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Ch chnh:
I/ II/ Khi nim v FAT v NTFS. So snh gia FAT v NTFS.

III/ Nn chn h thng tp tin no cho my tnh??? IV/ Ph lc.

I/Khi nim v FAT v NTFS

A)FAT l g?C my loi FAT??u nhc im ca FAT???
1) FAT (File Allocation Table) l bng nh v File trn a , bng ny lit k tun t s th t ca cc cluster dnh cho file lu tr trn a. Cluster l mt nhm cc sector lin k nhau (cn gi l lin cung). S lng sector c trong mt Cluster l do h iu hnh p t cho tng loi a c dung lng thch hp. a mm thng c nhm 2 sector thnh mt cluster. Vi a cng, s sector trong mt cluster c th l 4 , 8,16, 32 ... Khi FAT ch nh Cluster no dnh cho file th ton b cc sector trong cluster b file chim gi k c khi trong thc t file ch nm trn mt vi sector u ca Cluster, cn cc sector sau b trng. R rng ta thy s sector trong mt cluster cng nhiu th tnh trng lng ph cc sector b trng m file chim s cng ln. (_Microsoft_) Ni 1 cch d hiu hn,nh chng ta bit, n v lu tr nh nht trn a l sector gm 512 byte. qun l a v theo di sector no s dng v sector no cn trng c th cp pht cho cc file mi, DOS s dng mt cu trc gi l bng FAT. y l t vit tt ca "File Allocation Table" dch sang ting Vit l "Bng cp pht file". Bng FAT bao gm cc th d liu v mi sector trn a. Con s i sau FAT ch kch thc ca FAT. FAT16 c 216= 65536 th d liu cn FAT32 c 232= 4294967296 th. (Trn nh Vinh) 2)C bao nhiu loi FAT??u nhc im ca tng loi??? Cc phin bn hin ti ca h iu hnh DOS hoc h iu hnh Windows ch qui nh c 3 loi FAT l FAT 12 dnh cho a mm hoc a cng c dung lng rt b. FAT 16 dnh cho a cng c dung lng t 1 GB tr xung. FAT 32 dnh cho cc a cng c dung lng t vi GB tr ln di ca mi phn t ca FAT c tnh bng s bit . di ny biu th kh nng ch th s m ca phn t FAT. Vi cc a mm s lng cc cluster l nh nn ch cn 12 bt ch th s m ny v vy cc a mm dng FAT 12 bt. Vi a cng c dung lng t 1 GB tr li ch th s Cluster ln nht th phi dng ti con s c di 16 bt v th hnh thnh FAT 16 bt. Vi cc a cng c dung lng t vi GB tr ln , s lng cc sector trn a rt ln, ng thi hn ch cc sector b CNTT K1A -1-

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trng trong mi cluster th ngi ta qui nh s sector trong mi cluster t i, do s lng Cluster ca c a s rt ln. khi y phi dng ti con s c di 32 bt ch th s m ny. y l l do hnh thnh FAT 32 bit. Nu dng FAT 12 th FAT ny cng ch qun l c a c dung lng ln nht l 64 MB, nu dng FAT 16 th qun l c a ln nht l 1024MB. Nu dng FAT 32 th ngay c khi nhm 1sector vo 1 cluster cng c th qun l c a c dung lng hng nghn GB.

FAT16: Vi h iu hnh MS-DOS, h thng tp tin FAT (FAT16 phn bit vi FAT32) c cng b vo nm 1981 a ra mt cch thc mi v vic t chc v qun l tp tin trn a cng, a mm. Tuy nhin, khi dung lng a cng ngy cng tng nhanh, FAT16 bc l nhiu hn ch. Vi khng gian a ch 16 bit, FAT16 ch h tr n 65.536 lin cung (clusters) trn mt partition, gy ra s lng ph dung lng ng k (n 50% dung lng i vi nhng a cng trn 2 GB).
Bng sau l kch thc Cluster mc nh cho FAT16 Kch thc Pratition <128 Mb 128 Mb - 256 Mb 256 Mb - 512 Mb 512 Mb - 1 Gb 1 Gb - 2 Gb Kch thc Cluster 2 Kb 4 Kb 8 Kb 16 Kb 32 Kb

FAT32: c gii thiu trong phin bn Windows 95 Service Pack 2 (OSR 2), c xem l phin bn m rng ca FAT16. Do s dng khng gian a ch 32 bit nn FAT32 h tr nhiu cluster trn mt partition hn, do vy khng gian a cng c tn dng nhiu hn. Ngoi ra, vi kh nng h tr kch thc ca phn vng t 2GB ln 2TB v chiu di ti a ca tn tp tin c m rng n 255 k t lm cho FAT16 nhanh chng b lng qun. Tuy nhin, nhc im ca FAT32 l tnh bo mt v kh nng chu li (Fault Tolerance) khng cao.
Kch thc Cluster mc nh cho FAT32 Kch thc Pratition <260 Mb 260 Mb - 8 Gb 8 Gb - 16 Gb 16 Gb - 32 Gb >32 Gb Kch thc Cluster 512 bytes 4 Kb 8 Kb 16 Kb 32 Kb

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B)Khi nim v NTFS NTFS (New Technology File System): c gii thiu cng vi phin
bn Windows NT u tin (phin bn ny cng h tr FAT32). Vi khng gian a ch 64 bit, kh nng thay i kch thc ca cluster c lp vi dung lng a cng, NTFS hu nh loi tr c nhng hn ch v s cluster, kch thc ti a ca tp tin trn mt phn vng a cng. NTFS l h thng tp tin (HTTT) c Microsoft s dng trong cc h iu hnh mi nht ca h nh Windows 2000 , Windows XP, Windows NT bi nhiu li ch m HTTT ny mang li . NTFS c kh nng chu li cao khin cho ngi dng khng phi chy bt k mt ng dng sa li a no trong phn vng a dng NTFS . NTFS cn to ra nhiu bn khc nhau ca bng qun l tp tin(Master File Table) khin cho vic hng hc ca mt file h thng khng lm xut hin sector hng nh FAT v HPFS (mt HTTT ca OS/2 1.2) . NTFS cn l nn tng (platform ) phong ph v linh hot cho cc HTTT khc s dng . Bn cnh , NTFS h tr ch bo mt v a lung d liu . i vi ngi s dng , h c th thm vo cho file cc thuc tnh ca ring h . Cui cng NTFS h tr vic t tn file di ti 255 k t (bao gm mi kiu ui m rng) v tng kch thc ca file v a ln mt con s cc ln : 264- bytes (tng ng 8,446,744,073,709,551,616 bytes) . Tuy c nhiu mt mnh nhng NTFS cng c nhng mt hn ch ring nh d liu trong a NTFS khng th truy nhp bi cc h iu hnh MS-DOS, Windows 95, Windows 98,Windows Me (Windows NT khng c ton quyn truy cp nh Windows 2000 v Windows XP ) v cng khng th format a mm bng NTFS . c bit khi s dng NTFS vi phn vng c dung lng nh hn 400 MB s lm tiu tn dung lng a ( c 100 MB th mt 4 MB cho space overhead ca NTFS) v tc cng gim nh so vi vic dng FAT.

Size a HTTT nn dng

<200 MB 200-400 MB >400 MB FAT HDFS NTFS

~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ Su tm & dch t http://microsoft.com ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

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Tin hc l chia s II,III/So snh gia FAT32 v NTFS.Nn chn HTTT no???
NTFS l h thng file tin tin hn rt nhiu so vi FAT32. N c y cc c tnh ca h thng file hin i m FAT32 khng h c. Bn nn dng NTFS thay th cho FAT32 v cc l do sau:
- FAT32 khng h tr cc tnh nng bo mt nh phn quyn qun l, m ho... nh NTFS. Vn ny c bit hiu qu i vi Windows. Vi NTFS, bn c th khng cn s dng cc tin ch m ho hay t mt khu giu th mc... v y l c tnh c sn ca NTFS. Vic s dng cc tin ch khng nm sn trong h iu hnh thao tc trc tip vi a vn c t nhiu ri ro. - FAT32 c kh nng phc hi v chu li rt km so vi NTFS. C mt s kin cho rng NTFS khng tng thch nhiu vi cc chng trnh kim tra a hay sa a m ngi dng quen thuc t lu, nh vy s v cng bt tin trong trng hp a b hng sector. Ngi dng nn yn tm v NTFS l h thng file co kha nng ghi lai c cac hoat ng ma h iu hanh a va ang thao tac trn d liu. N c kh nng xac inh c ngay nhng file bi s c ma khng cn phai quet lai toan b h thng file, giup qua trinh phuc hi d liu tr nn tin cy va nhanh chong hn. y l u im m FAT 32 hon ton khng c. - Nu mt in t ngt th Windows 98, 2000, XP u phi qut li a khi khi ng li nu a c format bng chun FAT32. Trong khi format a cng bng NTFS th li hon ton khng cn qut a li, bi v h thng dng NTFS c c nhng thng tin v tnh ton vn d liu ghi trn a v n mt rt t thi gian bit c v mt logic a ca mnh c li hay khng v nu c th h thng cng t phc hi mt cch cc k n gin v nhanh chng. Vi FAT32 th n phi r qut ton b lu hn nhiu. Mt h thng Windows 2000, XP s n nh hn nhiu nu ci trn phn vng c format bng NTFS. Ngoi ra NTFS cn c trang b cng c kim tra v sa a rt tt ca Microsoft. - NTFS c kh nng truy cp v x l file nn tt nh truy cp vo cc file cha nn, iu ny khng ch tit kim c dung lng m cn gia tng c tui th ca a cng. - Nhiu ngi phn nn rng khng th truy cp vo cc a cng c format bng NTFS khi ang DOS, Windows 98 hoc WinME Thc ra th DOS, Windows 98 v Windows ME qu c v cc phn mm cn hu dng ca chng cng khng cn bao nhiu. - NTFS t c ch tiu s dng cho ngi dng, tin dng cho cc h thng my cng ty, c bit khi m thm cm c con ci sao chp nhng phim nh c hi vo cc th mc b mt ca chng trong a cng. Ngoi ra, NTFS cn c rt nhiu tin ch chuyn su khc cho gii ngi dng cao cp khc nh mount partition, to hard link ti mt file, h tr dng RAID ... - Nu bn thc s quyt nh chn NTFS lm duyn giai ngu th bn c th t b hn FAT 32 k t nay. Hin c rt nhiu tin ch chuyn i t FAT 32 sang NTFS ty bn la chn. Tin hn c l dng b tin ch c sn trong cc a CD khi ng bng Hirenboot ang rt ph bin hin nay.

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Ngoi bo mt cao, NTFS cn c kh nng chu li cao hn FAT32 (do cch t chc qun l tp tin u vit hn). Vi h thng NTFS, bn s ko bao gi gp cnh scan HDD sau mi ln reset my hoc cp in. Bn cnh , vi h thng NTFS, s phn mnh cng cng thp hn v vic chng phn mnh cng nhanh hn (do thng tin v tp tin c lu tr r rng trn MTF). V 1 im li na: NTFS c kh nng t nh du cc bad sector Windows ko s dng chng! Tuy th, FAT32 vn cn t ra hu dng trn cc my tnh cu hnh qu yu t, ch c th chy c Windows 98. FAT16 v FAT32 vn c dng nh dng cho cc loi th nh, v cc thit b chp nhn th nh nh my nh s, my nghe nhc vn cha thy loi no tng thch vi NTFS c. FAT16 lun l la chn hng u khi bn mun copy d liu ca mnh t mt my tnh chy Windows sang my chy h iu hnh khc nh Mac chng hn. Hu ht cc my Macintosh hin nay u khng th nhn dng cc th nh USB c nh dng bng FAT. (_Theo: Echip_)

~~~~>Collected by Trn nh Vinh CNTT K1A<~~~~ NickName: Dark_Baron Email: trandinhvinhhn@gmail.com ~~~~>Corrected by Tng Quang Hong CNTT K1A<~~~~ NickName: tqh_cntt_k1a Email: tqh195@gmail.com Cng cc thnh vin trong nhm: inh Th Thu Hin Cao Xun Ging Bi Th Bch Phng Nguyn Hi Qun

~~~~~~~~~ Thc hin~~~~~~~~~

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IV/ Ph Lc
Bng so snh tnh nng gia NTFS , FAT 16 v FAT 32
H iu Hnh Gii hn Kch thc ti a ca phn vng S tp tin ti a trn 1 phn vng Kch thc ti a ca tp tin S Clusters ti a NTFS Windows NT/2000/XP 2 TB Gn nh khng gii hn Gii hn bi kch thc phn vng Gn nh khng gii hn 255 k t FAT 32 Windows 98/ME/2000/XP 2 TB Gn nh khng gii hn 4 GB 268.435.456 255 k t FAT 16 Dos; Mi phin bn Windows 2 TB ~65.000 2 GB 66.535 11 k t - m rng n 255 k t Bn FAT th 2 Sector u tin Tp hp chun x x x x x x x
Cao nht vi cng dung lng nh Thp vi cng dung lng ln Thp nht vi cng dung lng ln

Chiu di ti a ca tn tp tin Tnh nng c trng H tr tn tp tin Unicode System Records Tp tin nh MFT Mirror V tr Boot Sector Sector u v cui Thuc tnh ca tp Chun hoc T thit tin lp Alternate Streams(*) Kh nng nn Kh nng m ha x Thit lp quyn hn
cho tng i tng

Bn FAT th 2 Sector u tin Tp hp chun x x x x x x x

Cao vi cng dung lng nh Thp vi cng dung lng ln

Hn ngch a x Hiu nng tng qut Tch hp bo mt Kh nng phc hi Thp vi cng dung Hiu nng hot lng nh ng
Cao vi cng dung lng ln

Tn dng khng gian a Kh nng chu li

Cao Cao

Thp Thp

Trung bnh

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(*)Alternate Streams (NTFS Alternate Data Streams) c Microsoft gii thiu vo u nm 1990,l 1 trong nhng tnh nng c trng ca NTFS.Chng ti s gii thiu mt cch chi tit tnh nng ny trong mt bi vit khc. y chng ti ch bn s s v tnh nng Alternate Data Streams (ADS) ca NTFS.(_Nhm thc hin_) _________________________

-Trn mt volume NTFS mt file c th c nhiu data stream, stream name s nhn din mt thuc tnh d liu mi trn file. -ADS cho php ngi s dng qun l d liu nh mt n v n, v d: myfile.dat:stream2 -Mt tp hp cc file c th cng nm trong mt th vin cc file l alternate streams, v d: library:file1 :file2 :file3 C th coi file1, file2, file3 nh l nhng con tr tr n library -Mt file c th c kt hp vi vi nhiu hn 1 ng dng ti cng 1 thi im,v d: program:source_file :doc_file :object_file :executable_file _________________________ * to mt ADS: 1)Click start/run, g cmd, g tip lnh: echo test> c:\boot.ini:ads ENTER By gi th file boot.ini c mt stream nm sau n vi tn l ads v ni dung l test. 2)Ch l file boot.ini s khng tng dung lng bt k sau n c bao nhiu stream v bt k dung lng ca stream l bao nhiu. 3)Copy file boot.ini qua mt volume FAT th stream s tht lc do FAT khng h tr ADS (thng th s c thng bo ca h iu hnh). 4)Xem li ni dung stream ads va mi gn vo boot.ini, g lnh sau vo cmd: more < c:\boot.ini:ads 5)To stream bng notepad: 5.1)Click start/run ri g: (ch c du hai chm trc test) notepad c:\:test Enter Click yes 5.2)Trong ca s notepad g vo bt c th g anh em mun, ri click file/save (ch l save ch khng phi save as, nu click file/save as th notepad s bo li "Common Dialog error"). 5.3)M C ra s khng thy file test, n gn vo root ca C. 6)To ADS i vi folder cng tng t (k c folder rng hay file rng) _________________________ CNTT K1A -7-

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*ADS trong sut i vi ngi s dng. -Trn mt volume NTFS mt file bt k thng c 2 stream: mt stream cha security descriptor (permission) v mt stream cha d liu thc s ca file. Explorer ch "nhn thy" nhng file "bnh thng" nhng khng th thy nhng stream lin kt vi file. -Xa mt file hay folder no cng s xa lun cc stream lin kt vi file hoc folder . -Nhng stream c gn vo root ca volume th khng th xa. -Macintosh OS cng c tnh nng tng t NTFS's ADS gi l FORK, hay ni chnh xc hn l Windows ca Microsoft c tnh nng ADS tng t nh FORK trn Macintosh OS bi v FORK xut hin trc ADS! -Mt s utility to, xa v pht hin stream: +makestrm.exe :a ni dung vt l ca 1 file vo stream ca file . +ads_cat ca Packet Storm :cho php c ,ghi, xa d liu trong stream. +Streams ca Mark Russonovich :lit k nhng file c ADS trong h thng. +LADS (List Alternate Data Streams) ca Frank Heyne :qut h thng tm nhng file c ADS, thng tin kh chi tit, giao din dng lnh http://www.heysoft.de/Frames/f_sw_la_en.htm

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CNTT K1A -9-