Chng I

TNG QUAN V MNG GSM

H thng thng tin di ng ton cu (ting Php: Groupe Spcial Mobile ting Anh: Global System for Mobile Communications; vit tt GSM) l mt cng ngh dng cho mng thng tin di ng. Dch v GSM c s dng bi hn 2 t ngi trn 212 quc gia v vng lnh th. Cc mng thng tin di ng GSM cho php c th roaming vi nhau do nhng my in thoi di ng GSM ca cc mng GSM khc nhau c th s dng c nhiu ni trn th gii. GSM l chun ph bin nht cho in thoi di ng (TD) trn th gii. Kh nng ph sng rng khp ni ca chun GSM lm cho n tr nn ph bin trn th gii, cho php ngi s dng c th s dng TD ca h nhiu vng trn th gii. GSM khc vi cc chun tin thn ca n v c tn hiu v tc , cht lng cuc gi. N c xem nh l mt h thng TD th h th hai (second generation, 2G). GSM l mt chun m, hin ti n c pht trin bi 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP). ng v pha quan im khch hng, li th chnh ca GSM l cht lng cuc gi tt hn, gi thnh thp v dch v tin nhn. Thun li i vi nh iu hnh mng l kh nng trin khai thit b t nhiu ngi cung ng. GSM cho php nh iu hnh mng c th kt hp chuyn vng vi nhau do vy m ngi s dng c th s dng in thoi ca h khp ni trn th gii.

I. Cu trc a l v cu hnh h thng mng GSM Vi nt v lch s. Nhng nm u 1980, h thng vin thng t bo trn th gii ang pht trin mnh m c bit l Chu u m khng c chun ha v cc ch tiu k thut. iu ny thc gic Lin minh Chu u v Bu chnh vin thng CEPT (Conference of European Posts and Telecommunications) thnh lp nhm c trch v di ng GSM (Groupe Spcial Mobile) vi nhim v pht trin mt chun thng nht cho h thng thng tin di ng c th s dng trn ton Chu u. Ngy 27 thng 3 nm 1991, cuc gi u tin s dng cng ngh GSM c thc hin bi mng Radiolinja Phn Lan (mng di ng GSM u tin trn th gii). Nm 1989, Vin tiu chun vin thng Chu u ETSI (European Telecommunications Standards Institute) quy nh chun GSM l mt tiu chun chung cho mng thng tin di ng ton Chu u, v nm 1990 ch tiu k thut GSM phase I (giai on I) c cng b. Nm 1992, Telstra Australia l mng u tin ngoi Chu u k vo bin bn ghi nh GSM MoU (Memorandum of Understanding). Cng trong nm ny, tha thun chuyn vng quc t u tin c k kt gia hai mng Finland Telecom ca Phn Lan v Vodafone ca Anh. Tin nhn SMS u tin cng c gi i trong nm 1992. Nhng nm sau , h thng thng tin di ng ton cu GSM pht trin mt cch mnh m, cng vi s gia tng nhanh chng ca cc nh iu hnh, cc mng di ng mi, th s lng cc thu bao cng gia tng mt cch chng mt.

Nm 1996, s thnh vin GSM MoU ln ti 200 nh iu hnh t gn 100 quc gia. 167 mng hot ng trn 94 quc gia vi s thu bao t 50 triu. Nm 2000, GPRS c ng dng. Nm 2001, mng 3GSM (UMTS) c i vo hot ng, s thu bao GSM vt qu 500 triu. Nm 2003, mng EDGE i vo hot ng. Cho n nm 2006 s thu bao di ng GSM ln ti con s 2 t vi trn 700 nh iu hnh, chim gn 80% th phn thng tin di ng trn th gii. Theo d on ca GSM Association, nm 2007 s thu bao GSM s t 2,5 t.

Hnh 1 Th phn thng tin di ng trn th gii nm 2006 1. Cu trc a l ca mng Mi mng in thoi cn mt cu trc nht nh nh tuyn cc cuc gi n tng i cn thit v cui cng n thu bao b gi. mt

mng di ng, cu trc ny rt qun trng do tnh lu thng ca cc thu bao trong mng. Trong h thng GSM, mng c phn chia thnh cc phn vng sau (hnh 1.2):

Hnh 2 Phn cp cu trc a l mng GSM

Hnh 3 Phn vng v chia 1.1. Vng phc v PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) Vng phc v GSM l ton b vng phc v do s kt hp ca cc quc gia thnh vin nn nhng my in thoi di ng GSM ca cc mng GSM khc nhau c th s dng c nhiu ni trn th gii. Phn cp tip theo l vng phc v PLMN, c th l mt hay nhiu vng trong mt quc gia ty theo kch thc ca vng phc v. Kt ni cc ng truyn gia mng di ng GSM/PLMN v cc mng khc (c nh hay di ng) u mc tng i trung k quc gia hay quc t. Tt c cc cuc gi vo hay ra mng GSM/PLMN u c nh tuyn thng qua tng i v tuyn cng G-MSC (Gateway - Mobile Service Switching Center). G-MSC lm vic nh mt tng i trung k vo cho GSM/PLMN.

1.2. Vng phc v MSC MSC (Trung tm chuyn mch cc nghip v di ng, gi tt l tng i di ng). Vng MSC l mt b phn ca mng c mt MSC qun l. nh tuyn mt cuc gi n mt thu bao di ng. Mi thng tin nh tuyn cuc gi ti thu bao di ng hin ang trong vng phc v ca MSC c lu gi trong b ghi nh v tm tr VLR. Mt vng mng GSM/PLMN c chia thnh mt hay nhiu vng phc v MSC/VLR. 1.3. Vng nh v (LA - Location Area) Mi vng phc v MSC/VLR c chia thnh mt s vng nh v LA. Vng nh v l mt phn ca vng phc v MSC/VLR, m mt trm di ng c th chuyn ng t do m khng cn cp nht thng tin v v tr cho tng i MSC/VLR iu khin vng nh v ny. Vng nh v ny l mt vng m thng bo tm gi s c pht qung b tm mt thu bao di ng b gi. Vng nh v LA c h thng s dng tm mt thu bao ang trng thi hot ng. H thng c th nhn dng vng nh v bng cch s dng nhn dng vng nh v LAI (Location Area Identity): LAI = MCC + MNC + LAC MCC (Mobile Country Code): m quc gia MNC (Mobile Network Code): m mng di ng LAC (Location Area Code) : m vng nh v (16 bit) 1.4. Cell (T bo hay ) Vng nh v c chia thnh mt s m khi MS di chuyn trong th khng cn cp nht thng tin v v tr vi mng. Cell l n v c s ca

mng, l mt vng ph sng v tuyn c nhn dng bng nhn ng ton cu (CGI). Mi c qun l bi mt trm v tuyn gc BTS. CGI = MCC + MNC + LAC + CI CI (Cell Identity): Nhn dng xc nh v tr trong vng nh v. Trm di ng MS t nhn dng mt bng cch s dng m nhn dng trm gc BSIC (Base Station Identification Code).

2. cu hnh h thng
2.1. M hnh h thng thng tin di ng GSM

Hnh 4 M hnh h thng thng tin di ng GSM Cc k hiu:

OSS AUC HLR MSC : Phn h khai thc v h tr : Trung tm nhn thc : B ghi nh v thng tr : Tng i di ng BTS : Trm v tuyn gc MS : Trm di ng ISDN : Mng s lin kt a dch v PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network):

BSS BSC OMC SS VLR EIR

: Phn h trm gc : B iu khin trm gc : Trung tm khai thc v bo dng : Phn h chuyn mch : B ghi nh v tm tr : Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b

Mng chuyn mch in thoi cng cng PSPDN : Mng chuyn mch gi cng cng CSPDN (Circuit Switched Public Data Network): Mng s liu chuyn mch knh cng cng PLMN : Mng di ng mt t cng cng

2.2. Cc thnh phn chc nng trong h thng Mng thng tin di ng cng cng mt t PLMN (Public Land Mobile Network) theo chun GSM c chia thnh 4 phn h chnh sau: Trm di ng MS (Mobile Station) Phn h trm gc BSS (Base Station Subsystem) Phn h chuyn mch SS (Switching Subsystem) Phn h khai thc v h tr (Operation and Support Subsystem) 2.2.1. Trm di ng (MS - Mobile Station) Trm di ng (MS) bao gm thit b trm di ng ME (Mobile Equipment) v mt khi nh gi l moun nhn dng thu bao (SIMSubscriber Identity Module). l mt khi vt l tch ring, chng hn l mt IC Card hoc cn gi l card thng minh. SIM cng vi thit b trm (ME-Mobile Equipment) hp thnh trm di ng MS. SIM cung cp kh nng di ng c nhn, v th ngi s dng c th lp SIM vo bt c my in thoi di ng GSM no truy nhp vo dch v ng k. Mi in thoi di ng c phn bit bi mt s nhn dng in thoi di ng IMEI (International Mobile Equipment Identity). Card SIM cha mt s nhn dng thu bao di ng IMSI (International Subcriber Identity) h thng nhn dng thu bao, mt mt m xc thc v cc thng tin khc. IMEI v IMSI hon ton c lp vi nhau m bo tnh di ng c nhn. Card

SIM c th chng vic s dng tri php bng mt khu hoc s nhn dng c nhn (PIN). Trm di ng GSM thc hin hai chc nng: Thit b vt l giao tip gia thu bao di ng vi mng qua ng v tuyn.
ng k thu bao, chc nng th hai ny mi thu bao phi c

mt th gi l SIM card. Tr mt s trng hp c bit nh gi cp cu thu bao ch c th truy nhp vo h thng khi cm th ny vo my. 2.2.2. Phn h trm gc (BSS - Base Station Subsystem) BSS giao din trc tip vi cc trm di ng MS bng thit b BTS thng qua giao din v tuyn. Mt khc BSS thc hin giao din vi cc tng i phn h chuyn mch SS. Tm li, BSS thc hin u ni cc MS vi tng i v nh vy u ni nhng ngi s dng cc trm di ng vi nhng ngi s dng vin thng khc. BSS cng phi c iu khin, do n c u ni vi phn h vn hnh v bo dng OSS. Phn h trm gc BSS bao gm: TRAU (Transcoding and Rate Adapter Unit): B chuyn i m v phi hp tc . BSC (Base Station Controler): B iu khin trm gc. BTS (Base Transceiver Station): Trm thu pht gc. . Khi BTS (Base Tranceiver Station): Mt BTS bao gm cc thit b thu /pht tn hiu sng v tuyn, anten v b phn m ha v gii m giao tip vi BSC. BTS l thit b trung gian gia mng GSM v thit b thu bao MS, trao i thng tin vi MS qua giao

din v tuyn. Mi BTS to ra mt hay mt s khu vc vng ph sng nht nh gi l t bo (cell). . Khi TRAU (Transcode/Rate Adapter Unit): Khi thch ng v chuyn i m thc hin chuyn i m thng tin t cc knh v tuyn (16 Kb/s) theo tiu chun GSM thnh cc knh thoi chun (64 Kb/s) trc khi chuyn n tng i. TRAU l thit b m qu trnh m ho v gii m ting c th ring cho GSM c tin hnh, ti y cng thc hin thch ng tc trong trng hp truyn s liu. TRAU l mt b phn ca BTS, nhng cng c th c t cch xa BTS v thm ch cn t trong BSC v MSC. . Khi BSC (Base Station Controller): BSC c nhim v qun l tt c giao din v tuyn thng qua cc lnh iu khin t xa. Cc lnh ny ch yu l lnh n nh, gii phng knh v tuyn v chuyn giao. Mt pha BSC c ni vi BTS, cn pha kia ni vi MSC ca phn h chuyn mch SS. Giao din gia BSC v MSC l giao din A, cn giao din gia BTS v BSC l giao din A.bis.

Cc chc nng chnh ca BSC: Qun l mng v tuyn: Vic qun l v tuyn chnh l qun l cc cell v cc knh logic ca chng. Cc s liu qun l u c a v BSC o c v x l, chng hn nh lu lng thng tin mt cell, mi trng v tuyn, s lng cuc gi b mt, cc ln chuyn giao thnh cng v tht bi...

 Qun l trm v tuyn gc BTS: Trc khi a vo khai thc, BSC lp cu hnh ca BTS ( s my thu/pht TRX, tn s cho mi trm... ). Nh m BSC c sn mt tp cc knh v tuyn dnh cho iu khin v ni thng cuc gi. iu khin ni thng cc cuc gi: BSC chu trch nhim thit lp v gii phng cc u ni ti my di ng MS. Trong qu trnh gi, s u ni c BSC gim st. Cng tn hiu, cht lng cuc u ni c my di ng v TRX gi n BSC. Da vo m BSC s quyt nh cng sut pht tt nht ca MS v TRX gim nhiu v tng cht lng cuc u ni. BSC cng iu khin qu trnh chuyn giao nh cc kt qu o k trn quyt nh chuyn giao MS sang cell khc, nhm t c cht lng cuc gi tt hn. Trong trng hp chuyn giao sang cell ca mt BSC khc th n phi nh s tr gip ca MSC. Bn cnh , BSC cng c th iu khin chuyn giao gia cc knh trong mt cell hoc t cell ny sang knh ca cell khc trong trng hp cell ny b nghn nhiu. Qun l mng truyn dn: BSC c chc nng qun l cu hnh cc ng truyn dn ti MSC v BTS m bo cht lng thng tin. Trong trng hp c s c mt tuyn no , n s t ng iu khin ti mt tuyn d phng. 2.2.3. Phn h chuyn mch (SS - Switching Subsystem) Phn h chuyn mch bao gm cc khi chc nng sau: Trung tm chuyn mch nghip v di ng MSC Thanh ghi nh v thng tr HLR Thanh ghi nh v tm tr VLR

 Trung tm nhn thc AuC Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b EIR Phn h chuyn mch (SS) bao gm cc chc nng chuyn mch chnh ca mng GSM cng nh cc c s d liu cn thit cho s liu thu bao v qun l di ng ca thu bao. Chc nng chnh ca SS l qun l thng tin gia nhng ngi s dng mng GSM vi nhau v vi mng khc. . Trung tm chuyn mch di ng MSC: Tng i di ng MSC (Mobile services Switching Center) thng l mt tng i ln iu khin v qun l mt s cc b iu khin trm gc BSC. MSC thc hin cc chc nng chuyn mch chnh, nhim v chnh ca MSC l to kt ni v x l cuc gi n nhng thu bao ca GSM, mt mt MSC giao tip vi phn h BSS v mt khc giao tip vi mng ngoi qua tng i cng GMSC (Gateway MSC). Chc nng chnh ca tng i MSC: X l cuc gi (Call Processing) iu khin chuyn giao (Handover Control) Qun l di ng (Mobility Management) Tng tc mng IWF(Interworking Function): qua GMSC

Hnh 5 Chc nng x l cuc gi ca MSC (1): Khi ch gi quay s thu bao di ng b gi, s mng dch v s lin kt ca thu bao di ng, s c hai trng hp xy ra : (1.a) Nu cuc gi khi u t mng c nh PSTN th tng i sau khi phn tch s thoi s bit y l cuc gi cho mt thu bao di ng. Cuc gi s c nh tuyn n tng i cng GMSC gn nht. (1.b) Nu cuc gi khi u t trm di ng, MSC ph trch m trm di ng trc thuc s nhn c bn tin thit lp cuc gi t MS thng qua BTS c cha s thoi ca thu bao di ng b gi. (2): MSC (hay GMSC) s phn tch s MSISDN (The Mobile Station ISDN) ca thu bao b gi tm ra HLR ni MS ng k. (3): MSC (hay GMSC) s hi HLR thng tin c th nh tuyn n MSC/VLR qun l MS. (4): HLR s tr li, khi MSC (hay GMSC) ny c th nh tuyn li cuc gi n MSC cn thit. Khi cuc gi n MSC ny, VLR s bit chi tit hn v v tr ca MS. Nh vy c th ni thng mt cuc gi mng GSM, l chc nng x l cuc gi ca MSC. kt ni MSC vi mt s mng khc cn phi thch ng cc c im truyn dn ca mng GSM vi cc mng ny. Cc thch ng ny gi l chc nng tng tc IWF (Inter Networking Function). IWF bao gm mt thit b thch ng giao thc v truyn dn. IWF c th thc hin trong cng chc nng MSC hay c th thit b ring, trng hp hai giao tip gia MSC v IWF c m.

 . B ghi nh v thng tr (HLR - Home Location Register): HLR l c s d liu tham chiu lu gi lu di cc thng tin v thu bao, cc thng tin lin quan ti vic cung cp cc dch v vin thng. HLR khng ph thuc vo v tr hin thi ca thu bao v cha cc thng tin v v tr hin thi ca thu bao. HLR bao gm: Cc s nhn dng: IMSI, MSISDN. Cc thng tin v thu bao Danh sch cc dch v m MS c s dng v b hn ch S hiu VLR ang phc v MS . B ghi nh v tm tr (VLR - Visitor Location Register): VLR l mt c s d liu cha thng tin v tt c cc MS hin ang vng phc v ca MSC. Mi MSC c mt VLR, thng thit k VLR ngay trong MSC. Ngay c khi MS lu ng vo mt vng MSC mi. VLR lin kt vi MSC s yu cu s liu v MS t HLR. ng thi HLR s c thng bo rng MS ang vng MSC no. Nu sau MS mun thc hin mt cuc gi, VLR s c tt c cc thng tin cn thit thit lp mt cuc gi m khng cn hi HLR, c th coi VLR nh mt HLR phn b. VLR cha thng tin chnh xc hn v v tr MS vng MSC. Nhng khi thu bao tt my hay ri khi vng phc v ca MSC th cc s liu lin quan ti n cng ht gi tr. Hay ni cch khc, VLR l c s d liu trung gian lu tr tm thi thng tin v thu bao trong vng phc v MSC/VLR c tham chiu t c s d liu HLR.

VLR bao gm: Cc s nhn dng: IMSI, MSISDN, TMSI. S hiu nhn dng vng nh v ang phc v MS Danh sch cc dch v m MS c v b hn ch s dng Trng thi ca MS ( bn: busy; ri: idle) . Thanh ghi nhn dng thit b (EIR Equipment Identity Register): EIR c chc nng kim tra tnh hp l ca ME thng qua s liu nhn dng di ng quc t (IMEI-International Mobile Equipment Identity) v cha cc s liu v phn cng ca thit b. Mt ME s c s IMEI thuc mt trong ba danh sch sau: 1. Nu ME thuc danh sch trng ( White List ) th n c quyn truy nhp v s dng cc dch v ng k. 2. Nu ME thuc danh sch xm ( Gray List ), tc l c nghi vn v cn kim tra. Danh sch xm bao gm nhng ME c li (li phn mm hay li sn xut thit b) nhng khng nghim trng ti mc loi tr khi h thng 3. Nu ME thuc danh sch en ( Black List ), tc l b cm khng cho truy nhp vo h thng, nhng ME thng bo mt my. . Khi trung tm nhn thc AuC (Aunthentication Center) AuC c ni n HLR, chc nng ca AuC l cung cp cho HLR cc tn s nhn thc v cc kho mt m s dng cho bo mt. ng v tuyn cng c AuC cung cp m bo mt chng nghe trm, m ny c thay i ring bit cho tng thu bao. C s d liu ca AuC cn ghi

nhiu thng tin cn thit khc khi thu bao ng k nhp mng v c s dng kim tra khi thu bao yu cu cung cp dch v, trnh vic truy nhp mng mt cch tri php. 2.2.3. Phn h khai thc v bo dng (OSS) OSS (Operation and Support System) thc hin 3 chc nng chnh: 1) 2) 3) Khai thc v bo dng mng. Qun l thu bao v tnh cc. Qun l thit b di ng. . Khai thc v bo dng mng: Khai thc: L hot ng cho php nh khai thc mng theo di hnh vi ca mng nh ti ca h thng, mc chn, s lng chuyn giao gia hai cell.v.v.. Nh vy nh khai thc c th gim st c ton b cht lng dch v m h cung cp cho khch hng v kp thi nng cp. Khai thc cn bao gm vic thay i cu hnh gim nhng vn xut hin thi im hin thi, chun b tng lu lng trong tng lai v m rng vng ph sng. h thng vin thng hin i, khai thc c thc hin bng my tnh v c tp trung mt trm. Bo dng: C nhim v pht hin, nh v v sa cha cc s c v hng hc, n c mt s quan h vi khai thc. Cc thit b h thng vin thng hin i c kh nng t pht hin mt s cc s c hay d bo s c thng qua kim tra. Bo dng bao gm cc hot ng ti hin trng nhm thay th cc thit b c s c, cng nh vic s dng cc phn mm iu khin t xa.

H thng khai thc v bo dng c th c xy dng trn nguyn l ca TMN (Telecommunication Management Network - Mng qun l vin thng). Lc ny, mt mt h thng khai thc v bo dng c ni n cc phn t ca mng vin thng (MSC, HLR, VLR, BSC, v cc phn t mng khc tr BTS). Mt khc h thng khai thc v bo dng c ni ti my tnh ch ng vai tr giao tip ngi - my. Theo tiu chun GSM h thng ny c gi l trung tm vn hnh v bo dng (OMC - Operation and Maintenance Center). . Qun l thu bao: Bao gm cc hot ng qun l ng k thu bao. Nhim v u tin l nhp v xo thu bao khi mng. ng k thu bao cng c th rt phc tp, bao gm nhiu dch v v cc tnh nng b sung. Nh khai thc c th thm nhp c cc thng s ni trn. Mt nhim v quan trng khc ca khai thc l tnh cc cc cuc gi ri gi n thu bao. Khi HLR, SIMCard ng vai tr nh mt b phn qun l thu bao. . Qun l thit b di ng: Qun l thit b di ng c b ng k nhn dng thit b EIR thc hin. EIR lu tr ton b d liu lin quan n trm di ng MS. EIR c ni n MSC qua ng bo hiu kim tra tnh hp l ca thit b. Trong h thng GSM th EIR c coi l thuc phn h chuyn mch NSS. 2.3. Giao din v tuyn s Cc knh ca giao din v tuyn bao gm cc knh vt l v cc knh logic.

2.3.1. Knh vt l Knh vt l t chc theo quan nim truyn dn. i vi TDMA GSM, knh vt l l mt khe thi gian mt tn s sng mang v tuyn c ch nh. GSM 900 nguyn thy Di tn s: 890 915 MHz cho ng ln uplink (t MS n BTS). 935 960 MHz cho ng xung downlink (t BTS n MS). Di thng tn ca mt knh vt l l 200KHz. Di tn bo v bin cng rng 200KHz. Ful (n) = 890,0 MHz + (0,2 MHz) * n Fdl (n) = Ful (n) + 45 MHz Vi 1 n 124 Cc knh t 1 124 c gi l cc knh tn s v tuyn tuyt i ARFCN (Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number). Knh 0 l di phng v. Vy GSM 900 c 124 tn s bt u t 890,2MHz. Mi di thng tn l mt khung TDMA c 8 khe thi gian. Nh vy, s knh vt l GSM 900 l s 992 knh. EGSM (GSM m rng E : extended) H thng GSM nguyn thy c m rng mi bng tn thm 10 MHz (tng ng 50 knh tn s) th c gi l EGSM: Di tn s: 880 915 MHz uplink. 925 960 MHz downlink. Ful (n) = 880 MHz +(0,2 MHz)*n Fdl (n) = Ful (n) + 45 MHz.

Vi n=ARFCN , 1 n 174 . Knh 0 l di phng v. DCS 1800: DCS 1800 c s knh tn s tng gp 3 ln so vi GSM 900 Di tn s: 1710 1785 MHz uplink. 1805 1880 MHz downlink. Ful (n) = 1710MHz + (0,2 MHz)*(n - 511) Fdl (n) = Ful (n) + 95 MHz Vi 512 n 885. 2.3.2. Knh logic Knh logic c t chc theo quan im ni dung tin tc, cc knh ny c t vo cc knh vt l. Cc knh logic c c trng bi thng tin truyn gia BTS v MS. C th chia knh logic thnh hai loi tng qut: cc knh lu lng TCH v cc knh bo hiu iu khin CCH.

Hnh 6 Phn loi knh logic

Knh lu lng TCH: C hai loi knh lu lng: Bm hay knh lu lng ton tc (TCH/F), knh ny mang thng

tin ting hay s liu tc 22,8 kbit/s. Lm hay knh lu lng bn tc (TCH/H), knh ny mang thng tin tc 11,4 kbit/s
Knh iu khin CCH (k hiu l Dm): bao gm: Knh qung b BCH (Broadcast Channel).

Knh iu khin chung CCCH (Common Control Channel). Knh iu khin ring DCCH (Dedicate Control Channel).
Knh qung b BCH: BCH = BCCH + FCCH + SCH.

 FCCH (Frequency Correction Channel): Knh hiu chnh tn s

cung cp tn s tham chiu ca h thng cho trm MS. FCCH ch c dng cho ng xung. SCH (Synchronous Channel): Knh ng b khung cho MS. BCCH (Broadcast Control Channel): Knh iu khin qung b cung cp cc tin tc sau: M vng nh v LAC (Location Area Code), m mng di ng MNC (Mobile Network Code), tin tc v tn s ca cc cell ln cn, thng s di qut ca cell v cc thng s phc v truy cp.
Knh iu khin chung CCCH: CCCH l knh thit lp s truyn

thng gia BTS v MS. N bao gm: CCCH = RACH + PCH + AGCH. RACH (Random Access Channel), knh truy nhp ngu nhin. l knh hng ln MS a yu cu knh dnh ring, yu cu ny th hin trong bn tin u ca MS gi n BTS trong qu trnh mt cuc lin lc. PCH (Paging Channel, knh tm gi) c BTS truyn xung gi MS. AGCH (Access Grant Channel): Knh cho php truy nhp AGCH, l knh hng xung, mang tin tc phc p ca BTS i vi bn tin yu cu knh ca MS thc hin mt knh lu lng TCH v knh DCCH cho thu bao.
Knh iu khin ring DCCH: DCCH l knh dng c hng

ln v hng xung, dng trao i bn tin bo hiu, phc v cp nht v tr, ng k v thit lp cuc gi, phc v bo dng knh. DCCH gm c: Knh iu khin dnh ring ng mt mnh SDCCH dng cp nht v tr v thit lp cuc gi.

 Knh iu khin lin kt chm SACCH, l mt knh hot ng lin tc trong sut cuc lin lc truyn cc s liu o lng v kim sot cng sut. Knh iu khin lin kt nhanh FACCH, n lin kt vi mt knh TCH v hot ng bng cch ly ln mt khung FACCH c dng chuyn giao cell. 2.4. Cc m nhn dng s dng trong h thng GSM Trong GSM, mi phn t mng cng nh mi vng phc v u c a ch ho bng mt s gi l m (code). Trn phm vi ton cu, h thng m ny l n tr (duy nht) cho mi i tng v c lu tr ri rc trong tt c cc phn t mng. 2.4.1. M xc nh khu vc LAI ( Location Area Identity ): LAI l m quc t cho cc khu vc, c lu tr trong VLR v l mt thnh phn trong m nhn dng t bo ton cu CGI (Cell Global Identity). Khi mt thu bao c mt ti mt vng ph sng no , n s nhn CGI t BSS, so snh LAI nhn c trc xc nh xem n ang u. Khi hai s liu ny khc nhau, MS s np LAI mi cho b nh. Cu trc ca mt LAI nh sau:

MCC Trong :

MNC

LAC

MCC (Mobile Country Code): m quc gia ca nc c mng GSM. MNC (Mobile Network Code): m ca mng GSM, do quc gia c mng GSM qui nh.

 LAC (Location Area Code): m khu vc, dng nhn dng khu vc trong mng GSM. 2.4.2. Cc m s a dch v ton cu (International ISDN Numbers): Cc phn t ca mng GSM nh MSC, VLR, HLR/AUC, EIR, BSC u c mt m s tng ng a dch v ton cu. M cc im bo hiu c suy ra t cc m ny c s dng cho mng bo hiu CCS7 trong mng GSM. Ring HLR/AUC cn c mt m khc, gm hai thnh phn. Mt phn lin quan n s thu bao a dch v ton cu - MSISDN (International Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number) c s dng trong vic thit lp cuc gi t mt mng khc n MS trong mng. Phn t khc lin quan n m nhn dng thu bao di ng quc t - IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) c lu gi trong AUC.
2.4.3. M nhn dng t bo ton cu CGI:

CGI c s dng cc MSC v BSC truy nhp cc t bo. CGI = LAI + CI. CI (Cell Identity) gm 16 bit dng nhn dng cell trong phm vi ca LAI. CGI c lu gi trong c s d liu ca MSC/VLR. 2.4.4. M nhn dng trm gc BSIC (Base Station Identity Code): Cu trc ca m nhn dng trm gc nh sau: NCC (3 bits) BCC (3 bits) Trong :

NCC (Network Color Code): m mu ca mng GSM. c s dng phn bit vi cc mng khc trong nc. BCC ( BTS Color Code ): m mu ca BTS. Dng phn bit cc knh s dng cng mt tn s ca cc trm BTS khc nhau.
2.4.5. S thu bao ISDN ca my di ng - MSISDN (Mobile Subscriber

ISDN Number): Mi thu bao di ng u c mt s my MSISDN c ghi trong danh b in thoi. Nu mt s dng cho tt c cc dch v vin thng lin quan n thu bao th gi l nh s duy nht, cn nu thu bao s dng cho mi dch v vin thng mt s khc nhau th gi l nh s m rng. MSISDN c s dng bi MSC truy nhp HLR khi cn thit lp cuc ni. MSISDN c cu trc theo CCITT, E164 v k hoch nh s ISDN nh sau: CC Trong : CC (Country Code): m nc, l ni thu bao ng k nhp mng (Vit Nam th CC = 84). NDC (National Destination Code): m mng GSM, dng phn bit cc mng GSM trong cng mt nc. SN (Subscriber Number): s thu bao, ti a c 12 s, trong c 3 s nhn dng HLR. 2.4.6. Nhn dng thu bao di ng ton cu IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity): IMSI l m s duy nht cho mi thu bao trong mt vng h thng GSM. IMSI c ghi trong MS v trong HLR v b mt vi ngi s dng. IMSI c cu trc nh sau: MCC MNC MSIN NDC SN

Trong : MCC (Mobile Country Code): m nc c mng GSM, do CCITT qui nh nhn dng quc gia m thu bao ang c mt. MNC (Mobile Network Code): m mng GSM. MSIN (Mobile Subscriber Identification Number): s nhn dng thu bao di ng, gm 10 s c dng nhn dng thu bao di ng trong cc vng dch v ca mng GSM, vi 3 s u tin c dng nhn dng HLR. MSIN c lu gi c nh trong VLR v trong thu bao MS. MSIN c VLR s dng khi truy nhp HLR/AUC to lp H khu thng tr cho thu bao. 2.4.7. Nhn dng thu bao di ng cc b - LMSI (Location Mobile subscriber Identity): Gm 4 octet. VLR lu gi v s dng LMSI cho tt c cc thu bao hin ang c mt ti vng ph sng ca n v chuyn LMSI cng vi IMSI cho HLR. HLR s dng LMSI mi khi cn chuyn cc mu tin lin quan n thu bao tng ng cung cp dch v. 2.4.8. Nhn dng thu bao di ng tm thi - TMSI (Temporaly Mobile subscriber Identity): TMSI do VLR t to ra trong c s d liu ca n cng vi IMSI sau khi vic kim tra quyn truy nhp ca thu bao chng t hp l. TMSI c s dng cng vi LAI a ch ho thu bao trong BSS v truy nhp s liu ca thu bao trong c s d liu ca VLR.

2.4.9. S vng lai ca thu bao di ng - MSRN (Mobile Station

Roaming Number ): MSRN do VLR tm thi to ra yu cu ca HLR trc khi thit lp cuc gi n mt thu bao ang lu ng n mng ca n. Khi cuc gi kt thc th MSRN cng b xo. Cu trc ca MSRN bao gm CC, NDC v s do VLR tm thi t to ra. 2.4.10. S chuyn giao HON (Handover Number): Handover l vic di chuyn cuc ni m khng lm gin on cuc ni t t bo ny sang t bo khc (trng hp phc tp nht l chuyn giao nhng t bo thuc cc tng i MSC khc nhau). V d khi thu bao di chuyn t MSC1 sang MSC2 m vn ang s dng dch v. MSC2 yu cu VLR ca n tm thi to ra HON gi cho MSC1 v MSC1 s dng HON chuyn cuc ni sang cho MSC2. Sau khi ht cuc thoi hay thu bao ri khi vng ph sng ca MSC1 th HON s b xo. 2.4.11. Nhn dng thit b di ng quc t - IMEI (International Moble Equipment Identity): IMEI c hng ch to ghi sn trong thit b thu bao v c thu bao cung cp cho MSC khi cn thit. Cu trc ca IMEI:
TAC FAC SNR

Trong : TAC (Type Approval Code): m chng nhn loi thit b, gm 6 k t, dng phn bit vi cc loi khng c cp bn quyn. TAC c qun l mt cch tp trung. FAC (Final Assembly Code): xc nh ni sn xut, gm 2 k t.

SNR (Serial Number): l s Seri, dng xc nh cc my c cng TAC v FAC.

3. Cc ch tiu k thut mng GSM.

H thng thng tin di ng GSM cho php chuyn vng t do ca cc thu bao trn th gii, c ngha l mt thu bao c th thm nhp sang mng ca nc khc khi di chuyn qua bin gii. Trm di ng GSM MS (GSM Mobile Station) phi c kh nng trao i thng tin ti bt c ni no trong vng ph sng quc t. 3.1. V kh nng phc v : - H thng c thit k sao cho MS c th dng c trong tt c cc nc c mng. - Cng vi phc v thoi, h thng phi cho php s linh hot ln nht cho cc loi dch v khc lin quan ti mng s lin kt a dch v (ISDN). - To mt h thng c th phc v cho cc MS trn cc tu vin dng nh mt mng m rng cho cc dch v di ng mt t 3.2. V cht lng phc v v an ton bo mt - Cht lng ca thoi trong GSM phi t nht c cht lng nh cc h thng di ng tng t trc trong iu kin vn hnh thc t. - H thng c kh nng mt m ho thng tin ngi dng m khng nh hng g n h thng cng nh khng nh hng n cc thu bao khc khng dng n kh nng ny. 3.3. V s dng tn s - H thng cho php mc cao v hiu qu ca di tn m c th phc v vng thnh th v nng thn cng nh cc dch v mi pht trin. - Di tn s hot ng l 890 - 915 v 935 - 960 Mhz. - H thng GSM 900Mhz phi c th cng tn ti vi cc h thng dng 900Mhz trc y. 3.4. V mng

- K hoch nhn dng da trn khuyn ngh ca CCITT. - K hoch nh s da trn khuyn ngh ca CCITT. - H thng phi cho php cu trc v t l tnh cc khc nhau khi c dng trong cc mng khc nhau. - Trung tm chuyn mch v cc thanh ghi nh v phi dng h thng bo hiu c tiu chun ho quc t. - Chc nng bo v thng tin bo hiu v thng tin iu khin mng phi c cung cp trong h thng.

Chng II. TI U HA MNG GSM I. Tnh ton mng di ng GSM

1. L thuyt dung lng v cp dch v Trong qu trnh pht trin mng, tng cng dung lng ca mng l mt nhu cu cp thit. Tuy nhin, cng cn xc nh dung lng cn tng l

bao nhiu ph hp vi tng giai on pht trin ca mng v ph hp vi yu cu v mt k thut v kinh t hin ti. 1.1. Lu lng v knh v tuyn ng trc Trong lnh vc giao thng vn ti, ng trc cho nhiu xe c i n mi ni. Hiu qu s dng ca ng trc ln hn nhiu so vi ng ct (ch ni vi mt x vng su chng hn). Nu lin lc v tuyn bng knh v tuyn dnh ring PRM (Private Mobile Radio), th phn ln thi gian knh v tuyn khng c s dng. Ti nguyn knh v tuyn l rt hn ch, nn phi qun l n trn phm vi quc gia v quc t. T , xu hng l knh v tuyn ng trc dng chung. H thng thng tin di ng cellular p dng knh v tuyn ng trc: Mi BTS c mt s knh v tuyn dng chung cho nhiu ngi. T l ngi dng trn s knh dng chung cng cao th hiu qu s dng ng trc cng cao. Hiu sut s dng ph tn s li cng cao khi cng mt tn s m c dng li nhiu ln cc cell cch xa nhau. Lu lng: Trong h thng vin thng, lu lng l tin tc c truyn dn qua cc knh thng tin. Lu lng ca mt thu bao c tnh theo cng thc: A= Trong : C : s cuc gi trung bnh trong mt gi ca mt thu bao. t : thi gian trung bnh cho mt cuc gi. A : lu lng thng tin trn mt thu bao (tnh bng Erlang). Theo s liu thng k in hnh th: C=1 : trung bnh mt ngi c mt cuc gi trong mt gi. t = 120s : thi gian trung bnh cho mt cuc gi l 2 pht.
C *t 3600

A =

1 * 120 3600

33 mErlang/ngi s dng

Nh vy, phc v cho 1000 thu bao ta cn mt lu lng l 33 Erlang. 1.2. Cp dch v - GoS (Grade of Service) Nu mt knh b chim ton b thi gian, th knh t c dung lng cc i 1 Erl. V ngi s dng truy cp knh v tuyn theo kiu ngu nhn, nn khng th trnh khi nhng khong thi gian trng knh v tuyn , do vy knh v tuyn khng t c dung lng l tng (1 Erl). Khi s ngi dng tng ln, s cuc gi i qua knh cng tng, nn thng lng tng ln.C th xy ra tnh hung nhiu ngi dng ng thi truy cp mt knh v tuyn, khi ch c mt ngi c dng knh, nhng ngi khc b tc nghn.

Hnh 7 Lu lng: Mun truyn, c truyn, nghn Lu lng mun truyn = Lu lng c truyn + Lu lng nghn. Offered Traffic = Carried Traffic + Blocked Traffic

Cp phc v (GoS = Grade of Service): mt knh ng trc c cht lng phc v cao th xc sut nghn phi thp. Vy nn s ngi dng c th phi b gii hn, tc l lu lng

mun truyn phi gi trong dung lng knh. Nu chp nhn mt cp phc v thp hn, tc l xc sut nghn ln hn, th tng ng tng c dung lng mun truyn (tng s ngi dng). GoS cng mt ngha vi xc sut nghn: Lu lng mun truyn: A (lu lng mun truyn) Lu lng b nghn : A*GoS (lu lng mt i) Lu lng c truyn : A*(1 - GoS) (lu lng pht ra) Theo thng k cho thy th cc thu bao c nhn s khng nhn ra c s tc nghn h thng mc di 10%. Tuy nhin mng hot ng vi hiu sut cao th mng cellular thng c GoS = 2 % ngha l ti a 2% lu lng b nghn, ti thiu 98% lu lng c truyn. M hnh ERLANG B: y l m hnh h thng thng tin hot ng theo kiu tiu hao. Thu bao khng h gi li khi cuc gi khng thnh. ng thi gi thit rng: Xc sut cuc gi phn b theo lut ngu nhin Poisson, s ngi dng rt ln so vi s knh dng chung, khng c knh d tr dng ring, cuc gi b nghn khng c gi li ngay.

Hnh 8 Xc sut nghn GoS M hnh Erlang B l m hnh thch hp hn c cho mng GSM. T cc cng thc ton hc, ngi ta lp ra bng Erlang B cho tin dng (phn Ph lc).

V d: S knh dng chung l 10, GoS l 2%. Tra bng Erlang B ta c lu lng mun truyn l A = 5,084 Erl. Vy lu lng c truyn l: A*(1 - GoS) = 5,084*(1 0,02) = 4,9823 Erl. 1.3. Hiu sut s dng trung k (ng trc) Hiu sut s dng trung k l t s gia lu lng c truyn vi s knh ca ng trc. v d trn, ta ang xt trung k c s knh dng chung n = 10, GoS = 2 %, nn lu lng c truyn s l 4,9823 Erl. Ta c: Hiu sut s dng trung k =
4,9823 * 100 % 10

= 49,823 %

Hiu sut c v thp ny tng ng vi GoS tt (Xc sut nghn thp). Chng hn, nu GoS = 10 % (ti hn) th lu lng mun truyn l 7,511 Erl, tng ng lu lng c truyn l: 7,511*(1 0,1) = 6,7599 Erl. Khi , hiu sut s dng trung k ln n
6,7599 * 100 % 10

= 67,599 %.

GoS cng tt th hiu sut s dng trung k cng thp, cn phi c nhiu knh v tuyn cho lu lng mun truyn cho. GoS cng km th vi mt lu lng cho th ch cn s knh v tuyn l t hn. Vi cng mt cp phc v, trung k cng ln (s knh dng chung ln) th hiu qu s dng trung k cng cao. S knh TCH 6 10 15 25 40 Lu lng c truyn (GoS = 2%) 2,2305 Erlang 4,9823 Erlang 8,8300 Erlang 17,155 Erlang 30,377 Erlang Hiu sut s dng trung k 37 % 49,82 % 58,86 % 68,62 % 75,94 %

2. Cc yu t nh hng ti cht lng ph sng 2.1. Tn hao ng truyn sng v tuyn H thng GSM c thit k vi mc ch l mt mng t ong dy c v bao trm mt vng ph sng rng ln. Cc nh khai thc v thit k mng ca mnh cui cng t c mt vng ph lin tc bao tt c cc vng dn c ca t nc. Vng ph sng c chia thnh cc vng nh hn l cc cell. Mi cell c ph sng bi mt trm pht v tuyn gc BTS. Kch thc cc i ca mt cell thng thng c th t ti bn knh R = 35 km. V vy, suy hao ng truyn l khng th trnh khi. Vi mt anten cho trc v mt cng sut pht bit, suy hao ng truyn t l vi bnh phng (d.f), trong d l khong cch t trm thu n trm pht gc BTS. Trong mi trng thnh ph, vi nhiu nh cao tng, suy hao c th t l vi lu tha 4 hoc cao hn na. D on tn hao ng truyn trong thng tin di ng GSM bao gm mt lot cc vn kh khn, m l do chnh bi v trm di ng lun lun di ng v anten thu thp. Nhng l do thc t ny dn n s thay i lin tc ca a hnh truyn sng, v vy trm di ng s phi vo nhng v tr tt nht thu c cc tia phn x. 2.1.1. Tnh ton l thuyt Cch c bn m n gin ta coi khng gian truyn sng l khng gian t do. Gi thit rng khng c tia phn x v sng v tuyn c truyn trong khng gian t do. Vi anten v hng, ta c cng thc suy hao ng truyn trong khng gian t do: Lf = 20log(4 d / ) [dB] Cng thc ny c th c vit li nh sau: Lf = 32,5 + 20logd + 20logf [dB]

Trong : d = khong cch t anten pht n anten thu [km]. f = tn s lm vic [MHz]. Nhng cng thc l thuyt n gin v trn vn trn khng cn ph hp trong mi trng di ng na, ni m truyn sng do nhiu ng l ch yu. Nhng sng ny cng b tn x, nhiu x, suy gim do nhiu trng thi khc nhau ca c vt th c nh v vt th chuyn ng. Hn na, s khc x tng i lu lm ng truyn sng b un cong. M hnh mt t bng phng: M hnh mt t c trnh by trong hnh 3.3 cho thy tng tn hiu n trong my thu bao gm thnh phn n trc tip cng vi thnh phn phn x t mt t (thnh phn ny c th c coi nh l tn hiu gc t mt anten o trong lng t). Hai sng ny cng nhau to thnh sng khng gian (Space Wave).

Hnh 10 Truyn sng trong trng hp coi mt t l bng phng

Ta c cng thc sau tnh suy hao ng truyn: L = 20.log(d2 /h1.h2 ) Nhng trong thc t, khong khng gian gia my thu v my pht thng c cc vt chn (hnh 3.4). Theo l thuyt v truyn sng v tuyn, mt chng ngi vt s lm suy gim cng ca tn hiu truyn thng. S suy gim ny ph thuc vo vt chn trong tm nhn thng ca vt chn.

Hnh 11 Vt chn trong tm nhn thng Cng thc sau dng tnh ton s suy gim do vt chn gy ra: V=
h

2( d 1 + d 2 ) d1d 2

Trn thc t cc loi a hnh truyn sng rt phc tp, khng mt cng thc no c th cp c ht cc loi a hnh ny. V vy, xut hin nhng m hnh truyn sng nh nhng o c thc t ca cc nh khoa hc. Nhng kt qu t nhng php o c chuyn thnh nhng th ch ra mi quan h gia cng trng v khong cch vi mt s bin nh: chiu cao anten, loi a hnh... Phng php o cng trng:

Nm 1968, Y. Okumura l mt k s ngi Nht Bn a ra rt nhiu s liu v vic o cng trng tham kho. ng chia a hnh thnh 5 loi chnh 1. Vng hu nh bng phng 2. Vng nhiu i 3. Vng c chm ni c lp 4. Vng c a hnh dc 5. Vng ranh gii gia t v nc (b sng, b bin...) ng a ra nhng th nghim trn tt c cc loi a hnh trn ti nhng tn s khc nhau, vi nhng cao anten khc nhau v s dng cc cng sut pht khc nhau. i vi mi loi a hnh c mt biu tng ng ch ra tn hao ng vi loi a hnh (hnh 3.5).

Hnh 12-Biu cng trng ca OKUMURA Ta thy rng s o lng ca Okumura ch cho thy s suy gim ca cng tn hiu theo khong cch, nhng n gim nhanh hn nhiu so vi nhng g ta bit trong khng gian t do. 2.1.2. Cc m hnh chnh lan truyn sng trong thng tin di ng: M hnh truyn sng Hata:

Vo khong nm 1980, M.Hata gii thiu m hnh ton hc trong vic tnh suy gim ng truyn da trn nhng phn tch d liu ca Okumula. Cng thc Hata: Lp( th ) = 69,55 + 26,16.logf 13,82.log(hb) 6,55log(hb)].logd Trong : Lp( th) f hb hm d : suy hao ng truyn i vi th ng dn [dB] : tn s sng mang (150 1500) MHz : chiu cao ca anten trm gc (30 200) m : chiu cao anten my di ng (1 20) m : khong cch t trm gc n my di ng (1 20) km a(hm) = (1,1.logf 0,7).hm (1,56.logf 0,8) V cng thc tnh suy hao cho vng ngoi th: Lp(ngoi ) = Lp( th) 2.[log(f/28)]2 5,4 Lp(nng thn) = Lp( th) 4,78(logf)2 + 18,33.logf 40,94 M hnh Hata c s dng rng ri nhng trong cc trng hp c bit nh nh cao tng phi s dng Microcell vi anten lp t di mi nh cn phi s dng m hnh khc c gii thiu tip theo. M hnh COST 231: COST (Collaborative studies in Science and Technology - Cng tc nghin cu khoa hc v cng ngh) c s bo tr ca EU. COST231 bao gm mt s vn lin quan ti v tuyn ca v nhng m hnh truyn a(hm) + [44,9

H s hiu chnh anten a(hm) :

sng. Mt Microcell c COST231 nh ngha l mt cell nh vi phm vi t 0,5 n 1 km, trong phm vi ny anten gc ni chung c t thp hn cao ca to nh cao nht. Anten trm gc ca cell ln hoc cell nh ni chung u c t pha trn ca to nh cao nht. Cell nh ca GSM c gii hn trong phm vi bn knh khong 1 3 km, tri li cell ln c th m rng phm vi bn knh ln ti 35 km. Da trn c s ny, COST a ra m hnh Hata COST231. M hnh Hata COST231 M hnh ny c thit k hot ng trong di tn t 1500 2000 MHz th hoc ngoi , ta c cng thc: Lp = 46,3 + 33,9.logf 13,82.loghb a(hm) + (44,9 6,55.loghb).logd + Cm Trong : Lp f hb hm d Cm : suy hao ng truyn ( dB ) : tn s hot ng ( MHz ) : cao anten trm gc ( m ) : cao anten my di ng ( m ) : khong cch t trm gc n my di ng ( km ) = 0 dB i vi thnh ph c trung bnh hoc trung tm ngoi = 3 dB i vi trung tm th M hnh SAKAGAMIKUBOL: y l m hnh c pht trin da trn kt qu ca m hnh Okumura. Kt qu l c c mt m hnh ng quan tm bi nhng l do sau: 1. N a ra rt nhiu tham s cho mi trng th.

a(hm) : h s hiu chnh anten

2. N c th p ng c trn phm vi tn s 450 2200 MHz. 3. N a ra nhng qui nh hp l i vi nhng cao ca anten trm gc thp hn nh cc to nh, to ra m hnh hu ch cho ng dng ca Microcell. Cng thc ca m hnh ny l: Lp = 100 7,1.logW + 0,023. + 1,4.loghs + 6,1.log<H> [24,37 3,7. (H/hb)2].loghb + (43,42 3,1.loghb).logd + 20logf + exp[13(logf 3,23)] Trong : Lp W gc n my di ng hs m) <H> : cao trung bnh ca cc to nh xung quanh im thu (5 50 m) hb H hb) d f : khong cch gia trm gc v im thu (0,5 10 km) : tn s hot ng (450 2200 MHz) : cao ca anten trm gc ti im thu (20 100 m) : cao trung bnh ca cc ta nh xung quanh trm gc (H > : cao ca ta nh c t anten trm gc pha im thu (5 80 : suy hao [dB] : b rng ca ng ti im thu ( 5 50 m ) : gc gia trc ca ng vi ng thng ni t anten trm

2.2. Vn Fading
Fading chun Loga: trm di ng thng hot ng cc mi

trng c nhiu chng ngi vt (cc qu i, to nh...). iu ny dn n

hiu ng che khut (Shaddowing) lm gim cng tn hiu thu, khi thu bao di chuyn cng thu s thay i.
Fading Rayleigh: Khi mi trng c nhiu chng ngi vt, tn hiu

thu c t nhiu phng khc nhau. iu ny ngha l tn hiu thu l tng ca nhiu tn hiu ging nhau nhng khc pha v bin . gim phn no tc hi do Fading gy ra, ngi ta thng tng cng sut pht ln to ra mt lng d tr Fading, s dng mt s bin php nh: phn tp anten, nhy tn ... 2.3. nh hng nhiu C/I v C/A Mt c im ca cell l cc knh ang s dng c th c s dng cc cell khc. Nhng gia cc cell ny phi c mt khong cch nht nh. iu ny c ngha l cell s b nhiu ng knh do vic cc cell khc s dng cng tn s. Cui cng vng ph sng ca trm gc s b gii hn bi l do ny hn l do tp m thng thng. V vy, ta c th ni rng mt h thng t ong hon thin l gii hn c nhiu m c qui chun, loi tr c nhiu h thng. Mt vn trong thit k h t ong l iu khin cc loi nhiu ny mc chp nhn c. iu ny c thc hin mt phn bi vic vic iu khin khong cch s dng li tn s. Khong cch ny cng ln th nhiu cng b. cht lng thoi lun c m bo th mc thu ca sng mang mong mun C (Carrier) phi ln hn tng mc nhiu ng knh I (Interference) v mc nhiu knh ln cn A (Adjacent). 2.3.1. Nhiu ng knh C/I: Nhiu ng knh xy ra khi c hai my pht pht trn cng mt tn s hoc trn cng mt knh. My thu iu chnh knh ny s thu c c hai tn hiu vi cng ph thuc vo v tr ca my thu so vi hai my pht.

T s sng mang trn nhiu c nh ngha l cng tn hiu mong mun trn cng tn hiu nhiu. C/I = 10log(Pc/Pi) . Trong : Pc = cng sut tn hiu thu mong mun Pi = cng sut nhiu thu c.

Hnh 13- T s nhiu ng knh C/I Hnh 3.6 trn ch ra trng hp m my di ng (cellphone) t trong xe ang thu mt sng mang mong mun t mt trm gc phc v (Serving BS) v ng thi cng ang chu mt nhiu ng knh do nhiu pht sinh ca mt trm gc khc (Interference BS). Gi s rng c hai trm u pht vi mt cng sut nh nhau cc ng truyn sng cng tng ng (hu nh cng khng khc nhau trong

thc t) v im gia, my di ng c C/I bng 0 dB, c ngha l c hai tn hiu c cng bng nhau. Nu my di ng i gn v pha trm gc ang phc v n th C/I > 0 dB. Nu my di ng chuyn ng v pha trm gy ra nhiu th C/I < 0 dB. Theo khuyn ngh ca GSM gi tr C/I b nht m my di ng vn c th lm vic tt l 9 dB. Trong thc t, ngi ta nhn thy rng gi tr ny cn thit phi ln n 12 dB ngoi tr nu s dng nhy tn th mi c th lm vic mc C/I l 9dB. mc C/I thp hn th t l li bit BER (Bit Error Rate) s cao khng chp nhn c v m ho knh cng khng th sa li mt cch chnh xc c. T s C/I c dng cho cc my di ng ph thuc rt ln vo vic quy hoch tn s v mu ti s dng tn s. Ni chung vic s dng li tn s lm dung lng tng ng k tuy nhin ng thi cng lm cho t s C/I gim i. Do vic quy hoch tn s cn quan tm n nhiu ng knh C/I. 2.3.2. Nhiu knh ln cn C/A: Nhiu knh ln cn xy ra khi sng v tuyn c iu chnh v thu ring knh C song li chu nhiu t knh ln cn C-1 hoc C+1. Mc d thc t sng v tuyn khng c chnh thu knh ln cn , nhng n vn ngh mt s p ng nh l cho php knh ln cn gy nhiu ti knh m my thu ang iu chnh. T s sng mang trn knh ln cn c nh ngha l cng ca sng mang mong mun trn cng ca sng mang knh ln cn. C/A = 10.log(Pc/Pa) Trong : Pc = cng sut thu tn hiu mong mun

Pa = cng sut thu tn hiu ca knh ln cn Gi tr C/A thp lm cho mc BER cao. Mc d m ho knh GSM bao gm vic pht hin li v sa li, nhng vic thnh cng th cng c gii hn i vi nhiu. Theo khuyn ngh ca GSM, cho vic quy hoch tn s c tt th gi tr C/A nh nht nn ln hn - 9 dB. Khong cch gia ngun to ra tn hiu mong mun vi ngun ca knh ln cn ln s tt hn cho C/A. iu ny c ngha l cc cell ln cn khng nn c n nh cc sng mang ca cc knh cnh nhau nu C/A c c ngh trong mt gii hn nht nh. C hai t s C/I v C/A u c th c tng ln bng vic s dng quy hoch cu trc tn s. 2.3.3. Mt s bin php khc phc Vn can nhiu knh chung l mt thch thc ln vi h thng thng tin di ng t bo. C cc phng php gim can nhiu knh chung nh: 1. Tng c ly s dng li tn s (D) 2. H thp cao anten trm gc 3. S dng Anten nh hng BTS (Sector ha) Vi phng php th nht: vic tng c ly s dng li tn s D s lm gim can nhiu knh chung, tuy nhin khi s cell trong mi mng mu s tng, tng ng vi s knh tn s dnh cho mi cell s gim v nh vy th dung lng phc v s gim xung. Phng php th hai vic h thp anten trm gc lm cho nh hng gia cc cell dng chung tn s s c gim bt v nh vy can nhiu knh chung cng c gim bt. Tuy nhin, vic h thp anten s lm nh hng

ca cc vt cn (nh cao tng) ti cht lng ca h thng tr nn nghim trng hn. Phng php th 3 c hai ch li: Mt l bin php lm gim can nhiu knh chung trong khi c ly s dng li tn s khng i, hai l tng dung lng h thng. Phng php ny s c trnh by trong phn sau. Ngoi ra, cc k thut khc nh: iu khin cng sut pht sng kiu ng Truyn pht gin on Nhy tn cng lm ci thin thm ng k t s C/ I ca h thng Mt s k thut tng cht lng h thng: Nhy tn: Thc cht ca vic nhy tn l thc hin tri cc cm (burst) d liu trn cc knh tn s khc nhau mt cch ngu nhin, nhm gim nhiu trong ton b h thng. iu ny c ngha rt ln i vi cc mng ln m vic s dng li tn s l cc k kh khn. nhy tn cn ch trong trng hp t hp nhy tn, s tn s ny c th nhiu hn s trm thu/pht TRX ca cell. Khi chn cc tn s nhy tn khc nhau s lm cho cc cm d liu nhy tn theo cc cch khc nhau v lm gim kh nng trng tn s gia cc cm s liu trn 2 cell. Truyn pht gin on _ Discontinuous Transmission (DTX): Thc cht ca phng php DTX l BTS hay MS ch pht khi nhn c tn hiu u vo nh c tn hiu thoi v khi kt thc tn hiu n s ngng pht. Vic pht hay khng c thc hin trn c s tng khe thi gian. Mc ch ca phng php ny l tit kim nng lng v gim nhiu trn knh ln

cn mt cch ti a. Khi s dng phng php truyn dn gin on ta cn thm cc thit b ph tr khc nh VAD (Voice Active Detector) pht hin tn hiu vo v to ra ting n gi khi mt pha no ngng cung cp tn hiu.

iu khin cng sut thu pht ca MS v BTS: Vic iu khin

tng gim cng sut thu pht ca MS v BTS cng lm ci thin ng k t s C/ I. 2.4. Phn tn thi gian Phn tn thi gian xy ra l do c nhiu ng truyn sng t my pht n my thu. Hin tng phn tn thi gian gy ra mt s vn cho mng thng tin di ng s. Vic s dng truyn dn s cng gy ra mt s vn khc nh: phn tn thi gian do cc tn hiu phn x (Reflection) gy ra. S phn tn thi gian s gy ra hin tng giao thoa gia cc k t. Gi thit chng ta pht i mt chui bit 1 v 0. Nu tn hiu phn x i chm hn tn hiu i thng ng 1 bit th my thu pht hin bit 1 t sng phn x ng thi cng pht hin bit 0 t sng i thng. Ca s thi gian c nh ngha l khong thi gian 15 ms sau khi my thu nhn c tn hiu trc tip t my pht. Gi s cc tia phn x n my thu bn ngoi ca s thi gian, tc l sau 15 ms, s gy phin phc cho h thng ging nh l nhiu.Ta bit gi tr ti thiu ca C/I trong h thng GSM l 9 dB. Chng ta c th coi gi tr ny l gi tr cc i ca phn tn thi gian. Ngha l tt c cc tn hiu phn x m n tr hn 15 ms, bn ngoi ca s thi gian, phi c gi tr tng nh hn 9 dB. T s ny chnh l C/R.

 2.4.1. Cc trng hp phn tn thi gian

Nhng mi trng nguy him: (l nhng mi trng c th gy nn

vn v phn tn thi gian). Nhng vng ni H su hoc nhiu nh cao tng Nhng to nh cao c kt cu kim loi , ... Trong tt c nhng trng hp nh vy phn tn thi gian ch c th xy ra khi hiu qung ng gia tn hiu trc tip v tn hiu phn x t nhng chng ngi vt k trn ln hn ca s cn bng (4,5 km). Ni chung, s nguy him ca phn tn thi gian s tng cng vi khong cch gia BTS v MS. Khi mt MS gn BTS c th nhn c tn hiu phn x mnh vi hiu qung ng ln nhng vn khng nh hng g do tn hiu trc tip mnh m bo t s C/R trn ngng ti hn. Khi MS chuyn ng ra xa BTS th nguy c t s C/R thp s tng ln do tn hiu trc tip yu i. Tuy nhin, mt iu cn ch l tia phn x cng l mt phn ca sng mang cho nn vic quy hoch mt h thng cn phi ch ra c cc trng hp c th c th xy ra hin tng giao thoa k t. Phn tn thi gian vi cc trng hp khc nhau Trng hp 1:

Trng hp ny: Tuy hiu s qung ng = DR D0 ln (DR = D1 + D2), nhng tn hiu trc tip mnh, tn hiu phn x yu. Do vy t s C/R trn ngng.

Trng hp 2:

Trng hp ny: Hiu s qung ng vn cn kh ln nn cc tn hiu phn x nm ngoi ca s thi gian. Trong khi tn hiu n trc tip yu i, tn hiu phn x mnh hn. T s C/R gn hoc thp hn ngng. y l trng hp nguy him nht, hin tng phn tn thi gian biu hin r rng nht. Trng hp 3:

Trng hp ny: Tn hiu phn x mnh gn nh tn hiu trc tip, t s C/R gn hoc di ngng. Nhng do hiu qung ng nh nm trong

ca s cn bng, hay cc tn hiu phn x nm trong ca s thi gian, nn trng hp ny khng b nh hng bi phn tn thi gian. 2.4.2. Mt s gii php khc phc Nhng gii php kh thi trnh tc hi ca phn tn thi gian l: Chn v tr t BTS: Di chuyn BTS n cng gn vt gy phn x cng tt. iu ny s m bo cho hiu khong cch lun nh nm trong phm vi ca s cn bng.

Hnh 14-t BTS gn chng ngi vt trnh phn tn thi gian Chuyn hng anten ca BTS ra khi pha vt chng ngi gy phn x nu BTS c t xa n. Anten nn chn c t s tng ch trc trn sau cao. Thay i anten v gc nghing anten: Nu vt phn x khng b chiu vo th s khng c hin tng phn x. Nh vy, ta phi c gng gim phn nng lng bc x t vt phn x m c th gy ra hin tng phn x c hi. S dng anten down tilt l mt cch c th p dng c. Anten down tilt vi rng bp sng vo khong 100, c s dng trnh chiu vo

nhng vng ni v trong trng hp cn ph sng cho mt trc ng quc l. Vn chnh khi s dng anten ny l chng phi c lp t tht chnh xc, sai s khng c vt qu 10. iu chnh tham s cell: Mt cch khc chng phn tn thi gian l thay i tham s ca cell. Nu mt vng no trong mt cell c cng tn hiu thp so vi vng cn li trong cell th cc tham s iu khin chuyn giao nn c thit lp tin hnh cc cuc chuyn giao ra ngay khi cell ny trc khi my di ng MS i vo vng nguy him . Cc tham s ca cc cell bn cnh cng nn c thit lp sao cho cc cuc chuyn giao khng b chuyn vo nhng vng c xy ra tn sc thi gian nm trong cell .

o lng: Bin php o lng c a ra trong nhng mi trng khc nhau m nhng chng ngi vt gy nn phn tn ch nm ngoi vng ellipe c to nn bi v tr gia BTS v MS v phm vi ca s cn bng (hnh 3.8). Nng lng sng phn x t l vi R-4 ca khong cch. C ngha l n s gim rt nhanh khi ra xa chng ngi vt. V li, nu BTS v MS nhn thy c nhau th tn hiu trc tip s mnh hn rt nhiu so vi tn hiu phn x v tc hi lm cho cht lng cuc kt ni khng c n nh trong thi gian phn tn thi gian s rt nh.

Hnh 15 Phm vi vng Elip