm vic
cho truyn thng a phng tin. Trong khi , giao thc khi to phin SIP n
thun l giao thc bo hiu cuc gi.
a, B giao thc H.323
H.323 m t cc thnh phn logic ch yu ca truyn thng a phng tin v m
t cch thc cc thnh phn truyn thng vi nhau. Nh ch ra trn hnh 4.9, kin trc
logic ca b giao thc H.323 c mng vin thng gm mt s vng. Mt vng gm

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t nht mt b iu khin cng Gatekeeper v t nht mt thit b u cui hoc c th
cha cng phng tin hoc cc n v iu khin a im MCU (Multipoint Control
Unit). Mt vng c qun l v iu khin bi Gatekeeper, Gatekeeper thc hin cc
nhim v bin dch a ch, iu khin qun tr, qun l bng thng.

Hnh 4.9: Kin trc mng H.323
Ngoi ra, Gatekeeper c th cung cp bo hiu iu khin cuc gi thng qua thnh
phn chu trch nhim nh tuyn cc bn tin cuc gi gia H.323 v im cui, cng
nh thc hin nhn thc cuc gi. Gatekepper c th x l cc thng tin duy tr v
qun l cuc gi ang hot ng qun l bng thng hoc ti nh tuyn cuc gi
ti im cui khc nhm cn bng ti.
Gatekepeer l thnh phn logic v n c th l mt thit b ng c lp hoc l
mt phn ca MCU hoc cng phng tin trong mng. Ni cch khc, Gatekepper
c coi l thnh phn chuyn mch mm trong H.323.
Cc u cui v cng a phng tin trong kin trc H.323 thng c coi l
im cui khi chng l cc im u cui ca cc kt ni bo hiu. Cc thit b u
cui trong H.323 c yu cu h tr cc giao thc thit lp v gii phng cuc
gi, cng nh bo hiu ng k, qun l trng thi cuc gi cng vi cc giao thc bo
hiu iu khin trao i kh nng u cui v to cc knh phng tin. Cc thit
b u cui H.323 cng h tr cc b m ha v gii m audio/video, cc giao thc
truyn d liu v kh nng MCU.
Mt cng phng tin MG c s dng kt ni gia cc mng khc nhau,
thng l PSTN v H.323. N cung cp chc nng bin dch cc giao thc iu khin
cuc gi nh H.225 /H245 v bo hiu s 7. Cng phng tin MG c th cng tn ti
vi Gakeeper v/hoc MCU trong mt thit b v phng din vt l.
MCU cung cp chc nng hi ngh cho cc im cui, cc im cui tham gia
phin hi ngh phi thit lp kt ni ti MCU. MCU qun l ti nguyn hi ngh v

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tha thun gia cc im cui v phng php m ha s dng trong phin. MCU c
th ng c lp hoc nm trong mt u cui, cng phng tin hoc gatekepper.

Hnh 4.10: Kin trc chng giao thc H.323
Ba kiu bo hiu c m t trong chng giao thc H.323 gm c: Bo hiu RAS,
bo hiu cuc gi v bo hiu iu khin. H.225 chu trch nhim bo hiu RAS v
bo hiu cuc gi, H.245 chu trch nhim bo hiu iu khin. Bo hiu RAS, bo
hiu cuc gi v bo hiu iu khin c chuyn trn cc knh bo hiu tch bit vi
tuyn d liu.
Bo hiu RAS cung cp chc nng iu khin trc khi x l cuc gi, knh RAS
c thit lp gia im cui v Gatekeeper ti thi im khi to cuc gi, bo hiu
RAS c truyn trn UDP v gm 6 tin trnh hoc hot ng sau.
Pht hin Gatekeeper: Tin trnh pht hin Gatekeep c s dng bi im cui
H.323 xc nh Gatekepeer ca im cui s phi ng k. Tin trnh ny c th
thc hin theo kiu tnh hoc ng ty thuc vo im cui c bit r a ch ca
Gtekepper hay khng.
ng k: ng k l mt tin trnh cho php cc im cui v MCU tham gia vo mt
vng, thng tin ti Gatekepper cc a ch mng ca chng. Tin trnh ng k tip
ngay sau tin trnh pht hin Gatekeeper.
nh v im cui: nh v im cui l mt tin trnh trong Gatekeeper bin dch
a ch URL hoc E.164 sang a ch IP. Tin trnh ny c bt u khi mt im
cui mun truyn thng vi mt im cui c th khc.
Qun tr: Gatekeeper trao quyn truy nhp cho cc im cui ti mng H.323 thng
qua cc tc v chp thun hoc t chi yu cu.

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Gim st trng thi: Mt Gatekepeer c th s dng RAS duy tr thng tin trng
thi t im cui. V d, Gatekepeer c th gim st c trng thi ca im cui kh
dng hoc khng kh dng.
Qun l bng thng: Bo hiu RAS thc hin iu khin v qun l bng thng trong
qu trnh x l cuc gi khi im cui yu cu tng hoc gim bng thng.
Bo hiu H.225 l kiu bo hiu tng thch vi bo hiu Q.931 ca SS7 v bo
hiu Q.932 thng qua mt knh tin cy da trn giao thc TCP. Phn bo hiu Q.931
ca H.225 gm cc th tc v bn tin kt ni, duy tr v ngt cuc gi. Q.932 c
s dng cung cp cc dch v b sung. Cc bn tin H.225 c trao i trc tip
gia cc im cui hoc sau khi c Gatekepeer nh tuyn ti im cui.
Bo hiu H.245 x l bo hiu iu khin gia cc im cui ca H.323. H.245 to
ra cc knh logic cho truyn dn a phng tin theo kiu n hng. H.245 h tr
qu trnh x l trao i kh nng ca cc im cui v iu khin lung gia cc im
cui.
Trong H.323, mi quan h truyn thng gia cc im cui l mi quan h ng
cp, H.245 a ra mt s th tc nhm xc lp quan h ch t cho cc im cui ca
mi cuc gi. Quan h ny c duy tr trong thi gian tin hnh cuc gi v gii
quyt xung t gia cc im cui.
b, Giao thc khi to phin SIP
Giao thc khi to phin SIP l giao thc bo hiu khi to, qun l v kt thc
cc phin a phng tin qua mng IP. SIP chy trn mt giao thc lp truyn ti bt
k. V d TCP, UDP v giao thc truyn ti iu khin lung SCTP (Stream Control
Transmission Protocol). SIP l giao thc kiu ch t da trn m ha text. Hnh 4.11
ch ra cc thnh phn ca mng SIP gm 8 kiu thnh phn: User Agent, my ch
chuyn hng, my ch proxy, Back-2-Back User Agents (B2BUAs), my ch ng
k, my ch nh v, my ch hin din v my ch s kin. Mi mt thnh phn c
mt chc nng c bit v ng vai tr ch hoc t trong phin truyn thng. Mt thit
b vt l c th gm nhiu thnh phn logic.

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Hnh 4.11 : Cc thnh phn ca mng SIP
User agent l i din cho cc u cui v gm hai chc nng: my ch v client.
Trong mng chuyn mch mm, User agent thng c cu hnh cng vi a ch
mng ca my ch chuyn hng, my ch proxu v B2BUA. My ch chuyn hng
chp thun cc yu cu SIP v nh x a ch u cui b gi vo mt a ch gi ti
User agent. Ngc li, my ch proxy khng gi cc a ch bin dch ti User agent
m s dng cc a ch ny nh tuyn ti User agent ch. Trong my ch proxy
cha mt bng nh tuyn thc hin qu trnh nh tuyn cc bn tin SIP, cng nh
thc hin cc chc nng xc nhn cc yu cu, nhn thc ngi dng, phn gii a
ch, ghi tuyn v x l nh tuyn lp vng (RFC 3261). Ba kiu my ch proxy trong
SIP l my ch proxy khng trng thi, trng thi y v trng thi cuc gi y .
My ch proxy khng trng thi ch thc hin nhim v chuyn tip bn tin. My ch
proxy trng thi y x l cc giao dch gia cc my ch v client, gia cc client
vi nhau. My ch trng thi cuc gi y thc hin gim st ton b cuc gi
thng qua cc giao dch.
Thng thng, mi nh iu hnh mng u c mt mng SIP ring. thc hin
bo hiu iu khin cuc gi gia cc nh iu hnh, mng SIP phi thc hin trao i
thng tin nh tuyn, giao thc nh tuyn thoi qua IP TRIP (Telephony Routing over
IP l mt v d. Trong , cc my ch nh v trao i thng tin nh tuyn ti cc
my ch nh v khc qua phng thc tng t nh trong giao thc BGP. Trong thc
t, TRIP c th hot ng c trong mng H.323.



122

ii, Bo hiu iu khin knh mang
Bo hiu iu khin knh mang c thit lp gia cc chuyn mch mm v cng
a phng tin MG. Chuyn mch mm ng vai tr b iu khin cng a phng
tin MGC v iu khin ti cc MG gn vi n. Bo hiu knh mang cn c gi l
bo hiu iu khin cng phng tin. Giao thc bo hiu iu khin cng phng
tin in hnh c s dng trong mng chuyn mch mm l bo hiu
MEGACO/H.248. MEGACO/H.248 l giao thc iu khin kiu ch/t. Cc chuyn
mch mm/MGC ng vai tr ch v cc cng phng tin ng vai tr t. Giao thc
MEGACO/H.248 khng gn cht vi bt k mt giao thc bo hiu iu khin cuc
gi no v v vy n c th lin iu hnh c vi c H.323 v SIP.

Hnh 4.12: Minh ha context trong cng phng tin MG
MEGACO/H.248 s dng m hnh kt ni logic iu khin ti nguyn ca mt
MG gn vi chuyn mch mm. Hai thnh phn c bn ca m hnh ny l cc kt
cui v cc context.
Kt cui (Termination) l ngun hoc ti ca cc lung a phng tin, biu din
cho lung d liu i vo hoc i ra MG. Kt cui c nh danh duy nht c MG gn
trong phin v gm c hai loi: Loi tm thi v loi vnh vin. Loi tm thi l loi
ch c to ra khi c nhu cu v ch tn ti trong phin. Loi vnh vin c to ra
khi MG khi to v thng l cc cng trn MG.
Context l m hnh m t kt ni gia cc kt cui. Context c s dng vi mc
ch chia s phng tin v/hoc gn thng tin iu khin gia cc kt cui. Mt
context c to ra khi kt cui khi to cuc gi gn vo lung d liu v c kt
cui ch loi b, mt kt cui lun ph thuc duy nht mt context trong mt phin
kt ni. Hnh 4.12 minh ha vic s dng cc kt cui v context trong m hnh kt
ni ca MEGACO/H.248.
Mt cng a phng tin trn hnh 4.12 gm hai context hot ng. Context C1 s
dng cho phin cuc gi gia in thoi IP v in thoi PSTN, Context C2 m t cho

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cc phin cuc gi phc tp, v d cc cuc gi hi ngh gia 3 u cui trong mt
nm ti mng IP v hai u cui nm ti mng PSTN.
Bn tin truyn thng ca MEGACO/H.248 c cu trc phn cp, cc cu lnh iu
khin c nhm theo s kin v cc s kin c nhm vo trong mt giao dch. Cc
giao dch l cc n v c lp v l n v chc nng ln nht trong mt bn tin.
4.4.3 Cc ng dng ca chuyn mch mm
Mt vn rt quan trng ca kin trc chuyn mch mm l khung lm vic hoc
kin trc logic c th nh x vo mt s cu trc vt l. Thc t, chuyn mch mm
thng c s dng cho c mng PSTN v cc mng di ng mt t PLMN (Public
Landline Mobile Network). Trong mc ny a ra mt s kch bn ng dng v gii
php ng dng Chuyn mch mm v ang pht trin trn th gii cng nh Vit
nam.
Hnh 4.13 : Kin trc chuyn mch mm ng dng trong mng PSTN
V d ch ra trn hnh 4.13 l hai v d v kin trc chuyn mch mm ng dng
trong mng PSTN. Hnh 4.13a ch ra kin trc vt l tp trung, chuyn mch mm
trong v d ny cung cp c chc nng d liu cuc gi v iu khin knh mang cng
nh l cc chc nng ng dng c bn nh nhn dng ch gi hay h tr dch v ch
cuc gi. Cng a phng tin MG v cng bo hiu SG ng vai tr hot ng ti
mng PSTN. Hnh 4.13b m t kin trc phn tn, cc chc nng ca chuyn mch
mm nm trong cc cng a phng tin chung v cc my ch c tnh. Cng
phng tin chung c chc nng ca c cng phng tin MG v cng bo hiu SG v
mt chuyn mch mm trong cung cp chc nng chuyn i phng tin, chuyn
i bo hiu, iu khin cuc gi v cc chc nng nh tuyn c bn. nh tuyn mc
dch v c cung cp bi cc my ch c tnh. gim ti cho cng phng tin

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chung, my ch phng tin (Media Server) c a vo cung cp cc ngun ti
nguyn nh: H thng thoi tng tc, hi ngh, cc thng bo v nhn dng thoi.
Trong mng di dng mt t cng cng PLMN, kin trc chuyn mch mm
thng tch trung tm chuyn mch di ng MSC (Mobile Switching Center) thnh
hai kiu node: My ch MSC (MSC-S) v mt hoc mt vi cng a phng tin di
ng (M-MGs). Nh ch ra trn hnh 4.14, MSC-S ng vai tr chuyn mch mm v
cha bo hiu iu khin cuc gi v knh mang ca cc MSC. MSC-S tng tc vi
cc mng PLMN v PSTN qua cng bo hiu SG. Cng phng tin di ng M-MG
m nhim chc nng chuyn mch cho cc lung d liu n cc mng PSTN v
PLMN. Cc ng dng thc t c m t di y.


Hnh 4.14: Kin trc chuyn mch mm ng dng trong mng PLMN
i, ng dng lm cng bo hiu SG
ng dng ny nhm vo cc nh khai thc dch v thoi cnh tranh, nhng doanh
nghip ang tm kim mt gii php gi thnh thp thay cho chuyn mch knh truyn
thng cung cp giao din tc c s cho cc nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP)
phc v cc ng truy nhp dial-up. S bng n truy cp Internet (qua ng dial-
up) v khuynh hng ca cc ISP mun kt ni cc Modem Server ca h vi cc
lung trung k tc c s (PRI Primary Rate) lm cho cc nh cung cp dch v
nhanh chng cn ht cng PRI hin c.
Bn cnh vic lm cn kit cc knh PRI, lu lng truy cp Internet qua ng
dial-up lm qu ti v tc nghn cho mng chuyn mch knh. Bi v chuyn mch
knh vn c thit k phc v cc cuc gi c di trung bnh khong 3 pht,
nn khong thi gian trung bnh tng thm do truy cp Internet ln hn rt nhiu nn
c xu hng lm suy kit ti nguyn tng i, tng s lng cuc gi khng thnh
cng. V duy tr cht lng thoi cho cc khch hng s dng dch v in thoi

125

thc s, cc nh khai thc phi chn mt trong hai phng n: mua thm tng i,
hoc cung cp cho cc ISP cc knh PRI c lu lng ti thp; c hai phng n ny
u tng ng nhau v mt u t.
Phn bn tri trong hnh 4.15 minh ho m hnh mng hin nay ca cc nh khai
thc tng i ni ht, n cho thy cc knh PRI phc v thng tin thng thng v
phc v cc ISP l nh nhau. V bi v phn ln thu bao Internet nm pha thit b
ca nh khai thc cp cao hn nn phn ln lu lng s liu t modem s i qua cc
knh kt ni gia thit b ca nh khai thc cp cao v nh khai thc cnh tranh, hn
na khng c s phn bit gia lu lng thoi v lu lng s liu Internet, iu
dn n tnh trng chuyn mch ca nh khai thc cnh tranh tr thnh mt nt c
chai trn mng. Modem vn s l phng tin thng dng kt ni Internet trong
mt thi gian na, thc t i hi cc nh khai thc tm ra mt gii php kinh t
cung cp knh PRI cho cc ISP v chuyn cc knh PRI h ang dng cho cc khch
hng in thoi truyn thng.


Hnh 4.15: ng dng lm cng bo hiu SS7 ca chuyn mch mm
ng dng chuyn mch mm lm SG l mt trong nhng gii php trong tnh
hung ny. Nh phn bn phi ca hnh trn cho thy, MGC v MG c t trung
k lin tng i gia nh khai thc cp cp v nh khai thc cnh tranh. Chuyn mch
knh kt ni vi MG bng giao din TDM chun cn lin lc vi MGC thng qua bo
hiu s 7. Cc modem server ca ISP v th s c chuyn sang kt ni vi MG, gii
phng cc lung PRI cho chuyn mch knh TDM truyn thng. Khi cuc gi Internet
(dial-up) hng ti ISP t pha tng i cp cao, n s i qua trung k ti MG ri
c nh hng ti ISP t pha tng i cp cao, n s i qua trung k ti MG ri
c nh hng trc tip ti modem server m khng qua chuyn mch knh nh
trc. Cc cuc gi thoi vn din ra nh bnh thng. Bn cnh vic cung cp cc
knh PRI gi thnh thp, chu c cc cuc gi thi gian trung bnh lu hn so vi
trc y, ng dng SS7 PRI Gateway cn c kh nng cung cp cc dch v mi
VoIP.

126

ii, ng dng cho tng i tandem
ng dng Tandem hng vo cc nh cung cp dch v thoi truyn thng vi
mong mun gim vn u t v chi ph iu hnh cc tng i qu giang chuyn mch
knh hin nay, ngoi ra cn cung cp cc dch v mi v s liu. Gii php chuyn
mch TDM hin nay ang bc l dn nhc im trc nhu cu ngy cng tng nhng
rt kh d on ca lu lng thng tin thoi ni ht (pht sinh do truy nhp Internet).
Phn bn tri ca hnh 4.16 cho thy mt mng tng i TDM cp thp nht (lp 5,
tng i ni ht, MSC ca mng di ng) c ni vi nhau v ni ti tng i
chuyn tip cp cao hn (lp 3, 4) bng mt mng li trung k im - im kh phc
tp. Khi mt cuc gi din ra gia hai tng i cp thp, thng tin s i trn trung k
ni trc tip gia hai tng i, nu ng ni trc tip s dng ht, cuc gi c th
c nh tuyn thng qua tng i chuyn tip. Mt s cuc gi (v d nh truy nhp
dch v th thoi) li c nh tuyn trc tip ti tng i chuyn tip s dng cc
ti nguyn tp trung. Kin trc ny c s dng nhiu nm nay, v cng c
ci tin rt nhiu nhm phc v cc ng dng thoi, tuy nhin vn c mt s gii hn
nh sau:
Chi ph iu hnh v bo dng cao: Trong qu trnh cu hnh v nng cp
mng li, do kin trc mng v phng php kt ni s nh hng ti ton b
thnh phn mng l khng th trnh khi.
Cc trung k im - im hot ng vi hiu sut khng cao v chng c thit
k hot ng theo vng a l.
Nu c nhiu tng i chuyn tip trong mng, mi tng i li ni vi mt
nhm cc tng i ni ht, cuc gi c th chuyn qua nhiu tng i chuyn
tip n c ni lu gi ti nguyn mng.
-
Hnh 4.16: ng dng lm tng i Tandem

127

Chuyn mch mm a ra gii php ng dng thay th tng i qu giang nh trn
hnh 4.16, pha bn phi cho thy Chuyn mch mm cng vi cc MG thay th chc
nng ca cc tng i chuyn tip chuyn mch knh trc y, cc tng i ni ht
kt ni ti cc cng a phng tin bng giao din chun TDM thng thng v vi
Chuyn mch mm qua h thng bo hiu s 7.
M hnh ny mng li mt s li ch so vi m hnh mng chuyn mch knh:
Loi b li trung k hot ng hiu sut khng cao, thay th chng bng cc
ng dn tc cao trong mng IP/ATM phc c cho cc cuc gi cn chuyn
tip, gim ti cho cc tng i chuyn tip truyn thng hoc loi b chng hon
ton.
Gim c chi ph vn hnh v gim c s tng i chuyn tip, s trung k t
hn (so vi mng li trc y), v trnh khng phi thit k cc mch TDM
phc tp.
Gim c mt s lng cc cng chuyn mch dng cho cc trung k gia cc
tng i ni ht vi nhau.
Truy nhp cc ti nguyn tp trung mt cch hiu qu hn.
Hp nht thng tin thoi v s liu vo mt mng duy nht, qua gim vn u t
v chi ph so vi cc mng ring bit hin nay cho thoi v s liu.
iii, ng dng cho mng VoIP
Chuyn mch mm l thnh t c bn nht ca mng VoIP, cc m hnh mng v
d di y nhm th hin r vai tr ca chuyn mch mm trong cc kin trc mng
VoIP.

Hnh 4.17: M hnh kin trc mng VoIP

128

a. Mng c nh vi trung tm l mng VoIP
Cc thc th trong hnh 4.17 gm MGC, my ch ng dng AS, cng trung k TG,
cng truy nhp AG, cng bo hiu SG v my ch phng tin MS. Thit b chuyn
mch mm MSC trong v d ny gm cc chc nng MGC-F, R-F v A-F. MGC kt
cui tt c cc bo hiu bao gm trc tip hoc truyn ti qua mng IP v thc hin
lin kt bo hiu. MGC iu khin c cng trung k TG v cng truy nhp AG ch
nh cc ngun ti nguyn. MGC cng thc hin chc nng nhn thc v nh tuyn
cc cuc gi trong mng VoIP v cung cp cc thng tin tnh cc. Cui cng, MGC
tng tc vi cc MGC khc thng qua cc giao thc bo hiu nh H.323, SIP hoc
BICC.
My ch ng dng cha cc chc nng logic dch v ca cc ng dng. Cc cuc
gi yu cu cc chc nng ny c th c x l qua MGC ti AS iu khin dch
v hoc my ch ng dng c th cung cp cc thng tin yu cu ti MGC x l.
My ch ng dng c th iu khin trc tip my ch phng tin MS hoc thng
qua MGC.
Cng trung k kt cui cc lung knh thoi t PSTN, chuyn i m v truyn
qua mng IP. Cng trung k TG c iu khin bi MGC.
My ch truy nhp ng vai tr giao din gia mng IP v mng c nh hoc
di ng. AG truyn ti bo hiu qua mng IP ti MGC. MG-F ca my ch truy nhp
c iu khin bi MGC.
Cng bo hiu kt ni bo hiu PSTN v truyn ti bo hiu PSTN ti MGC v
ngc li.
My ch phng tin MS thc hin cc nhim v thng bo v thu thp cc con s,
MS c iu khin bi cng iu khin a phng tin MGC, my ch ng dng
hoc c hai.
b. Chuyn mch qu giang qua mng VoIP
M hnh v d trn hnh 4.18 ch ra ng dng chuyn mch mm ng vai tr
chuyn mch qu giang qua mng VoIP, nhm thay th cc h thng chuyn mch
knh lp 4/5 truyn thng. Cng bo hiu SG cung cp chc nng chuyn i bo
hiu t h thng bo hiu s 7 trong mng PSTN sang giao thc bo hiu IP v
truyn ti ti MGC, giao thc chuyn i v truyn ti bo hiu s dng trong SG
l giao thc SIGTRAN. Cng trung k TG, c iu khin bi MGC, cung cp
cc kt ni qu giang t PSTN qua IP ti PSTN.

129


Hnh 4.18: Chuyn mch mm thay th chuyn mch lp 4 qua mng IP
c. Thoi truyn thng qua IP
Hnh 4.19 ch ra m hnh kt ni ca in thoi truyn thng ti PSTN qua
mng IP. u cui in thoi truyn thng kt ni trc tip ti cng truy nhp AS.
Cng truy nhp AS thc hin chc nng bo hiu cho ng dy thu bao v
chuyn thng tin bo hiu ti MGC s dng giao thc MGCP hoc
MEGACO/H.248. MGC iu khin kt ni bo hiu ti mng PSTN thng qua
cng bo hiu SG. AS thc hin s ha v ng gi thng tin thoi v chuyn qua
min IP trong gi tin RTP ti PSTN qua cng trung k.

Hnh 4.19: M hnh kt ni in thoi truyn thng qua mng IP
d. Mng truy nhp V5/ISDN qua IP
Mng truy nhp kt ni qua IP thng qua cc cng truy nhp AS (Hnh 4.20).
AG thc hin bo hiu V5 vi mng truy nhp, v chuyn ti MGC s dng giao
thc truyn ti bo hiu SIGTRAN. Cng truy nhp AG ng gi v chuyn cc
lung thoi t mng truy nhp qua min IP ti TG. Cng trung k TG chuyn i
cc gi thoi thnh cc thng tin s truyn trn cc knh ca min PSTN.

130


Hnh 4.20: M hnh kt ni mng truy nhp V5/ISDN qua IP
e. Mng di ng qua VoIP
V d trn hnh 4.21 ch ra m hnh kt ni mng GSM/3G ti PSTN hoc
PLMN qua mng VoIP. Cng truy nhp AG kt cui cc bo hiu phn ng dng
h thng trm c s BSSAP (Base Station System Application Part) trong GSM,
hoc phn ng dng mng truy nhp v tuyn RANAP (Radio Access Network
Application Part) trong 3G t mng truy nhp v tuyn RAN (Radio Access
Network) qua cc giao din E1/T1/ATM. AG truyn ti cc bn tin bo hiu ti
my ch MSC qua giao thc SIGTRAN. MSC v my ch trung tm chuyn mch
cng GMSC (Gateway Mobile Switching Centre) cng mang cc chc nng nh mt
MGC, bao gm bo hiu vi PSTN qua SG hoc ti PLMN qua my ch MGSC. Cc
lung lu lng t RAN kt cui ti AG, chuyn i phng tin v truyn ti cng
trung k trong cc gi tin RTP.

Hnh 4.21: M hnh kt ni mng GSM/3G qua mng IP
4.5 KT LUN CHNG
Chng 4 trnh by v cc vn lin quan ti gii php v cng ngh ca cc
phng php chuyn mch tin tin. Cc m hnh hi t cng ngh mng trn nn tng

131

mng th h k tip c trnh by trong phn u chng nhm gii thiu cc xu
hng cng ngh mng hin nay. Cc k thut nh tuyn v chuyn mch trong gii
php cng ngh mng hin thi c ch ra gm cc k thut nh tuyn trong mng
c nh trn h tng cng ngh MPLS/GMPLS. Cc giao thc nh tuyn trong mng
khng dy a bc c a ra nhm gip Sinh vin nm bt r hn cc phng php
nh tuyn mi trong h tng mng khng dy. Gii php chuyn mch mm v cc
ng dng c a ra trong phn cui nhm hng cc vn mang tnh tng qut
ca tip cn my ch cuc gi trong mng thc tin hin nay.



























132

Ti liu tham kho
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6. H.Jonathan Chao and BIN LIU, High performance switched and routers,
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7. Bruce S. Davie and Adrian Farrel, MPLS: Next Steps, Morgan
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8. G. R. Dattatreya, Performance Analysis of Queuing and Computer
Networks, Chapman & Hall/CRC, 2008.