Cc phng php o pH

Dng ch th mu (phng php gn ng) : Mt s ha cht, ch yu l cc hp cht hu c, c kh nng i mu ty theo pH ca dung dch. Ngi ta nghin cu khong pH i mu ca cc ha cht ny nh trong bng Tnh cht ca mt s cht ch th mu

Cht ch th Methyl violet Malachite (axit) green

Mu axit Vng Vng Vng Vng Vng Vng

Mu baz Tm Xanh l cy-Xanh dng Vng Cam-Vng Xanh dng Vng Xanh dng Xanh dng Xanh dng

Khong pH i mu 02 0 1.8 1.2 2.8 3.1 4.6 3.8 5.4 4.4 6. 2 4.5 8.3 6.0 7.6 6.8 8.4 8.0 9. 6 8.2 9.8 9.3 10.5 10.1 11.1 11.4 13.0

Thymol blue (axit) Methyl orange Bromcresol green Methyl red Litmus Bromthymol blue Phenol red Thymol blue (kim) Phenolphthalein

Khng mu Khng Xanh Thymolphthalein mu dng Alizarin yellow Vng Hoa c Malachite green Xanh l Khng mu (kim) cy

Bng cch s dng kt hp t 6 8 cht ch th, ta c th xc nh kh chnh xc gi tr pH. Dng in cc o pH : in cc hydro : l in cc chun tuyt i o pH. in cc hydro l mt bn platin c ph platin xp (bng phng php in phn) nhng trong dung dch c hydro i qua vi p sut 1 atm. Th ca in cc ny bng :

trong , R = 8,314 J/(mol.K) l hng s kh T l nhit tuyt i F = 9,649.104 l hng s Faraday [H+] l nng ion hydro trong dung dch Theo phng trnh ny ta thy th in cc t l thun vi pH Trn thc t ngi ta rt t khi dng in cc hydro o pH v s phc tp cng nh kh nng thch ng ca n. Thay vo ngi ta dng in cc thy tinh in cc thy tinh : Khong nm 1925, ngi ta khm ph ra mt in cc ch to bng thy tinh c th sinh ra th in cc t l vi nng ion hydro m khng b nh hng bi hu ht cc loi ion khc. Vic s dng n nhanh chng tr thnh phng php tiu chun o pH. Phn nhy ca in cc l mt bu bng thy tinh c tnh cht c bit v thnh phn cng nh dy. Cht in ly bn trong in cc thng l dung dch HCl c nng c nh. Khi nhng in cc vo dung dch, mt ngoi ca bu thy tinh b hydrat ha, v s trao i gia ion Na+ v ion H+ to nn mt lp ion hydro trn b mt. Lp ion ny tng tc vi cc silicat tch in m to nn mt th in cc t l vi nng H+ trong dung dch. in cc thy tinh thng c s dng km vi mt ic cc qui chiu (in cc calomen), hoc loi in cc kt hp. mt nhit khng i no , th in cc sinh ra thay i tuyn tnh theo pH. Ngi ta dng ng chun biu din s ph thuc ca n vo gi tr pH ca cc dung dch m chun. pH ca mu c xc nh da theo ng chun ny. S thay i ca th in cc trn mt n v pH c gi l dc (slope) ca in cc. dc ca in cc tng theo nhit . 25oC dc ca in cc khong 60 mV. nh hng ca nhit ln php o pH ph thuc vo in cc qui chiu, pH ca dung dch bn trong in cc v pH ca dung dch mu. Tuy nhin, c tn ti mt gi tr pH m th in cc khng b nh hng bi nhit . Gi tr pH ny c gi l im ng th (isopotential point) v th in cc tng ng c gi l im khng ca in cc. Thng thng cc nh sn xut thit k in cc sao cho im ng th l pH 7,0 v im khng l 0 mV. dc v im ng th (hay im khng) l hai thng s quyt nh cht lng ca in cc c cn tt s dng hay khng.