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PTIT
[ Pi ck t he dat e]
Bi ging
C s k thut
chuyn mch
Bin son: Hong Trng Minh, Nguyn Thanh Tr
H ni: 2009
HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
1
LI NI U
K thut chuyn mch l mt trong nhng k thut mu cht nht trong cc
mng truyn thng. S pht trin mnh m ca h tng truyn thng trong mt s nm
gn y to ra cc cuc cch mng v khoa hc cng ngh v k thut chuyn
mch l mt phn ca s pht trin . Mc tiu ca cun bi ging l cung cp cho
sinh vin chuyn ngnh Vin thng cc kin thc nn tng ca lnh vc chuyn mch,
h thng ha kin thc cho sinh vin tip cn cc gii php k thut v cng ngh
chuyn mch mi mt cch tt nht. T lm nn tng cho cc mn hc tip theo.
Ni dung chnh ca cc chng gm:
Chng th nht a ra cc khi nim v l thuyt nn tng ca lnh vc
chuyn mch, mt s bi ton v m hnh ng dng trong k thut chuyn mch c
trnh by vn tt l c s pht trin v tnh ton cho mt s vn s cp trong cc
chng tip theo.
Chng th hai tm tt cc vn ct li ca k thut chuyn mch knh bao
gm cc nguyn l chuyn mch c bn, cc hnh thi kt ni trng chuyn mch v
iu khin kt ni thng tin qua trng chuyn mch.
Chng th ba tip cn k thut chuyn mch gi t cc vn c bn nh
nguyn tc, phng php x l gi tin trong mng v trong trng chuyn mch ti
cc vn phc tp nh cc k thut nh tuyn, cc giao thc nh tuyn v bo hiu
m bo cht lng dch v. Chng ny cn a ra mt s vn m v xu hng
pht trin ca k thut chuyn mch gi.
Chng th t tp trung vo gii php cng ngh chuyn mch tin tin bao
gm cc gii php cng ngh mng c nh nh cng ngh MPLS, GMPLS v vn
nh tuyn ca cc cng ngh ny. Mng khng dy vi tng lai c ng dng rng
ri cng c tm tt trong chng ny vi nhng kin thc v nh tuyn. Tip cn
chuyn mch mm vi mt s m hnh ng dng cng c a ra trong chng cui
nhm gip Sinh vin tip cn ti cc gii php cng ngh thc tin trn mng vin
thng.
K thut chuyn mch l mt lnh vc rng v lin quan ti rt nhiu lnh vc
khc trong mi trng mng truyn thng. V vy, nhm bin son rt mong mun c
c s gp chn thnh ca ng nghip v ngi c.
H ni, ngy 25 thng 12 nm 2009
2
Mc lc
LI NI U ............................................................................................................. 1
Mc lc ....................................................................................................................... 2
CHNG 1:
GII THIU CHUNG V K THUT CHUYN MCH ...................................... 10
1.1 NHP MN K THUT CHUYN MCH ............................................. 10
1.1.1 Gii thiu chung ........................................................................................ 10
1.1.2 Mt s khi nim c s .............................................................................. 11
1.1.3 Cc m hnh ton hc ng dng trong lnh vc chuyn mch .................... 14
1.1.4 Cc l thuyt lin quan .............................................................................. 18
1.2 QU TRNH PHT TRIN CA K THUT CHUYN MCH .............. 22
1.2.1 Lch s v xu hng pht trin cng ngh mng ......................................... 22
1.2.2 Chuyn mch mm v hng tip cn my ch cuc gi CS. ..................... 25
1.2.3 Hng tip cn phn h a phng tin IP (IMS) ....................................... 26
1.3 CC T CHC TIU CHUN ................................................................... 27
1.4 KT LUN CHNG ................................................................................. 30
CHNG 2:
K THUT CHUYN MCH KNH ..................................................................... 31
2.1 C S K THUT CHUYN MCH KNH ........................................... 31
2.2 KIN TRC TRNG CHUYN MCH KNH ....................................... 34
2.2.1 Trng chuyn mch khng gian s ........................................................... 34
2.2.2 Trng chuyn mch thi gian s ............................................................... 36
2.2.3 Trng chuyn mch ghp TST ................................................................. 38
2.3 NH TUYN TRONG CHUYN MCH KNH ...................................... 41
2.3.1 Phn loi cc k thut nh tuyn ............................................................... 41
2.3.2 Phng php nh s trong mng PSTN ................................................... 44
2.3.3 Mng bo hiu PSTN ................................................................................ 46
2.3.4 X l nh tuyn cuc gi trong node mng chuyn mch knh ................. 47
2.4 KT LUN CHNG ................................................................................ 48
CHNG 3:
K THUT CHUYN MCH GI ......................................................................... 49
3
3.1. C S K THUT CHUYN MCH GI............................................... 49
3.1.1 M hnh kt ni h thng m OSI ............................................................. 50
3.1.2 Nguyn tc c bn ca chuyn mch gi ................................................... 51
3.2 KIN TRC CA B NH TUYN ........................................................ 53
3.2.1 Cc chc nng c bn ca b nh tuyn ................................................... 53
3.2.2 Tin trnh chuyn tip gi tin ...................................................................... 54
3.2.3 Cc thut ton tm kim thng tin trong bng nh tuyn ........................... 56
3.3. KIN TRC TRNG CHUYN MCH GI ......................................... 62
3.3.1 Phn loi kin trc trng chuyn mch gi ............................................ 62
3.3.2 Chuyn mch phn chia thi gian .............................................................. 62
3.3.3 Chuyn mch phn chia khng gian .......................................................... 65
3.4 CC KIU B TR HNG I ................................................................ 70
3.4.1 Cc kiu kiu b tr hng i c bn .......................................................... 70
3.4.2 Cc phng php x l hng i ................................................................ 77
3.4.3 Mng hng i ........................................................................................... 78
3.5. K THUT NH TUYN TRONG MNG CHUYN MCH GI ........ 82
3.5.1. Cc thut ton tm ng ngn nht........................................................... 84
3.5.2. Cc giao thc nh tuyn in hnh. ........................................................... 87
3.5.3 Mt s gii php ci thin hiu nng k thut nh tuyn .......................... 92
3.6 KT LUN CHNG ................................................................................. 96
CHNG 4:
CNG NGH CHUYN MCH TIN TIN .......................................................... 97
4.1. GII THIU CHUNG ................................................................................. 97
4.1.1 M hnh hi t cng ngh mng ................................................................ 97
4.1.2 Cc gii php ghp hp cng ngh ............................................................ 98
4.1.3 Cng ngh MPLS/GMPLS ......................................................................... 99
4.2 K THUT NH TUYN TRONG MPLS/GMPLS ............................... 103
4.2.1 Giao thc nh tuyn v phn phi nhn ................................................... 103
4.2.2 K thut nh tuyn h tr cht lng dch v trong MPLS/GMPLS ........ 106
4.3 NH TUYN TRONG MNG KHNG DY ......................................... 110
4.3.1 Phn loi cc giao thc nh tuyn............................................................ 110
4.3.2 K thut nh tuyn xuyn lp .................................................................. 113
4
4.4 GII PHP CHUYN MCH MM ........................................................ 114
4.4.1 M hnh kin trc chuyn mch mm ....................................................... 115
4.4.2 Cc giao thc iu khin ca chuyn mch mm ...................................... 117
4.4.3 Cc ng dng ca chuyn mch mm ..................................................... 123
4.5 KT LUN CHNG .............................................................................. 130
Ti liu tham kho. ............................................................................................ 132
5
DANH MC THUT NG V T VIT TT
3G Thirth Generation Th h th 3
3GPP Thirth Generation Partnership Project D n cho cc i tc mng th h 3
AAA Authentification, Authorization, Accounting Nhn thc, cp php, tnh cc
AAL ATM Adaptation Layer Lp tng thch dch v
ADM Add/Drop Multiplexing B ghp tch lung
ADSL Asymetric Digital Subscriber Line ng dy thu bao s khng i xng
AF Address Filter B lc a ch
A-F Acounting Function Chc nng tnh cc
AMG Access Media Gateway Cng phng tin truy nhp
API Application Programable Interface Giao din lp trnh ng dng
AS Autonomous System H thng t tr
AS Application Server Server ng dng
ASG Access Signalling Gateway Cng bo hiu truy nhp
ATCA Advanced Telecom Computing Architecture Kin trc tnh ton vin thng tin tin
ATM Asynchorous Transfer Mode Phng thc truyn ti khng ng b
AuC Authentification Centre Trung tm nhn thc
BAN Broadband Access Node Nt truy nhp bng rng
BGCF Border Gateway Control Function Chc nng iu khin cng ng bin
BGP Border Gateway Protocol Giao thc cng ng bin
BICC Bearer Independent Call Control iu khin cuc gi c lp knh mang
B-ISDN
Broadband Intergrated Service Digital
Network Mng s tch hp dch v bng rng
CA Call Agent Agent cuc gi
CAP CAMEL Application Part Phn ng dng CAMEL
CBR Constraint Bit Rate Tc bit rng buc
CCF Charging Collector Function Chc nng tp hp thng tin cc
CBR Constant Bit Rate Tc bit c nh
CBS Committed Burst Size Kch thc burst cam kt
CLP Cell Loss Priority u tin tn tht t bo
COPS Common Open Policy Service Dch v chnh sch m chung
CoS Class of Service Lp dch v
CQ Class-based Queuing Hng i theo lp
CR-LDP
Constraint-Based Routing-label Distribution
Protocol
Giao thc phn b nhn nh tuyn rng
buc
CS Call Server My ch cuc gi
CS
(IMS) Circuit Switched Chuyn mch knh
CSCF Call Session Control Function Chc nng iu khin phin cuc gi
CSPF Constraint Shorted Path First nh tuyn rng buc tm ng ngn nht
DG DataGram D liu
6
DSL Digital Subscriber Line ng dy thu bao s
DSLAM Digital Subcriber Line Acess Multiplexer B ghp knh truy nhp DSL
DTL Designated Transit List Danh sch ng i nh sn
DTMF Dual Tone Multi Frequency a tn m kp
DVA Distance Vector Algorithm Thut ton vect khong cch
EGP Exterior Gateway Protocol Giao thc nh tuyn min ngoi
ECN Explicit Congestion Notification Thng bo tc nghn hin
FEC Forward Equivelent Class Lp chuyn tip tng ng
FIB Forward Information Base C s thng tin chuyn tip
FIFO First In First Out Vo trc ra trc
FLC Fible Line Concentrator B tp trung quang
FR Frame Relay Chuyn tip khung
FTP File Transfer Protocol Giao thc truyn file
GFC General Flow Control iu khin lung chung
GMPLS Generalized MultiProtocol Label Switch MPLS m rng
GPRS General Packet Radio Service Dch v v tuyn gi chung
GSM Global System for Mobile Communication H thng ton cu cho thng tin di ng
HDB3 High-Density Bipolar 3 M lng cc mt cao
HDLC High level Data Link Control protocol Giao thc iu khin ng d liu mc cao
HLR Home Location Registor B ng k nh
HOL Head Of Line Nghn u dng
HSS Home Subscriber Server Server thu bao nh
HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol Giao thc chuyn giao siu vn bn
IAD Integrated Access Device Thit b truy nhp tch hp
ICMP Internet Control Message Protocol Giao thc bn tin iu khin Internet
IFMP Ipsilon Flow Management Protocol Giao thc qun tr lung ca Ipsilon
IGP Interior Gateway Protocol Giao thc nh tuyn min trong
IM CN IMS- Core Network IMS- mng li
IMS IP Multimedia Subsystem Phn h a phng tin IP
IMS-CS IMS- Circuit Switching IMS- chuyn mch knh
IM-SSF IMS- Service Switching Function Chc nng chuyn mch dch v IMS
IN Inteligent Network Mng thng minh
IOT Interoperability Testing Kim tra lin iu hnh
IP Internet Protocol Giao thc Internet
IPCP IP Control Point im iu khin IP
I-PNNI Intergated PNNI PNNI tch hp
IPX Internetwork Packet Exchange Giao thc trao i gi lin mng
ISC IMS Service Control iu khin dch v IMS
ISDN Integrated Service Digital Network Mng s a dch v tch hp
IS-IS Intermediate System to Intermediate System Giao thc nh tuyn lin mng
ISP Internet Service Provider Nh cung cp dch v Internet
ISR IP Switching Router B nh tuyn chuyn mch IP
7
ISUP ISDN User Part Phn ngi dng ISDN
ITU-T
International Telecommunication Union
sector T Lin minh vin thng quc t
IW-F InternetWorking Function Chc nng kt ni lin mng
LAN Local Area Network Mng ni ht
LDP Label Distribution Protocol Giao thc phn phi nhn
LER Label Edge Router B nh tuyn bin (LSR bin)
LGN Logical Group Node Nt i din nhm logic
LOC LOcal Controler B iu khin ni b
LSA Link State Algorithm Thut ton trng thi ng
LSP Label Switched Path ng chuyn mch nhn
LSR Label Switching Router B nh tuyn chuyn mch nhn
M3UA MTP3 User Adaptation Layer Lp tng thch ngi dng MTP3
MAP Mobile Application Part Phn ng dng di ng
MG Media Gateway Cng phng tin
MGC Media Gateway Controler iu khin cng phng tin
MGCP Media Gateway Control Protocol Giao thc iu khin cng phng tin
MHA Min Hop Algorithm Thut ton bc nhy ti thiu
MIRA Min Interference Routing Algorithm Thut ton nh tuyn nhiu ti thiu
MMAS Multi Media Application Server Server ng dng a phng tin
MMCS Multi Media Call Server Server gi a phng tin
MMG Mobile Media Gateway Cng phng tin cho mng di ng
MMPP Markov Modulete Poisson Process Tin trnh Poisson m phng Markov
MNO Mobile Network Operator Nh iu hnh mng di ng
MoS Mean of Service Thang im nh gi trung bnh
MPLS MultiProtocol Label Switch Chuyn mch nhn a giao thc
MPOA MultiProtocol over ATM a giao thc qua ATM
MRFC Media Resource Function Control
iu khin chc nng ti nguyn a phng
tin
MRFP Media Resource Function Processor
B x l chc nng ti nguyn a phng
tin
MSF MultiService Forum Din n a dch v
MTU Maximum Transfer Unit n v truyn bn tin ln nht
NGN Next Generation Network Mng th h k tip
NHC Next Hop Client Trm con bc k tip
NHRP Next Hop Resolution Protocol Giao thc gii bc k tip
NHS Next Hop Server Trm ch bc k tip
OMA Open Mobile Alliance Lin minh dch v di ng m
OSA Open Service Architecture Kin trc dch v m
OSPF Open Shortest Path First Giao thc ng ngn nht trc tin
OXC Optical Cross-Connect B u ni cho quang
PAM Pulse Amplitude Modulation iu bin xung
8
PAR PNNI Augmented Routing nh tuyn PNNI m rng
PCM Pulse Code Modulation iu xung m
P-CSCF Proxy- CSCF CSCF i din
PDF Policy Decicion Function Chc nng quyt nh chnh sch
PDU Protocol Data Unit n v d liu giao thc
PG Peer Group Nhm ngang hng
PGL Peer Group Leader Trng nhm trong nhm cng cp
PLMN Public Land Mobile Network Mng di ng mt t
PM Physic Medium Mi trng vt l
PNNI Private Network to Network Interface Giao din mng - mng ring
PPP Point to Point Protocol Giao thc im ti im
PQ Priority Queuing Hng i u tin
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network Mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng
PT Payload Type Kiu ti tin
PTSE PNNI Topology State Element Phn t trng thi cu hnh PNNI
PTSP PNNI Topology State Packet Gi tin trng thi cu hnh PNNI
QoS Quality of Service Cht lng dch v
RANAP Radio Access Network Application Part Phn ng dng mng truy nhp v tuyn
RAS Registration Admistion and Status Protocol Giao thc trng thi, qun l v ng k
R-F Routing Function Chc nng nh tuyn
RIP Routed Information Protocol Giao thc thng tin nh tuyn
RMG Remote Media Gateway Cng phng tin xa
RSVP Resource Reservation Protocol Giao thc dnh trc ti nguyn
RSVP-
TE RSVP Traffic Engineering RSVP cho k thut lu lng
RTCP Realtime Transport Protocol
Giao thc truyn ti iu khin thi gian
thc
RTP Realtime Transport Protocol Giao thc truyn ti thi gian thc
SAP Service Access Point im truy nhp dch v
SAR Segmentation Reassembly Sublayer Phn lp ct mnh to gi
SCP System Control Point im iu khin h thng
SCIM Service Capability Interaction Management Qun tr tng tc kh nng dch v
SCS Service Capability Server Server kh nng phc v
S-CSCF Serviced-CSCF CSCF phc v
SCTP Stream Control Transport Protocol Giao thc truyn ti iu khin lung
SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy Phn cp s ng b
SDS Space Division Switching Chuyn mch phn chia khng gian
SG Signalling Gateway Cng bo hiu
SIGTRA
N Signalling Transport Giao thc truyn ti bo hiu
SIN Ship - in - the - Night Chuyn hng
SIP Session Initiation Protocol Giao thc khi to phin
9
SMTP Simple Message Transfer Protocol Giao thc truyn th n gin
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol Giao thc qun tr mng n gin
SPC Stored Program Control iu khin theo chng trnh ghi sn
SSF Service Switching Function Chc nng chuyn mch dch v
SPVC Soft Permanent Virtual Chanel Knh o c nh mm
SUA SCCP User Adaptation layer Lp tng thch ngi dng SCCP
SVC Switched Virtual Chanel Knh o chuyn mch
SWPA Shortest Widest Path Algorithm
Thut ton tm ng rng nht v ngn
nht
TC Transmision Convergence Hi t truyn dn
TCP Transport Control Protocol Giao thc iu khin truyn ti
TDM Time Division Multiplexing Ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian
TDS Time Division Switching Chuyn mch phn chia thi gian
TE Traffic Engineering K thut lu lng
TL Total Length Tng di
TLV Type/ Length/ Value Cc tham s kiu/ di/gi tr
TMG Trunk Media Gateway Cng phng tin trung k
TOS Type Of Service Kiu phc v
TTL Time to Live Thi gian sng
TUA TCAP User Adaptation Layer Lp tng thch ngi dng TCAP
UA Common Signalling User Adaptation Layer Lp tng thch ngi dng bo hiu CCS
UDP User Datagram Protocol Giao thc d liu ngi dng
UE User Equipment Thit b ngi dng
UMTS
Universal Mobile Telecommunication
System H thng vin thng di ng ton cu
UNI User-Network Interface Giao din ngi dng - mng
VBR Variable Bit Rate Tc bit thay i
VC Virtual Chanel Knh o
VCC Virtual Chanel Connection Kt ni knh o
VCI Virtual Chanel Identifier Nhn dng knh o
VoIP Voice over IP Thoi qua IP
VPI Virtual Path Indentifier Nhn dng lung o
WAP Wireless Application Protocol Giao thc ng dng khng dy
WCDM
A R4
Wireless Code Division Multiple Access
Release 4
a truy nhp phn chia theo m phin bn
4
WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing Ghp knh phn chia theo bc sng
WFQ Weighted Fair Queuing Hng i cn bng trng s
WLAN Wireless LAN Mng ni ht khng dy
WSPA Widest Shortest Path Algorithm
Thut ton tm ng ngn nht v rng
nht
10
Chng 1
GII THIU CHUNG V K THUT CHUYN MCH
1.1 NHP MN K THUT CHUYN MCH
1.1.1 Gii thiu chung
Vin thng l mt phn ca khi nim thng tin - mt dng thc chuyn giao thng
tin. Mng vin thng c coi l h tng c s ca x hi s dng k thut in, in
t v cc cng ngh khc chuyn giao thng tin. Mng vin thng di gc n
gin nht c nhn nhn gm tp hp cc nt mng, cc ng truyn dn kt ni
gia hai hay nhiu im xc nh v cc thit b u cui thc hin trao i thng
tin gia ngi s dng. Mt cch khi qut chng ta c th coi tt c cc trang thit b,
phng tin c s dng cung cp dch v vin thng to thnh mng vin thng.
Thit b u cui l cc trang thit b ca ngi s dng giao tip vi mng cung
cp dch v. Thit b chuyn mch l cc nt ca mng vin thng c chc nng thit
lp v gii phng ng truyn thng gia cc cc thit b u cui. Thit b truyn
dn c s dng ni cc thit b u cui hay gia cc nt vi nhau thc hin
truyn cc tn hiu mt cch nhanh chng v chnh xc. Cc phn t v phng tin
ca mng truyn thng cu trc thnh h tng truyn thng nhm cung cp cc dch v
cho ngi s dng.
Ty thuc vo cc dch v ch cht m cc gii php cng ngh c xy dng,
phng php tip cn ny v ang tn ti trong h tng mng truyn thng hin
nay. Trong mt s nm gn y, cng vi s pht trin ca cng ngh tin tin l xu
hng hi t c v cng ngh v dch v mng truyn thng gia mng c nh, mng
di ng v mng internet sang mng th h k tip NGN (Next Generation Network).
H tng mng vin thng thay i khng ngng nhm p ng cc yu cu ngy cng
cao ca ngi s dng, s tc ng ny lin quan v nh hng ti rt nhiu lnh vc
trn cc yu t khoa hc cng ngh v khoa hc k thut, trong bao gm k thut
chuyn mch. Mt xu hng mi c hnh thnh trn c s hi t v tch hp h tng
cng ngh nhm xy dng mt h tng truyn thng chung cho cc mi trng kin
to dch v lp cao. Chnh v vy, mt lot cc gii php k thut v cng ngh
chuyn mch mi v ang c a ra v trin khai. h tr sinh vin v ngi
c tip cn cc vn chuyn su ca lnh vc ny, bi ging c s k thut chuyn
mch tip cn cc vn nn tng k thut, cc gii php cng ngh v xu hng pht
trin nhm gip ngi c nhn thc tng quan cc kha cnh k thut lin quan ti
lnh vc ny.
11
Trong cc phn u tin ca ti liu s gii thiu cc khi nim c s lin quan ti
lnh vc chuyn mch, nht l cc c s ton hc v l thuyt lin quan. Tip sau l
cc k thut v nguyn tc hot ng ca cc mng chuyn mch knh v chuyn
mch gi cng vi cc vn lin quan nh nh tuyn, nh s v cht lng dch
v. Cc k thut chuyn mch mi trong h tng tch hp cng ngh c trnh by
trong cc chng cui l s kt hp gia cc gii php cng ngh v gii php k
thut, nhm th hin m hnh tng th ca cc cng ngh tin tin ang ng dng v
trin khai trn mng vin thng hin nay.
1.1.2 Mt s khi nim c s
tip cn cc vn mang tnh c th ca k thut chuyn mch, phn ny s
gii thiu mt s cc thut ng v khi nim c s lin quan ti cc chng tip theo
ca bi ging tron lnh vc chuyn mch.
i, nh ngha chuyn mch
Chuyn mch l mt qu trnh thc hin u ni v chuyn thng tin cho ngi
s dng thng qua h tng mng vin thng. Ni cch khc, chuyn mch trong mng
vin thng bao gm chc nng nh tuyn cho thng tin v chc nng chuyn tip
thng tin. Nh vy, theo kha cnh thng thng khi nim chuyn mch gn lin vi
lp mng v lp lin kt d liu trong m hnh OSI (Open System Interconnection)
ca T chc tiu chun quc t ISO (International Organization for Standardization).
i vi mt s trng hp m rng, khi nim chuyn mch cn c hnh thnh theo
m hnh phn lp v tri di t lp 2 ti lp 7 trong m hnh OSI.
ii, H thng chuyn mch
Qu trnh chuyn mch c thc hin ti cc nt mng, trong mng chuyn
mch knh cc nt mng thng gi l h thng chuyn mch (Tng i), trong mng
chuyn mch gi thng c gi l thit b nh tuyn (B nh tuyn). Trong mt s
mng c bit, phn t thc hin nhim v chuyn mch c th va ng vai tr thit
b u cui va ng vai tr chuyn mch v chuyn tip thng tin. i vi mt s
kin trc mng c bit v d nh mng ty bin (Ad-hoc), cc thit b u cui cn c
th ng vai tr nh mt ni cp v nhn ngun lu lng trong mng, ng thi m
nhim chc nng chuyn tip cc thng tin cho cc phn t khc trong mng.
iii, Phn loi chuyn mch
Cc h thng chuyn mch cu thnh mng chuyn mch, ta c hai dng mng
chuyn mch c bn: Mng chuyn mch knh v mng chuyn mch gi. Tuy nhin,
di gc truyn v x l thng tin, chuyn mch cn c th nhn nhn thnh bn
12
kiu: chuyn mch knh, chuyn mch bn tin, chuyn mch gi v chuyn mch t
bo.
Mng chuyn mch knh thit lp cc mch (knh) ch nh ring cho kt ni trc
khi qu trnh truyn thng thc hin. Nh vy, qu trnh chuyn mch c chia thnh
3 giai on phn bit: thit lp, truyn v gii phng. thit lp, gii phng v iu
khin kt ni, mng chuyn mch knh s dng cc k thut bo hiu thc hin
nh mt thnh phn bt buc.
i ngc vi mng chuyn mch knh l mng chuyn mch gi, da trn nguyn
tc phn chia cc lu lng d liu thnh cc gi tin v truyn i trn mng chia s,
mi gi tin l mt thc th c lp cha cc thng tin cn thit cho qu trnh x l
thng tin trn mng. Cc giai on thit lp, truyn v gii phng s c thc hin
ng thi trong mt khong thi gian v quyt nh ng i c xc lp bi thng
tin trong tiu gi tin. Knh thng tin c hnh thnh gia cc thit b mng khng
ph thuc theo logic thi gian m ch c ngha khi c lu lng chuyn qua c
gi l cc knh o, cc knh o c cng mt s c tnh c ghp thnh lung o.
Cc nt mng c th thc hin chuyn mch cho tng knh o hoc c lung o thay
v cho tng gi tin ring bit, tip cn ny cho php nng cao hiu nng truyn thng
ton mng nh gim bt mt s quy trnh x l.
iv, K thut lu lng TE
K thut lu lng TE (Traffic Engineering) c coi l mt trong nhng vn
quan trng nht trong khung lm vic ca h tng mng vin thng. Mc ch ca k
thut lu lng l ci thin hiu nng v tin cy ca cc hot ng ca mng
bng cc gii php ti u ngun ti nguyn mng v lu lng mng cng nh ca
ngi s dng. Mt cch chi tit hn, k thut lu lng c nhn nhn nh mt
cng c s dng ti u ti nguyn s dng ca mng bng phng php k thut
nh hng cc lung lu lng ph hp vi cc tham s rng buc tnh hoc ng.
Cc tham s y bao gm c tham s mng v tham s yu cu ca ngi s dng.
Nh vy, mc tiu c bn ca k thut lu lng l hng ti cn bng v ti u cc
iu khin ca ti v ti nguyn mng thng qua cc thut ton v gii php k thut.
i vi cc nh thit k v khai thc mng, k thut lu lng ng vai tr quyt nh
trong cc bi ton lin quan ti hiu nng mng. Do s bin ng ca cc yu cu t
pha ngi s dng, cc lu lng yu cu v kh nng phc v ca h thng mng
lun cn c cc gii php ti u. V vy, k thut lu lng lun c coi l vn c
phc tp cao nht l trong cc cng ngh mng chng ln v t hp.
13
v, Bo hiu trong mng vin thng
Bo hiu l mt phn ca c ch iu khin mng s dng cc tn hiu iu
khin truyn thng, trong mng vin thng bo hiu l s trao i thng tin gia cc
phn t trong mng lin quan ti cc vn nh: iu khin, thit lp cc kt ni v
thc hin qun l mng. Trong mng chuyn mch knh, bo hiu l mt thnh phn
c bn ca qu trnh kt ni, nh c chc nng bo hiu m h thng chuyn mch c
th thc hin c nhim v chuyn mch, thng qua thng tin bo hiu t nt mng
ti cc thit b u cui ca ngi s dng xc nh cc yu cu v qun l kt ni
t ngi s dng ti nt mng, bo hiu mng c thc hin h tr trc tip cho
qu trnh nh tuyn, chn knh v qun l kt ni gia cc nt mng. Trong mng
chuyn mch gi, h thng bo hiu hng ti mc tiu iu khin thit b v qun l
mng nhiu hn l mc tiu gn kt vi quy trnh nh tuyn nhm thit lp knh nh
trong mng chuyn mch knh.
Cc h thng bo hiu c th phn loi theo c tnh v nguyn tc hot ng gm:
bo hiu trong bng v bo hiu ngoi bng, bo hiu ng v bo hiu thanh ghi,
bo hiu knh lin kt v bo hiu knh chung, bo hiu bt buc, v..v. Cc thng tin
bo hiu c truyn di dng tn hiu in, quang hoc bn tin. V d, cc h thng
bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng PSTN c nh s t No1-
No7, trong gm c cc dng bo hiu s, tng t hay bn tin. Trong mng IP hin
c rt nhiu giao thc bo hiu c s dng cho cc kt ni v tri rng trn cc lp
t lp 2 ti lp 5 trong m hnh OSI.
vi, Mng tch hp dch v s bng rng B-ISDN
Xu hng pht trin ca mng vin thng lun hng ti mt h tng duy nht
nhm p ng tt nht cc loi hnh dch v trn c s bng thng rng. Mng tch
hp dch v s bng rng c nh ngha nh sau: Mng tch hp dch v s bng
rng c nhim v cung cp cc cuc ni thng qua chuyn mch, cc cuc ni c nh
hoc bn c nh, cc cuc ni t im ti im ti im hoc t im ti a im v
cung cp cc dch v yu cu, cc dch v dnh trc hoc cc dch v yu cu c
nh. Cuc ni trong B-ISDN phc v cho c cc dch v chuyn mch knh, chuyn
mch gi theo kiu a phng tin, n phng tin, theo kiu hng lin kt
(Connection-Oriented) hoc phi lin kt (Connectionless) v theo cu hnh n hng
hoc a hng. Hin nay, cng vi vi xu hng tch hp dch v s bng rng l s
hi t ca cc min mng khc nhau, B-ISDN c mt lot cc c tnh mi khng ch
trong kha cnh kt ni m cn trong cc kha cnh khc nh qun l, iu khin v
dch v. V vy, tn gi chung thng c s dng l h tng mng bng rng.
14
1.1.3 Cc m hnh ton hc ng dng trong lnh vc chuyn mch
M hnh ton hc c mt v tr ti quan trng trong rt nhiu lnh vc, trong c
lnh vc chuyn mch. Hng lot cc bi ton thit k, nh gi h thng khng th
thc hin trn cc h thng thc v c tin hnh thng qua cc m hnh ng dng.
Vi tm quan trng ca m hnh ton hc ng dng trong lnh vc chuyn mch, mc
ny ca bi ging a ra mt s cc l thuyt c s lin quan trc tip ti bi ton
nh tuyn v chuyn mch gm cc vn xc sut v phc tp thut ton. Thm
vo , lu lng trong k thut chuyn mch thng c m t qua cc s kin n
ca cc thc th ri rc (yu cu chim knh, gi, t bo, v.v..), n c th m hnh ho
bi tin trnh im. C hai dng tin trnh im l tin trnh m v tin trnh gia hai
s kin n. Khi nim c s trn s ng vai tr xuyn sut trong cc h thng m
phng s kin ri rc v cc bi ton ti u h thng trn c s m hnh ha v m
phng. Mt s dng phn b thng ng dng c ch ra di y.
i, Phn b Erlang
Phn b Erlang l mt phn b xc sut lin tc c gi tr dng cho tt c cc s
thc ln hn zero v c a ra bi hai tham s: sc k (s t nhin; Int) v tham
s t l (s thc; real). Khi tham s k =1 phn b Erlang tr thnh phn b m.
Phn b Erlang l trng hp c bit ca phn b Gamma vi tham s k l s t
nhin. Trong trng hp tng qut, k trong phn b Gamma l s thc.
ii, Qu trnh Markov
Qu trnh Markov l mt qu trnh mang tnh ngu nhin (stochastic process) thng
s dng m t cc h thng khng nh vi c tnh nh sau: trng thi c
k
ti thi
im k l mt gi tr trong tp hu hn {1,.,M}. Vi gi thit rng qu trnh ch din
ra t thi im 0 n thi im N v trng thi u tin v cui cng l bit, chui
trng thi s c biu din bi mt vect hu hn C = (c
0
,...,c
N
).
Nu P(c
k
| c
0
,c
1
,...,c
(k 1)
) biu din xc sut (kh nng xy ra) ca trng thi c
k
ti thi
im k khi tri qua mi trng thi cho n thi im k 1. Gi s trong qu trnh
th c
k
ch ph thuc vo trng thi trc c
k 1
v c lp vi mi trng thi trc khc.
Qu trnh ny c gi l qu trnh Markov bc 1 (first-order Markov process).
(a) Chui markov ri rc
Chui Markov thi gian ri rc bao gm mt tp hp cc trng thi v xc sut
chuyn i gia chng ti nhng khong thi gian ri rc nhau. Vi yu cu xc sut
chuyn i gia cc trng thi l mt hm ch ph thuc vo trng thi, s chuyn i
ny khng cn xut hin ti nhng khong thi gian xc nh m ch tun theo mt
quy lut thi gian no .
15
K thut chui Markov thi gian ri rc p dng cho cc s trng thi tu ,
trong tn ti mi lin kt gia cc i tng khc nhau tun th mt s iu kin.
Nu mt s trng thi khng th chuyn n trng thi khc th tin trnh c coi l
mc li v iu ny dn ti s phn ha chui ny thnh cc chui ring l. Vic tng
s lng trng thi s m t h thng chnh xc hn nhng cng ko theo phc tp
tnh ton tng ln.
(b) Chui Markov thi gian lin tc
Chui Markov thi gian lin tc ng dng trong lnh vc chuyn mch thng
m hnh ha cho h thng a ngi s dng kt ni ti mt b nh tuyn hay truy
nhp thit b chuyn mch. M hnh ha cho cc s kin n ca kiu h thng ny l
xem cc s kin xy ra ti cc khong thi gian rt nh. Khi gia s thi gian tin ti 0
(At0), gi tr gn ng l c coi l m hnh thi gian lin tc. Tuy nhin, vi
bi ton ny, chng ta phi s dng cc php tnh vi phn ton hc thay cho nhng
php nhn xc sut n gin c s dng phn tch chui Markov thi gian ri
rc.
Trn thc t m hnh chui Markov rt nhiu ng dng trong lnh vc k thut
chuyn mch nh: cc bi ton m hnh ho lu lng, tnh ton kh nng tc nghn,
cp phc v GoS ca trng chuyn mch v mt s vn iu khin khc. Vi
mt lot cc yu cu mi ca mng a dch v v cht lng dch v v tch hp lu
lng, vn m hnh ha bi ton lu lng khng dng m hnh Markov m cn
c pht trin theo mt s hng c phc tp ln hn, v d nh m hnh lu
lng t tng ng s dng trong bi ton m hnh ha lu lng internet. Tuy
nhin, m hnh chui Markov trong k thut chuyn mch lun ng vai tr c s ca
cc tnh ton thit k v qun l h thng chuyn mch.
iii, Phn b Poisson
Qu trnh Poisson l dng c bit ca qu trnh Markov vi thi gian lin tc. Qu
trnh Poisson ( ) N t m t qu trnh m s ln xut hin mt bin c A no cho
n thi im t . V d, nu s cuc gi n mt tng i l mt qu trnh Poisson,
mi cuc gi chim dng thit b trong mt khong thi gian no , gi s cc
khong thi gian ny l cc bin ngu nhin c lp cng phn b, khi tng s gi
gi l mt qu trnh Poisson phc hp. Cc qu trnh Poisson thi gian thun nht
(time-homogeneous) c xut pht t cc qu trnh Markov thi gian lin tc thi
gian thun nht.
iv, Mt s m hnh lu lng thng dng
Mt s m hnh lu lng c m t di y thng c s dng m hnh
ha lung lu lng trong cc h thng m phng mng vin thng gm:
16
0 1 1
{ ( )} ,{A } ,{B }
t n n n n
N t
= = =
hoc
1
{W }
n n
=
Trong tin trnh hi phc
1
{A }
n n
=
l c lp, cc phn b c th c s dng
nh biu din trong bng 1.1. M hnh ny n gin nhng thiu tnh thc tin
v n khng c kh nng th hin c cu trc tng quan trong lu lng
thc t.
Tin trnh Poisson l tin trnh hi phc vi cc thi gian tng tc
1
{A }
n n
=
l
hm phn b m vi tham s t l o. Tin trnh ny c th c coi nh l tin
trnh m vi
0
{N(t)}
t
=
c lp v tnh dng tng theo hm possion.
V d, { ( ) } exp( )( ) / !
n
P N t n t t n = =
Tin trnh Poisson thng c s dng trong l thuyt lu lng thoi v tnh n
gin v mt vi c tnh ring ph hp. Cc cuc gi thoi n h thng chuyn mch
knh thng c m hnh ha bi tin trnh poission.
Tin trnh Bernulli l tin trnh Poisson thi gian ri rc. Trong m hnh ny,
xc sut ca mt s kin n ti khe thi gian bt k l p, c lp vi cc s
kin khc. S lng cc s kin n ti khe thi gian th k l phn b nh thc.
V d, { ( ) } (1 )
n k n
k
P N t n p p
n
| |
= =
|
\ .
v thi gian gia hai s kin n l phn b
hnh hc { } (1 )
j
n
P A j p p = = .
Tin trnh khi phc kiu giai on l lp c bit ca tin trnh khi phc vi
thi gian gia cc s kin n phn b kiu giai on (phase-type). l mt
lp quan trng v cc m hnh ny c th phn tch c. Ni cch khc, bt k
phn b no c th xp x ha bi cc phn b giai on.
M hnh lu lng da trn chui Markov a s ph thuc vo cc chui ngu
nhin A
n
. Cu trc ca m hnh nh sau: Gi thit tin trnh Markov
0
{ ( )}
t
M M t
=
= vi khng gian trng thi ri rc. M ti trng thi i c thi gian
chim gi theo phn b hm m vi tham s
i
ch ph thuc vo i, chuyn
trng thi sang j vi xc sut p
ij
. Mi bc nhy Markov c th hin s kin
n vi thi gian gia hai s kin n tun theo hm m. y l m hnh lu
lng Markov n gin nht.
Tin trnh hi phc Markov tng quan hn tin trnh Markov v th hin
0
{( , )}
n n n
R M t
=
= c nh ngha bi chui Markov { }
n
M v cc khong thi
gian nhy
n
t a ra cc rng buc sau: phn b ca cc cp
1 1
( , )
n n
M t
= =
ca
trng thi bc nhy k tip v thi gian nhy ch ph thuc vo trng thi hin
thi M
n
, v khng ph thuc vo trng thi pha trc hoc thi gian bc nhy
pha trc.
17
Tin trnh n Markov (MAP Markov Arrivals Proccess) l mt phn lp
ca tin trnh hi phc Markov. Trong MAP, thi gian gia cc s kin n l
kiu giai on v s kin n l mt tin trnh tc thi ca chui Markov. Tin
trnh ny c khi to li vi hm phn b ph thuc vo trng thi nht thi
ngay khi s kin xy ra. Tin trnh ny rt linh hot trong cc bi ton m hnh
ha lu lng.
Tin trnh bin iu Markov (MMP Markov Modulated Proccess) l mt
chui Markov lin quan ti thi gian v cc iu khin trng thi hin thi ca
n. Gi s mt tin trnh Markov thi gian lin tc
0
{M(t)}
t
=
vi khng gian
trng thi 1,2, ...m. Vi M ti trng thi k , xc sut ca cc s kin n c
xc nh qua lut xc sut ti k. Khi M chuyn sang trng thi khc (j) th lut
xc sut mi ch c tc dng vi j. Ni cch khc, lut xc sut c p dng
cho tng trng thi v bin iu theo chui.
Tin trnh Poisson bin iu theo Markov (MMPP Markov Modulated
Poisson Proccess) l mt trong cc m hnh ph bin m hnh ha lu lng.
Trong m hnh ny, khi tin trnh Markov c bin iu trong trng thi k ca
M v s kin n xy ra tun theo tin trnh Poison vi tc
k
. Trng hp
n gin nht ca MMPP l m hnh hai trng thi (ON/OFF) vi tc n
Poisson. M hnh ny cn c gi l tin trnh Poisson ngt v c s dng
m hnh ha ngun lu lng thoi vi trng thi ON tng ng vi c tn
hiu thoi v OFF tng ng vi khong lng, hoc m hnh ha cho c
tnh bng n lu lng ca lu lng chuyn mch gi.
Trong m hnh lu lng Fluid, lu lng c xem xt nh mt dng chy
ca cc n v lu lng. y l mt m hnh rt quan trng cho cc h thng
chuyn mch gi, khi cc n v lu lng ring (gi) quan h rt ln vi
khong thi gian chn trc. u im ca m hnh ny l tnh n gin khi so
snh vi cc m hnh lu lng khc v n c kh nng nm bt c cu trc
ca cc n v lu lng ring bit. Kiu m hnh n gin nht l kiu m
hnh hai trng thi: ON khi cc lu lng n vi tc khng i v OFF
khi khng c lu lng. phn tch m hnh ny, cc chu k thi gian gia
ON v OFF c th gi thit l tun theo phn b hm m. Ni cch khc, l
mt dng thay th cho tin trnh hi phc.
Da trn cc m hnh lu lng khc nhau ta c th ng dng cc m hnh hoc
t hp cc m hnh cho cc ng dng ring bit. Vic la chn ng m hnh lu
lng s xc nh c cc c tnh quan trng ca lu lng. Trn c s , cc bi
ton phn tch v thit k cc nt chuyn mch hoc cc b nh tuyn s c c cc
kt qu tt nht nhm phn nh ng nht thc t ca mng.
18
1.1.4 Cc l thuyt lin quan
i, L thuyt hng i
L thuyt hng i l mt trong cc cng c ton hc mnh cho vic phn tch c
lng trong cc h thng vin thng v cc mng my tnh. L thuyt hng i thng
thng c p dng cho cc h thng l tng a ra kt qu gn ng cho mt
m hnh thc t. Tnh cht chung ca cc gii php ng dng l thuyt ny l lm r
hn cc c trng lu lng, cung cp d bo nhng ranh gii tt hn trn nhng
kt qu nghin cu nht nh, v chng c th rt hu ch trong vic kim tra tnh
chnh xc v hp l ca cc gi thit thng k. L thuyt hng i l mt hng pht
trin ca l thuyt xc sut nghin cu cc qu trnh lin quan n hng i v
cung cp cc phng php phn tch hoc dng thc ng (closed form) trong vi lnh
vc nht nh [3]. L thuyt hng i xc nh v tm cc phng n ti u h
thng phc v tt nht. Ngi ta phn loi cc qu trnh sp hng da vo lut phn b
ca qu trnh n, lut phn b phc v, nguyn tc phc v v c cu phc v.
M t hng i Kendall
D.G.Kendall xut k hiu cho cc h thng hng i gm 5 thnh phn theo th
t: A/B/X/Y/Z. Thng thng m hnh Kendall c xt theo nguyn tc n trc
phc v trc FCFS (First Come First Server), n sau phc v trc LCFS (Last
Come First Server), phc v theo th t ngu nhin SIRO (Serial In Random Out) v
chia s x l PS (Parallel Proccess). Trong :
A: phn b thi gian tin trnh n
B: phn b thi gian phc v
X: s lng server
Y: dung lng tng cng ca h thng
Z: s lng cc khch hng
Nu lut phn b c xt di dng tng qut th A hoc B ly k hiu G
(General). i khi ngi ta cn k hiu GI (general independence).
Nu qu trnh n l qu trnh Poisson, ngha l thi gian n trung gian c phn b
m th A c k hiu M (Markovian). Tng t nu thi gian phc v c phn b
m th B cng c k hiu M .
Nu thi gian n trung gian hoc thi gian phc v c phn b Erlang-k th A, B
c k hiu
k
E .
Nu thi gian n trung gian hoc thi gian phc v l hng s th A hoc B c k
hiu D (Deterministic).
Mt s tham s o hiu nng thng c s dng trong hng i l:
19
q
L : di hng i trung bnh ca hng, l k vng ca chui thi gian lin
tc
{ }
0
( )
q
t
l t
>
trong ) (t l
q
l s khch hng i trong hng ti thi im t .
L: di hng i trung bnh ca h thng, l k vng ca chui thi gian lin
tc { }
0
) (
> t
t l trong ) (t l l s khch hng trong h thng ti thi im t . Vy
) ( ) ( t l t l
q
= + s khch hng ang c phc v.
q
W : Thi gian i trung bnh ca hng l k vng ca qu trnh thi gian ri rc
{ } ... , 2 , 1 ; = n q
n
trong
n
q l khong thi gian m khch hng th n phi i trong
hng cho n lc anh ta c nhn phc v.
W: Thi gian i trung bnh ca h thng l k vng ca qu trnh thi gian ri rc
{ } ... , 2 , 1 ; = n w
n
trong
n n n
s q w + = l thi gian khch hng th n trong h
thng, l thi gian i trong hng v thi gian c phc v.
Mt s hng i thng dng c ch ra di y:
Hng i M/M/1: Thi gian ca tin trnh n c phn b theo hm m m hay theo
tin trnh Poisson ( thc cht l tin trnh khng nh hoc c tnh Markov) A := M;
B:=M; X:=1.
Thi gian n ca cc s kin theo tin trnh Markov
Thi gian phc v phn b theo hm m m B := M.
H thng ch c 1 server.
Hng i c khng gian m l v hn.
Hng i G/G/1: H thng c 1 Server, qu trnh n l tng qut nhng cc thi gian
n trung gian
n
t c lp, c cng phn b v c k vng chung l | |
1
E t . Thi gian
phc v trong mi chu k cng c lp, cng phn b v c k vng chung | |
1
E s .
Hng i ny c Kendall k hiu l 1 / / G G
.
Hng i M/G/1: Hng i ny c qu trnh n Poisson tc , ngha l qu trnh
n trung gian
n
t c phn b m tc . Qu trnh phc v { }
n
s c xt mt cch
tng qut nhng gi thit thi gian phc v trong cc chu k l c lp vi nhau v c
cng lut phn b. Trng hp hng i M/M/1 l trng hp c bit ca hng i
M/G/1 vi qu trnh n Poisson vi tc n , thi gian phc v c phn b m
tc ; 1 / / D M : Qu trnh n Poisson vi tc n , thi gian phc v khng
i tc ; 1 / /
k
E M : Qu trnh n Poisson vi tc n , thi gian phc v
ngu nhin c lp c cng phn b Erlang- k vi tc .
20
ii, L thuyt phc tp
phc tp l thut ng lin quan ti t chc ca h thng v l mt khi nim rng
v c nhn nhn di nhiu gc khc nhau. Trong lnh vc chuyn mch,
phc tp gn lin vi khi nim thng tin, phc tp h thng v phc tp tnh
ton. L thuyt phc tp c ng dng rt nhiu trong k thut chuyn mch gm
mt s vn c bn nh: Tnh ton, phn tch, thit k cu trc trng chuyn mch,
thc hin nh tuyn, phn loi lung lu lng v cc thut ton xp hng hoc tm
kim thng tin trong cc h thng chuyn mch hoc b nh tuyn.
Ban u khi nim thng tin do Shanon a ra nm 1948 da trn c s xc sut
thng k, khi nim thng tin tuyt i do Kolmogorov a ra nm 1973 da trn c
s thut ton. Thng tin c hiu nh mt i lng cn bn nh ngha mt cch
nghim ngt c th o lng c ca s vt ging nh nng lng. Thng tin tuyt
i cha trong mt i tng hu hn chnh l phc tp Kolmogorov (Kolmogorov
complexity) ca i tng . phc tp ca mt i tng hu hn x l di ngn
nht ca m t hu hiu ca x, hay di ngn nht ca chng trnh (v s liu ban
u), tnh bng x chng hn, sinh ra x. Cho trc x v nu tm ra m hnh hay chng
trnh m t x c di bng phc tp Kolmogorov ca x th chnh l m t ngn
nht khng th gn hn.
Mt kha cnh khc ca phc tp l lin quan ti cu trc ca mt h thng. Mt
k thut quan trng trong ton hc s dng m t quan h gia cc phn t trong
cu trc ca h thng l th v l thuyt th. V d, mt mng truyn thng c th
th hin theo cch t nhin nht qua th gm cc node mng ng vai tr cc nh
ca th v cc tuyn lin kt ng vai tr cc cnh ca th. Vic phn tch cc m
hnh thng qua th s gip ta c c cc gii thut tt nht cho cc bi ton lin
quan ti phc tp ca h thng, nht l cc bi ton tm ng, nh tuyn trong k
thut chuyn mch. Nh vy, kt qu ca l thuyt phc tp s l quan h c bit
ca s pht trin thut ton ca cc ng dng thc tin.
iii, l thuyt th
Nhng t tng c bn ca l thuyt th c xut ln u tin khi nh
ton hc Lenhard Eurler s dng th gii quyt bi ton 7 cy cu Kronigsbeg
(1736). n nay, l thuyt th c coi l mt nhnh ph bin ca ton hc ng
dng trong nhiu lnh vc gm ton hc, k thut my tnh v nhiu ngnh khoa hc
khc [4]. Mt s ng dng ch yu ca l thuyt th trong k thut chuyn mch
lin quan ti cc vn m hnh ha mng, nh tuyn, phc tp v k thut lu
lng nhm h tr cho bi ton ti u h thng. Trong mc ny s trnh by mt s
21
khi nim c s ca l thuyt th v v d ng dng l thuyt th cho bi ton
tm ng.
Mt s khi nim c s ca l thuyt th
th: Theo cch hiu thng thng, mt th m t hnh thi kt ni cho mt tp
cc i tng gm cc nh hoc nt kt ni vi nhau qua cc lin kt gi l cc
ng, cnh hoc cung. Trong ton hc, th c nh ngha nh sau:
Cho V l mt tp hu hn c nh ngha E(V)={{u.v}u,v e V, u v}; tp con
ca V gm hai phn t ring bit (u v v).
Mt cp G(E,V) vi E_ E(V) c gi l mt th. Cc phn t V c gi l
cc nh (nt) v E l cc cnh (lin kt) ca th. Mt th vi tp li V c gi
l th trn V, Mt tp li ca th G c k hiu l V
G
v cnh k hiu l E
G
v ta
c mt kiu biu din theo G: G=(V
G
, E
G
).
Cc kiu th c m t di y:
th v hng: th v hng hoc th G l mt cp c th t G(E,V) vi cc
cnh v hng. Trong , V l tp cc nh v E l tp khng th t cha cc nh
phn bit, c gi l cnh.
th c hng: Mt th c gi l c hng l mt cp c th t G(E,V) vi
cc cnh c hng. Trong , V l tp cc nh v E l tp c th t cha cc nh
phn bit, c gi l cnh. Mt cnh e=(x,y) k hiu cho hng t x ti y.
th n v a th: th n l th m gia hai nh ch c ti a mt
cnh, a th l th m gia hai nh c th nhiu hn mt cnh. Trong th n
v a th u c th c hng hoc v hng.
th hn hp: th hn hp l th trong c cc cnh l c hng v v
hng.
th trng s: L th m trng s (s) c gn cho mi cnh. Cc trng s c
th th hin cho nhiu tham s khc nhau ty thuc vo bi ton. Trng s th l
tng cc trng s gn cho tt c cc cnh ca th.
Cc th c mt lot cc c tnh v cc c tnh ny rt quan trng trong cc bi
ton kho st, so snh gia cc th vi nhau. Hai cnh ca th c gi l lin
k, nu chng cng chung cc nh, tng t nh vy i vi cc nh. Mt cnh v
tp li trn cnh c gi l lin thuc.
th ch c mt nh v khng c cnh c gi l th tm thng, mt th
ch c cc nh v khng c cnh c gi l th khng cnh. Mt th khng c
nh v cnh c gi l th rng hoc th trng.
22
Mt th G=K
v
c gi l th hon chnh trn V nu ton b nh u c
ni hay tt c hai nh l lin k : E= E(V). Tt c cc th hon chnh c bc n u
ng cu vi cc th khc v c k hiu l K
n
.
Hai th G v H c gi l ng cu vi nhau khi cc nh ca th H c
thay th tn tng ng vi cc nh trong G. Hai th ng cu cng chung cc c
tnh l thuyt th. V d v hai th ng cu c trnh by trong hnh 1.1, trong
cc yu cu ng cu c ch ra tng ng:
v
1
1; v
2
3; v
3
4; v
4
2; v
5
5.
Hnh 1.1: Hai th ng cu v biu din di dng ma trn
th c th c biu din di dng ma trn lin thuc, vi V(G)={v
1
,v
2
, v
n
}
theo th t. Ma trn lin k ca G l ma trn gm (n x n) phn t vi cc phn t
M
ij
=1 hoc M
ij
=0 ty thuc vo v
i
v
j
e E(G) hoc khng. Tt c cc ma trn lin k u
l ma trn i xng qua ng cho v mt th c th c nhiu ma trn lin k ph
thuc vo bc ca th. Hai th ng cu cng chung mt ma trn lin k, chnh
xc hn l c chung mt tp cc ma trn lin k. Trn hnh 1.7 trn y ch ra v d v
biu din dng ma trn cho th.
1.2 QU TRNH PHT TRIN CA K THUT CHUYN MCH
1.2.1 Lch s v xu hng pht trin cng ngh mng
Vo khong thp nin 60 ca th k 20, ln u tin xut hin sn phm tng i
in t s l s kt hp gia cng ngh in t vi k thut my tnh. Tng i in t
s cng cng u tin ra i c iu khin theo chng trnh ghi sn SPC (Stored
Program Control), c gii thiu ti bang Succasunna, Newjersey, USA vo thng 5
nm 1965. Trong nhng nm 70 hng lot cc tng i thng mi in t s ra i.
Mt trong nhng tng i l tng i E10 ca CIT Alcatel c s dng ti
Lannion (Php). V thng 1 nm 1976 Bell gii thiu tng i in t s cng cng
4ESS. Hu ht cho n giai on ny cc tng i in t s u s dng h thng
chuyn mch l s v cc mch giao tip thu bao thng l Analog, cc ng trung
k l s. Mt trng hp ngoi l l tng i DMS100 ca Northern Telecom a vo
nm 1980 dng ton b k thut s u tin trn th gii. H thng 5ESS ca hng
23
AT&T c a vo nm 1982 ci tin rt nhiu t h thng chuyn mch 4ESS v
c cc chc nng tng thch vi cc dch v mng s tch hp dch v ISDN
(Integrated Service Digital Network). Sau hu ht cc h thng chuyn mch s
u a ra cc cu hnh h tr cho cc dch v mi nh ISDN, dch v cho mng
thng minh v cc tnh nng mi tng thch vi s pht trin ca mng li.
Khong nm 1996 khi mng Internet tr thnh bng n trong th gii cng ngh
thng tin, n tc ng mnh m n cng nghip vin thng v xu hng hi t cc
mng my tnh, truyn thng, iu khin. H tng mng vin thng tr thnh tm
im quan tm trong vai tr h tng x hi. Mt mng c th truyn bng rng vi cc
loi hnh dch v thoi v phi thoi, tc cao v m bo c cht lng dch v
QoS (Quality Of Service) tr thnh cp thit trn nn tng ca mt k thut mi:
K thut truyn ti khng ng b ATM (Asynchronous Transfer Mode). Cc h
thng chuyn mch in t s cng phi dn thay i theo hng ny cng vi cc ch
tiu k thut, giao thc mi. Mt v d in hnh l cc h thng chuyn mch knh
khi cung cp cc dch v Internet s c tin cy khc so vi cc cuc gi thng
thng vi thi gian chim dng cuc gi ln hn rt nhiu, v cng nh vy i vi
cc bi ton lu lng. S thay i ca h tng mng chuyn i sang mng th h k
tip NGN v ang tc ng rt ln ti cc h thng chuyn mch, di y trnh
by mt s vn lin quan ti mng NGN v cc c im ca qu trnh hi t mng
ca h tng mng cng cng. Mng chuyn mch knh cng cng PSTN v IP
(Internet Protocol) ang dn hi t ti cng mt mc tiu nhm hng ti mt h tng
mng tc cao c kh nng tng thch vi cc ng dng a phng tin tng tc
v m bo cht lng dch v. Hnh 1.2 di y ch ra xu hng hi t trong h tng
mng cng cng:
Hnh 1.2: Xu hng hi t cng ngh mng cng cng
S khc bit ny bt u t nhng nm 1980, PSTN chuyn hng tip cn sang
phng thc truyn ti bt ng b ATM h tr a phng tin v QoS, sau
24
chuyn hng sang cng ngh kt hp vi IP chuyn mch nhn a giao thc hin
nay. Trong khi Internet a ra mt tip cn hi khc vi PSTN qua gii php trin
khai kin trc phn lp dch v CoS (Class Of Service) v hng ti m bo cht
lng dch v QoS thng qua m hnh tch hp dch v IntServ v phn bit dch v
DiffServ, cc chin lc ca Internet theo hng tng thch vi IP, mng quang v
hng ti mng chuyn mch nhn a giao thc tng qut GMPLS (Generalized
MultiProtocol Label Switch). Cng ngh chuyn mch nhn a giao thc MPLS ra i
vo nm 2001 l s n lc kt hp hai phng thc chuyn mch hng kt ni
(ATM, FR) vi cng ngh chuyn mch phi kt ni (IP), cng ngh chuyn mch
nhn a giao thc MPLS nh ngha khi nim nhn (Label) nm trn mt lp gia lp
2 v lp 3 trong m hnh OSI, vi mc tiu tn dng ti a cc u im ca chuyn
mch phn cng (ATM, FR) v s mm do, linh hot ca cc phng php nh
tuyn trong IP. Mt s quc gia c h tng truyn ti cp quang pht trin tt c xu
hng s dng cc k thut chuyn mch quang v s dng cc cng ngh trn nn
quang nh GMPLS, IP qua cng ngh ghp bc sng quang WDM (Wavelength
Division Multiplexing), kin trc chuyn mch trong mng th h k tip NGN.
Trong mi trng mng hin nay, s phn cp h thng thit b bin (ni ht), thit
b qu giang v thit b li trong mng cung cp cc dch v PSTN vn ang tn ti.
Cc mng bao trm nh FR, ATM v Internet ang c trin khai song song v to
ra nhu cu kt ni lin mng. Cc truy nhp cng thm gm cp ng, cp quang v
truy nhp khng dy ang c trin khai lm a dng v tng mt truy nhp t
pha mng truy nhp.
S tng trng ca cc dch v truy nhp to nn sc p v t ra 3 vn chnh
i vi h thng chuyn mch bng rng a dch v: Truy nhp bng thng rng, s
thng minh ca thit b bin v truyn dn tc cao ti mng li. Cc thit b truy
nhp bng thng rng bao gm cc thit b h tng mng truyn thng (tng i PSTN
ni ht) v cc module truy nhp ng dy s DSLAM (Digital Subcriber Line
Access Mutiplexer) phi truyn ti v nh tuyn mt s lng ln cc lu lng thoi
v d liu ti thit b g mng. Cc thit b g mng hin c rt nhiu dng gm VoiP
Cc cng truy nhp cho thit b VoiP (Voice Over IP), cng trung k, chuyn mch
ATM, b nh tuyn IP v cc thit b mng quang. Cc thit b bin cn phi h tr
cc chc nng nhn thc, cp quyn v ti khon AAA (Authentificaton,
Authorization v Accounting) cng nh nhn dng cc lung lu lng t pha khch
hng, v vy vic qun l v iu hnh thit b bin l mt vn rt phc tp.
25
Vi mi trng mng PSTN trc y, cc thit b li mng chu trch nhim chnh
trong iu hnh v qun l v iu ny c thay i chc nng cho cc thit b g
mng trong mi trng NGN. Cc h thng chuyn mch a dch v cn phi h tr
cc chuyn mch lp 3 trong khi vn phi duy tr cc chuyn mch lp 2 nhm h tr
cc dch v ATM v FR truyn thng, c tin cy cao v phi tch hp tt vi cc h
tng c sn.
Hn na, cc h thng chuyn mch phi c mm do ln nhm tng thch v
p ng cc yu cu tng trng lu lng t pha khch hng. V vy, c ch iu
khin cc h thng chuyn mch c pht trin theo hng phn lp v module
ho nhm nng cao hiu nng chuyn mch v m bo QoS t u cui ti u cui.
Hng tip cn my ch cuc gi CS (Call Server) v hng trin khai phn h a
dch v IP (IMS) c trnh by di y l nhng im mc quan trng nht trong
lch s pht trin k thut chuyn mch trong nhng nm gn y.
1.2.2 Chuyn mch mm v hng tip cn my ch cuc gi CS.
Hng tip cn my ch cuc gi CS c hnh thnh trong qu trnh chuyn i
cc h tng mng chuyn mch knh sang chuyn mch gi trong mng PSTN.
thc hin qu trnh chuyn i v truyn thoi trn nn IP, mt gii php c th thc
thi l to ra mt thit b lai c th chuyn mch thoi c dng knh v gi vi s tch
hp ca phn mm x l cuc gi. iu ny c thc hin bng cch tch ring chc
nng x l cuc gi khi chc nng chuyn mch vt l. Thit b B iu khin cng
a phng tin MGC (Media Gateway Controller) c coi l thnh phn mu cht
trong gii php k thut chuyn mch mm Softswitch.
Bn cht ca khi nim chuyn mch mm nm ti phn mm thc hin chc nng
x l cuc gi trong h thng chuyn mch cho php chuyn ti nhiu loi thng tin
theo cc giao thc khc nhau (chc nng x l cuc gi bao gm nh tuyn cuc gi
v qun l, xc nh v thc thi cc c tnh cuc gi). Theo thut ng chuyn mch
mm th chc nng chuyn mch vt l c thc hin bi cng a phng tin MG
(Media Gateway), cn x l cuc gi l chc nng ca b iu khin cng a phng
tin MGC. Chuyn mch mm khi pht t xu hng tch chc nng truyn ti v
iu khin trong mi trng mng phc hp, vic tch chc nng nhm c c mt
s li im chnh sau:
Cho php c mt gii php phn mm chung i vi vic x l cuc gi. Phn
mm ny c ci t trn nhiu loi mng khc nhau, bao gm c mng
chuyn mch knh v mng gi (p dng c vi cc dng gi v mi trng
truyn dn khc nhau).
26
L ng lc cho cc h iu hnh, cc mi trng my tnh chun, tit kim
ng k trong vic pht trin v ng dng cc phn mm x l cuc gi.
Cho php cc phn mm thng minh ca cc nh cung cp dch v iu khin
t xa thit b chuyn mch t ti tr s ca khch hng, mt yu t quan trng
trong vic khai thc tim nng ca mng trong tng lai.
Chuyn mch mm thc hin cc chc nng tng t chuyn mch knh truyn
thng cho cc cuc gi nhng vi nng lc mm do v cc tnh nng u vit hn.
Cc u im ca chuyn mch mm mang li l do vic chuyn mch bng phn mm
da trn cu trc phn tn v cc giao din lp trnh ng dng m.
Trong chuyn mch truyn thng, phn cng chuyn mch lun i km vi phn
mm iu khin ca cng mt nh cung cp. iu ny lm tng tnh c quyn trong
vic cung cp cc h thng chuyn mch, khng cung cp mt mi trng kin to
dch v mi, lm gii hn kh nng pht trin cc dch v mi ca cc nh qun tr
mng. Khc phc iu ny, chuyn mch mm a ra giao din lp trnh ng dng m
API (Application Programable Interface), cho php tng thch phn mm iu khin
v phn cng ca cc nh cung cp khc nhau. iu ny cho php cc nh cung cp
phn mm v phn cng c c ting ni chung v tp trung pht trin theo hng
m ti cc vng hot ng ring. Vi cc giao din lp trnh m, chuyn mch mm
c th d dng c nng cp, thay th v tng thch vi cc ng dng ca nhiu nh
cung cp dch v v thit b khc nhau. Mt s c im chnh ca chuyn mch mm
gm:
Chuyn mch mm c xy dng trn c s mng IP, x l thng tin mt
cch trong sut, cho php p ng nhiu loi lu lng khc nhau.
c xy dng theo cu hnh phn tn, tch cc chc nng khc khi chc
nng chuyn mch cng lm cho nhim v chuyn mch tr nn n gin
hn v do nng lc x l mnh m hn.
Cng ngh chuyn mch mm lm gim tnh c quyn ca cc nh cung
cp, gp phn tng tnh cnh tranh v do gim gi thnh ca h thng
chuyn mch mm.
Cc vn k thut chi tit ca chuyn mch mm s c trnh by trong chng
cui ca ti liu bi ging.
1.2.3 Hng tip cn phn h a phng tin IP (IMS)
thc hin hi t gia mng di ng vi mng c nh theo hng IP ho, mng
th h k tip NGN ng dng ti mng 3G (Third Generation) trong nhiu cch. Vo
27
nm 2000, 3GPP (3
rd
Generation Partnership Project) thit lp cc c tnh ca
WCDMA R4 (Wireless Code Division Multiple Access Release 4), l ln u tin
a khi nim chuyn mch mm vo trong h thng mng li di ng. S thay i
ny nh hng ti kin trc mng, cc giao din mng, s pht trin ca cc dch v
trong h thng thng tin di ng hng s pht trin ca 3G ti NGN. Trong kin trc
mng, NGN v 3G u nhm chuyn hng tch bit gia lp iu khin v lp knh
mang trong cc giao thc giao tip. 3G v NGN a ra rt nhiu giao thc nh: Giao
thc iu khin c lp knh mang BICC, Giao thc khi to phin SIP/SIP-T, giao
thc iu khin bo hiu H.248/Megaco, giao thc truyn ti bo hiu trong nn IP
(SIGTRAN), v..v khng ch cung cp cc dch v nh thoi m cn l cc dch v a
phng tin thng qua cc giao din dch v m. iu ny to kh nng kin to cc
dch v mi cho cc nh cung cp dch v th 3 ng thi trong c vng mng c nh
v di ng. Khi kin trc chuyn mch mm c ng dng trong vng NGN 3G, n
c gi l chuyn mch mm di ng. Gii php tch hp v h tr cc dch v IP
trong di ng c thc hin qua phn h IMS (Internet Multimedia Subsystem) nm
ti bin vng mng c nh v di ng.
1.3 CC T CHC TIU CHUN
H thng tiu chun lun ng vai tr ct li trong qu trnh pht trin cng ngh.
Cc tiu chun cho php cc nh cung cp thit b pht trin cc sn phm theo mt
tp c tnh chung v ngi s dng cng nh nh cung cp dch v c th la chn
c cc thit b t nhiu nh cung cp.
H thng tiu chun c chia thnh hai loi: Tiu chun thc t (de facto) v tiu
chun php l (de jure). Tiu chun thc t c pht trin bi mt nh cung cp thit
b hoc mt nhm cc nh cung cp c chp thun bi cc t chc tiu chun. Tiu
chun php l c lp bi tha thun chung gia cc t chc tiu chun Quc gia
hoc y ban tiu chun Quc t. Cc tiu chun lin quan ti lnh vc chuyn mch
thuc v c hai loi tiu chun trn, nhng tp trung ch yu trong h thng tiu chun
php l. Di y l mt s t chc tiu chun v din n chnh.
i, Lin minh vin thng Quc t ITU
Lin minh vin thng Quc t ITU (International Telecommunication Union) l
mt t chc lin chnh ph c thnh lp ngy 01/01/1934 gm c cc Quc gia
Thnh vin v Thnh vin Lnh vc, vi quyn hn v ngha v c xc nh r
nhm hp tc t c cc mc tiu chung ca Lin minh. Lin minh vin thng
Quc t ITU gm 3 lnh vc chnh: Lnh vc thng tin v tuyn ITU-R
(Radiocommunication); Lnh vc tiu chun ho vin thng ITU-T
28
(Telecommunication Standardization); Lnh vc pht trin vin thng ITU-D
(Development) [6].
Mc tiu ca ITU-T nhm tiu chun ha ton cu lnh vc vin thng thng qua
cc hot ng nghin cu k thut, iu hnh, tr li cc yu cu v a ra cc
khuyn ngh. ITU-T c thnh lp vo thng 03/1993 thay th cho y ban t vn
in thoi v in tn Quc t CCITT (International Telegraph and Telephone
Consultative Committee). ITU-T c t chc bi 15 nhm nghin cu k thut v
a ra cc tiu chun di dng khuyn ngh. Cc khuyn ngh ca ITU-T c t
chc thnh cc nhm c nh th t theo ch ci Alphabet. Cc khuyn ngh ca
ITU-T trong series Q lin quan ti bo hiu v chuyn mch. V d, Q.2931 m t th
tc bo hiu s dng thit lp knh o im-im qua giao din ngi s dng
mng trong mi trng ATM.
ii, T chc tiu chun Quc t ISO
T chc tiu chun Quc t ISO (International Organization for Standardization)
c thnh lp vo nm 1947 gm cc y ban tiu chun ca cc Quc gia. Nhim v
ca t chc tiu chun Quc t ISO l xc tin vic tiu chun ha v cc hot
ng lin quan trn ton cu nhm to iu kin thun tin trong trao i hng ha v
dch v, pht trin s hp tc trn nhiu lnh vc. Cc tiu chun ISO a ra cc tiu
chun ha bao trm tt c cc lnh vc k thut, trong lnh vc vin thng m hnh h
thng kt ni h thng m OSI (Open System Interconnection) l mt tiu chun ph
bin ca ISO. ISO hp tc vi y ban in t Quc t IEC (International Electronical
Commission) pht trin cc tiu chun trong mng my tnh v lp ra y ban lin
kt k thut JCT1 (Joint Technical Committee 1) nm 1987 pht trin cc tiu
chun trong lnh vc cng ngh thng tin [6].
iii, Vin k thut in v in t IEEE
IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineering) l cng ng chuyn gia
k thut ln nht trn th gii pht trin cc tiu chun trong lnh vc in-in t v
my tnh thng qua hip hi tiu chun IEEE-SA (Standards Association). IEEE-SA
gm Hi ng qun tr v cc y ban tiu chun. Hi ng qun tr chu trch nhim
v chnh sch, ti chnh v hng chin lc cho cc y ban tiu chun. y ban tiu
chun chu trch nhim pht trin v qun l cc tin trnh tiu chun ha thng qua
cc d n [6].
iv, T chc c nhim k thut Internet IETF
IETF (The Internet Engineering Task Force) l mt cng ng m Quc t ca cc
nh thit k mng , iu hnh mng, cc nh cung cp thit b v cc nh nghin cu
29
lin quan ti s pht trin ca kin trc Internet. Mt s vng chc nng c bn ca
IETF nh: ng dng, Internet, qun l mng, cc yu cu iu hnh, nh tuyn, bo
mt, truyn ti v dch v ngi s dng. Mi mt vng c mt vi nhm lm vic
thc thi cc nhim v c th. Cc tiu chun ca IETF c a ra di dng cc yu
cu dn gii RFC (Request for Comments) gn vi cc s hiu. V d, RFC 1058 dn
gii cc vn lin quan ti giao thc thng tin nh tuyn RIP (Routing Information
Protocol) trong mng IP. RFC gm ba dng: RFC tiu chun, RFC bn tho v RFC
xut. Cc dng RFC bn tho v RFC xut ch c hiu lc trong mt khong thi
gian, cc ti liu ny c th c chnh sa, cp nht, thay th hoc loi b khi ht thi
hn [6].
v, Vin tiu chun vin thng chu u ETSI
ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) l t chc tiu chun ha
vin thng, phi li nhun v c lp ca chu u cng nh ca th gii c t chc
nm 1988. Mc tiu ca ETSI nhm h tr qu trnh tiu chun ha trong lnh vc
vin thng, cng ngh thng tin v truyn thng ton cu thng qua cc din n, to
iu khin cho cc thnh vin ch cht ng gp kin xy dng cc tiu chun. Cc
nhm lm vic c thnh lp thc hin tiu chun ha cc nhim v c th. V d,
Nhm WG3 trong d n TIPHON ca ETSI a ra cc tiu chun v bo hiu v iu
khin cuc gi trong mi trng kt hp giao thc IP vi h tng mng vin thng.
Nhm WG4 a ra cc tiu chun v nh s, tn gi v a ch cho cc thit b ngi
s dng u cui. ETSI a ra mt s dng ti liu pht hnh gm: Tiu chun ETSI,
bin bn ETSI, c tnh k thut v bo co k thut. Trong dng ti liu tiu chun
ETSI v bin bn ETSI c pht hnh sau qu trnh b phiu [6].
vi, Din n chuyn mch a phng tin MSF
MSF (The Multimedia Switching Forum) c thnh lp nm 1998, cung cp cc
tiu chun cho chuyn mch a dch v da trn nn tng ATM, h tr cc kiu dch
v gm cc dch v IP v dch v ATM cng nh l cc dch v khc. Cc ti liu tiu
chun c xy dng bi ba nhm lm vic:
Kin trc: Kin trc giao din v nguyn l giao din;
iu khin chuyn mch: Cc giao din iu khin v qun l chuyn mch;
Phng tin: M hnh iu khin thoi v cc giao din cng a phng tin.
vii, Din n IP/MPLS
Din n IP/MPLS c thnh lp vo thng 7/2007 v l mt t chc Quc t phi
li nhun ca cc nh cung cp dch v, cc nh cung cp thit b, cc trung tm o
30
kim v ngi dng x nghip. Mc tiu ca din n tp trung vo cc gii php pht
trin v ng dng trn h tng cng ngh IP/MPLS. Cc tiu chun ca din n
IP/MPLS hng ti s chuyn dch ca cc cng ngh hin thi sang h tng
IP/MPLS ph hp vi cc tp c tnh ca IETF v ITU-T. Mt trong cc tiu chun
c xy dng bi din n IP/MPLS kt hp vi ITU-T l lin kt bo hiu
MPLS/PNNI v bo hiu cho thoi qua MPLS [6].
1.4 KT LUN CHNG
Chng 1 tp trung vo gii thiu cc thut ng, nh ngha c bn trong lnh vc
k thut chuyn mch. Nhm khi qut cc kin thc v lnh vc lin quan ti k thut
chuyn mch, cc khi nim c s v cc l thuyt lin quan ti k thut chuyn mch
c a ra. Trong , cc m hnh ton c s c trnh by vn tt l nn tng
ca cc vn m hnh ha, phn tch v tnh ton cc tham s mng chuyn mch.
Qu trnh pht trin v xu hng pht trin cng ngh mng c trnh by ti phn
cui ca chng nhm gip sinh vin nhn thc v l trnh v xu hng chuyn i h
tng mng vin thng cng nh cc tc ng lin quan ti lnh vc chuyn mch. Cc
t chc tiu chun c gii thiu trong chng ny nhm gip sinh vin phn bit v
xc nh r cc kha cnh tiu chun k thut v cng ngh c p dng trong lnh
vc chuyn mch.
31
Chng 2
K THUT CHUYN MCH KNH
2.1 C S K THUT CHUYN MCH KNH
K thut chuyn mch knh da trn nguyn tc thit lp knh ni dnh ring
cho cc cuc gi phc v cho qu trnh truyn tin qua mng. K thut chuyn mch
knh ng vai tr quan trng trong cc h thng mng vin thng k t mng chuyn
mch in thoi cng cng truyn thng PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network)
n cc mng quang hin i. Chng 2 ca cun bi ging ny s trnh by cc vn
k thut chuyn mch knh c ng dng trong mng in thoi cng cng PSTN
v tp trung vo cc nguyn l c bn ca chuyn mch knh tn hiu s.
Chuyn mch knh tn hiu s l qu trnh kt ni, trao i thng tin s gia cc
khe thi gian c ghp knh phn chia thi gian TDM (Time Division Mode).
Lu lng ngi dng c chuyn i t tn hiu tng t sang tn hiu s theo
nguyn l PCM (Pulse Code Modulation) v ng thnh cc khung tn hiu PCM theo
chun G.704 ITU-T ri c truyn n nt mng thc hin chuyn mch trn
trng chuyn mch. Tiu chun G.704 ITU-T m t cc dng cu trc khung tn hiu
PCM ca h thng PCM 24 (T1) v h thng PCM 30/32 (E1) nh sau:
i, Cu trc khung v a khung PCM 24
Cu trc khung PCM 24 c m ho theo lut v c mt s c tnh c bn sau:
Hnh 2.1: Cu trc a khung PCM 24
Tc truyn 1,544 Kb/s; Mt khung gm 24 DS0 (64 kb/s).
di khung l 125 s c 193 bit c nh s t 1- 193;
Bit u tin ca mi khung c s dng xp khung, gim st v cung cp
lin kt s liu.
K thut m ho ng dy : AMI, B8ZS.
32
Cu trc a khung gm hai khun dng: DS4 nhm 12 khung, v khung m
rng EPS nhm 24 khung (hnh 2.1 th hin cu trc a khung 24).
Bit bo hiu F s dng xp a khung, lin kt d liu, kim tra v bo hiu
c ch nh trong tng khung
ii, Cu trc khung v a khung PCM 30
Cu trc khung PCM 30 th hin trn hnh 2.2 c m ho theo lut A v c mt
s c tnh c bn sau:
Tc truyn 2,048 Kb/s; Mt khung gm 32 TS/30 CH.
di khung l 125 s cha 256 bit; nh s t 1 n 256.
Hnh 2.2: Cu trc khung v a khung PCM 30
K thut m ho ng dy : AMI, HDB3.
Cu trc a khung cha 16 khung. TS0 s dng xp khung v ng b,
TS16 s dng cho bo hiu.
iii, Trao i khe thi gian ni TSI
Trong k thut chuyn mch knh, sau khi tn hiu thoi c m ho thnh cc
t m nh phn 8 bit, cc knh thng tin c xc lp trn cc khe thi gian cch nhau
125s v c truyn i nh cc h thng truyn dn v chuyn mch.
Trn nguyn tc s dng chung ti nguyn, thng tin ca ngi s dng c
chuyn i trn cc knh c phn chia logic theo thi gian. Vic sp xp li ni dung
thng tin trn cc khe thi gian trong cng mt khung thng tin c gi l qu trnh
33
trao i khe thi gian ni TSI (Time Slot Interchange). Mt c cu s dng chuyn
i khe thi gian ni c minh ho trn hnh 2.3.
Hnh 2.3: Nguyn l trao i khe thi gian ni TSI
Cc khi thit b chnh gm c:
Cc tuyn PCM u vo v u ra c cu trc khung gm n khe thi gian, yu
cu chuyn i ni dung thng tin ca mt khe thi gian bt k t u vo ti
u ra.
B nh lu m tm thi hot ng theo nguyn tc truy xut ngu nhin
(RAM) c dung lng cha ton b thng tin d liu trong mt khung PCM,
(S ngn nh: n, dung lng ngn nh: 8 bit).
Khi iu khin CM (Control Memory) s dng ghi cc thng tin iu khin
chuyn i ni dung khe thi gian trn b nh lu m (S ngn nh: n, dung
lng ngn nh: l= log
2
n).
Qu trnh ghi c vo cc b nh c ng b thng qua mt b m khe thi
gian TS.C.
Khi c yu cu chuyn i ni dung thng tin v tu thuc vo ngun ti
nguyn ca h thng, khi x l trung tm s a cc d liu iu khin ti khi iu
khin CM nhm sp xp v tr chuyn i ca cc khe thi gian. m bo tc
lung thng tin u vo v u ra, trong mi khe thi gian b nh lu m phi thc
hin ng thi hai tc v ghi thng tin vo v c thng tin ra. Theo nguyn tc trao
i khe thi gian ni TSI, tr ti a ca thng tin trao i khng vt qu thi gian
ca mt khung: T
d
(max) = (n-1)TS < 125s.
34
2.2 KIN TRC TRNG CHUYN MCH KNH
Chuyn mch knh tn hiu s l qu trnh thc hin trao i ni dung thng tin
s trong cc khe thi gian ca cc tuyn PCM u vo ti u ra. thc hin hiu
qu qu trnh chuyn mch, cc tuyn PCM thng c ghp knh vi tc cao
trc khi a ti trng chuyn mch. Vic b tr s dng cc trng chuyn mch
trong h thng chuyn mch ph thuc ch yu vo kin trc iu khin ca h thng.
Tuy nhin, kin trc trng chuyn mch knh c chia thnh hai dng phn chia
theo nguyn tc hot ng: Trng chuyn mch khng gian S (Space) v trng
chuyn mch thi gian T (Time).
Di y s trnh by nguyn l cu trc ca trng chuyn mch khng gian
(S), thi gian (T) v kin trc ghp ni cc trng chuyn mch (TST).
2.2.1 Trng chuyn mch khng gian s
Trng chuyn mch khng gian s S thc hin qu trnh chuyn ni dung
thng tin t cc tuyn PCM u vo ti cc tuyn PCM u ra m khng lm thay i
v tr khe thi gian trn trc thi gian. to ra knh truyn thng cho cc cuc gi,
cc thng tin c chuyn qua trng chuyn mch khng gian s c chuyn mch
nh k vi khong thi gian 125s.
Cc trng chuyn mch khng gian (S) c thit k h tr chuyn mch ng
thi mt s lng ln cc cuc ni di s iu khin ca cc chng trnh ghi sn.
Hnh 2.4 trn y ch ra s nguyn l cu trc ca trng chuyn mch khng gian
(S) in hnh theo kiu iu khin u vo. Kiu iu khin u ra c thc hin
bng s hon i v tr gn cng u ra ca cc phn t kt ni.
Trng chuyn mch khng gian (S) c cu to t hai khi chnh: Khi ma trn
chuyn mch v khi iu khin cc b.
i, Khi ma trn chuyn mch
Khi ma trn chuyn mch c cu trc di dng ma trn hai chiu gm cc
cng u vo v cc cng u ra. Trn cc cng l cc tuyn PCM c chu k khung
125s. Cc im ni trong ma trn l cc phn t logic khng nh (thng thng l
cc mch AND). Mt ma trn c (N) cng u vo v (M) cng u ra tr thnh ma
trn vung khi N=M.
35
Hnh 2.4: Nguyn l chuyn mch khng gian (S)
ii, Khi iu khin khu vc
Khi iu khin khu vc gm mt s khi thit b nh:
B nh iu khin kt ni CMEM (Control MEMory) lu tr cc thng tin iu
khin theo chng trnh ghi sn cho ma trn chuyn mch, ni dung thng tin
trong CMEM s th hin v tr tng ng ca im kt ni cn chuyn mch
(S ngn nh: n, dung lng ngn nh: l= log
2
N);
B gii m a ch DEC (DECode) chuyn cc tn hiu iu khin m nh phn
thnh cc tn hiu iu khin cng cho phn t kt ni AND;
B m khe thi gian TS.C (Time Slot Counter) nhn tn hiu ng h t ng
h h thng cp cc xung ng b cho b iu khin theo ng b ca cc
tuyn PCM vo v tuyn PCM ra;
TS.C a tn hiu ng b vo b chn (SEL) ng b qu trnh ghi dch a
ch v tc v ghi c ca b nh CMEM.
Nguyn tc hot ng ca trng chuyn mch khng gian (S) gm mt s bc c
bn sau:
36
Cc tuyn PCM trn cc cng u vo v u ra c ng b ho theo tn hiu
ng b. Nh trn hnh 2.4 ch ra mi khi iu khin khu vc LOC m nhim mt
cng u ra, v vy s b iu khin LOC s bng ng s cng u ra (M b iu
khin).
i vi mi mt cuc ni thoi, chu k ng tip im c thc hin tun t
theo chu k 125s. Vic ngt cc kt ni c thc hin n gin thng qua qu trnh
ghi li d liu trong b nh CMEM. Cc khong thi gian cn li s c thc hin
cho cc kt ni khc. Nu ma trn chuyn mch l ma trn vung th tng s knh ti
a c th kt ni ng thi s l Cmax= n x N (n: s khe thi gian trong mt khung
PCM; N: s cng u vo chuyn mch (S)).
Trng chuyn mch khng gian (S) mang tnh thi gian nu xt v tnh chu k
ca qu trnh ng ngt tip im. V chu k ny l c nh cho tt c cc cuc ni
qua trng chuyn mch. Nhc im lun tn ti trong cc trng chuyn mch
khng gian (S) l xy ra hin tng tc nghn khi c nhiu hn mt yu cu chuyn
mch ca cc khe thi gian u vo cng ch s cng mun n mt cng u ra. Mt
ma trn chuyn mch khng tc nghn hon ton c nh ngha l mt ma trn c
kh nng p ng c cc kt ni t cc u vo bt k ti cc u ra bt k.
Hin tng tranh chp cng u ra trong ni b trng chuyn mch c gi
l hin tng tc nghn ni. gii quyt vn trn, cc trng chuyn mch (S)
thng c kt hp vi cc b m gy tr thi gian trnh tranh chp, chnh l
cc gii php ghp ni trng chuyn mch (S) vi trng chuyn mch thi gian (T)
trong cc h thng chuyn mch thc t.
2.2.2 Trng chuyn mch thi gian s
Trng chuyn mch thi gian tn hiu s thc hin qu trnh chuyn i ni
dung thng tin t mt khe thi gian ny sang khe thi gian khc, vi mc ch gy tr
cho cc tn hiu. Qu trnh gy tr tn hiu c thc hin theo nguyn tc trao i khe
thi gian ni. Hnh 2.5 ch ra s nguyn l cu trc ca trng chuyn mch thi
gian (T). Trng chuyn mch thi gian (T) c hai kiu iu khin: iu khin u
vo thc hin qu trnh ghi thng tin c iu khin v c ra tun t; iu khin u
ra thc hin ghi thng tin tun t v c ra theo iu khin. Trong mc ny ta xem xt
nguyn l hot ng ca trng chuyn mch (T) theo kiu iu khin u ra.
Trng chuyn mch thi gian (T) c cu to t 2 khi chnh: Khi b nh thoi
SMEM (Speech MEMory) v khi iu khin cc b LOC.
37
Hnh 2.5: Nguyn l chuyn mch thi gian (T)
Khi b nh thoi SMEM l mt thit b ghi nh truy xut ngu nhin RAM
(S lng ngn nh: n; dung lng ngn nh: 8 bit). Nh vy, b nh SMEM
lu ton b thng tin trong mt khung tn hiu PCM. m bo tc lung
thng tin qua trng chuyn mch, tc ghi c ca CMEM phi ln gp 2
ln tc lung trn tuyn PCM u vo hoc u ra.
Khi iu khin khu vc gm mt s khi nh: B nh iu khin CMEM lu
tr cc thng tin iu khin SMEM, s th t ca ngn nh v ni dung d liu
trong CMEM th hin cc ch s khe thi gian TS cn trao i ni dung tin.
TS.C nhn tn hiu t ng h h thng iu khin cc b chn SEL1, SEL2
nhm ng b ho qu trnh ghi c thng tin d liu cho CMEM v SMEM.
Nguyn tc hot ng ca trng chuyn mch thi gian (T) trn c s ca
nguyn tc trao i khe thi gian ni. Hnh 2.5 th hin kiu iu khin ghi vo tun
t c ra c iu khin SWRR (Sequence Write Random Read).
Trng chuyn mch thi gian (T) mang tnh khng gian nu xt trn kha cnh
v tr thng tin d liu trong cc ngn nh ca CMEM. Chuyn mch (T) lun gy tr
tn hiu v tr ln nht khng vt qu mt khung PCM, T
d
(max) = (n-1)TS. Do
tc ghi c ca b nh yu cu ln gp 2 tc lung PCM nn s lng khe thi
gian trong mt khung thng khng vt qu 1024 khe thi gian do gii hn ca cng
ngh vt liu in t. m rng dung lng, ngi ta la chn gii php ghp vi
cc trng chuyn mch khng gian (S).
38
2.2.3 Trng chuyn mch ghp TST
Di gc h thng, h thng chuyn mch s c coi l h thng tn tht.
V vy, vn nng cao hiu nng chuyn mch lun l vn hng u trong thit k
ch to trng chuyn mch. Trong k thut chuyn mch knh, cc hin tng tc
nghn c coi l yu t c bn c tc ng suy gim cht lng h thng v ch yu
ri vo cc h thng chuyn mch s dng tng (S). Tc x l v thi gian tr trong
trng chuyn mch (T) cng l cc tham s nh hng ln ti hiu nng trng
chuyn mch. Tuy nhin, do c tnh t nhin ca chuyn mch, vic s dng cc
chuyn mch khng gian (S) trong h thng chuyn mch l yu t bt buc. Hn na,
chuyn mch (S) chnh l iu kin mu cht p ng c dung lng chuyn
mch trong thc tin. V vy, cc trng chuyn mch thc tin thng c ghp ni
a tng v phi hp gia cc kiu chuyn mch (T) v (S). Mc tiu kt ni a tng
chuyn mch khng ch nhm tng dung lng h thng m cn lm gim bt phc
tp v s lng thit b trong trng chuyn mch. Kt ni a tng trong chuyn mch
knh c chia thnh hai kiu nhm m bo kh nng khng tc nghn hon ton cho
trng chuyn mch: Kiu kt ni y v kt ni tng phn.
Nguyn tc ghp ni cc trngchuyn mch 3 tng tun th theo nh l Clos
c pht biu nh sau:
Ma trn chuyn mch kt ni 3 tng khng tc nghn khi v ch khi s kt ni
trung gian r
2
n + m -1. Trng hp c bit khi n=m th r
2
2n-1.
T cc tng chuyn mch (T) v (S) c bn c th c nhiu kiu ghp cc tng
chuyn mch theo cc m hnh nh: TS, ST, STS, TST ty theo dung lng v kin
trc iu khin h thng. Do s pht trin rt nhanh ca tc x l m kin trc ghp
ni TST thng c s dng nhiu nht trong cc h thng chuyn mch thng
mi. Do vy, trong phn ny ta xem xt cc nguyn tc hot ng ca trng chuyn
mch ghp da trn kiu ghp ni TST. Trn thc t, trng chuyn mch ghp TST
nhm gii quyt bi ton m rng dung lng v s dng cho cc kt ni hai hng
trong trng chuyn mch thc t. Theo l thuyt, trng chuyn mch TST c h s
tp trung l 1:1 v m bo khng tc nghn khi s lng khe thi gian trn lin kt
trung gian tun th theo nh l Clos.
Nh mc 2.2.2 trn y trnh by, trng chuyn mch thi gian T c th
hot ng theo hai kiu iu khin u vo (RWSR) v iu khin u ra (SWRR), v
vy khi ghp 2 tng T ta s c 4 phng n ghp ni tng ng vi cc kiu iu
khin tng chuyn mch T1 v T2.
39
Trong v d trn hnh 2.6 ta chn chuyn mch thi gian tng T1 hot ng theo
nguyn tc SWRR v chuyn mch thi gian tng T2 hot ng theo nguyn tc
RWSR, A truyn v nhn thng tin d liu trn TS#05, B truyn v nhn thng tin d
liu trn TS#10, khe thi gian trung gian gia T1-S v S-T2 c chn l TS#15,
thng tin iu khin ti cc CMEM tng T c vit tt di dng a[b] [a: ch s ngn
nh, b: ni dung ngn nh].
Hnh 2.6: Ghp ni trng chuyn mch TST
Ni dung thng tin trn cc b nh CMEM c trnh by vn tt nh sau:
Hng kt ni t AB qua SMEM1(T1) SSMEMN(T2), cc b nh
CMEM1(T1) v CMEMN(T2) c ni dung tng ng 15[5] v 15[10].
Hng kt ni t BA qua SMEMN(T1)SSMEM1(T2), cc b nh
CMEMN(T1) v CMEM1 (T2) c ni dung tng ng 15[10] v 15[5].
T ni dung cc khi iu khin chuyn mch (T) nh trn hnh v, ta nhn
thy hai khi iu khin CMEM1(T1) v CMEM1(T2) hon ton ging nhau, cng
nh vy i vi CMEM N (T1) v CMEM N (T2).
tit kim s b iu khin ta c th s dng mt b iu khin s dng iu
khin chung thay v hai b iu khin. V trng hp ang xt l trng hp c bit
khi ta chn khe thi gian trung gian ging nhau (TS#15), iu ny s khng ng vi
40
trng hp tng qut khi A v B cng c kt ni ti cng mt khi chuyn mch
thi gian trong tng T1, hin tng tranh chp s xy ra khi c hai yu cu u vo
TS#05 v TS#10 cng mun ra u ra TS#15. Mt gii php trnh trng hp ny
l s dng kt ni th hai (BA) qua tuyn trung gian c khe thi gian l TS#15 +
2
n
.
Lc ny ni dung b iu khin tng ng l: CMEM1(T1):=15[5]; CMEM1(T2):=
(15+
2
n
)[5]; CMEMN(T1):= (15+
2
n
)[10]; CMEMN (T2):= 15[10].
Khi s dng mt b nh i ngu nh trn hnh 2.6 (A*) ta hon ton c th
iu khin c hai b iu khin CMEM ti hai tng chuyn mch bng mt khi
iu khin.
Trng hp s dng mt b nh dng chung nh trn hnh 2.6 (B*) khi ta chn
chuyn mch tng T1 hot ng theo nguyn tc RWSR v chuyn mch tng T2 hot
ng theo nguyn tc SWRR.
Vn chn khe thi gian trung gian trong trng chuyn mch TST iu
khin kt ni gia cc tng T v S l mt khu quan trng trong qu trnh x l chuyn
mch. Phng php tm kim khe thi gian trung gian ri c thc hin mt cch
n gin qua vic x l tm kim cc cp bit (bn/ ri) ti u ra tng T1 v u vo
tng T2. Phng php c xut tm kim cc cp bit ri ti hai u l phng
php tm kim kiu mt n chn knh. Cc bit trong thanh ghi ch th trng thi v
thanh ghi mt n th hin r s bn/ri ca cc knh thng qua bn nh nh x
trng thi. Ba thut ton thng c s dng trong cch thc di chuyn mt n gm:
Ngu nhin lin tip, c nh- lin tip v phng php th lp.
(i) Phng php ngu nhin - lin tip: phng php ny da trn nguyn tc tm
kim ngu nhin mt khe thi gian ri, nu khe thi gian u tin chn ngu nhin
khng tho mn yu cu, h thng dch chuyn lin tip trong ton di nhm tm khe
thi gian tho mn yu cu. Phng php ny to ra hiu ng chim dng cc b t
cc im xc lp ngu nhin, thi gian tm kim s ko di khi s lng knh b chim
tng ln.
(ii) Phng php c nh lin tip: Phng php ny ch nh khe thi gian u
tin sau tm lin tip trn ton di. Hiu ng tri di cc knh b chim dng bt
u t knh c chn v xc sut chn knh trong phng php ny khng ging
nhau.
(iii) Phng php th lp: Phng php ny da trn c tnh ca lu lng yu
cu v s chim dng ngu nhin ca cc khe thi gian. Qu trnh th lp da trn
41
theo khong thi gian chim dng khe thi gian. Phng php ny c bit hiu qu
nu m hnh lu lng u vo c xc nh.
2.3 NH TUYN TRONG CHUYN MCH KNH
nh tuyn l mt chc nng then cht trong cc mng truyn thng nhm nh
ra cc tuyn ng chuyn lu lng t ngun n ng ch. Ty theo tiu ch
cn thit khi xy dng cc h thng mng m p dng cc k thut nh tuyn khc
nhau: nh tuyn phn cp, nh tuyn tnh, nh tuyn ngNi dung ch yu ca
phn ny s xem xt cc k thut nh tuyn c bn ca cc h thng chuyn mch
knh dng trong mng PSTN gn lin vi k hoch nh s v hot ng ca nt
mng chuyn mch knh khi thc hin x l nh tuyn cuc gi.
2.3.1 Phn loi cc k thut nh tuyn
C hai kiu nh tuyn c bn trong k thut chuyn mch knh l : nh tuyn
phn cp v cc lc nh tuyn ng da trn mng phn cp.
i, nh tuyn phn cp
Trn hnh 2.7 ch ra mt cu hnh mng n gin gm 2 cp, h thng chuyn
mch 1, 4 ti cp thp v h thng chuyn mch (c k hiu l node trn th) 2, 3
ti mc cao. Trn hnh 2.7 (a) mt cuc gi c kt ni trc tip t node 1 ti node 4
nu tn ti lin kt trc tip. nu lin kt 14 bn, cuc gi s trn theo hng 13
v y c coi l cuc gi th, khi lin kt 34 cn ti nguyn cho cuc gi th kt
ni thnh cng t 14. Nu lin kt 34 khng cn knh ri cho cuc gi th cuc
gi c coi l khng th kt ni. Trong trng hp ny, ng kt ni (134)
c gi l hng trn cho hng 14. Tuy nhin, lc ny cn c th cung cp
nh tuyn lun phin, nu cuc gi khng tm thy mch ri trn lin kt 1-4, cuc
gi th s chim ng 1-2 nh nhm trung k cui.
Hnh 2.7: V d v nh tuyn phn cp
Cc nhm trung k trong mng nh tuyn phn cp gm c 2 loi: trung k lu
lng ln HU (high usage) v trung k cui (final trunk). Nhm trung k lu lng
42
ln l nhm trung k thng xuyn c lu lng trn , nhm trung k cui l nhm
khng cho php cc nhm khc trn ti nu cuc gi khng tm c knh ri. Trong
hnh trn, cc nhm trung k 1-4, 1-3 v 2-4 l trung k lu lng ln v 1-2, 3-4 l
nhm trung k cui. Th t ca cc cuc gi th s l 14, 134, 124.
Trong m hnh mng trn hnh 2.12 (b) c b sung nhm trung k cui 2-3, th t
cuc gi th s l 14, 134, 124, v 1234. Cng trong m hnh
mng ny, cuc gi c th bt u ti node 2 ti node 4, hai ng nh tuyn c
sp theo th t sau 24 v 234. Tuyn 214 s khng c xc nh bi c
ch nh tuyn phn cp khng cho php nh tuyn ti cc node c cp thp hn.
Vi mc tiu trnh lp vng trong qu trnh nh tuyn, mt s lut c p dng
cho c ch nh tuyn phn cp nh sau:
Mt node ti mc cao hn phi c chc nng nh tuyn v chuyn mch cho
cc node cp thp hn.
Cuc gi c nh tuyn qua node phn cp trc tip i vi c node ngun v
node ch.
i vi cc cuc gi t min phn cp ny sang min phn cp khc, cc nhm
trung k HU trong min cha node ngun chuyn mch ti bc cao hn trong
min cha node ch. Lut ny c gi l lut nh tuyn u tin.
Trong thc t, cc h thng chuyn mch knh c b tr phn cp thnh 5 cp
vi cp cao nht c kt ni hnh li y nhm h tr lu lng mc ti a, cc
ng nh tuyn lun phin c nh ngha trc, mt s lut c p dng nhm
trnh nh tuyn vng lp v cc cuc gi c nh tuyn ti node c cp cao hn
hoc ngang cp.
ii, nh tuyn ng
Mt c im bt li ln nht ca qu trnh nh tuyn phn cp l khng th
nh tuyn cuc gi ti cc node c bc thp hn, trn v d hnh 2.9(b) tuyn
214 l khng th xc nh cho kt ni t node 2 sang node 4 mc d c th cn
d bng thng. Hn na, trong nh tuyn phn cp s dng c ch iu khin cuc
gi ly tin PCC (Progressive Call Control), iu khin cuc gi chuyn t mt node
ny sang node khc cho ti khi tm c node ch v nu khng th tm thy mt
trung k ra ti trung k chuyn tip th cuc gi s tn tht. Ni cch khc, iu khin
cuc gi khng cho php ti nh tuyn t node ngun. Mt c ch b sung cho qu
trnh chuyn ngc iu khin cuc gi t node trung gian v node ngun gi l c
ch crankback, c ch ny cho php node ngun ti nh tuyn. Trn c s mt s
lc nh tuyn ng c xy dng cho mng phn cp nhm khc phc cc im
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hn ch ca nh tuyn phn cp. Di y s trnh by s lc cc k thut nh
tuyn ng c bn v cc u nhc im ca n v phn loi cc lc nh tuyn
ng.
nh tuyn ng khng phn cp.
nh tuyn ng khng phn cp DNHR (Dynamic Nonhierarchical Routing) l
mt k thut nh tuyn ph thuc theo thi gian, cc tp tuyn c thit lp trc
theo th t. Ty thuc vo khong thi gian trong ngy, trong tun m cc lu lng
ti c chuyn qua cc tuyn. Cn c vo cc mu lu lng thng k m cc tuyn
c tnh ton trc v c sp xp theo th t. Cc cuc gi th s thc hin ln
lt trn cc tuyn xc nh v trng hp cui cng l s dng c ch crankback.
Nh vy, DNHR cho php nhiu hn 2 lin kt cho mt cuc gi trong mng v lu
tr cc ng nh tuyn lun phin ti cc node.
nh tuyn iu khin ng.
nh tuyn iu khin ng DCR (Dynamically Controlled Routing) l mt k
thut nh tuyn thch ng yu cu cp nht trng thi mng theo chu k. Cn c vo
trng thi ca cc lin kt mng, cc tuyn c tnh ton bi mt b x l trung tm.
C ch nh tuyn iu khin ng cho php d phng ln hn 2 lin kt cho mt
cuc gi, tuy nhin nh tuyn iu khin ng khng thc hin c ch crankback. V
vy, cuc gi s tn tht nu cc ng lin kt nh ngha trc b nghn do khng
m bo thi gian thc hoc h thng tnh ton trung tm li.
nh tuyn lun phin ng
nh tuyn lun phin ng DAR (Dynamic Alternate Routing) l lc nh
tuyn phn tn v thch ng. Tng t nh cc lc nh tuyn ng khc, DAR
cng b hn ch bi s lin kt nh tuyn v thiu c ch crankback. i vi mi mt
node ngun i, duy tr mt ng dn d phng k trong cache ca n. Mt cuc gi
mi s th lin kt trc tip ij, nu khng cn bng thng trn ng lin kt trc
tip, n s chuyn sang ng lun phin trong cache. Khi cuc gi chuyn sang
ng nh tuyn lun phin, node ngun chn tip mt ng dn mi lun phin
thng qua qu trnh chn ngu nhin. Mc d thut ton tng i n gin, nhng
DAR cho php cache cc tuyn c lu lng ti thp nht v mi khi lu lng thay
i cc ng nh tuyn lun phin s la chn t ng cc ng lun phin c ti
thp nht. nh tuyn lun phin ng c th cho php cp nht trng thi lin kt ca
mng tnh ton ng dn thng qua mt qu trnh hc thng tin nh tuyn t
ng. V vy, DAR cn c coi l c ch nh tuyn theo s kin.
nh tuyn mng thi gian thc
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nh tuyn mng thi gian thc RTNR (Real-Time Network Routing) c pht
trin t k thut nh tuyn ng khng phn cp DNHR v l lc nh tuyn
tng thch ng. Bng nh tuyn cho cc tuyn lun phin c cp nht theo tng
cuc gi. Thng qua cc bn tin truy vn, cc trng thi lin kt c xc nh theo
tng thi im v xc lp theo kh dng ca lin kt. Mt tp cc tuyn kh dng
c lu tr trong bng nh tuyn v l c s cho cc quyt nh chn tuyn.
Phn loi cc lc nh tuyn
Mt s cc kiu nh tuyn trn y c th c phn loi thnh cc kiu lc
nh tuyn nh sau.
(1) Tp trung v phn tn. Trong cc h thng tp trung, tnh ton tuyn c thc
hin bi mt b x l tnh ton. Cc lc nh tuyn nh DNHR v DCR
nm trong loi ny. Trong nh tuyn phn tn cc node chuyn mch t tnh
ton ng dn v RTNR v DAR thuc loi ny.
(2) Ph thuc thi gian v tng thch. nh tuyn ph thuc thi gian lin quan
ti ni dung bng nh tuyn bin i theo thi gian to ra mt tp ng
dn kh dng trc. nh tuyn tng thch lin quan ti tn sut cp nht bng
nh tuyn da trn lu lng hoc s kin. DNHR thuc loi th nht v
DCR, RTNR v DAR thuc loi th hai.
(3) nh k v theo yu cu. Trong kiu nh tuyn tng thch, cp nht bng nh
tuyn c thc hin theo chu k hoc theo yu cu. DCR l lc nh
tuyn cp nht theo chu k (10s) v RTNR v DAR c hot ng cp nht theo
cuc gi hoc tuyn d phng nghn.
(4) Ph thuc trng thi v ph thuc s kin. nh tuyn ph thuc trng thi
lin quan ti xem xt trng thi ca mng trong quyt nh nh tuyn. Thng
thng, trng thi y c xt l kh dng ca lin kt, v d nh trong
hai lc nh tuyn DCR v RTNR. DAR i din cho kiu ph thuc s
kin khi n chn ng lun phin trong trng hp c s kin li xy ra.
2.3.2 Phng php nh s trong mng PSTN
i, K hoch nh s ton cu
ng dng in hnh ca k thut chuyn mch knh l mng chuyn mch in
thoi cng cng PSTN. Nguyn tc chung ca qu trnh nh tuyn cho cc cuc gi
trong mng PSTN da trn a ch ch, cc h thng chuyn mch thc hin qu trnh
nh tuyn thng qua a ch ch trn c s thng tin bo hiu. Cc phng php nh
tuyn trong mng PSTN thc t lun thng nht vi k hoch nh s, tnh cc,
45
truyn dn v bo hiu. T chc lin minh vin thng quc t ITU-T ch ra cc
nguyn tc c bn ca k hoch nh s trong mng PSTN nhm m bo 3 yu t:
(1) Cung cp nhn dng duy nht trong phm vi quc gia v quc t,
(2) p ng c cc yu cu tng trng ca thit b u cui,
(3) di cc con s ph hp vi khuyn ngh ca t chc vin thng quc t.
Khuyn ngh ITU-T E.164 ra i vo thng 5 nm 1997, thuc vo seri E vi tiu
"Hot ng chung ca mng, dch v in thoi, hot ng dch v v cc tc nhn con
ngi", quy nh cc "Hot ng, nh s, nh tuyn v cc dch v di ng - Hot
ng quc t - Quy hoch nh s cho dch v in thoi quc t". Chi tit hn, E.164
quy nh v cc phng php nh s cho cc thit b vin thng hot ng trong
mng cng cng.
E.164 tp trung quy nh cu trc con s v chc nng ca cc s s dng trong
vin thng cng cng quc t tun theo theo 3 dng: Vng, dch v chung v theo
mng. E.164 quy nh c th mi loi tin t cn thit cho tng dng nhm thng nht
vic nh s ton cu cho mi loi nhu cu dch v. Ngoi ra, E.164 cng cung cp
cc quy c chung nh tuyn cuc gi gia cc con s v nhm s trn ton h
thng.
i vi mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng PSTN, E.164 quy nh tng
di cc con s s dng khng vt qu 15 digits, c phn cp thnh cc vng
m gm: m quc gia, m vng, m tng i v cc con s thu bao. Cc h thng m
ny thng i km vi m trung k to ra cc tin t c nh (prefix). Cc h thng
chuyn mch da trn cc tin t phn bit cc cuc gi ra trong vng, trong nc
hoc quc t. Cn c vo cc a ch tin t, h thng bng bin dch ca h thng
chuyn mch s lu cc nh x a ch logic sang a ch vt l s dng trong qu
trnh nh tuyn. Mt v d v h thng nh s theo vng a l nh sau: +84 43 556
9999; Trong : + l tin t cho bit dy a ch c vit theo dng y ; 84 l m
quc gia ca Vit nam, 43 l m vng hay cn gi l m trung k, 556 9999 l s thu
bao gm 556 l m tng i v 9999 l con s thu bao ni i.
ii, a ch trong mng bo hiu s 7
Mng bo hiu s 7 ng mt vai tr quan trng trong c ch nh tuyn ca
mng PSTN v hin l phng php bo hiu ph bin nht hin nay cho mng PSTN.
Cc a ch node trong SS7 (Signalling System No7) c gi l cc m im (point
code), chng l cc a ch logic v c nhn dng ti lp 3 ca chng giao thc SS7.
C hai dng m im c s dng trn th gii hin nay tun theo chun ca ANSI
v ITU c m t trn hnh 2.8.
46
Hnh 2.8: M im theo tiu chun ANSI v ITU
M im bo hiu theo tiu chun ca ANSI c di 24 bit v c chia thnh
3 trng chc nng 8 bit gm: S hiu mng, m vng v thnh vin. Cch nh a
ch theo ANSI tng t nh cch nh a ch IP. Trng 8 bit u tin nhn dng bi
nh cung cp mng SS7, trng th hai nhn dng im m bo hiu SSP v trng
chc nng th 3 ch ra cc thnh vin kt ni ti im m bo hiu.
M im bo hiu theo ITU c di 14 bit v chia thnh 3 trng chc nng:
trng th nht gm 3 bit nhn dng vng, trng th hai gm 8 bit nhn dng
mng v trng th 3 gm 3 bit l nhn dng im bo hiu.
2.3.3 Mng bo hiu PSTN
Hnh 2.9 di y m t mt mng SS7 in hnh gm cc kiu node trong
mng SS7 nh: im chuyn mch dch v SSP (Service Switching Point), im
chuyn tip bo hiu STP (Signalling Transfer Point) v im iu khin dch v SCP
(Sevice Control Point). Su dng lin kt c nh ngha trong mng SS7 gm:
Hnh 2.9: Cu hnh nt v lin kt mng SS7
Lin kt truy nhp (A-link) kt ni cc SSP ti STP, hoc SCP ti STP.
Lin kt cu ni (B-link) kt ni cc STP khng cng lp.
Lin kt cho (C-link) kt ni cho cc STP cng lp.
Lin kt trc giao (D-link) kt ni cc SSP ti cc STP ca vng khc.
Lin kt m rng (E-link) s dng kt ni mt SSP ti STP ca vng khc.
Lin kt (F-link) s dng kt ni trc tip hai nhm SSP.
S hiu mng (8bit) M vng (8bit) Thnh vin (8bit)
Nhn dng vng
(3bit)
Nhn dng mng
(8bit)
Nhn dng SSP
(3bit)
(a)
(b)
47
nh tuyn cc bn tin bo hiu trong mng SS7 c thc hin theo phng
php hop-by-hop v da trn mt tp lut nh tuyn di y:
Mt bn tin pht ra t SSP ti mt SSP kt ni trc tip s chn ng F-link
trc. Nu F-link khng tn ti, bn tin s chn A-link l tuyn ng dn cho
bn tin.
Mt bn tin t mt SSP ti mt SSP khc c phc v bi mt cp STP c
nh tuyn theo ng A-link ti STP ca vng sau mi c chuyn tip.
Mt bn tin ti STP ca vng ch la chn A-link kt ni ti SSP ch,
nu A-link khng tn ti, bn tin theo ng C-link ti STP cng cp kt ni
ti SSP ch.
Mt bn tin ti STP ca vng ch c th chn E-link ti SSP ch, nu E-
link khng tn ti, bn tin c nh tuyn ti STP ca vng ngun theo B-link.
La chn tip theo l s dng B-link ti vng ch th hai ca SSP hoc s
dng C-link ti cc vng khc c kt ni ti SSP ch.
Mt bn tin t mt SSP ti mt SCP thc hin nh tuyn trn F-link nu n
tn ti, nu F-link khng tn ti, bn tin s c nh tuyn ti STP ngun trn
ng A-link kt ni ti SCP.
Da trn cc lut trn, mng bo hiu SS7 xy dng mt cu trc d phng cho
php nh tuyn a ng gia hai node SS7. Mt tuyn trong mng SS7 l mt tp
lin kt tun t nh ngha con ng t SSP ngun ti SSP ch, mt tp hp tuyn
gm nhiu tuyn t ngun ti ch c t nht hai tuyn: mt tuyn s cp v mt tuyn
th cp, iu ny cho php cung cp ty chn lun phin ti mi node.
2.3.4 X l nh tuyn cuc gi trong node mng chuyn mch knh
Nh trnh by trn nh tuyn trong mng PSTN bao gm cc th tc
tm mt ng i trong mng cho cuc gi gia 2 thu bao. Vi cc trng hp 2 thu
bao ny cng kt ni vo mt tng i gi l cuc gi ni b hoc 2 thu bao kt ni
vo 2 tng i khc nhau c gi l cuc gi lin i m s lin kt to nn tuyn
ng cho cuc gi l khc nhau. Vi mc tiu phn tch qu trnh x l bo hiu v
nh tuyn cho cuc gi trong mt node mng mt cch y nn phn ny tp trung
vo qu trnh x l cuc gi lin i. Vic thit lp v gii phng ng i trong mng
c bt u v kt thc thng qua bo hiu.
Trong h thng chuyn mch knh cc kt ni cho cuc gi lin i c thit
lp dc theo ng i n ch c nh sn qua cc bng nh tuyn. Bng nh
tuyn c xy dng trn c s nhn cng. Thng thng, mt h thng chuyn mch
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knh gm mt s bng bin dch, v d nh bng bin dch cho cc tuyn ng nh
tuyn quc t, quc gia v ni ht. Cn c vo cc con s m thu bao ch gi gi ti
tng i m h thng phn tch s s la chn bng bin dch nh tuyn cho ph hp.
Phng php truy nhp bng bin dch trong mt s tng i chuyn mch knh in
hnh thng s dng kiu con tr, vi kha l cc tin t. Cn c vo tin t v thng
tin c ci t sn ti h thng chuyn mch knh m tng i trung gian hoc kt
cui c xc nh. Tin trnh bo hiu tip theo s thc hin vic xc nh tuyn v
knh truyn cho cc cuc gi.
2.4 KT LUN CHNG
K thut chuyn mch knh l k thut ng dng ph bin nht trong cc mng
chuyn mch in thoi cng cng PSTN. Trong chng 2 trnh by vn tt v cu
trc khung tn hiu ca kt ni gia cc node chuyn mch knh. Cc nguyn l v
nguyn tc c bn ca trng chuyn mch knh theo thi gian, khng gian v ghp
kt hp cng c trnh by. Cc phng php nh tuyn thng c s dng
trong h thng chuyn mch knh lun gn lin vi cc th tc bo hiu kt ni cuc
gi. Cc vn chi tit v bng bin dch v cc tham s c th phc v cho qu trnh
nh tuyn cuc gi ph thuc vo kin trc mng chuyn mch knh.
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Chng 3
K THUT CHUYN MCH GI
3.1. C S K THUT CHUYN MCH GI
K thut chuyn mch gi da trn nguyn tc chuyn thng tin qua mng di
dng gi tin. Gi tin l thc th truyn thng hon chnh gm hai phn: Tiu mang
cc thng tin iu khin ca mng hoc ca ngi s dng v ti tin l d liu thc
cn chuyn qua mng. Qu trnh chuyn thng tin qua mng chuyn mch gi c th
khng cn xc lp ng dnh ring v cc mng chuyn mch gi c coi l mng
chia s ti nguyn, cc gi tin s c chuyn giao t cc nt mng ny ti nt mng
khc trong mng chuyn mch gi theo nguyn tc lu m v chuyn tip, nn mng
chuyn mch gi cn c coi l mng chuyn giao trong khi mng chuyn mch
knh c coi l mng trong sut i vi d liu ngi s dng.
Trn hng tip cn tng i n gin t kha cnh dch v cung cp, cc dch v
c cung cp trn mng vin thng chia thnh dch v thoi v dch v phi thoi,
trong i din cho dch v phi thoi l dch v s liu. Mt cch trc quan, mng
chuyn mch in thoi cng cng PSTN c pht trin trn c s k thut chuyn
mch knh cung cp cc dch v thoi truyn thng. Cc mng d liu nh cc
mng cc b LAN (Local Area Network), mng Internet l mng chuyn mch gi
da trn k thut chuyn mch gi thc hin chuyn ti thng tin d liu cho ngi
s dng.
Nh trong chng 2 trnh by, dch v thoi trong mng chuyn mch cng cng
PSTN thng s dng k thut iu ch PCM v chim dng bng thng c nh
64kb/s, cht lng cuc gi thoi ph thuc ch yu vo k thut iu ch v s dng
knh dnh ring cho cc cuc ni. Mt khc, cht lng cc dch v d liu c thc
hin qua mng chuyn mch gi ph thuc rt ln vo lng bng thng cung cp.
Mt s ng dng i hi bng thng rt ln v nhiu khi khng c nh, s bin ng
bng thng ln theo xu hng tng bt thng c gi l hin tng bng n bng
thng. V vy, c ch xc nh knh dnh ring trc trong mng chuyn mch knh
kh c th p ng c tiu ch bng n bng thng ca cc dch v d liu.
Mt kha cnh khc ca cht lng dch v cng lun c tnh n trong qu trnh
chuyn thng tin cho ngi s dng l tr ca qu trnh truyn tin. Cc dch v
thoi i hi thi gian tr thp v n nh, yu cu ny hon ton c tha mn trong
mng chuyn mch knh v mng chuyn mch knh s dng knh dnh ring v kt
ni c hng cho cc kt ni. Trong khi , cc mng chuyn mch gi ch yu nhm
50
mc ch cung cp dch v truyn d liu c th c xy dng theo hng kt ni v
s dng knh o cung cp cc dch v yu cu tr thp v n nh. Tuy nhin,
mt khi yu cu tr ca dch v d liu khng qu ngt ngho th mng d liu
thng c xy dng theo m hnh phi kt ni nhm gim thiu cc quy trnh iu
khin v lu lng iu khin trn mng.
3.1.1 M hnh kt ni h thng m OSI
Trong khong gia nhng nm 70, khi cng nghip my tnh bt u pht trin rt
mnh ko theo nhu cu kt ni thng tin ca cc my tnh tng t bin trn cc h
tng mng khc nhau. iu ny thc y mt qu trnh chun ha cc kt ni gia
cc h tng mng khc nhau v kin trc. H thng m ra i nhm to ra cc tiu
chun ho cho tt c cc u ni gia cc kin trc mng, c gi l m hnh kt ni
h thng m OSI (Open System Interconnection) do t chc tiu chun quc t ISO
a ra.
Hnh 3.1: M hnh phn lp OSI RM
Mc tiu ca m hnh kt ni h thng m OSI l m bo rng bt k mt x
l ng dng no u khng nh hng ti trng thi nguyn thu ca dch v, hoc
cc x l ng dng c th giao tip trc tip vi cc h thng khc trn cng lp nu
cc h thng cng c h tr theo tiu chun ca m hnh OSI. M hnh OSI cung
cp mt khung lm vic tiu chun cho cc h thng kt ni vi nhau da trn m
hnh phn lp. M hnh gm c 7 lp chc nng chnh c th phn loi thnh 2 vng
chnh.
Lp thp cung cp cc dch v u cui - ti - u cui p ng phng tin
truyn s liu, cc chc nng hng v pha mng t lp 3 ti lp 1.
Lp cao cung cp cc dch v ng dng p ng truyn thng tin, cc chc
nng hng v ngi s dng t lp 4 ti lp 7.
M hnh OSI c th chia thnh ba mi trng iu hnh:
51
Mi trng mng: lin quan ti cc giao thc, trao i cc bn tin v cc tiu chun
lin quan ti cc kiu mng truyn thng s liu khc nhau.
Mi trng OSI: Cho php thm vo cc giao thc hng ng dng v cc tiu
chun cho php cc h thng kt cui trao i thng tin ti h thng khc theo hng
m.
Mi trng h thng thc: Xy dng trn m hnh OSI v lin quan ti c tnh
dch v v phn mm ca ngi sn xut, n c pht trin thc hin nhim v x
l thng tin phn tn trong thc t.
Nhng mi trng ny cung cp nhng c tnh sau:
Giao tip gia cc lp.
Chc nng ca cc lp, giao thc nh ngha tp hp ca nhng quy tc v
nhng quy c s dng bi lp giao tip vi mt lp tng ng tng t
trong h thng t xa khc.
Mi lp cung cp mt tp nh ngha ca nhng dch v ti lp k cn.
Mt thc th chuyn thng tin phi i qua tng lp.
Cc chc nng chi tit ca cc lp c nh ngha trong tiu chun ISO 7498 v
chun X.200 ca ITU-T.
3.1.2 Nguyn tc c bn ca chuyn mch gi
c c cc gi tin chuyn mch, mt qu trnh phn mnh vo to gi t d
liu ngi s dng c thc hin ti cc lp cao pha ngi s dng.
Bn t i n nguy n t hu ( di L bi t )
Thng ti n CRC
Ti u
Trng t hng t i n c di (M bi t )
Ti ti n (N bi t)
Ti u CRC
Bt bt u k hung Bt kt t hc khung
Hnh 3.2: ng gi d liu theo m hnh OSI
Qu trnh phn mnh v to gi theo cc lp ca m hnh OSI ch ra trn hnh 3.2
gm m hnh ng gi d liu v khun dng d liu ng dng. T cc lung d liu
ngi s dng, thng tin c ct mnh theo cc c tnh ca h thng truyn dn
hoc chuyn mch, mt trong cc tham s chnh yu c s dng xc nh kch
52
thc gi l tham s tc truyn dn ti a MTU (Maximum Transfer Unit) ca cc
lin kt. n v d liu ngi s dng c chuyn qua tng lp v mang tiu
thng tin ca tng lp ti khi phn on to gi ti lp 3 ca m hnh OSI.
K thut chuyn mch gi cho php kt ni thng tin t u cui ti u cui qua
qu trnh chia s ti nguyn, s dng cc tp th tc v cc lin kt c tc khc
nhau truyn cc gi tin v c th chuyn gi trn nhiu ng dn khc nhau. C
hai kiu chuyn mch gi c bn: chuyn mch datagram v chuyn mch knh o
VC (Virtual Circuit). Trn hnh 3.3 m t s lc 2 kiu chuyn mch ny.
Hnh 3.3: Chuyn mch Datagram v chuyn mch knh o
i,Chuyn mch Datagram
Chuyn mch datagram cung cp cho cc dch v khng yu cu thi gian thc,
vic chuyn cc gi tin ph thuc vo cc giao thc lp cao hoc ng lin kt d
liu. Chuyn mch kiu datagram khng cn giai on thit lp kt ni v rt thch
hp i vi dng d liu c lu lng thp v thi gian tn ti ngn. Chuyn mch
datagram l chuyn mch kiu n lc ti a (best effort), cc thng tin v tr s khng
c m bo cng nh cc hin tng lp gi, mt gi cng d dng xy ra i vi
kiu chuyn mch ny. Cc datagram phi cha ton b cc thng tin v a ch ch
v cc yu cu ca lp dch v pha trn c th hin trong tiu , v vy tiu ca
datagram l kh ln. V u im, chuyn mch datagram cho php la chn cc con
ng ti ch nhanh nht p ng cc thay i nhanh ca mng.
ii, Chuyn mch knh o
Chuyn mch knh o VC yu cu giai on thit lp tuyn gia thit b gi v thit
b nhn thng tin, mt knh o c hnh thnh gia cc thit b trong ng dn
chuyn mch; knh o l knh ch c xc nh khi c d liu truyn qua v khng
ph thuc vo logic thi gian. Chuyn mch knh o yu cu mt tuyn hin ngay
trong qu trnh nh tuyn v knh o c nhn dng thng qua trng nhn dng
knh o VCI (Virtual Channel Identifier) nm ti tiu gi tin. Trong qu trnh thit
lp knh o, nhn dng knh o VCI c to ra bi cc node chuyn mch ch
53
nh cc ngun ti nguyn ca gi tin s chuyn qua (v d: b m, dung lng lin
kt).
Mt khi knh o c thit lp dc theo tuyn ng t ngun ti ch qua cc lin
kt v cc node th knh c s dng truyn cc gi tin. Cc gi c VCI trong tiu
c th c s dng nh con tr truy nhp ti cc thng tin lu tr ti cc nt
chuyn mch. Cc trng nhn dng knh o cn phi duy nht phn bit cc thng
tin ngi s dng v ti s dng, nu s dng cc VCI cho ton b mng th s lng
VCI rt ln v khng ngng tng ln theo kch c mng. V vy, ngi ta s dng cc
nhn dng knh o theo cc vng cc b, thm ch l trn tng lin kt. Vi cch ny,
khi mt VC khi to mi mt nt chuyn mch dc tuyn ng s phi xc lp cc
nhn dng knh o trn cc lin kt u vo v lin kt u ra ca nt chuyn mch
. Cc nt phi tho thun vi nhau v nhn dng knh o duy nht trn lin kt gia
hai nt cho mt knh o.
Nhn dng knh o trn cc lin kt u vo v u ra khng cn thit phi ging
nhau, mt s knh o c cng mt c tnh (v d, cng a ch ngun v a ch ch)
c th ghp thnh lung o v c th hin qua trng chc nng VPI (Virtual Path
Identifier), Thit b chuyn mch nhn dng thng tin lung o v thc hin chuyn
mch ton b lung o.
3.2 KIN TRC CA B NH TUYN
Trc khi tm hiu cc vn lin quan ti kin trc trng chuyn mch gi, ta
xem xt s lc cc cu trc c bn ca h thng chuyn mch gi hin nay, cc h
thng chuyn mch gi trong mng internet c cn c gi l cc b nh tuyn.
Mc ny s trnh by v cc thnh phn chc nng v hot ng c bn ca b nh
tuyn qua qu trnh chuyn tip gi tin v vic tm kim thng tin trong bng nh
tuyn.
3.2.1 Cc chc nng c bn ca b nh tuyn
Hai chc nng, nhim v c bn ca mt b nh tuyn c nhn nhn di gc
k thut chuyn mch l chc nng nh tuyn v chuyn tip gi tin qua b nh
tuyn.
Trn hnh 3.4 th hin mt kin trc chc nng in hnh ca b nh tuyn cng
nh cc tuyn kt ni gia cc khi chc nng. Mt s nhim v chnh c m t
nh sau: Da trn cc thng tin trao i vi cc b nh tuyn ln cn, tin trnh nh
tuyn xy dng cu hnh mng v tnh ton ng dn tt nht thng qua c s d liu
trong bng nh tuyn. Cu hnh mng phn nh cc mng ch c th tm kim v
nhn dng qua cc a ch tin t IP v c th hin trong bng nh tuyn. Bng
54
nh tuyn nh x thng tin d liu 1:1 ti mt bng c s d liu mang tnh cc b
s dng chuyn tip gi tin l bng chuyn tip. Tin trnh x l chuyn tip l tin
trnh chuyn cc gi tin t cc giao din u vo ti cc giao din u ra thch hp da
trn cc thng tin trong bng chuyn tip.
Hnh 3.4: Tin trnh x l nh tuyn v chuyn tip trong b nh tuyn
3.2.2 Tin trnh chuyn tip gi tin
(i) Cc chc nng chuyn tip c bn
chuyn tip mt gi tin IP t mt giao din u vo ti mt giao din u ra,
mt b nh tuyn cn phi thc hin cc chc nng c bn sau:
Xc nhn tiu IP: Tt c cc gi tin ti b nh tuyn u c xc nhn
thng tin thng qua tiu . Cc gi tin c tiu khng hp l s b loi b
ngay lp tc. Cc thng tin cn xc minh nh: phin bn IP, di tiu v
tng di gi.
iu khin thi gian sng gi tin: Cc b nh tuyn thc hin gim gi tr
trng TTL (time to live) trong tiu gi tin IP trnh hin tng lp vng.
Gi tr ln nht ca TTL l 255 v s gim i 1 khi mi ln qua b nh tuyn,
trng TTL c gi tr = 0 th gi tin s b loi b.
Tnh li tng di: Sau khi trng TTL thay i, tng di tiu c
cp nht li. Thay v tnh ton li ton b di tiu , b nh tuyn ch tnh
ton lch tng ca n v TTL lun lun gim 1 sau mi bc qua b nh
tuyn.
Tm kim tuyn: a ch ch ca gi tin c s dng tm kim trong bng
chuyn tip nhm xc nh cng u ra. Kt qu ca qu trnh tm kim ch ra
mt cng u ra (unicast) hoc mt tp cng u ra (multicast).
55
Phn on: Quy trnh phn on c thc hin khi n v truyn ln nht
MTU ca lin kt cng u ra nh hn MTU ca lin kt cng u vo.
X l trng ty chn trong gi tin IP: Trng ty chn ca gi tin IP ch ra
cc x l c bit i vi gi tin ti b nh tuyn.
(ii) Cc chc nng chuyn tip phc tp
Bn cnh nhng chc nng chuyn tip c bn, cc chc nng chuyn tip phc tp
c s dng h tr mt s c tnh c bit ca mi trng ng dng nh: Bo
mt, cc yu cu lu lng khc nhau t ngi s dng v cc mc cht lng dch
v. Cc vn trn c chuyn thnh cc x l ph tr trong qu trnh chuyn tip
gi tin gm nhn dng cc yu cu, xc nh ti nguyn v phn bit mc dch v
thng qua mt s c ch sau:
Phn loi gi: phn bit cc gi tin, b nh tuyn khng ch xc nh
trng a ch IP ch m cn xc nh mt s trng chc nng khc nh: a
ch ngun, a ch ch, cng ngun v cng ch. Tin trnh phn bit gi tin
v ng dng cc hot ng cn thit vi gi tin c gi l qu trnh phn loi
gi tin.
Bin dch gi: Trong mt s kch bn kt ni mng, b nh tuyn ng vai tr
nh mt cng kt ni gia mng ring v mng cng cng, trn h tr chc
nng bin dch a ch mng NAT (Network Address Translation). Chc nng
ny yu cu b nh tuyn duy tr mt danh sch cc host kt ni v a ch cc
b chuyn i a ch.
Sp xp th t u tin lu lng: B nh tuyn c th c yu cu m bo
mt s mc cht lng dch v. V vy, b nh tuyn cn p dng cc mc u
tin khc nhau cho cc lung lu lng ph hp vi cc yu cu cung cp
cht lng dch v.
Qu trnh x l chuyn gi c m t mt cch khi qut qua cc giai on sau :
1. Khi mt gi n Card ng truyn u vo, c ch chuyn tip gi thc hin cc
th tc kim tra li c bn khng nh gi v tiu l khng c li. Tnh ton
lch (offset) trong bng chuyn tip gi v ti ra tuyn tng ng.
2. C cu chuyn tip gi kim tra xem tuyn c lu m trong Cache c ph hp
vi a ch ch ca n v d liu khng, nu khng c cu chuyn tip gi s tin
hnh vic tm kim m rng trn bng chuyn gi trong n. Thc cht, bng chuyn
tip gi ny c ly ra t bng nh tuyn c trong cc b x l nh tuyn chnh,
mt qu trnh tng t vi cu trc Bus chia s. Khi tm kim s ph hp, c cu s
kim tra trng thi gian sng (TTL-Time to Live) v tnh ton TTL mi v tng
56
kim tra ng thi cng xc nh xem n v d liu c thuc v bn thn b nh
tuyn hay khng.
3. Trng TTL mi v tng kim tra c t vo tiu IP. Cc thng tin nh tuyn
cn thit c ly ra t khon mc trong bng chuyn gi v to nn tiu IP mi
cng vi cc thng tin lp lin kt t bng .
4. Khi qu trnh ny hon thnh, gi c xp vo hng i trong b m u vo ti
Card ng truyn. Mt s b nh tuyn s dng cc k thut m phc tp ngn
nga kh nng tc ngn u tuyn. C cu chuyn gi thc hin vic tra cu tuyn v
bin i tiu gi xc nh giao din u ra cho gi. iu ny c thng bo cho
b lp lch tp trung, b lp lch ny iu khin vic phn x crossbar bng cch duy
tr tt c cc trng thi ca crossbar.
5. Khi thc hin lp lch, c cu chuyn gi nhn c s truy nhp n cng t Card
ng truyn c th ti ma trn chuyn mch. B lp lch ng cc im chuyn mch
cn thit trn crossbar cho gi truyn qua ma trn ny n Card ng truyn pha
u ra.
Cc phn trn m t ngn gn cc giai on ca mt qu trnh x l chuyn gi.
Ngoi ma trn chuyn mch cn c mt s thnh phn khc ng vai tr quan trng
nh hng n hiu qu lm vic ca b nh tuyn nh b lp lch tp trung v thut
ton lp lch, c ch tm kim thng tin trong b nh tuyn.
3.2.3 Cc thut ton tm kim thng tin trong bng nh tuyn
i, Khi nim v tm kim a ch IP
Trn mi b nh tuyn, cc thng tin x l cho bng chuyn tip c xy dng
c t mt bng nh tuyn, trn ch r a ch cn n v ng i tng ng. B
nh tuyn da vo a ch ca gi tin kt hp vi bng nh tuyn chuyn gi tin i
ng n ch. Bng nh tuyn ca mt b nh tuyn l mt bng trong bao gm
cc khon mc dng <route prefix , next hop addr>, trong routeprefix l mt
tin t IP v nexthop addr l a ch IP ca chng tip theo tng ng vi tin t
routeprefix. a ch ch s c a ra so snh s ph hp vi tin t tuyn khi cc
bt ca tin t l ging vi mt s bt u tin ca a ch ch. Tin t ca a ch IP l
phng php n gin nht biu din cc nhm a ch IP lin k nhau nn c th
coi mt tin t l mt tp cc a ch IP lin k.
ii, Tm kim tuyn tnh
Danh sch mc ni l mt kin trc c s d liu n gin nht. Thut ton s tra
cu cc tin t ng thi v a ra tin t ph hp di nht. phc tp lu tr cho N
tin t s l O(N). Thut ton tra cu ny s rt chm khi trong thc t l N ln. Thi
57
gian tra cu trung bnh ca thut ton tuyn tnh c th gim nu ta sp xp cc tin t
theo th t di gim dn.
iii, Lu vt
tng lu vt li nhng d liu cn truy nhp thng xuyn ln u tin c s
dng tng cng hiu nng b x l cng c th c ng dng cho vic tra cu
bng nh tuyn. Nhng a ch tng c tm kim v kt qu tra cu c lu
trong b nh lu vt ng i. Vic tra cu (s dng thut ton tin t di nht ph
hp) by gi ch thc hin khi m a ch ch n khng c tm thy trong b nh
lu vt.
iv, Cc phng php tm kim da vo cy nh phn
Mi mt cy nh phn (hnh 3.5) u c th c xem xt di hai kha cnh ca
cy nh phn.
P
r
e
f
i
x
L
e
n
g
t
h
Value
0 1
Prefix Node
Internal Node
Hnh 3.5: Cc kha cnh ca mt cy nh phn
Kha cnh th nht c nhn theo phng thng ng, l chiu di ca cy tm
kim hay chnh l s bt thc hin ng i t nt gc n nt tin t (Prefix
Node). Cn kha cnh th hai c nhn theo phng nm ngang, l gi tr ca nt
tin t hay l s cng u ra tng ng vi chui bt ng i. Tng ng vi cc
kha cnh trn th cng c hai gi tr c s dng tm kim, l chiu di tin t
v gi tr tin t. ng thi trong phn ny ta cng s xem xt n hai phng php
tm kim l phng php tm kim tun t v phng php tm kim nh phn.
iv, Tm kim tun t theo chiu di tin t
Phng php ny s dng cch duyt tt c cc tin t c trong bng nh tuyn
cho n khi tm c tin t ph hp di nht. Trong qu trnh tm kim th khi tm
thy c tin t ph hp vi u vo, ta khng ch lu gi li gi tr cng ra m ta
58
cn phi lu gi chiu di ca tin t ph hp. Kt qu cui cng th tin t ph hp
no c chiu di ln nht s c chn l tin t ph hp di nht.
Trong trng hp xu nht tm ra c tin t ph hp di nht th thut ton
phi so snh N ln vi N l s khon mc trong bng nh tuyn . Do vy phc tp
ca thut ton tm kim tun t s c bc l O(N).
Tm kim nh phn theo chiu di tin t
Trong phng php tm kim ny th bng nh tuyn s c sp xp theo th t
chiu di tin t t nh n ln. Phng php tm kim nh phn theo chiu di tin t
s coi tt c cc tin t trong bng nh tuyn l mt khng gian tm kim. Sau mi
bc kim tra th khng gian ny s c chia lm i hoc l gm tt c cc tin t
c chiu di ln hn chiu di ang kim tra hoc l gm tt c cc tin t c chiu di
nh hn chiu di ang kim tra tu thuc vo kt qu kim tra. Thut ton s dng li
khi khng gian ny ch cn duy nht mt tin t. Tin t ph hp di nht chnh l tin
t c lu li cui cng trong tt c cc bc kim tra.
Trong trng hp xu nht tm ra c tin t ph hp di nht th thut ton phi
so snh log
2
W ln vi W l chiu di ca tin t di nht trong bng nh tuyn. Do
vy phc tp ca thut ton s c bc l O(log
2
W).
Tm kim tun t theo gi tr tin t
Phng php ny s dng cch duyt tt c cc cng ra c trong bng nh tuyn
cho n khi tm c tin t ph hp di nht. Trong qu trnh tm kim th khi tm
thy c tin t ph hp vi u vo, ta khng ch lu gi li gi tr cng ra m ta
cn phi lu gi chiu di ca tin t ph hp. Kt qu cui cng th tin t ph hp
no c chiu di ln nht s c chn l tin t ph hp di nht.
Trng hp ny ging nh trong tm kim tun t theo chiu di tin t nn cng c
phc tp ca thut ton tm kim tun t s c bc l O(N).
Tm kim nh phn theo gi tr tin t
Trong phng php tm kim ny th chiu di ln nht trong tt c cc tin t c
trong bng dng phn chia khng gian gi tr tin t theo di a ch.
Trong trng hp xu nht tm ra c tin t ph hp di nht th thut ton
phi so snh log
2
(2*N) ln vi N l s khon mc trong bng nh tuyn . Do vy
phc tp ca thut ton tm kim tun t s c bc l O(log
2
(2*N)).
v, Cc phng php tm kim da trn bng bm
Cu trc bng nh tuyn nh trn thc hin vic tm kim cng ra bng cch so
snh cc khon mc ca bng vi a ch u vo, do vy thi gian truy xut khng
59
nhanh v ph thuc vo kch thc ca bng. Mt phng php khc c s dng
da trn cu trc bng nh tuyn c tn l bng bm (Hash Table). C s ca phng
php ny ny da vo 3 im quan trng sau y: Th nht, s dng bm kim tra
xem mt a ch c ph hp vi tin t chiu di ring bit hay khng. Th hai, tm
kim nh phn gim s bc tm kim xung t hm tuyn tnh thnh hm loga.
Th ba, s dng tnh ton trc ngn chn Backtracking khi tht bi trong vic tm
kim nh phn. Vi mi loi bng bm ta phi xc nh c tp kho K, xc nh tp
a ch M v xy dng c hm bm. Hm bm l hm bin i kho ca nt thnh
a ch trn bng bm. Mt bng bm cho bng nh tuyn c th c thc hin nh
sau: Tp kho u vo s l tt c cc tin t ph hp cng vi cc cng tng ng s
c phn ra thnh cc tp c cng chiu di, mi tp s c chiu di khc nhau. Khi
ta s xy dng c mt bng bm gm hai thnh phn l chiu di v con tr
tng ng ch n a ch ca mng cha cc tin t c chiu di chn. Qu trnh
tm kim vi bng bm c thc hin bng hai phng php tm kim tun t v
tim kim nh phn.
Tm kim tun t vi bng bm
Phng php tm kim tun t trn bng bm c thc hin t tin t c chiu di
tin t di nht cho n khi kt thc. Nu vic so snh l thnh cng th thut ton s
dng li, nu khng th chiu di s c gim xung n gi tr gn nht vi gi tr
ang xt. Gi s tp kho u vo ca bng bm c K kho v chiu di ca tp gi tr
tng ng vi kho l M. Do tm kim tun t trn c tp kho v tp gi tr nn qu
trnh so snh phi thc hin nhiu nht l K*M ln so snh. Do vy phc tp ca
thut ton tm kim tun t s c bc l O(K*M).
Tm kim nh phn vi bng bm
Trong phng php ny ta s tm kim nh phn trong tp cc chiu di ca tin t.
Ta cng coi nh tt c cc chiu di ny l mt khng gian, mi bc th khng gian
ny s c chia lm i tu theo kt qu m xt bc tip theo hng khng gian c
chiu di tng hay gim so vi chiu di ang xt. Thut ton s dng li khi khng
gian ny ch cn duy nht mt chiu di. thc hin c thut ton ny th tp kho
u vo l chiu di phi c sp xp theo th t t nh n ln
Gi s tp kho u vo ca bng bm c K kho v chiu di ca tp gi tr tng
ng vi kho l M. Do tm kim l nh phn trn tp kho v tun t trn tp gi tr
nn qu trnh so snh phi thc hin nhiu nht l log
2
K*M ln so snh. Do vy
phc tp ca thut ton tm kim tun t s c bc l O(log
2
K*M).
60
vi, Phng php tm kim s dng cy nh phn (Binary Tree)
Thng qua bng nh tuyn vi cc tin t ph hp v cc cng ra, ta s xy dng ln
c cy nh phn vi mc ch tm kim u ra tng ng vi cc u vo. Cy
nh phn ny s bao gm cc nt m mi nt trong s c ba thnh phn: Thnh
phn thng tin ch ra cng ra tng ng vi tin t v hai con tr tri v phi ch
n nt tip theo tng ng theo hng i sang tri hoc i sang phi. Nu nt khng
c cc thnh phn tri hoc phi th cc con tr tri hoc phi s c gi tr l NULL.
Prefix Next Hop
10*
1010*
10101*
111* P1
P2
P3
P4
P3
P1
P2
P4
Root
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
Trie node
next hop
left-ptr right-ptr
Routing Table
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Hnh 3.6: V d v mt cy nh phn
Ta s quy c rng nu bt tip theo trong a ch l 0 th ng lin kt tip theo s
i theo nt con tr tri ch ti, ngc li nu bt tip theo trong a ch l 1 th ng
lin kt tip theo s i theo nt con tr phi ch ti. Cy nh phn s c mt nt gc
(Root) tng ng vi tin t c chiu di bng 0 (tin t *). V d v cy nh phn ca
mt bng nh tuyn nh hnh v 3.6. Trong phng php tm kim s dng cy nh
phn, ta s duyt cy nh phn theo chui bt u vo bt u t nt gc theo quy tc:
Vi bt 0 th ta s i v bn tri ca nt cn bt 1 th ta s i v pha bn phi ca cy.
Trong qa trnh duyt cy, tin t c gp trong qu trnh i t nt gc s c lu
li v tin t c gp cui cng s l tin t ph hp di nht. Thut ton s kt thc
nu chui bt u vo kt thc hoc khng cn ng i tip theo trong qu trnh
duyt do nt tri hoc nt phi ca nt ang duyt khng c hoc ta duyt n nt
l. phc tp ca thut ton c bc l O(W) vi W l chiu di tin t di nht trong
bng nh tuyn.
vii, Phng php tm kim s dng cy Patricia
Trong phn ny ta s xem xt mt cu trc cy khc so vi cy nh phn trnh
by phn trc. Cu trc cy Patricia (PATRICIA-Practical Algorithm To Retrieve
Information Coded In Alphanumeric) c nn xung t cy nh phn vi s khc bit
61
l trong trong cy Patricia s khng c mt nt no ch c mt nt con (Cy Patricia
lc ny s l mt cy nh phn ng-Strictly binary tree). Mi chui ng i c
nn thnh mt ng n trong mt cy Patricia. Do gii thut duyt cy c th
khng cn thit phi kim tra tt c cc bt lin tip trong a ch m c th b qua
mt s bt tu thuc vo nhn ca ng i. Mi nt trong cy Patricia by gi s
c lu tr thm mt trng xc nh r v tr bt trong a ch dng xc nh
nhnh i tip theo ca nt. Cc tin t s c lu tr ti cc nt l (nt khng c nt
con) ca cy Patricia. Gii thut tm kim s di dc theo cy t nt gc n nt l ca
cy tu theo chui a ch u vo. Ti mi nt th n s thm d ng i tip theo
bng bt trong a ch c ch th bi trng v tr bt ca nt. Khi gii thut tm kim
t n c nt l ca cy, n s thc hin so snh gia a ch u vo v vi tin t
c lu trong nt l. Tin t ny s c tr li l tin t ph hp di nht nu kt
qu so snh l ph hp. Nu kt qu so snh l khng ph hp th gii thut s thc
hin quay lui quy v tip tc tm kim trn nt cha ca nt l ny.
Nu chiu di ca tin t di nht trong bng nh tuyn l W th phc tp ca
thut ton tm kim trn cy nh phn s l O(W
2
) do vic tm kim s thc hin
quy sang c hai nhnh ca nt cho n khi tm thy LPM.
viii, Phng php tm kim h tr bi phn cng
Cc phng php tm kim trnh by cc phn trn chnh l cc gii php
v phn mm nng cao hiu qu tm kim ca b nh tuyn. Mt gii php v phn
cng, l vic s dng b nh CAM cng c th c s dng nng cao hiu qu
tm kim. Mi mt b nh CAM s lu gi nhiu khon mc c cng chiu di trong
bng nh tuyn, ngha l cc tin t c cng chiu di s c lu vo trong mt b
nh CAM. Khi c mt a ch u vo tm kim tin t ph hp di nht th a ch
ny s c a n tt c cc b nh CAM tm kim song song. Kt qu u ra s
so snh u tin c c tin t ph hp di nht. Nh vy vic tm kim s c
kt qu u ra ch sau mt vi chu k truy nhp b nh v tt c cc khon mc trong
bng nh tuyn c tm kim song song tt c trn b nh CAM.
Mc d CAM hiu qu v mt tc tm kim gi thnh cao v CAM ch c th
thc hin tm kim trn ton b a ch cha trong n m khng h tr cho vic tm
kim mt tin t c chiu di bt k. V vy, Mt gii php khc mm do hn s
dng b nh CAM, l vic s dng cc b nh TCAM (Ternary-CAM) c kh
nng so snh a ch u vo vi cc tin t c chiu di thay i.
62
3.3. KIN TRC TRNG CHUYN MCH GI
3.3.1 Phn loi kin trc trng chuyn mch gi
Cc thit b chuyn mch gi tc cao thng s dng mt ma trn chuyn mch
lm c cu chuyn tip gi tin. Trong mc ny s trnh by tng quan v cu trc v
mt s nguyn tc c s ca cc kiu trng chuyn mch gi. Hnh 3.7 di y ch
ra m hnh phn chia tng quan cc kiu kin trc trng chuyn mch gi.
Hnh 3.7: Phn loi cc kin trc trng chuyn mch gi
Da trn k thut chuyn mch cc trng chuyn mch gi c phn chia thnh
hai nhm tng t nh trong k thut chuyn mch knh: Chuyn mch phn chia
theo thi gian v chuyn mch phn chia khng gian. Chuyn mch phn chia thi
gian chia thnh hai kiu: Chia s b nh v chia s phng tin; Chuyn mch phn
chia theo khng gian chia thnh hai nhnh chnh: Chuyn mch n ng v chuyn
mch a ng. Trong mc ny chng ta xem xt mt s c im c bn, cc u
nhc im ca cc ma trn chuyn mch ny.
3.3.2 Chuyn mch phn chia thi gian
Cu trc chuyn mch phn chia theo thi gian TDS c nhn nhn nh mt cu
trc truyn thng n chia s ti nguyn cho cc gi tin vo/ra h thng. Thnh phn
chia s ti nguyn ny c th l Bus, mch vng Ring hoc b nh. Nhc im ln
nht ca k thut ny l gii hn dung lng ca cu trc truyn thng ni. Tuy nhin,
cc cu trc ny c th d dng m rng h tr cho cc iu hnh kt ni a hng.
Mt s b nh tuyn thuc vng mng truy nhp s dng kin trc ny v thuc v
cc th h u v th h hai ca b nh tuyn.
63
i, Chuyn mch chia s phng tin
Trong chuyn mch chia s phng tin, cc gi tin ti cng vo c ghp knh
theo thi gian v chuyn trn phng tin (bus hoc mch vng ring). thng qua
ca phng tin chia s ny quyt nh nng lc ca ton b chuyn mch.
thc hin chuyn mch qua phng tin s dng chung, trng chuyn mch
c iu khin bi khi logic iu khin bus. Truy nhp phng tin dng chung
c iu khin theo mt trong cc phng php nh iu khin s dng th, iu
khin phn tn s dng bo hiu gia cc cng u vo v u ra, iu khin phn tn
ng b s dng Bus ghp knh chia thi gian.
Nh ch ra trn hnh 3.8 cc cng u ra c gn trc tip vi b lc a ch AF v
b m FIFO (First in First Out). AF xc nh a ch ca cc cng u vo v lc cc
a ch c u ra tng ng trn cng u ra. Cc b lc a ch v cc b m trn cc
cng u ra hot ng c lp v c th thit k ring bit nhm tng hiu qu x l
gi tin.
Hnh 3.8: Cu trc trng chuyn mch chia s phng tin
im bt li ln nht ca kin trc ny l dung lng trng chuyn mch b gii
hn bi tc b nh. Trong thc t, khi tt c N gi u vo u cng ra mt cng
u ra. Cc b m u ra khng th lu ton b N gi tin trong mt khe thi gian nu
trng chuyn mch c kch thc ln v tc u vo qu cao. Vic thiu b nh
m s gy tc nghn cc b ti u ra v cc gi s b tn tht trong khi cc b
nh ti cc cng khc c th cn trng m khng c s dng.
ii, Chuyn mch chia s b nh.
Trong cu trc chia s b nh nh ch ra trn hnh 3.9, cc gi tin c ghp theo
thi gian thnh mt lung d liu n v chuyn tun t vo b nh chia s. a ch
64
cung cp cho cc gi tin ghi vo v c ra c iu khin bi module iu khin
theo cc thng tin trong tiu gi tin.
u im ca kiu trng chuyn mch chia s b nh ny l c th ti u c b
nh khi chia s ti nguyn. Kch c ca b nh c th t ph hp vi yu cu gi
t l mt mt gi tin di mt gi tr chn trc. Tuy nhin, nhc im chnh cng
ny sinh t vn la chn kch c b nh ny, khi b nh phi duy tr mt khng
gian ti thiu ng thi phi mm do p ng s bng n ca lu lng.
Hnh 3.9: Kin trc trng chuyn mch chia s b nh
B nh chia s l b nh gm hai cng (kp), cng ghi cho cc giao din u vo
v cng c cho cc giao din u ra. Mt khc, b nh chia s c t chc thnh N
hng i tch bit tng ng vi N u ra, tuy nhin khng gian b nh (S) khng bt
buc phi phn hoch hon ton. Di gc tng qut, cc gi tin u vo thuc vo
N lp s tng ng vi N hng i u ra, khng gian b nh c chia thnh (N+1)
vng tng ng vi N cng u ra c k hiu l s
j
vi (j=1,2,....N) v mt vng nh
s
0
s dng chung. Ty thuc vo phng php phn vng s
j
ta c 3 kiu chia s vng
nh.
Chia s hon ton gia N cng u vo: s
0
=S v s
j
=0 vi j=1,....,N. B nh khng
phn hoch thnh cc vng nh v cc gi tin chuyn ti u ra c th c m ti
bt k v tr no trong b nh. B iu khin ch nh cc vng nh cho cc gi tin n
v duy tr mt danh sch lin kt cc gi tin cho mi hng i u ra.
Phn hoch hon ton gia N u ra vi s
0
=0: Kiu chia s ny rt n gin trong
qun l: Tng phn b nh c ch nh cho mi u ra, cc gi tin c c t nh
hng i bi giao din u ra. Nu gi tin ti hng i y, gi tin s b loi b.
Phn hoch tng phn: Hai kiu chia s b nh trn y hng ti hai tiu ch
ngc nhau: tiu ch chia s v tiu ch cng bng. V vy, nu chn mt tiu ch th
tiu ch cn li s l nhc im. Kiu phn hoch tng phn l t hp ca hai kiu
65
trn vi 0<s
0
<S, kiu chia s ny duy tr mt lng b nh ti thiu cho tt c cc
cng u ra v v vy s gim bt c nhc im ca kiu phn hoch hon ton
khi trng hp ti u ra ln.
ci thin hiu nng ca trng chuyn mch chia s b nh, ngi ta thng s
dng hng i logic trnh tranh chp u ra hoc ci thin phng thc truy nhp
b nh. Cc gi tin trong cng mt lung tin u vo n trng chuyn mch c
tch ra thnh cc dng bit song song v a ti b nh chung. Cc gi tin kt cui trn
cng mt cng u ra lin kt vi cc gi khc qua hng i logic, hng i logic
c hnh thnh bi hai con tr: con tr u (Header) v con tr ui (Tailer). Con tr
u s dng ch ti gi tin u tin ca hng i v con tr ui ch ti gi cui
cng ca hng hoc v tr trng cho hng i tip theo. Phng thc truy nhp b nh
theo kiu truy nhp ngu nhin c thay th bi s dng kiu b nh ch ni dung
CAM (Content Addressable Memory). Ngoi ra cn c cc gii php ghp hp vi
chuyn mch khng gian hoc s dng cc b nh song song.
3.3.3 Chuyn mch phn chia khng gian
Trong mng chuyn mch khng gian, cc ng dn c thit lp ng thi gia
cc cng u vo v cc cng u ra, hot ng cng mt tc s liu nh ti u
vo v u ra. Theo l thuyt, dung lng ca trng chuyn mch khng gian l v
hn, tuy nhin trong thc t dung lng b hn ch bi s lng cc u ni vt l,
gii hn ca kt ni v ng b h thng. Vn trung tm v mang bn cht c hu
ca cc trng chuyn mch khng gian l vn tc nghn ni, nht l khi trng
chuyn mch c xy dng bi kt ni a tng. Vn ny ph thuc ch yu vo
kin trc ca cc trng chuyn mch. Mt khc, k c khi kin trc ma trn chuyn
mch khng tc nghn, hin tng tranh chp u ra vn c th xy ra v c gii
quyt bi gii php b tr cc b m trong trng chuyn mch.
Cc mng chuyn mch khng gian c phn chia da trn s lng ng dn
kh dng gia cc cp u vo v u ra. Cc mng chuyn mch n ng tn ti
mt ng dn gia mt cp u vo/ra, trong khi chuyn mch a ng tn ti
nhiu hn mt ng dn gia mt cp u vo/ra. Mng chuyn mch n ng c
cc kiu chuyn mch Crossbar, chuyn mch kt ni y v chuyn mch
Banyan. Trong chuyn mch a ng gm: chuyn mch Banyan m rng, chuyn
mch Clos, chuyn mch a mt v chuyn mch quay vng.
i, Chuyn mch crossbar
Chuyn mch crossbar l mt ma trn chuyn mch hai chiu thng l ma trn
vung (NxN), c cu to bi cc phn t kt ni cho hai trng thi (Cross-Bar),
66
mt ma trn chuyn mch (NxN) c N
2
im kt ni cho. thit lp mt ng dn
t mt u vo I
i
ti mt u ra O
j
, cc chuyn mch (i,1) ti (i, j-1) v (i+1,j) ti
(N,j) c t vo trng thi Cross, v chuyn mch (i,j) c t vo trng thi Bar.
Hnh 3.10 ch ra v d ca mt ma trn crossbar kch thc (4x4).
phc tp phn cng ca ma trn Crossbar l mt hm ca cc im u ni
cho v tng theo s lng im kt ni cho. Ta s xem xt s lng im kt ni
cho tt nht c th c ca ma trn chuyn mch Crossbar. Ta c mi im kt ni
cho gm hai trng thi, v vy mt trng chuyn mch c k im kt ni cho, th s
c 2
k
trng thi. Mt chuyn mch NxN khng tc nghn phi thit lp c cc im
kt ni cho cho N! cch kt ni u vo vi u ra. iu ny c thc hin vi
log
2
(N!) phn t hai trng thi.
Nh vy, phc tp ca trng chuyn mch Crossbar s dng cc phn t hai
trng thi bng
2
( log ) O N N .
Hnh 3.10: Kin trc ma trn chuyn mch Crossbar
Trong k thut chuyn mch knh, cc tip im c iu khin t mt trung tm
iu khin khu vc LOC (Local Controller); trong ma trn Crossbar s dng trong
mng chuyn mch gi, cc phn t u ni cho thc hin trc tip vic kt ni thng
qua cc bit ti tiu gi tin. Cc c tnh t kt ni l mt c im ring ca trng
chuyn mch gi, chc nng ny cn c gi l chc nng t nh tuyn (seft
routing). Kin trc trng chuyn mch kiu Crossbar c 3 c im u vit: Khng
tc nghn ni, cu trc n gin v c th cu trc theo module.
ii, Chuyn mch kt ni y .
Trng chuyn mch vi cc kt ni trung gian y cho php cc gi tin lun
la chn c mt tuyn ng gia hai trng chuyn mch. Kiu kt ni ny m
bo kh nng khng tc nghn ca trng chuyn mch nhng tng phc tp ca
67
phn cng khi s im kt ni tng ln. Trng chuyn mch kt ni y hot ng
tng t nh trng chuyn mch chia s phng tin. Hnh 3.11 ch ra mt v d ca
kiu trng chuyn mch kt ni u .
Cc gi tin u vo c pht qung b trn ton b cc cng u ra, v vy mt s
gi t cc u vo khc nhau c th yu cu ra ng thi mt cng u ra ti mt thi
im, gii quyt vn ny cc b m s c b tr ti trung tm hoc ti cc u
ra ca cc cng. Chuyn mch kt ni y c tc x l tiu rt ln khng
gian tiu tiu yu cu N
2
bus qung b ring bit. y chnh l nhc im ln
nht ca kiu trng chuyn mch ny. u im ca trng chuyn mch kt ni y
nm ch n gin v cu trc khng tc nghn.
Hnh 3.11: Chuyn mch khng gian kiu kt ni y
iii, Chuyn mch da trn cu trc Banyan.
Nh ta bit, kin trc chuyn mch ghp a tng thng c s dng trong cc
h thng chuyn mch nhm gim thiu phc tp phn cng v m rng dung
lng. Trong mc ny ta tp trung vo mt s vn c bn lin quan ti cc trng
chuyn mch a tng kt ni kiu hnh cy, cn c gi l mng banyan. Cc c
tnh c bn ca mng banyan gm: (1) Mng banyan gm k = log
2
N tng v mi
tng c
2
N
node, (2) Mng banyan c c tnh t nh tuyn qua s dng k bit a ch,
mi bit s dng nh tuyn qua mt tng v (3) Lut u ni n gin v tng
minh.
Hnh 3.12 ch ra v d v tuyn kt ni t nh tuyn qua mng banyan kch thc
(8x8) vi cc phn t u ni l ma trn (2x2), trong trng hp tng qut mng
banyan c cu thnh t cc phn t ma trn (n x n). Cc ng m ch ra con
ng t nh tuyn, tuyn ni xc nh bng mt chui gm k bit nm trong tiu
ca gi tin theo th t cc tng. Cc kt ni lin tng c xc nh bi phng php
hon v xo trn.
68
Hnh 3.12: V d v mng banyan (8x8)
- Hin tng nghn ni trong mng banyan.
Hin tng tc nghn ni trong trng chuyn mch banyan xy ra khi c hin
tng tranh chp lin kt gia cc tng chuyn mch. Ni cch khc, hin tng tc
nghn ni xy ra khi hai iu kin sau tho mn: khng c mt u vo ri gia hai
u vo hot ng bt k v cc a ch u ra ca cc gi u trn cng mt cng
pha trn hoc pha di. trnh hin tng nghn ni cng nh nng cao hiu nng
chuyn mch, mng banyan thng c kt hp vi k thut phn l batcher. Mc
tiu ca qu trnh phn lo l phn tn lu lng iu khin qua cc mu lin kt gia
cc tng nhm gim thiu tranh chp.
- Cc kiu trng chuyn mch da trn cu trc banyan
Ty theo cc mu kt ni trung gian gia cc tng chuyn mch v c tnh kt ni
m mng chuyn mch da trn cu trc banyan c cc tn gi khc nhau. Trong ,
cc mng delta l mt phn lp ca cc mng da trn cu trc banyan c c tnh t
nh tuyn. Rt nhiu kiu mng delta nh: mng omega, flip, cube, mng tro i
(da trn hon v tro i) v cc mng baseline. Hnh 3.13 minh ha hai kiu mng
da trn cu trc banyan.
Cc kiu mng chuyn mch delta c mt s u im chnh:
phc tp phn cng ca cc im kt ni cho gim xung O(N log
10
N);
Khng cn c ch nh tuyn;
C th xy dng cc cu trc song song phc v cho cc kt ni a ng.
69
Hnh 3.13: Cc trng chuyn mch trong h bayan
Mt nhc im c bn ca cc trng chuyn mch da trn cu trc banyan l
tc nghn ni. Tc nghn ni lm gim hiu nng ca trng chuyn mch ng k khi
kch thc ca trng chuyn mch tng ln. Gii php hin nay i vi cc trng
chuyn mch ny l s dng b m hoc tng tc ca cc lin kt gia cc trng
chuyn mch.
Hnh 3.14: Kin trc cc trng chuyn mch a ng
Chuyn mch da trn cu trc banyan m rng: Kin trc trng chuyn mch
banyan m rng trnh by trn hnh 3.14 (a), y l phng php m rng theo chiu
ngang. Vic m rng thm tng chuyn mch ng ngha vi vic to thm c hi
chn ng cho cc gi tin i trong ni b trng chuyn mch. V vy, hin tng
mt gi s gim xung so vi trng chuyn mch banyan cha m rng. Tuy nhin,
nhc im chnh ca trng chuyn mch da trn cu trc mng banyan m rng l
vn nh tuyn phc tp cng vi phc tp phn cng s tng ln cng vi s
im kt ni cho.
70
Chuyn mch da trn cu trc ghp Clos: Phng php ghp ni Clos nhm xy
dng mng chuyn mch khng tc nghn hon ton gm 3 tng chuyn mch.
Trng chuyn mch Clos cho php gim phc tp ca h thng xung cn O
(N
3/2
). Nhc im ca trng chuyn mch ny l cn c mt c ch iu khin
thng minh v nhanh sp xp cc gi tin vo ma trn chuyn mch, vn ny
khng c t ra i vi cc yu cu kt ni chuyn mch knh v cc yu cu kt
ni knh c thc hin trong pha thit lp cuc gi. Hn na, trn thc t, rt kh
t c kh nng khng tc nghn hon ton nu trng chuyn mch khng phi l
trng chuyn mch c cu trc khng tc nghn hon ton, nht l vi cc dng lu
lng bin ng ln. Vic tng cc kt ni trung gian cng s lm gim kh nng tc
nghn nhng ng thi lm tng phc tp ca iu khin.
Chuyn mch da trn cu trc a mt: Nh ch ra trn hnh 3.14 (c) trng
chuyn mch gm nhiu mt nhm mc ch tng kh nng thng qua ca trng
chuyn mch. S dng mt s k thut nhm phn chia lu lng u vo, chuyn
mch da trn cu trc a mt gim hin tng tranh chp trong trng chuyn mch.
Cc u im khc ca kiu kin trc ny l tc ca u ra ch bng tc u vo
v tin cy ca h thng s tng ln khi c cc trng chuyn mch hot ng song
song. Tuy nhin, tnh tun t ca cc gi tin s khng c m bo nu nh khng
cng c truyn trn cng mt mt.
Chuyn mch da trn cu trc quay vng: Chuyn mch quay vng ch ra trn
hnh 3.14 (d) c thit k trnh tranh chp u ra. Vic quay vng cc gi tin
khng tm ng a ch ch v cc cng u vo tng t nh mt qu trnh tr thi
gian. T l tn tht gi tin s gim xung v lm tng thng qua ca trng chuyn
mch. Tuy nhin, nhc im ca chuyn mch quay vng l yu cu s lng chuyn
mch ln tng ng vi s cng, hn na vic quay vng c th gy ra li nn cn
phi thm mt s c ch iu khin v lm phc tp hn cho h thng chuyn mch.
3.4 CC KIU B TR HNG I
3.4.1 Cc kiu kiu b tr hng i c bn
i, Hng i u vo
Cc trng chuyn mch c cu trc hng i u vo gm mt ma trn khng gian
b tr cc hng i ti tt c cc cng u vo gii quyt vn tranh chp. M
hnh trng chuyn mch hng i u vo c ch ra trn hnh 3.15.
71
Hnh 3.15: Chuyn mch b tr m u vo
Cu trc trng chuyn mch m u vo gm ba khi chc nng: (1) Cc hng
i u vo; (2) Khi chuyn mch khng tc nghn; (3) Khi gii quyt tranh chp.
Cc gi tin c lu gi u tin ti cc hng i u vo ch cho n khi u ra
ri. Mng chuyn mch khng tc nghn thc hin chc nng nh tuyn ni b, c
th c cu trc t cc ma trn crossbar. Khi gii quyt tranh chp phn b cc cp
u v v cc cp u ra. Mt u im quan trng ca chuyn mch hng i u vo
l chuyn mch tc cao c th thc hin d dng, bi v vi chuyn mch hng i
u vo c tc hot ng b m (tc ghi/c b nh) cn bng v xp x vi
tc cng. V vy, chuyn mch vi c ch hng i u vo c th tng kch thc
tng i d dng.
Tuy nhin, chuyn mch c cu trc hng i u vo phi i mt vi vn
thng qua b hn ch bi hin tng nghn u lung HOL (Head Of Line) v vn
sp xp cc gi tin trnh tranh chp ti u ra ca trng chuyn mch khng gian.
V vy, thng qua ti a ca trng chuyn mch s dng hng i u vo ch t
58,6%. Vn u tin c th c gii quyt thng qua vic tng tc iu khin
trng chuyn mch hoc m rng cc lin kt trung gian. Vn chng tranh chp
cng u ra s c thc hin qua cc lc iu khin, mt lc iu khin
thng dng nht c xut bi HUI qua thut ton chim cng 3 giai on.
Ngoi ra cn mt s lc da trn kiu quay vng cc khong thi gian chim cng
v phng php chim cng u ra o.
Thut ton gii tranh chp 3 pha: Thut ton gii tranh chp 3 giai on gm: Tm
kim, xc nhn chim cng, v gi gi tin. Trong pha th nht, tt c cc u vo u
c cc gi u tin ca hng i, gi gi yu cu, ch cha a ch ngun v a ch
ch qua mng phn l (batcher). Cc gi c phn loi bi mng phn l ph
hp vi ch yu cu. Tt c cc gi s c thc hin mt qu trnh lc tm a ch
ch. Gi tm thy a ch ch s vng li xc nhn cng, tt c cc gi u vo
trong lung c cc gi vng li s gi gi xc nhn ACK, cha a ch ngun ca gi
72
vng nh l a ch ch cn i ti, qua mng batcher-banyan. Cc u ra ca mng
banyan c cp vi cc u vo xc nhn ng chim. Cc ng chim ca
cng u vo tip tc gi gi u lung (pha 2 v 3) qua mng, v cc b m u vo
ch i chu k thi gian tip theo sau khi gi gi i t b m. Hot ng 3 pha ny
c m t trn hnh 3.16.
Hnh 3.16: Lu x l ba giai on chng tranh chp
Nhc im ch yu ca lc ny nm ti 2 pha u khi x l tiu . Qu trnh
gi thng tin chim cng v xc nhn cng s lm tr qu trnh x l gi tin trong
trng chuyn mch, nht l khi trng chuyn mch c yu cu x l tc cao.
Cc yu t ph thuc vo tc x l nm ti kch thc ca trng chuyn mch v
kch thc ca trng thng tin x l nh tuyn.
Thut ton gii quyt tranh chp da trn kiu nghch vng: Thut ton mch vng
khng cn chc nng phn loi, phi hp gia cc b m u vo c thc hin trn
hai chu k phc v: th nht cho nghn u ra qua kch hot cc b iu khin m,
th hai l ch nh cc u ra khng th phc v ti cc b iu khin m cn li. C
ch nghch vng l c ch phn chia thi gian logic theo chu k chn cng chuyn
mch. Trong lc ny, cc b iu khin cng u vo c lin u ni thnh cu
trc mch vng. Mt token c to ra tun t tng ng ti tt c cc cng u ra.
Token c chim khi n ti ti cng u tin cha u ra lin kt vi token. u vo
no chim token u tin, th s c php chuyn gi tin ti cng u ra tng ng.
Vi gii php iu khin ny, ma trn chuyn mch khng cn s dng c ch
Speedup m vn thc hin c nhim v chuyn mch.
73
Tuy nhin, c hai im hn ch vi kiu cu trc ny: (1) tc bit tng ln trong
mch vng t l vi kch thc ca trng chuyn mch; (2) khng tho mn iu kin
cng bng ti qu trnh chim token. V vy, lc ny ch thch hp cho cc trng
chuyn mch nh.
Cc cu trc gii quyt tranh chp khc: Chuyn mch s dng hng i u vo
cng c th ci thin c nng cao hiu nng ca trng chuyn mch. Khi lu
lng u vo cao, cc gi s b loi b theo th t u tin.Vi cc thut ton gii
quyt tranh chp, hiu nng trng chuyn mch tng ng k khi so snh vi cc
chuyn mch hng i u vo thun tu. Mc d vy, cc thut ton trn khng m
bo c n nh ca t l mt mt t bo khi lu lng ln. duy tr t l mt t
bo, im mu cht l phi gii quyt tt vn nghn u lung lu lng. Mt s
cu trc gii quyt tranh chp khc c xut gm: m rng trng chuyn
mch, s dng k thut ca s, hoc k thut nhm knh.
K thut ca s thng c s dng cng vi cc hng i u vo. Trong k thut
ny, tt c cc u vo c cho php gi cc yu cu cho cc gi ca n tun t trong
hng i ca n ti im bt u ca khe thi gian, cho n khi mt trong s chng
c chim hoc c mt con s chc chn ca cc ln th ti a (gi l ca s) c
tm thy. S ln th ti a khng vt qu ca s kch thc w, ngha l cc thut ton
chy w ln trong mt khong thi gian yu cu, v vy n cn tc bit rt cao. Kt
qu m phng chng minh rng thng qua tng ln cng vi kch thc ca ca s
w.
Trong k thut nhm knh, cc u ra chuyn mch c chia thnh cc nhm knh
kch thc n v cc gi c cng vo cc nhm knh thay v tn ti di dng knh
ring bit. N c kh nng ci thiu hiu nng, khi tng ti cung cp ng thi trn
cng mt nhm knh khng ging nh ti trung bnh v s lng ngun phc v ln
cho mt nhm knh. Tuy nhin, cn c mt s vn cn phi quan tm trong lc
s dng k thut nhm knh l: Trong mt khe thi gian khng ch c u ra xung t
m cn phi x l trnh xung t cho c mt nhm knh khi c ch nh trn cng
mt tuyn truyn dn trong cng thi gian. Hn na, iu khin ch nh nhm knh
trong trng hp ca s kch thc w cn chy trn Log
2
n tng a ch phn cng.
thng qua c th t c trong trng hp ny l 0.9 trong trng hp s dng nhm
knh 32 (n=32). Vi cng mt kch thc nhm knh v ca s, ci thin thng
qua trong lc ny c nh gi l n gin hn so vi lc ca s.
74
ii, Hng i u ra
Nh ch ra trn hnh 3.17, chuyn mch c hng i u ra c thc hin bi
mt ma trn chuyn mch khng gian u vo v mi u ra chuyn mch c trang
b mt b m s dng cho cc hng i.
Hnh 3.17: Chuyn mch m u ra
Cc t bo tranh chp cng mt u ra s c lu tr tm thi vo trong cc hng
i ny. Vi chuyn mch (NxN) trong trng hp xu nht s c N t bo tranh chp
trong mt khong thi gian t bo. V vy, tc mong mun ca cc b m u ra
l ln hn N ln tc ng lin kt.
V cc chuyn mch hng i u ra khng b nh hng ca vn nghn u
lung d liu, nn hiu nng ca trng chuyn mch ny tt hn so vi cc trng
chuyn mch trang b b m u vo. Tuy nhin, kiu chuyn mch ny ph thuc rt
ln vo hiu nng ca hng i u ra.
Theo l thuyt hng i, xc sut mt mt gi c xc nh bi hiu qu ca lin
kt v kch thc b m. Nu b m c kch thc N th khng c hin tng mt
mt gi tin, trong khi dung lng b m l (ks N) th s gi tin c kh nng b mt do
trn b m l (N-k). Mt s tnh ton cho thy kch thc hng i thng rt nh
(khong 2 gi tin) th vn m bo c hiu sut s dng lin kt l 0.8. Mt khc,
nu cc hng i c s dng ring r th kch thc trng chuyn mch l yu t
nh hng ln nht ti tr trung bnh ca gi tin. Cc tnh ton l thuyt cho thy
thng qua ca trng chuyn mch m u ra c th t ti 80%.
iii, Hng i trung tm
Chuyn mch vi hng i trung tm cng c bit n vi tn gi l hng i
chia s, cc trng chuyn mch c b m trung tm ch c mt hng i c chia
s cho cc u vo v cc u ra. Cu trc c bn ca trng chuyn mch c hng
i trung tm ch ra trn hnh 3.18. Vi kiu hng i trung tm, tn ti mt b nh
75
trung tm c th c truy nhp bi tt c cc u vo v cc u ra. Cc gi tin n
c lu tr tm thi trong b m v cc u ra s la chn cc gi tin c ch ti n
c ra. Nh vy, gii hn ca trng chuyn mch kiu ny chnh l tc truy
nhp b nh.
thng qua ca trng chuyn mch kiu ny tng ng vi trng chuyn
mch s dng hng i u ra. Tuy nhin, khng gian b nh ca trng chuyn mch
b m trung tm nh hn ca trng chuyn mch s dng b m u ra v b nh
c th s dng phng php dng chung.
Hnh 3.18: Trng chuyn mch m trung tm
V tip cn hng i trung tm tng t nh vi chuyn mch thi gian nn mt
vn ng ch l khi cc gi tin u vo ti b m trung tm v c chuyn ra
ti cc u ra khc nhau, cc gi tin s c c ngu nhin (c iu khin) ti cc
vng nh ngu nhin, v vy cn phi c mt chin lc qun l vng nh. Trong cc
chuyn mch chia s b nh, mt vn mu cht lun phi c quan tm l kh
nng x l hogging, xy ra trong trng hp lu lng khng ng nht, mt u ni
bt k no c th chim ton b khng gian nh trong mt khong thi gian. Cc
gi tin khc khng th c c hi chuyn mch trong thi gian ny. gii quyt vn
ny c th c mt phng n khc nhm phn hoch vng nh thnh cc vng nh
hn c lp. Tuy nhin, phng php phn hoch thnh cc vng nh nh hn s gy
nn tn tht khi mt s lu lng chim mt ng no ln trong khi cc ng
khc khng c hoc rt t lu lng, iu ny cng lm gim hiu nng tng th ca
mng chuyn mch khi vic s dng b nh m khng hiu qu.
iv, Hng i u ra o VOQ
Cu trc hng i u ra o VOQ (Virtual Output Queuing) c s dng rng ri
hn ch hiu ng tc nghn ca gi tin u lung d liu HOL v v th tng
thng qua ca trng chuyn mch. Tng t nh cu trc chuyn mch hng i u
vo cc gi tin c xp hng ti u vo nhng cc b m u vo c chia thnh
76
N hng i logic, lu tr cc gi tin nh trc ti cng u ra lin kt. Tuy nhin,
vic s dng hng i logic dn ti cc thut ton lp lch gia tng phc tp. Nu
mi mt b m u vo c N hng i FIFO th tng s hng i s l N
2
, ni cch
khc cc gi tin n mt cng u vo th i v s ra cng ra th j c lu trong hng
i VOQij, cc gi tin u lung lu lng ca mi VOQ s c lp lch v c la
chn gi tin s c chuyn i.
Hnh 3.19: Trng chuyn mch m u ra o
Nu mt trng chuyn mch n nh v xc nh c c tnh lu lng u vo
th trng chuyn mch s dng VOQ trn c th c thng qua ti a 100%.
v, T hp hng i u vo v hng i u ra CIOQ
T hp hng i u vo v hng i u ra CIOQ (Combine Input Output
Queueing) l mt gii php khc trnh nghn u lung lu lng bng cch cho
php mi mt cng u ra nhn c nhiu hn mt gi tin trong mi khe thi gian.
Hnh 3.20 Cu trc trng chuyn mch CIOQ
77
Gi s trng chuyn mch hot ng vi tc s ln tc ng dy 1<s<N.
Khi trng chuyn mch hot ng ln hn tc ng dy, th cc b m c
t vo cc cng u vo v u ra iu ha s khng nht qun gia tc ng
dy v tc trng chuyn mch. Mt cu trc CIOQ c ch ra trn hnh 3.20.
Mi mt cng u vo v cng u ra u c mt hng i FIFO. Vi tc
speedup s 2 v s dng thut ton tm kim trng s ln nht th trng chuyn mch
s dng CIOQ c th t c thng qua theo l thuyt l 100% vi lu lng u
vo c xc nh.
3.4.2 Cc phng php x l hng i
Nh cc mc trn y trnh by, hiu nng ca h thng chuyn mch gi khng
ch ph thuc vo kin trc ca trng chuyn mch, m cn ph thuc vo lu lng
u vo ti cc trng chuyn mch. Vi lu lng c a vo hng i th vic x
l cc hng i cng l vn nh hng ti thng qua ca trng chuyn mch.
Trong k thut qun l hng i tch cc gm c 2 kiu c bn: k thut loi b gi
ngu nhin sm RED (Random Early Discarding) v loi b gi sm theo trng s
WRED (Weighted Random Early Discarding).
Hnh 3.21: S nguyn l hot ng ca RED
(a) K thut loi b gi ngu nhin sm RED.
RED pht hin trn tp tc nghn v loi b gi ngu nhin t b m. Hnh 3.37
th hin s nguyn l hot ng ca k thut loi b gi ngu nhin sm. Nh ch
ra trn hnh, RED cha mt thut ton d on tc nghn v h s loi b gi nh l
cc thnh phn trung tm.
78
Chc nng ca module d on tc nghn l nh gi hnh vi lu lng trong b
m theo thi gian v pht hin kh nng tc nghn.
Tip cn n gin nht l da vo chiu di hng i (N) v xc nh trng thi
tc nghn da trn c s hng i y (so snh vi kch thc b m (B)).
Mt phng php khc s dng d on tc nghn da trn thut ton tnh
ton thi gian trung bnh ca hng i, u ra ca module d on tc nghn l chiu
di hng i trung bnh trng s (nN). Mc d n phn nh di hng i hin thi,
nhng (nN) khng phi l chiu di hng i thc t m l php o cho hin tng tc
nghn. Gi o l phn trm (%) in y b m c tnh theo cng thc sau:
N
n
B
o =
(3.1)
Trong : B l kch thc b m
H s loi b gi l mt phng php tham chiu gia % b m y v xc sut
loi b gi, khi o t mt gi tr no th RED c kch hot, khi o t gi tr ln
nht (<100%) th xc sut loi b gi =1. C ch loi b gi chuyn sang theo phng
php ct bt phn cui ca lu lng.
(b) K thut loi b gi sm theo trng s WRED.
K thut loi b gi sm theo trng s WRED l k thut loi b gi sm RED
vi nhiu h s loi b gi. Thay v s dng mt h s loi b gi cho tt c cc hng
i, WRED s dng nhiu h s loi b gi cho mt hng i (V d, 3 h s loi b
gi khc nhau c th s dng cho 3 mu ca cc gi).
3.4.3 Mng hng i
M hnh ha mt trng chuyn mch c th c biu din qua mng hng i
vi nhiu node phc v. Cch tip cn ny nhm hng ti mc tiu nh gi hiu
nng thng qua mt lot cc phn tch c tnh ca mng hng i. Mng hng i c
hai kiu: mng hng i ng v mng hng i m c phn bit qua cch thc x
l d liu vo ra mng hng i. Phn ln cc h thng trng chuyn mch vi
nhim v chuyn mch cho cc gi tin t mt u vo bt k ti mt u ra bt k l
mt m hnh mng hng i m . Trong nhiu trng hp vi nhng phn tch chi tit
tng phn th c th m hnh ha trng chuyn mch thnh cc mng hng i ng.
Thm na lu lng i qua trng chuyn mch gi l cc gi tin ng dng hoc
khng ng dng tng ng vi phn loi thnh kiu mng n lp v mng a lp.
Mt s tnh ton c s c ch ra di y.
79
i, Mng n lp
Mng n lp c m hnh ha cho cc h thng mng c lu lng ng nht v
m t qua cc k hiu trong bng 3.1 sau:
Bng 3.1: K hiu trong mng hng i n lp
N S node
K S lng cng vic c nh trong mt mng ng
(k
1
, k
2
, , k
N
) Trng thi ca mng
k
i
S lng cng vic ti node th i. i vi mng ng
1
N
i
i
k K
=
=
m
i
S lng server song song ti node i (m
i
1)
i
Tc phc v cc cng vic ti node th i
1/
i
Thi gian phc v trung bnh ti node i
P
ij
Xc sut nh tuyn, xc sut m mt cng vic c chuyn
n node j sau khi c phc v ti node i
P
0j
Xc sut m mt cng vic a vo mng t bn ngoi ngay t
ln u vo node j
P
i0
Xc sut m mt cng vic ri khi mng ngay sau khi c
phc ti node i
0 ij
1
( 1 )
N
i
j
p p
=
=
0i
Tc n ca cng vic t bn ngoi ti node i
i
Tc n tng th ca cng vic ti node i
Tc n
i
cho node i = 1,.....,N ca mt mng m c tnh
0
1
N
i i i ji
J
p
=
= +
vi i = 1,...,N (3.2)
y c bit n l phng trnh lu lng. i vi mng ng phng trnh ny
c biu din nh sau:
1
N
i i ji
J
p
=
=
vi i = 1,...,N (3.3)
Mt tham s quan trng na ca mng l s ln trung bnh gh thm (e
i
) ca d liu
ti node th i. N cn c bit n l t l gh thm hoc t l n tng i:
i
i
e
= vi i = 1,....,N (3.4)
Vi l thng lng tng th ca mng. T l gh thm ny c th tnh ton trc
tip t xc sut nh tuyn s dng cc phng trnh trn. i vi cc mng m v
0i
= p
0i
nn:
80
0
1
N
i i j ji
j
e p e p
=
= +
vi i = 1,....,N (3.5)
V cc mng ng l:
1
N
i j ji
j
e e p
=
=
vi i = 1,.....N
1
N
i j ji
j
e e p
=
=
(3.6)
V ch c (N-1) phng trnh c lp cho t l gh thm trong mng ng nn e
i
c
th c xc nh bng vic gp nhiu ln mt hng s. Thng chng ta gi nh e
i
=
1 mc d cc kh nng khc l cng c th. S dng e
i
ta c th tnh ton h s s
dng tng i x
i
l:
i
i
i
e
x
=
T c th thy t l s dng server c a ra bi cng thc:
i
i
j j
x
x
= (3.7)
ii, Mng a lp
Kiu m hnh va trnh by trn c th m rng nu c cc nhiu phn lp d liu
khc nhau trong mng. Cc phn lp ny c th khc nhau v thi gian phc v hoc
xc sut nh tuyn. C th d liu s thay i phn lp ca mnh khi di chuyn t
node ny sang node khc. Nu khng c phn lp no c bit i vo hoc ri khi
mng tc l s lng phn lp trong mng l hng s th mng c phn lp d liu
ng. Mt phn lp d liu khng ng c gi l m. Nu mt mng hng i c c
phn lp ng v m c gi l mng hn hp. Cc k hiu thm vo sau y c
dng m t cc mng hng i a lp:
Bng 3.2: K hiu b sung trong mng hng i a lp
R S lng phn lp d liu trong mng
k
ir
S lng d liu ca phn lp r ti node i i vi mt mng ng
ir
1 1
N K
i r
k K
= =
=
K
r
S lng d liu ca phn lp r trong mng. N khng cn thit phi
c nh thm ch l vi mt mng ng:
ir
1
N
r
i
k K
=
=
K S lng d liu trong cc phn lp c bit n l mt vector tng
qut (K= (K
1
,..., K
R
) )
S
i
Trng thi ca node th i (S
i
= (k
i1
,...,k
iR
)):
81
1
N
i
i
S K
=
=
S Trng thi tng th ca mng vi cc phn lp (S=(S
1
,...,S
N
)
ir
Tc phc v ca node th i cho d liu ca lp r
p
ir,js
Xc sut mt d liu ca lp r ti node i c c chuyn thnh
lp s ti node j (xc sut nh tuyn)
p
0,js
L xc sut trong mt mng m m mt d liu t ngoi c a
n node j vi phn lp l s
p
ir,0
Xc sut trong mt mng m mt d liu lp r ri khi mng sau khi
c phc v ti node i. Do vy
ir ,0 ir,
1 1
1
N R
js
j s
p p
= =
=
Tc n tng th t bn ngoi vo mt mng m
0,ir
Tc n t bn ngoi ti node i ca phn lp d liu r(
0,ir
=
p
0,ir
)
ir
Tc n ca d liu lp r ti node i
ir 0,ir ,ir
1 1
N R
js js
j s
p p
= =
= +
ir 0,ir ,ir
1 1
N R
js js
j s
p p
= =
= +
i vi cc mng ng p
0,ir
=0 (1<i<N, 1<r<R) chng ta c c:
ir ,ir
1 1
N R
js js
j s
p
= =
=
(3.8)
S ln trung bnh gh thm e
ir
ca dch v lp r ti node i ca mt mng m c th
c xc nh t xc sut nh tuyn tng t phng trnh (3.5):
ir 0,ir ,ir
1 1
N R
js js
j s
e p e p
= =
= +
(3.9)
ir 0,ir ,ir
1 1
N R
js js
j s
e p e p
= =
= +
(3.11)
ir ,ir
1 1
N R
js js
j s
e e p
= =
=