DATN-Tim Hieu Cong Nghe VOIP Trong Wimax

PHN GII THIU
Tm hiu cng ngh Voip trong Wimax ii

LI CM N

Trong sut qu trnh hc tp ti trng, nh s gip v dy d ca qu thy c Nhm
thc hin ti tch ly c mt s kin thc nn tng cho ngh nghip sau ny.
Vi tm lng tn s trng o v tri n su sc, nhm sinh vin thc hin xin by t lng
bit n n c Phm Hng Lin, ngi tn tnh hng dn, gp , ng vin trong
sut qu trnh thc hin ti. Vi phng php lm vic khoa hc, kinh nghim thc
tin, c truyn t cho nhm nhng li khuyn qu bu n tt nghip ny hon
thnh tt p.
Nhm thc hin ti xin chn thnh bit n su sc n tt c cc thy c trong trng
ni chung v thy c trong b mn in T Vin Thng ni ring.
Cm n tt c bn b, nhng ngi lun ng vin, khuyn khch, gip n
ny hon thnh ng tin .
Tp. H Ch Minh, thng 1 nm 2011
Sinh vin thc hin

Tm hiu cng ngh Voip trong Wimax iii

QUYT NH GIO TI
H v tn sinh vin: Hunh Hong Triu MSSV: 06117087
L Kim Bo MSSV: 06117003
Ngnh: Cng Ngh in T Vin Thng
Tn ti: Tm Hiu Cng Ngh Voip Trong Mng Wimax
1) C s ban u:
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2) Ni dung cc phn thuyt minh v tnh ton:
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3) Cc bn v:
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4) Gio vin hng dn: PGS.TS Phm Hng Lin
5) Ngy giao nhim v: 27/9/2010
6) Ngy hon thnh nhim v: 10/1/2011

Gio vin hng dn
Ngy ........thng....nm 20
Ch nhim b mn

B GIO DC V O TO
TRNG I HC S PHM K THUT TP.
H CH MINH

CNG HA X HI CH NGHA VIT NAM
c lp T do Hnh phc
Tm hiu cng ngh Voip trong Wimax iv

NHN XT C GIO VIN HNG DN
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Gio vin hng dn

Tm hiu cng ngh Voip trong Wimax v

NHN XT C GIO VIN PHN BIN
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Gio vin phn bin

Tm hiu cng ngh Voip trong Wimax vi

LI NI U

t vn
- Mc d dch v truyn s liu ngy cng ph bin nhng dch v truyn thoi
vn l ngun doanh thu chnh ca nh cung cp dch v mng. Hai loi mng cung
cp dch v thoi ph bin nht l mng in thoi c nh PSTN v mng in
thoi di ng. Vic trin khai hai cng ngh mng ny i hi c s h tng rt t
tin. Do , ngi ta ra sc tm kim cc gii php khc c th cung cp dch v
thoi cht lng tt vi chi ph thp hn. S dng c s h tng IP c sn l mt
gii php c chi ph thp. Giao thc dng truyn tn hiu thoi trong mng IP
c gi l giao thc VoIP.
- Chng ta gp phi nhiu kh khn khi nghin cu trin khai cc ng dng thi
gian thc trn mng Internet. Nhng dch v nh VoIP i hi s bo m cht
lng dch v ti thiu. Trong khi , mng IP li c cu trc n lc ti a ngha l
khng c bt c mt s bo m no v cht lng dch v hay u tin. Xc sut
mt gi v tr ty thuc vo hin trng ti trn mng. Mc d mt s b m ha
c kh nng hn ch li mt mc no nhng cht lng cuc gi VoIP vn
cn nhy i vi s gim st cng nng trong mng. Duy tr nhng cuc gi VoIP
cht lng tt li tr nn thch thc hn khi mng IP c m rng sang lnh vc
khng dy, thng qua mng LAN khng dy da trn chun 802.11 hay mng in
thoi t bo th h th ba (3G). Vic cung cp cc dch v trong mng khng dy
tr nn cp thit v nhu cu s dng dch v thi gian thc qua mng khng dy l
rt cao.
- Mc d hin ti cng ngh mng in thoi t bo 3G v mng LAN khng dy
h tr cc phin bn s cp ca cc dch v tin tc thi gian thc, nghe nhc trc
tuyn v xem phim theo yu cu, nhng li khng c kh nng p ng nhu cu s
dng rng ri v i hi bng thng cao cho nhng chng trnh ng dng
multimedia ny. Ngoi ra, hu ht cng ngh truy cp u khng c c tnh phn
bit nhu cu ca tng ng dng c th. Cng vi s pht trin nhanh chng ca
cng ngh khng dy, nhim v cung cp kt ni on ng cui bng rng vn
cn l mt th thch. on ng cui l thut ng ch kt ni t mng ca nh
cung cp dch v n ngi dng gia nh hoc doanh nghip. Trong s nhng
cng ngh truy cp bng rng khng dy ang c pht trin, WiMAX c l l i
th nng k nht.
Mc tiu ti
Tm hiu khi nim Wimax, cc u im chnh ca Wimax.
Tm hiu nhng c tnh ca dch v Voip qua mng Wimax.
Tm hiu phn mm m phng Opnet.
Tm hiu cng ngh Voip trong Wimax vii

Kho st cht lng cuc gi Voip n gin qua mng Wimax s dng Opnet.
Thng qua qu trnh lm ti, nhm thc hin ti cng mong mun cng c
li nhng kin thc hc, rn luyn thi quen v tc phong nghin cu khoa hc
nhm trang b hnh trang chun b sau khi ra trng. Cui cng, nhm thc hin
ti mong mun bng kin thc nh b ca mnh c th gip y nhanh tc tip
cn cng ngh mi ca nn cng nghip nc ta trong tng lai.
i tng nghin cu
H thng Wimax v vic ng dng cng ngh Voip vo trong Wimax nhm ci
thin cht lng dch v.
Phn mm ng dng m phng mng Opnet.
Phm vi nghin cu
Tm hiu tng quan v h thng Wimax v Voip trong mt mng cc b n
gin nh trng hc, bnh vin
ng dng dch v Voip vo trong mng Wimax v nhng u im m Wimax
mang li Voip.

Tm hiu cng ngh Voip trong Wimax viii

MC LC

PHN A. GII THIU ......................................................................................................................... i
LI CM N ...................................................................................................................................... ii
QUYT NH GIAO TI ............................................................................................................ iii
NHN XT CA GIO VIN HNG DN .................................................................................. iv
NHN XT CA GIO VIN PHN BIN ...................................................................................... v
LI NI U .................................................................................................................................... vi
MC LC ......................................................................................................................................... viii
LIT K BNG ................................................................................................................................. xi
LIT K HNH ...................................................................................................................................xii
PHN B. NI DUNG ........................................................................................................................ xiv
CHNG 1-TNG QUAN V MNG WIMAX .............................................................................. 15
1.1 GII THIU CHUNG V MNG D LIU KHNG DY .............................................. 15
1.1.1 Mng khng dy bng rng ......................................................................................... 15
1.1.2 Cc mng d liu khng dy ....................................................................................... 16
1.2 GII THIU V WIMAX ................................................................................................... 17
1.2.1 Gii thiu chung ......................................................................................................... 17
1.2.2 Qu trnh pht trin, xu th chung v phn loi wimax................................................. 18
1.2.3 M hnh h thng ........................................................................................................ 19
1.3 C IM C BN CA WIMAX ................................................................................... 20
1.3.1 u im ...................................................................................................................... 21
1.3.2 Nhc im ................................................................................................................ 23
1.4 CU TRC CA WIMAX ................................................................................................. 23
1.4.1 Lp vt l (PHY) ........................................................................................................ 24
1.4.2 Lp iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MAC) .............................................................. 25
1.5 CC K THUT S DNG TRONG WIMAX ................................................................. 31
1.5.1 K thut OFDM .......................................................................................................... 31
1.5.2 K thut OFDMA ....................................................................................................... 34
1.5.3 Cc cng ngh anten tin tin ...................................................................................... 36
1.6 NG DNG CA WIMAX ................................................................................................ 37
1.6.1 Mng dng ring ......................................................................................................... 39
1.6.2 Cc mng phc v cng ng ...................................................................................... 41
1.7 WIMAX VI CC CNG NGH TRUY CP V TUYN BNG RNG KHC ........... 42
Tm hiu cng ngh Voip trong Wimax ix

1.7.1 So snh WiMAX c nh v LMDS, MMDS ............................................................... 43
1.7.2 So snh WiMAX di ng vi 3G................................................................................. 44
1.7.3 So snh WiMAX di ng vi WiBro ........................................................................... 46
1.7.4 So snh WiMAX vi WiFi .......................................................................................... 47
CHNG 2-TNG QUAN V CNG NGH VOIP ........................................................................ 50
2.1 GII THIU V CNG NGH VOIP ................................................................................. 50
2.1.1 Gii thiu chung ......................................................................................................... 50
2.1.2 Nguyn l lm vic ..................................................................................................... 51
2.1.3 c tnh ca mng VoIP ............................................................................................. 53
2.2 CC GIAO THC S DNG TRONG VOIP..................................................................... 55
2.2.1 Cc giao thc truyn ti trong mng Voip ................................................................... 55
2.2.2 Cc giao thc bo hiu Voip ....................................................................................... 61
2.3 YU CU CHT LNG I VI VOIP ........................................................................ 70
2.4 NH GI CHT LNG CUC GI VOIP ................................................................... 71
2.4.1 im s kin trung bnh MOS .................................................................................. 73
2.4.2 R-Score ....................................................................................................................... 74
2.4.3 nh gi cht lng cuc gi t R-score ..................................................................... 77
2.4.4 nhy tr v mt gi ca VoIP ................................................................................. 78
2.5 KT NI MNG VOIP VI MNG PSTN ........................................................................ 80
2.5.1 Cuc gi bt u t mng VoIP (SIP) v kt thc ti PSTN ......................................... 80
2.5.2 Cuc gi bt u t PSTN v kt thc mng VoIP .................................................... 82
CHNG 3-NG DNG VOIP TRONG MNG WIMAX .............................................................. 83
3.1 M HNH VOIP TRONG MNG WIMAX ........................................................................ 83
3.2 XC SUT KHI PHC GI ............................................................................................ 84
3.1.1 Gim ti trng, vi kch thc m c nh ................................................................... 84
3.1.2 Tng kch thc m vi ti trng c nh .................................................................... 85
3.1.3 Tng c kch thc ti trng ln kch thc m ........................................................... 85
3.3 CHO PHP C CH ARQ .................................................................................................. 85
3.4 KCH THC MPDU TI U ........................................................................................... 86
3.5 CP PHT NG MINISLOT ........................................................................................... 88
CHNG 4-M PHNG V KT QU.......................................................................................... 89
4.1 GII THIU PHN MM M PHNG OPNET ................................................................ 89
4.2 KT QU M PHNG ....................................................................................................... 89
PHN C. KT LUN ........................................................................................................................ 99
HNG PHT TRIN TI ...................................................................................................... 101
Tm hiu cng ngh Voip trong Wimax x

CC THUT NG VIT TT ....................................................................................................... 102
TI LIU THAM KHO ................................................................................................................ 104

Tm hiu cng ngh Voip trong Wimax xi

LIT K BNG

Bng 1.1 c t vt l chun IEEE 802.16
Bng 1.2 Cc ng dng WiMax di ng v QoS
Bng 1.3 So snh gia chun 802.16-2004 v LMDS, MMDS
Bng 1.4 So snh WiMAX di ng v 3G
Bng 1.5 Cc c tnh chnh ca WiMAX di ng v WiBro
Bng 2.1 Cc chun m ha thoi
Bng 2.2 So snh cc c tnh ca TCP, UDP v SCTP
Bng 2.3 Phn chia cc lp Response
Bng 2.4 So snh gia H.323 v SIP
Bng 2.5 Cc gi tr ca MOS
Bng 2.6 V d tm thi cho h s thun li A
Bng 2.7 Thng s suy hao mt gi
Bng 3.1 Phn loi feedback

Tm hiu cng ngh Voip trong Wimax xii

LIT K HNH

Hnh 1.1 Minh ha cc loi mng khng dy.
Hnh 1.2 Cc cu hnh mng trong cc vng thnh th v nng thn.
Hnh 1.3 M hnh phn lp trong h thng WIMAX so vi OSI.
Hnh 1.4 Lp MAC vi cc im truy nhp dch v
Hnh 1.5 Cc nh dng MAC PDU
Hnh 1.6 So snh gia FDM v OFDM.
Hnh 1.7 S khi h thng OFDM.
Hnh 1.8 Khi nim v chui bo v.
Hnh 1.9 ISI v cyclic prefix.
Hnh 1.10 ODFM v OFDMA.
Hnh 1.11 V d ca biu tn s, thi gian vi OFDMA.
Hnh 1.12 MISO.
Hnh 1.13 MIMO.
Hnh 1.14 Beam Shaping.
Hnh 1.15 Minh ha mt s ng dng dm cui ca WiMAX
Hnh 1.16 Cc chun v mng truy nhp v tuyn bng rng
Hnh 1.17 Phm vi ca WiMAX di ng v WiBro trong chun 802.16e
Hnh 2.1 Kin trc VoIP n gin ha
Hnh 2.2 Giao thc bo hiu H.323
Hnh 2.3 Q.931 trong thit lp cuc gi
Hnh 2.4 Thit lp cuc gi SIP vi Proxy Server
Hnh 2.5 Tng tr t ming n tai trong cuc gi Voip
Hnh 2.6 Vic to gi d liu da vo tn hiu tch cc
Hnh 2.7 Kt ni tham chiu ca E-model
Hnh 2.8 R v cc tnh ton suy hao
Hnh 2.9 Hm MOS theo R
Hinh 2.10 R-score theo tr
Hnh 2.11 R-score theo mt gi
Hnh 2.12 Qu trnh thit lp cuc gi SIP-PSTN
Hnh 2.13 Qu trnh thit lp cuc gi PSTN SIP
Hnh 3.1 M hnh trin khai mng Wimax-Voip
Hnh 3.2 Ghp nhiu MSDU thnh MPDU (aggregation)
Hnh 3.3 Mt MSDU c phn mnh n cho nhiu MPDU
Hnh 4.1 M hnh h thng Wimax c bn
Hnh 4.2 Thit lp thng s cho BS
Hnh 4.3 Thit lp thng s cho WS
Hnh 4.4 Thit lp thng s iu ch wimax
Hnh 4.5 Cu hnh Wimax
Tm hiu cng ngh Voip trong Wimax xiii

Hnh 4.6 Thit lp modul application
Hnh 4.7 Thit lp modul Profile
Hnh 4.8 So snh Jitter ca cc WS
Hnh 4.9 So snh mt gi gia 2 WS xa BS
Hnh 4.10 So snh mt gi gia 2 WS gn BS
Hnh 4.11 So snh delay gia 2 WS cc khong cch khc nhau
Hnh 4.12 Jitter ca cc WS khi thay i thng s ca WS
Hnh 4.13 Mt gi gia 2 WS xa BS khi thay i thng s ca WS
Hnh 4.14 Mt gi gia 2 WS gn BS khi thay i thng s ca WS
Hnh 4.15 Delay ca cc WS khi thay i thng s ca WS
Hnh 4.16 Jitter ca cc WS khi thay i thng s ca BS
Hnh 4.17 Mt gi gia 2 WS xa BS khi thay i thng s ca BS
Hnh 4.18 Mt gi gia 2 WS gn BS khi thay i thng s ca BS
Hnh 4.19 Delay gia cc WS khi thay i thng s ca BS
Hnh 4.20 Jitter ca cc WS khi thay i thng s ca WS v BS
Hnh 4.21 Mt gi gia 2 WS xa BS khi thay i thng s ca WS v BS
Hnh 4.22 Mt gi gia 2 WS gn BS khi thay i thng s ca WS v BS
Hnh 4.23 Delay gia cc WS khi thay i thng s ca WS v BS

PHN B NI DUNG

Tm hiu cng ngh Voip trong mng Wimax 15
Chng 1-Tng quan v mng Wimax
CHNG 1-TNG QUN V MNG WIMX
1.1 GII THIU CHUNG V MNG D LIU KHNG DY
1.1.1 Mng khng dy bng rng
- Ngy nay, nhu cu ca khch hng ngy cng cao gia tng. Ngi tiu dng
khng n thun ch mun truyn email, vn bn text, fax, m h mong mun s
dng cc dch v a phng tin nh: hi ngh truyn hnh, nghe nhc, xem phim
trc tuyn, xem tivi trc tuyn, cc chng trnh trc tuyn trn mng....Khi tc
33,6Kbps, thm ch 56Kbps trn i cp ng bng phng thc dial-up khng
th trin khai cc dch v loi ny.
- Hin ti, khi m tc ca mng li ca cc nh cung cp dch v Internet (ISP)
c tng ng k, kh nng x l ti u cui pha khch hng cng ngy mt
mnh th vic mng truy nhp vn hn ch nh vy s gy ra hin tng nghn c
chai (bottleneck). Vn c t ra l cn phi ci thin nt mng truy nhp n
p ng c nhu cu ca c nh cung cp dch v ln khch hng.
Cng ngh bng rng: chnh l cc cng ngh sinh ra gii quyt vn v
mng truy nhp. l thut ng ch bt k loi truy cp internet tc cao no.
Cng ngh bng rng cho php cc c nhn hoc t chc c th truy cp internet c
24 gi trong mt ngy, to mi trng cho vic s dng hoc cung cp cc dch v
cht lng cao.
c im ni bt ca mng khng dy bng rng:
- c im u tin l cho php thay i, di chuyn, thu hp v m rng mt
mng mt cch rt n gin, tit kim, c th thnh lp mt mng c tnh cht tm
thi vi kh nng c ng mm do cao, c th thit lp mng nhng khu vc rt
kh ni dy, tit kim chi ph i dy tn km.
- c im th hai l nhanh, n cho php truy cp vi mt tc gp 10-20 ln so
vi phng php quay s thng thng, thm ch hn na. Khi ta dng modem
quay s, tc ch c th t t 30 n 50Kbps cn vi mt kt ni bng rng, tc
ln ti t 256Kbps n 10Mbps, ph thuc vo dch v m ta chn.
- c im th ba l lun kt ni. Bt k khi no my tnh c bt ln th n u
trng thi kt ni vi internet. iu ny c ngha l khng phi lng ph thi gian
cho vic quay s v i modem kt ni mi ln mun vo interntet. S khng c
chuyn b cnh bo mng bn hoc him khi b rt ra khi mng. Khng bt buc
phi ngng dch v in thoi trong khi dng dch v internet. Tc l thu bao hon
ton khng phi tr tin cho ng dy thu bao th hai. Hn th na cng c th
chia s gia nhiu my vi nhau thng qua mt kt ni internet.
- Trong 3 c im trn, c im ng ni nht ca cng ngh bng rng chnh l
tc . Chnh v t c tc cao nh vy nn c th trin khai c rt nhiu
cc dch v khc m vi cc kt ni quay s thng thng khng th lm c.
iu ny ng ngha vi vic thc y s pht trin ca internet, s pht trin ca
cc dch v x hi khc. C th k qua y mt s dch v ng ch nh: dch
v cho php truyn cc tp tin vi dung lng ln, c th l tp vn bn, tp m
thanh, tp hnh nh, tp phim; cc dch v nhn tin nhanh (instant message); dch
- v hi t tc cao (video conferencing).
1.1.2 Cc mng d liu khng dy
- Mt s lng ln cng ngh truyn dn khng dy ang tn ti, nhng h thng
khc vn cn ang c thit k. Nhng cng ngh ny c th c phn phi trn
nhng h mng khc nhau. Trong hnh 1.1, chng ta thy cc loi mng khng dy
cng vi cc cng ngh ni ting nht cho mi loi mng.

Hnh 1.1 Minh ha cc loi mng khng dy
- PAN l mt mng d liu khng dy c s dng giao tip gia nhng thit
b gn ngi dng. Phm vi ca PAN l khong vi mt, ni chung l di 10m,
mc d mt s cng ngh WPAN c th truyn xa hn. Mt s v d cng ngh
WPAN l Bluetooth, UWB v Zigbee.
- LAN l mng d liu c s dng cho giao tip gia cc thit b nh my tnh,
in thoi, my in v PDA. Mng ny ph sng mt khu vc tng i nh, nh
mt ngi nh, mt vn phng hay mt khun vin nh. Phm vi ca LAN khong
100m. Hin ti cc mng LAN c s dng nhiu nht l Ethernet (LAN c nh)
v WiFi (Wireless LAN, hay WLAN).
- MAN l mng d liu c th ph sng ln n vi km, in hnh l mt trng
hc ln hay mt thnh ph. V d nh mt trng i hc c mt mng MAN c
lin kt t nhiu mng LAN, mi mng LAN ph sng khong 1/2 km2. T mng
MAN ny, trng i hc c th lin kt vi nhiu mng MAN khc hnh thnh nn
mt mng WAN. Nhng v d v cng ngh MAN l FDDI, DQDB v Ethernet-
based MAN. WiMAX c nh c th c xem nh l mt mng MAN khng dy
(WMAN).
- WAN mng d liu ph sng mt vng a l rng ln, c mt quc gia. Mng
WAN da trn nhng kt ni LAN, cho php ngi dng thnh ph ny c th
giao tip vi ngi dng thnh ph khc. Thng thng, mt mng WAN bao
gm nhiu node chuyn mch. Nhng kt ni ny s dng knh thu ring, phng
php chuyn mch mch v chuyn mch gi. Hin ti mng WAN c s dng
nhiu nht l mng Internet. Nhng v d khc l mng WiMAX di ng v 3G,
chng c gi l mng WAN khng dy. Mng WAN thng c tc truyn d
liu nh hn nhiu so vi LAN (v d nh Internet v Ethernet).
1.2 GII THIU V WIMX
1.2.1 Gii thiu chung
- Nh chng ta thy trn, h thng cc cng ngh v tuyn l mt h thng
rt rng v pht trin t lu vi nhng cng ngh hin nay ang c s dng
kh rng ri nh wifi, v tinh, vi ba tuy nhin ngi ta vn ang tip tc nghin
cu v pht trin cc cng ngh v tuyn do nhng cng ngh c cha p
ng nhu cu ngy cng cao ca th trng. WiMAX l mt cng ngh mi vi
nhng tnh nng vt tri v ang c lp t th nghim cng nh i vo hot
ng chnh thc trn quy m ton cu.
- WiMAX (Kh nng tng tc ton cu vi truy nhp vi ba) l mt cng ngh ra
i da trn chun 802.16 ca IEEE cho php truy cp v tuyn u cui nh mt
phng thc thay th cho cp, DSL v WLAN.
- Cng ngh WiMAX, hay cn gi l chun 802.16 l cng ngh khng dy bng
thng rng ang pht trin rt nhanh vi kh nng trin khai trn phm vi rng v
c coi l c tim nng to ln tr thnh gii php dm cui l tng nhm
mang li kh nng kt ni Internet tc cao ti cc gia nh v cng s.
- Cng ngh WiMAX c kh nng ph sng rng hn, bao ph c mt khu vc
thnh th hay mt khu vc nng thn nht nh. Cng ngh ny c th cung cp vi
tc truyn d liu n 75 Mbps ti mi trm pht sng vi tm ph sng t 2 km
n 10 km. Vi bng thng nh vy, cng ngh ny c kh nng h tr cng
lc (thng qua mt trm pht sng n l) kh nng kt ni ca hn 60 doanh
nghip vi tc kt ni ca ng T1/E1 v hng trm gia nh vi tc kt ni
DSL.
- S bng n mng WLAN M v Chu u cho thy nhu cu v mng khng
dy c bit l truy cp Internet khng dy l rt ln. Trong khi nhu cu i vi cc
dch v bng thng rng trn ton th gii ngy cng gia tng, WiMAX chnh l
gii php tim nng gip cho hng triu ngi c th truy cp Internet bng thng
rng m khng cn dy ni khong cch xa.
- WiMAX l cng ngh mi, do IEEE pht trin nhm gii quyt cc vn trong
mng v tuyn bng rng im im, im a im. WiMAX c nhiu ng
dng, nh kt ni xa cho nh ring v c s kinh doanh v kt ni ng trc gia
cc im truy cp nng ca mng WiFi.
- C th ni rng WiMAX hot ng tng t nh mng LAN khng dy WiFi
nhng vi tc cao hn, khong cch xa hn v s lng ngi s dng nhiu
hn. Cng ngh ny c th gip ph sng nhng khu vc khng c dch v
Internet bng rng cc vng ngoi v nng thn.
1.2.2 Qu trnh pht trin, xu th chung v phn loi wimax
- Tri qua s nm khng nhiu, WiMAX pht trin v i mi kh nhanh,hin
nay WiMAX ang c th nghim v i vo hot ng.
- Xu hng bng thng rng di ng :
- ng Michael Lai, Gim c iu hnh Packet One, cng ty vin thng
ang trin khai th nghim WiMAX ti Malaysia, cho rng WiMAX nm
trong xu hng pht trin mi. Theo , xu hng ln u tin trong ngnh
vin thng l xu hng di ng, xu hng ln th hai l bng thng rng.
- Bng thng rng hin nay vn ch yu dng c nh v chia s, tc l
nhiu ngui dng chung mt bng thng (ADSL, cp...). Tuy nhin, xu hng
ln th ba ang bt u din ra l bng thng rng di ng, hay cn c coi
l bng thng rng c nhn, ngha l mi ngi c mt bng thng ring ti
thit b c nhn ca ring mnh. WiMAX ra i nhm p ng xu hng ny.
- Qu trnh pht trin ca WiMAX tri qua mt s cc chun nh l:
- 802.16a : Chun ny s dng bng tn c bn quyn t 2 - 11 GHz. y l
bng tn thu ht c nhiu quan tm nht v tn hiu truyn c th vt
c cc chng ngi trn ng truyn. 802.16a cn thch ng cho vic trin
khai mng Mesh m trong mt thit b cui (terminal) c th lin lc vi
BS thng qua mt thit b cui khc. Vi c tnh ny, vng ph sng ca
802.16a BS s c ni rng.
- 802.16b: Chun ny hot ng trn bng tn t 5 6 Ghz vi mc ch
cung ng dnh v vi cht lng cao (QoS). C th chun u tin truyn thng
tin ca nhng ng dng video, thoi, real-time thng qua nhng lp dch v
khc nhau. Chun ny sau c kt hp vo chun 802.16a.
- 802.16c : Chun ny nh ngha thm cc profile mi cho di bng tn t
10-66GHz vi mc ch ci tin interoperability.
- 802.16d : C mt s ci tin nh so vi chun 802.16a. Chun ny c
chun ha 2004. Cc thit b pre-WiMAX c trn th trng l da trn chun
ny.
- 802.16e : ang trong giai on hon thin v chun ha. c im ni bt
ca chun ny l kh nng cung cp cc dch v di ng (vn tc di chuyn
ln nht m vn c th dng tt dch v ny l 100km/h). IEEE 802.16e hay
IEEE 802.16e-2005 l mt chun m rng (amendment) ca chun 802.16-
2004, thng c gi l WiMAX di ng (Mobile WiMAX) v n c kh
nng p ng dch v cho ngi dng di ng thng qua cc giao thc chuyn
giao. 802.16e dng k thut a truy nhp SOFDMA, s dng k thut MIMO
v AAS ci thin vng ph v nng sut, m Turbo v LDPC tng tnh
an ton v ci thin hiu nng ca NLOS.
- Ngoi ra cn c nhiu chun b sung khc ang c trin khai hoc ang
trong giai on chun ha nh 802.16g, 802.16f, 802.16h...
- C hai m hnh ng dng WiMAX l: M hnh ng dng c nh v m hnh
ng dng di ng.
- M hnh c nh: s dng cc thit b theo tiu chun IEEE 802.16-2004.
Tiu chun ny gi l khng dy c nh v thit b thng tin lm vic vi
cc ng ten t c nh ti nh cc thu bao. ng dng LOS di tn s 10-
66 GHz v NLOS di 2- 11 GHz.
- M hnh ng dng di ng: S dng cc thit b ph hp vi tiu chun
IEEE 802.16e. Tiu chun 802.16e b sung cho tiu chun 802.16-2004
hng ti nhng ngi dng di ng, lm vic trong bng tn thp hn 6GHz.
Tiu chun IEEE 802.16e mi c thng qua trong nm 2005.
1.2.3 M hnh h thng
Thnh phn h thng:
- H thng WIMAX gm 2 phn:
- Trm gc WIMAX: trm gc bao gm thit bin t trong nh v thp
WIMAX. Thng thng, mt trm gc c th ph sng trong bn knh 10 km
(theo l thuyt, mt trm gc c th ph sng trong bn knh 50 km). Mi
node v tuyn bn trong vng ph sng c th truy cp internet.
- My thu WIMAX: my thu v anten c th l hp ring l hoc card PC
trong my tnh hay my tnh xch tay. Truy cp ti trm gc WIMAX tng
ng vi truy cp ti im truy cp v tuyn trong mng WiFi, nhng vng
ph sng ln hn. Mt vi trm gc c kt ni vi mt trm gc khc vi
vic s dng cc lin kt sng vi ba backhaul tc cao.

Hnh 1.2 Cc cu hnh mng trong cc vng thnh th v nng thn
- Mt vi trm gc c th c ni vi mt trm gc khc s dng cc lin kt
backhaul tc cao. iu ny cho php thu bao WIMAX chuyn vng t mt
trm gc ny ti vng trm gc khc, ging nh chuyn vng c cho php bi
cc cng ty in thoi t ong.
- Mt vi la chn backhauling v cu hnh c h tr cho cc trm gc
WIMAX: backhauling c dy (thng qua Ethernet), kt ni vi ba im ti im,
cng nh backhaul WIMAX. i vi la chn sau cng, trm gc c kh nng
backhaul chnh n. iu ny c th t c bng cch d tr phn rng bng
tn thng c dng cho lu lng ngi s dng u cui v s dng n cho cc
mc ch backhauling.
Thnh phn cng ngh:
- Nhn chung v mt cng ngh th WiMAX s dng nhng cng ngh sau y l
quan trng nht:
- Chun IEEE802.16
- Lp MAC ca chun IEEE802.16
- K thut OFDM
- FEC
- Phng php truyn khung dng v ch ARQ, truyn li c la chn
ARQ.
- Trn y l nhng thnh phn cng ngh m WIMAX ni chung s dng.
WIMAX c xy dng trn chun ca ITU y l tiu chun ca cng ngh khng
dy chun cho WIMAX, ngoi ra xung quanh chun ngi ta cn s dng thm
nhiu cc k thut khc na nh ni trn.
- i vi WIMAX di ng th do c th ca tnh di ng nn ngi ta cn phi
ch trng nhiu n nhng vn lin quan tng kh nng pht sng v thu sng
ca thit b di ng.
1.3 C IM C BN C WIMX
- Chng ta c th hnh dung c ch hot ng ca mng WiMAX nh mng in
thoi di ng. Ngha l c mt tng i pht sng v mt mng li cc trm pht
WiMAX ph sng n tng ngi dng cui. Phm vi ph sng ln nht ca
trm WiMAX t 50km.
- V cng ngh WiMAX h tr cho c dng truy nhp c nh (Fix) v di ng
(mobile) nn h thng WiMAX cng c nhng c im khc nhau i vi 2 dng
truy nhp khc nhau ny.
c im Fixed WiMAX:
- Khong cch gia trm thu v pht c th ti 50km.
- Tc truyn c th thay i, ti a l 70Mb/s.
- Hot ng trong c 2 mi trng truyn dn: ng truyn tm nhn thng LOS
v ng truyn che khut NLOS.
- Di tn lm vic 2-11GHz v 10-66GHz.
- Hng truyn tin c chia thnh 2 ng ln v xung. Phn chia ng ln v
xung c th dng c 2 cng ngh: TDD v FDD.
- Fixed WiMAX s dng phng php iu ch OFDM, nh ngha kch thc
ca FFT l 256 vi 192 sng mang d liu, 8 sng mang dn ng v 55 sng
mang bo v.
- Cc phng php iu ch s c s dng l: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM; dng
phi hp cc phng php m ha sa li l m khi (Reed Salomon) v m xon
(m chp) CC.
- rng bng tn ca WiMAX t 5MHz n trn 20MHz c chia thnh nhiu
bng con 1,75MHz. Mi bng con ny c chia nh hn na nh cng ngh
OFDM, cho php nhiu thu bao c th truy cp ng thi mt hay nhiu knh mt
cch linh hot m bo ti u hiu qu s dng bng tn.
- V cu trc phn lp, h thng WiMAX c chia thnh 4 lp: Lp con hi t
(convergence layer) lm nhim v giao din gia lp a truy nhp v cc lp trn,
lp a truy nhp (MAC layer), lp bo mt (Security) v lp vt l (Physical). Cc
lp ny tng ng vi hai lp di cng ca m hnh OSI v c tiu chun
ha c th giao tip vi nhiu ng dng lp trn.
c im Mobile WiMAX:
- Khong cch gia trm thu v pht trong khong 1.7 5 km.
- Tc truyn: 10 30Mb/s
- Khng yu cu truyn trong tm nhn thng.
- Di tn lm vic ca Mobile WiMAX tp trung trong khong tn s di 6GHz (
2,3 GHz; 2,5 GHz; 3,3 GHz; 3,5 GHz).
- rng bng tn ca h thng t 1,25 20MHz
- ng ln v xung c th c phn chia theo cng ngh TDD hoc FDD,
nhng TDD c khuyn ngh s dng nhiu hn v nhng tnh nng u vit ca
n.
- im khc bit r nt so vi Fixed WiMAX l Mobile WiMAX s dng cng
ngh iu ch h tr a truy nhp Scalable OFDMA (S- OFDMA), cho php thay
i kch thc FFT tc l thay i s sng mang con. S sng mang con c th l
128, 512, 1024 hay ln nht l 2048. S sng mang con ny c chia thnh cc
knh con vi s lng knh con ln nht l 32.
- Mobile WiMAX s dng phng php iu ch v m ha thch ng, h tr cc
kiu iu ch QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM. Phng php m ha sa li dng m xon
CC v m CTC.
1.3.1 u im
- c xy dng trn tiu chun IEEE.802.16, WIMAX l h thng a truy nhp
khng dy bng rng dng cng ngh OFDM vi c hai kiu ng truyn LOS v
NLOS.
- Kin trc mm do: WIMAX h tr mt vi kin trc h thng, bao gm im
ti im, im ti a im, v bao ph khp ni. MAC WIMAX h tr im ti a
im v cc dch v khp ni bng cch sp xp mt khe thi gian cho mi trm
thu bao (SS). Nu ch c mt SS trong mng, th trm gc WIMAX s thng tin
vi SS trn c s im ti im. Mt BS trong cu hnh im ti im c th s
dng mt anten bp hp hn ph cc vng ln hn.
- Bo mt cao: WIMAX h tr ASE (chun mt m ha tin tin) v DES (trong
l chun mt m ha s liu). Bng cch mt m ha cc lin kt gia BS v SS,
WIMAX cung cp cc thu bao ring (chng nghe trm) v bo mt trn giao din
khng dy bng rng. Bo mt cng cung cp cho cc nh khai thc s bo v
mnh m chng n trm dch v. WIMAX cng c xy dng h tr VLAN, m
cung cp s bo v d liu c truyn bi cc ngi s dng khc nhau trn cng
mt BS.
- Trin khai nhanh: so vi s trin khai ca cc gii php dy, WIMAX yu cu t
hoc khng yu cu xy dng k hoch m rng. V d, o h h tr rnh ca
cc cp khng c yu cu. Cc nh khai thc c giy php s dng mt trong
s cc bng tn c cp pht, hoc c k hoch s dng mt trong cc bng tn
khng c cp php, khng cn thit xem xt su hn cc ng dng cho Chnh
Ph. Khi anten v thit b c lp t v c cp ngun, WIMAX s sn sng
phc v. Trong hu ht cc trng hp, trin khai WIMAX c th hon thnh trong
khong my gi, so vi my thng cho cc gii php khc.
- Dung lng cao: S dng iu ch bc cao (64-QAM) v rng bng tn (hin
ti l 7 MHz), cc h thng WIMAX c th cung cp rng bng tn ng k cho
cc ngi s dng u cui.
- bao ph rng hn: WIMAX h tr cc iu ch a mc, bao gm BPSK,
QPSK, 16-QAM, v 64-QAM. Khi c trang b vi mt b khuych i cng sut
ln v hot ng vi iu ch mc thp (v d, BPSK hoc QPSK), cc h thng
WIMAX c th bao ph mt vng a l rng khi ng gia BS v SS thng sut.
- Mang li li nhun: WIMAX da trn chun quc t m. Chun c thng qua
a s, s dng chi ph thp, cc chipset c sn xut hng lot, s iu khin gi
h xung; v cnh tranh gi c lm cho cc nh cung cp dch v, ngi s dng
u cui tit kim c chi ph.
- Dch v a mc: L loi m QoS t c da vo hp ng mc dch v (SLA)
gia nh cung cp dch v v ngi s dng. Hn na, mt nh cung cp dch v
c th a ra cc SLA khc nhau cho nhng ngi ng k khc nhau, hoc thm
ch cho nhng ngi s dng khc nhau trong cng mt SS.
- Kh nng cng vn hnh: WIMAX da vo cc chun cung cp trung lp, quc
t, lm cho ngi s dng u cui d dng truyn ti v s dng SS ca h ti cc
v tr khc nhau, hoc vi cc nh cung cp dch v khc nhau. Kh nng cng vn
hnh bo v vn u t ban u ca nh khai thc v n c th chn thit b t cc
i l thit b khc nhau, v n s tip tc lm gim gi thit b.
- Kh nng mang theo c: Vi cc h thng t ong hin nay, khi SS WIMAX
c cp cng sut, n t nhn dng, xc nh cc c tnh ca lin kt vi BS, ch
cn SS c ng k trong c s d liu h thng, v sau m phn cc c tnh
truyn dn ph hp.
- Tnh di ng: Chun 802.16e IEEE c thm mt s c im ch yu trong
vic h tr tnh di ng. Cc ci tin c to ra cho lp vt l OFDMA v OFDM
cung cp cc thit b v dch v trong mi trng di ng. Cc mi trng ny
bao gm: OFDMA c th chia t l c, MIMO, v h tr ch idle/sleep,
chuyn giao, cho php tnh di ng hon ton ti tc 160 km/h. Chun h tr bi
Forum WIMAX c hng hiu nng NLOS tt hn ca OFDM v hot ng
chu c a ng, lm cho n ph hp hn vi mi trng di ng.
- Qu trnh hot ng tm nhn khng thng: NLOS thng m ch ng dn v
tuyn c min Fresnel th nht b chn hon ton. WIMAX da vo cng ngh
OFDM c dung lng vn c ca cc mi trng NLOS. Dung lng ny gip cc
sn phm WIMAX phn pht rng bng tn rng trong mi trng NLOS, m
cc sn phm v tuyn khc khng lm c.
- Ngoi ra WiMAX cn cho php s dng cng ngh TDD v FDD cho vic phn
chia truyn dn hng ln v hng xung.
1.3.2 Nhc im
- Vi bt c h thng truyn thng v tuyn no th nh hng ca mi trng
truyn sng l khng th trnh khi. H thng WIMAX cng c nhng hn ch v
ng truyn:
- nh hng ca thi tit xu c bit l ma to c th lm gin on cc
dch v.
- Cc sng v tuyn in ln cn c th gy nhiu vi kt ni WIMAX v l
nguyn nhn gy suy gim d liu trn ng truyn hoc lm mt kt ni.
- Ngoi ra v y l cng ngh hon ton mi do vic chun ha cha
thc s trn phm vi ton th gii nn kh khn trong lp rp, thay th cc
khu vc khc nhau.
- Cng ngh ny khi xng t nc M, nhng thc s cha c thng tin chnh
thc no cp n vic M s dng WiMAX nh th no, khc phc hu qu s
c ra sao. Ngay c Vit Nam, VNPT ( vi nh thu nc ngoi l Motorola,
Alvarion) cng trin khai mt s tnh min ni pha Bc, c th l Lo Cai
nhng cng ch gii hn l cc im truy cp Internet ti Bu in tnh, huyn ch
cha c nhng kt lun chnh thc v tnh hiu qu ng k ca h thng.
1.4 CU TRC C WIMX
- V cu trc phn lp, h thng WiMAX c phn chia thnh 4 lp:
- Lp con tip ng (Convergence) lm gi vai tr giao din gia lp a truy
nhp v cc lp bn trn.
- Lp a truy nhp ( MAC ).
- Lp truyn dn (Transmission).
- Lp vt l (Physical ).
- Cc lp ny tng ng vi 2 lp di cng cng ca m hnh OSI,c tiu
chun ha giao tip vi nhiu ng dng lp trn.

Hnh 1.3 M hnh phn lp trong h thng WIMAX so vi OSI
1.4.1 Lp vt l (PHY)
- Lp vt l cung cp kt ni v tuyn gia BS v SS. Chun IEEE 802.16 nh
ngha cc k thut khc nhau truyn thng tin qua mi trng v tuyn. Chun
IEEE 802.16 h tr 2 bng tn: bng tn 10-66 GHz v 2-11 GHz.
- Bng tn 10-66 GHz h tr cho cc mi trng truyn dn yu cu tm
nhn thng LOS, khng c vt cn gia trm pht v trm thu. c t giao tip
khng gian (air interface) ti bng tn 10-66 Ghz c gi l WirelessMAN-
SC, s dng phng thc truy cp TDMA cho hng truyn uplink v phng
thc truy cp TDM cho hng truyn downlink.
- Bng tn 2-11 GHz (cp php v khng cp php) h tr mi trng
truyn dn khng c tm nhn thng NLOS, tn hiu c th truyn qua cc vt
cn theo nhiu cch khc nhau.
- C 5 c t lp vt l chun IEEE 802.16 c m t nh sau:
Bng 1.1 c t vt l chun IEEE 802.16

- Lp vt l chun IEEE 802.16 s dng phng php iu ch OFDM, bng tn
c chia thnh nhiu sng mang con trc giao vi nhau nhm t c thng
lng d liu v khong cch truyn ti a, chng nhiu hiu qu.
- Ngoi ra, lp vt l cn cung cp mt s phng thc iu ch nhiu mc nh
BPSK, QPSK, 16-QAM, 64-QAMcho php truyn nhiu n v thng tin trn
mt n v thi gian.
- Cc qu trnh Ranging v DFS c thc thi ti lp vt l.
- Ranging l qu trnh thc hin iu chnh cng sut pht ca trm BS n
trm SS ph hp vi v tr ca trm SS.
- DFS l qu trnh t ng qut di tn dnh ring cho SS tm mt tn s
hot ng ph hp.
1.4.2 Lp iu khin truy nhp mi trng (MC)
- Lp MAC chun IEEE 802.16 cung cp giao din hot ng c lp vi lp vt
l do giao din lp vt l l giao din v tuyn. Phn ch yu ca lp MAC tp
trung vo vic qun l ti nguyn trn airlink. Gii quyt c bi ton yu cu tc
d liu cao trn c hai knh downlink v uplink. Cc c ch iu khin truy cp
v thut ton cp pht bng thng hiu qu c kh nng p ng cho hng trm u
cui trn mi knh. Ti nguyn c cp pht cho mt ngi dng bi trnh lp lch
MAC c th thay i t mt khe thi gian n n ton b khung, do cung cp
thng lng nng ng n ngi dng ring ti bt c thi gian no. Hn th, do
thng tin cp pht ti nguyn c vn chuyn trong thng ip MAC u mi
khung, trnh lp lch c th thay i hiu qu s cp pht ti nguyn theo kiu tng
khung mt (frame by frame) thch ng vi trng thi t nhin ca lu lng.
- Lp MAC ca chun IEEE 802.16 c thit k cho nhng ng dng truy cp
khng dy bng rng im-a im. Nhim v c bn ca lp MAC WiMAX l
cung cp mt giao din gia nhng lp cao hn v lp vt l.
- Lp MAC nhn packet t lp bn trn, nhng packet ny c gi l MSDU, v
a chng vo trong MPDU pht trong khng kh. i vi pha thu, lp MAC
lm ngc li.
- Thit k lp MAC ca chun IEEE 802.16-2004 v chun IEEE 802.16e-2005
bao gm mt phn lp convergence c th giao tip vi nhiu giao thc lp cao
hn, chng hn nh ATM TDM Voice, Ethernet, IP, v cc giao thc khc trong
tng lai.

Hnh 1.4 Lp MAC vi cc im truy nhp dch v
- Cc giao thc lp MAC chun 802.16 l hng kt ni. Vo thi im truy nhp
mng, mi SS s to mt hoc nhiu kt ni truyn ti d liu trn c hai hng
(downlink v uplink). n v lp lch lp MAC s s dng ti nguyn airlink
cung cp cc mc QoS phn bit. Lp MAC cng thc hin chc nng tng thch
lin kt (link adaption) v truyn li t ng ARQ nhm duy tr thng lng d liu
i a vi t l li bit BER chp nhn c. Lp MAC chun IEEE 802.16 cng
iu khin qu trnh truy nhp v ri khi mng ca SS, thc hin to v truyn cc
n v d liu giao thc PDU. Ngoi ra, lp MAC chun IEEE 802.16 cn cung
cp lp con hi t c t dch v h tr lp mng t bo ATM v lp mng gi
(Packet).
- Lp MAC kt hp nhiu tnh nng thch hp cho nhiu ng dng cc tc di
chuyn khc nhau, chng hn nh cc tnh nng sau:
- PKM cho bo mt lp MAC. PKM phin bn 2 kt hp h tr giao thc
chng thc m rng EAP.
- H tr qung b broadcast and multicast.
- Handover tc cao.
- Ba cp qun l ngun: hot ng bnh thng, sleep v idle.
- Header suppression, packing v fragmentation s dng hiu qu ph
tn.
- Nm lp dch v: unsolicited grant service (UGS), real-time polling service
(rtPS), non-real-time polling service (nrtPS), best effort (BE) v Extended
real-time variable rate (ERT-VR) service.

Bng 1.2 Cc ng dng WiMax di ng v QoS

- Nhng tnh nng ny kt hp vi nhng li im ca OFDMA khin cho 802.16
thch hp cho nhng ng dng d liu multimedia tc cao.
- H tr QoS l mt phn c bn ca thit k lp MAC ca WiMAX. WiMAX
mn mt s tng c bn cho thit k QoS ca n t chun DOCSIS.
- Kim sot QoS cht ch c thc hin bng cch dng kin trc MAC hng
kt ni, tt c kt ni chiu ln v chiu xung u c iu khin bi BS.
- Lp MAC chun IEEE 802.16 bao gm 3 lp con.
1.4.2.1 Lp con hi t dch v c trng (CS):
- Lp con hi t c t dch v tip nhn cc gi d liu t cc lp cao thng qua
cc im truy nhp dch v lp con hi t CS SAP, nh x thnh cc n v d liu
dch v lp MAC SDU.
- Tip nhn cc n v d liu giao thc (PDU) ca lp cao hn.
- Thc hin phn loi cc PDU
- X l (nu cn thit) cc PDU da vo vic phn loi
- Chuyn giao cc PDU CS thnh MAC SAP
- Nhn cc CS PDU t thc th ngang hng
- Hin ti CS cung cp 2 c tnh kh dng: CS ATM (kiu truyn dn khng ng
b), thch ng lu lng ATM v CS gi, thch ng lu lng IP v Internet.
1.4.2.2 Lp con phn chung (CPS):
- Lp con phn chung MAC (CPS) h tr kin trc Point-to-Multipoint. Mt trm
gc BS c th gi thng tin n cc trm thu bao SS v nhn thng tin t cc SS.
- Lp con CPS cng chu trch nhim cp pht bng thng. Bng thng c cp
pht cho mt trm SS mi cng nh cp b sung cho mt trm SS nu c yu cu.
a) X l cc kt ni:
- Lp MAC l hng kt ni. iu ny c ngha l trc khi gi thng tin ngi
s dng, n cn thit lp mt kt ni gia SS v BS hoc mt SS v mt SS khc,
ph thuc vo cu hnh s dng. H tr multicast. Mi kt ni c mt nh danh kt
ni (CID) 16 bit.
- C 2 loi kt ni: cc kt ni qun l v kt ni vn chuyn d liu.
- Kt ni qun l c 3 loi: c bn, s cp v th cp. Kt ni c bn l kt
ni c to ra cho mi SS khi n ng nhp vo mng. Kt ni ny c
dng cho cc bn tin qun l khn v ngn. Kt ni s cp cng c to ra
cho mi SS vo lc n gia nhp mng, nhng n c s dng cho cc bn tin
qun l dung sai tr. Kt ni th cp c s dng cho cc bn tin qun l
vic ng gi IP (nh l DHCP, SNMP, TFP).
- Kt ni vn chuyn c th l d phng hoc c th c thit lp tu theo
yu cu. Kt ni ny c dng cho lung lu lng ngi s dng.
- Kt ni d liu thng c s dng truyn thng tin ngi s dng trn mt
ng khng trc tip, trong khi ba loi cn li c s dng truyn thng
tin iu khin.
b) MAC PDU:
- Cc MAC PDU c chia lm ba phn: mt tiu chung (6 byte); mt ti trng
di thay i v mt m kim tra d vng (4 byte).

Hnh 1.5 Cc nh dng MAC PDU
- di PDU ln nht l 2 Kbyte. Ti trng c th c s dng truyn thng
tin iu khin qua cc tiu con. Ti trng c th rng hoc y cc tiu con,
cc MAC PDU hoc cc on. m phn bng thng, n c pht trin mt
MAC PDU dnh ring. PDU ny c mt tiu c bit, cha cc thng s bng
thng.
- C 5 loi tiu con: phn on, gi, qun l tr cp, li v cp pht hi tip
nhanh. Tiu con phn on c s dng iu khin phn on MAC SDU
thnh hai hoc nhiu MAC PDU, trong khi tiu con gi c s dng tp
hp mt hoc nhiu MAC SDU thnh mt MAC PDU. Tiu con qun l tr cp
cho php yu cu bng thng m khng cn gi mt PDU dnh ring. Yu cu
c xc nhn cng vi mt MAC PDU chung. Cc MAC PDU c sp xp trong
cc khung lp vt l.
c) Phn knh:
- Khng ch TDD m c FDD cng c h tr. Trong FDD c hai pha pht ng
thi vi cc tn s khc nhau, cn trong TDD ch mt tn s c s dng v n
c chia s da vo thi gian. Khung TDD c hai phn: khung con ng xung
v khung con ng ln. Mi khung con c phn chia thnh cc khe vt l (PL)
i vi cc giao din v tuyn n sng mang v thnh cc cm i vi cc giao
din v tuyn OFDM. Cc MAC PDU c chn trong cc PL hoc cc cm theo
cc giao din v tuyn c trin khai. Vi FDD, m hnh song cng v bn song
cng c cho php.
d) Sp xp:
- Sp xp c trin khai cp pht bng thng cho cc kt ni. i vi giao
din khng gian n sng mang, BS gi trong khung con ng xung mt sp xp
ng ln (UL-MAP) v mt sp xp ng xung (DL-MAP). UL-MAP cha
cc PL m mt SS c th s dng pht trn ng ln. DL-MAP cha cc khe
thi gian m mt SS phi nghe trong ng xung. Khung con ng xung bt
u vi cc sp xp ny, c gi qua giao din khng gian ti tt c cc SS. V
vy, UL-MAP v DL-MAP xc nh bng thng c cp pht cho cc kt ni (qua
s cc PL kh dng), cc PL mi trm phi pht v nhn v h s cm c s
dng. Vi giao din v tuyn OFDM, sp xp c thc hin s dng cc k hiu
thay v cc PL. Vi giao din khng gian OFDMA, cc k hiu OFDM v cc knh
con c s dng.
e) Lp lch, yu cu v cp pht bng thng:
- Lp lch c trin khai xc nh quyn u tin truyn dn cc MAC SDU
qua cc kt ni MAC ang tn ti. Vi mi kt ni n c kt hp vi mt loi
lp lch c xc nh trc. Mi loi c mt tp cc thng s xc nh cc yu cu
cht lng dch v (QoS). C bn loi c nh ngha: dch v cp pht t nguyn
(UGS), dch v thm d thi gian thc (rtPS), dch v thm d phi thi gian thc
(nrtPS) v n lc tt nht (BE: best effort). UGS c nh ngha cho lu lng tc
bt khng i thi gian thc. rtPS c nh ngha cho lu lng tc bt thay
i thi gian thc nh lu lng video. nrtPS lin quan ti lu lng tc bt thay
i phi thi gian thc dung sai tr. i vi lu lng d liu tc bit thay i, n
c nh ngha bi lp n lc tt nht (BE). i vi cc kt ni UGS, BS cp pht
mt cch nh k mt lng bng thng c nh, m c m phn khi thit lp
kt ni. Cc loi khc phi yu cu nh k bng thng, c cp pht t ng
trong sut thi gian truyn dn.
- Bng thng c th c yu cu bi cc yu cu ring l (BW yu cu MAC
PDU) hoc mt yu cu xc nhn (tiu con MAC PDU). Cc yu cu c th tng
ln hoc kt hp li. Cc yu cu kt hp thay th cc kt ni trc c yu cu
bng thng, trong khi cc yu cu tng ci thin bng thng hin ti bi s lng
yu cu. Cc SS phi yu cu bng thng theo chu k i vi cc kt ni BE, rtPS,
nrtPS, vvy gim s dng bng thng. Chu k cp nht ph thuc loi lp lch v
cht lng lin kt. Thm vo cc yu cu ring l, BS c th cp pht mt khong
thi gian yu cu, trong mt hoc nhiu SS c th gi cc bn tin yu cu bng
thng. Qu trnh ny c gi l thm d. Thm d c th c thc hin theo hai
cch: thm d n hng v thm d da vo tranh chp. Trong thm d n
hng, BS cp pht bng thng lng nghe cc yu cu ca ch mt SS, cn trong
thm d da vo tranh chp, BS cp pht bng thng lng nghe yu cu ca mt
nhm a hng cc SS hoc tt c cc SS.
- Bng thng c th c tr cp trn kt ni (GPC) hoc trn SS (GPSS). Trong
c hai trng hp, cc yu cu bng thng c thng tin trn kt ni, m ci
thin cp pht bng thng BS. Tuy nhin, trong GPC bng thng c cp pht cho
cc kt ni c bit, cn trong GPSS n c cp pht cho SS.
f) Gii quyt tranh chp:
- Mc d BS iu khin cp pht bng thng trong ng ln, nhng c th xut
hin xung t trong khong thit lp v khong thi gian yu cu bng thng. Thut
ton backoff m nh phn rt gn c trin khai gii quyt cc tnh hung xung
t.
g) ARQ:
- ARQ l qu trnh pht li cc MAC PDU b mt hoc sai lc. Theo IEEE
802.16TM-2004, k thut ARQ da vo s chui phn on ca cc tiu con
phn on hoc gi.
- H tr ARQ l tu chn v c th c la chn cho mi kt ni. La chn c
thc hin trong khong thit lp kt ni. ARQ khng c th c s dng cng vi
giao din khng gian sng mang n. Khi ARQ c cho php, cc MAC PDU c
th c phn on trong cc khi ARQ. Xc nhn ARQ c gi hoc trong bn
tin MAC ring l qua mt kt ni qun l c bn hoc c mang trn mt MAC
PDU qua mt kt ni d liu tn ti.
h) M t thch ng cm:
- thch ng cc thay i trong iu kin lin kt v tuyn, IEEE 802.16TM-
2004 trin khai mt k thut tin b m ho, iu ch, sp xp v cng sut
truyn dn ng. M t thch ng cm c s dng thay i cc c tnh truyn
dn da vo trng thi lin kt. Mc tiu l cn bng gia sc mnh v hiu qu.
K thut l khc nhau gia ng xung v ng ln. Bn tin c s dng
thng tin trao i gia cc thit b. BS khng ch iu khin SS m t cm ng
ln s dng UL-MAP m cn tnh ton m t cm ng xung theo cht lng
ca tn hiu thu c t mi SS. Tuy nhin cc SS c th yu cu thay i trong m
t cm ng xung nu iu kin mi trng qu xu.
1.4.2.3 Lp con bo mt:
- Ton b bo mt ca 802.16 da vo lp con bo mt. Lp con bo mt l lp
con gia MAC CPS v lp vt l. Mc tiu ca n l cung cp iu khin truy
nhp v s cn mt ca lin kt d liu, chu trch nhim m ha v gii m d liu
m a n v i ra khi lp vt l PHY v cng c s dng cho cp php v
trao i kha bo mt, ngn chn nh cp dch v.
1.5 CC K THUT S DNG TRONG WIMX
- Vi kin trc m, linh hot, dung lng ln v chi ph trin khai thp lm cho
WiMAX tr thnh mt gii php hng u cho cc dch v v tuyn bng rng.
- OFDM, OFDMA v S-OFDMA l nhng cng ngh truy nhp mi ci tin h
tr knh cn thit t c hiu qu tri ph tt hn v thng lng knh cao
hn. Nhng cng ngh truy nhp mi ny l nn tng cho WiMAX v l la chn
cho cc h thng bng rng di ng tip theo khc nhm cung cp nhiu loi hnh
dch v truyn thng a phng tin tc cao.
- Chng ta s kho st tng quan cc k thut tin tin c p dng trong cng
ngh WiMAX nh l k thut OFDM, OFDMA, h thng anten tin tin
1.5.1 K thut OFDM
- K thut OFDM l k thut ghp knh phn chia theo tn s trc giao. Trong
OFDM, chui d liu ti u pht thng c tc rt cao. Dng d liu ny c
chia thnh nhiu dng d liu song song tc thp hn nh b chuyn i ni
tip-song song (S/P). Mi dng d liu song song sau c iu ch bi mt
sng mang, cc sng mang ny c chn trc giao vi nhau m bo c th
tch ring tng lung d liu ti u thu. K n cc sng mang ny c tng hp
li v a ln tn s pht.

Hnh 1.6 So snh gia FDM v OFDM
- S lng cc sng mang con ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh rng knh v
mc nhiu. Con s ny tng ng vi kch thc FFT. Chun giao tip v tuyn
802.16-2004 xc nh 256 sng mang con tng ng FFT 256 im, hnh thnh
chun Fixed WiMAX, vi rng knh c nh. Chun giao tip 802.16-2005 cho
php kch c FFT t 512 n 2048 ph hp vi rng knh 5MHz n 20MHz,
hnh thnh chun Mobile WiMAX (Scalable OFDMA), duy tr tng i khong
thi gian khng i ca cc k hiu v khong dn cch gia cc sng mang vi
rng knh.

Hnh 1.7 S khi h thng OFDM
- u tin, dng d liu vo vi tc cao c chia thnh nhiu dng d liu
song song tc thp hn nh b chuyn i ni tip-song song (S/P). Mi dng
d liu song song sau c m ha (Coding) s dng thut ton FEC v c
sp xp (Mapping) theo mt trnh t hn hp. Nhng k t hn hp c a n
u vo ca khi IDFT ( y thc hin php bin i IDFT ngi ta dng thut
ton IFFT). Sau khong bo v c chn vo gim nhiu xuyn k t (ISI),
nhiu xuyn knh (ICI) do truyn trn cc knh v tuyn di ng a ng. Dng
d liu song song li c chuyn thnh ni tip nh b chuyn i song song-ni
tip (P/S). Cui cng, b A/D pha pht nh dng tn hiu thi gian lin tc v
chuyn i ln min tn s cao truyn i xa.
- Trong qu trnh truyn, trn cc knh s c cc ngun nhiu tc ng n nh
nhiu Gausian trng cng AWGN.
- pha thu, tn hiu thu c chuyn xung tn s thp v tn hiu ri rc nhn
c sau b D/A thu. Khong bo v c loi b v cc mu c chuyn i t
min thi gian sang min tn s bng php bin i DFT dng thut ton FFT (khi
FFT). Sau , ty vo s iu ch c s dng, s dch chuyn v bin v
pha ca cc sng mang nhnh s c sp xp ngc tr li v c gii m. Cui
cng, chng ta nhn li c dng d liu ni tip ban u.
Chui bo v trong h thng OFDM:
D liu
D liu

S/P

M
ha&
sp
xp

Chn
Pilot

IFFT

Chn
di
bo v

P/S
Knh
truyn

P/S
Sp
xp
li &
gii
m
c
lng
knh

FFT
Loi b
di bo
v

S/P

AWGN w(n)
- u im ca phng php iu ch OFDM khng ch th hin hiu qu s
dng bng thng m cn c kh nng lm gim hay loi tr nhiu xuyn k hiu ISI
nh s dng chui bo v GI. Mt mu tn hiu c di l TS, chui bo v tng
ng l mt chui tn hiu c di TG pha sau c sao chp ln phn pha
trc ca mu tn hiu ny nh hnh v sau (do , GI cn c gi l Cyclic
Prefix-CP). S sao chp ny c tc dng chng li nhiu xuyn k hiu ISI do hiu
ng phn tp a ng.

Hnh 1.8 Khi nim v chui bo v
- Nguyn tc ny gii thch nh sau: Gi s my pht i mt khong tn hiu c
chiu di l TS, sau khi chn thm chui bo v c chiu di TG th tn hiu ny c
chiu di l T=TS+TG. Do hiu ng a ng multipath, tn hiu ny s ti my
thu theo nhiu ng khc nhau. Trong hnh v m t di y, hnh a, tn hiu
theo ng th nht khng c tr, cc ng th hai v th ba u b tr mt
khong thi gian so vi ng th nht.Tn hiu thu c my thu s l tng hp
ca tt c cc tuyn, cho thy k hiu ng trc s chng ln vo k hiu ngay sau
, y chnh l hin tng ISI. Do trong OFDM c s dng chui bo v c di
TG s d dng loi b hin tng ny. Trong trng hp TG MAX nh hnh v
m t th phn b chng ln ISI nm trong khong ca chui bo v, cn thnh phn
tn hiu c ch vn an ton. pha my thu s gt b chui bo v trc khi gi tn
hiu n b gii iu ch OFDM. Do , iu kin cn thit cho h thng
OFDM khng b nh hng bi ISI l:
max
t >
G
T
vi
max
l tr truyn dn ti a
ca knh.

Hnh 1.9 ISI v cyclic prefix
Phn tn hiu c ch

Phn tn hiu c ch

GI
Cc u v nhc im ca k thut OFDM:
- Qua vic phn tch v c bn k thut OFDM nh trn, chng ta c th rt ra mt
s u im, nhc im chnh ca OFDM nh sau:
u im:
- S dng ph hiu qu nh ph tn s c dng gn nh ca s ch nht nu
s sng mang con ln.
- Loi b nhiu xuyn k t (ISI) v nhiu gia cc khung (IFI) nh s dng
tin t vng CP.
- Kh nng chng nhiu gia cc knh con rt tt nh vic s dng cc sng
mang con trc giao.
- K thut OFDM cho php thng tin tc cao c truyn song song vi
tc thp hn trn cc knh bng hp. Cc knh con ny c coi l cc
knh fading khng la chn tn s nn c th dng cc b cn bng n gin
trong sut qu trnh nhn thng tin. Ni nh vy, h thng OFDM chng c
nh hng ca fading la chn tn s.
- K thut OFDM l mt phng php hiu qu gii quyt a ng,
khng nhiu bng hp tt v nhiu ny ch nh hng mt t l nh cc sng
mang con.
- Thc hin n gin trong min tn s bng cch dng gii thut FFT.
ng thi my thu n gin do khng cn b kh ICI v ISI nu khong d
tr di.
Nhc im:
- OFDM l tp hp ca tn hiu trn nhiu sng mang, di ng ca tn hiu
ln nn c t s cng sut nh/trung bnh tng i ln s lm hn ch hiu
sut ca b khuch i m tn.
- Mt mt hiu sut ph do chn khong d tr.
- Nhiu pha do s khng phi hp gia cc b dao ng my pht v my
thu, c th lm nh hng n cht lng h thng.
- Phi c s ng b chnh xc v tn s v thi gian, c bit l tn s.
- Nh vy, k thut OFDM l gii php rt ph hp cho truyn dn v tuyn tc
cao ni chung v cho cng ngh Wimax ni ring.Vi cng ngh OFDM, nh s
kt hp ca cc sng mang con trc giao truyn song song vi cc k hiu c
khong thi gian di m bo rng lu lng bng thng rng khng b hn ch do
mi trng khng theo tm nhn thng NLOS v nhiu do hin tng a ng
dn.
1.5.2 K thut OFDM
- OFDMA l mt cng ngh a sng mang pht trin da trn nn k thut OFDM.
Trong OFDMA, mt s cc sng mang con, khng nht thit phi nm k nhau,
c gp li thnh mt knh con (sub-channel) v cc user khi truy cp vo ti
nguyn s c cp cho mt hay nhiu knh con truyn nhn ty theo nhu cu
lu lng c th.
- OFDMA c mt s u im nh l tng kh nng linh hot, thng lng v tnh
n nh c ci thin. Vic n nh cc knh con cho cc thu bao c th, vic
truyn nhn t mt s thu bao c th xy ra ng thi m khng cn s can thip
no, do s gim thiu nhng tc ng nh nhiu a truy xut (Multi access
Interfearence - MAI).

Hnh 1.10 ODFM v OFDMA
a d a d a d
a d a d a d
a c e a c e a c e
a c e a c e a c e
b e g b e g b e g
b e g b e g b e g
b f g b f g b f g
b f g b f g b f g
Hnh 1.11V d ca biu tn s, thi gian vi OFDMA
f
- Hnh 1.11 m t mt v d v bng tn s - thi gian ca OFDMA, trong c 7
ngi dng t a n g v mi ngi s dng mt phn xc nh ca cc sng mang
ph c sn, khc vi nhng ngi cn li.
- Th d c th ny thc t l s hn hp ca OFDMA v TDMA bi v mi ngi
s dng ch pht mt trong 4 khe thi gian, cha 1 hoc vi symbol OFDM, 7
ngi s dng t a n g u c t c nh (fix set) cho cc sng mang theo bn
khe thi gian.
1.5.3 Cc cng ngh anten tin tin
- Cng ngh anten c th dng ci thin truyn dn theo hai cch s dng
cng ngh phn tp v s dng cc h thng anten cng cc cng ngh chuyn
mch tin tin. Cc cng ngh ny c th ci thin tnh co dn v t s tn hiu trn
tp m nhng khng bo m pht dn s khng b nh hng ca nhiu.
- Cc lc phn tp c s dng li dng cc tn hiu a ng v phn x
xy ra trong cc mi trng NLOS. Bng cch s dng nhiu ng ten (truyn
v/hoc nhn), fading, nhiu v tn hao ng truyn c th c lm gim. Phn
tp truyn s dng m thi gian khng gian STC. i vi phn tp nhn, cc cng
ngh nh kt hp t l ti a (MRC) mang li u im ca hai ng thu ring bit.
V MISO (nhiu u vo mt u ra).

Hnh 1.12 MISO
- M rng ti MIMO, s dng MIMO cng s nng cao thng lng v tng cc
ng tn hiu. MIMO s dng nhiu ng ten thu v/hoc pht cho ghp knh theo
khng gian. Mi ng ten c th truyn d liu khc nhau m sau c th c gii
m my thu. i vi OFDMA, bi v mi sng mang con l cc knh bng hp
tng t, fading la chn tn s xut hin nh l fading phng ti mi sng mang.
Hiu ng ny c th sau c m hnh ha nh l mt s khuch i khng i
phc hp v c th n gin ha s thc hin ca mt my thu MIMO cho
OFDMA.

Hnh 1.13 MIMO
- Cc h thng anten thch nghi (AAS) l mt phn ty chn. Cc trm gc c
trang b AAS c th to ra cc chm m c th c li, tp trung nng lng
truyn t c phm vi ln hn. Khi nhn, chng c th tp trung hng c
th ca my thu. iu ny gip cho loi b nhiu khng mong mun t cc v tr
khc.

Hnh 1.14 Beam Shaping
1.6 NG DNG C WIMX
- Ni ti WiMAX, ngi ta c th ngh ti rt nhiu gii php thay th m cng
ngh ny c th mang li. chnh l kh nng thay th ng xDSL gip tip cn
nhanh hn cc i tng ngi dng bng rng m khng cn phi u t ln. c
bit, WiMAX rt hu ch cung cp dch v bng thng rng nhng vng xa
xi m gii php ADSL hoc cp quang l rt tn km. nhng nc ang pht
trin nh Vit Nam, ni m Internet bng thng rng cha ph bin, WiMAX l
mt gii php kinh t. Ngoi ra WiMAX cn gip vic trin khai WiFi thm nhanh
chng do cc hotspot WiFi s khng cn ng leased-line m s ni trc tip vi
WiMAX BS. Kh nng roaming gia cc dch v Wi-Fi v WiMax s mang li
nhiu li ch cho ngi s dng.

Hnh 1.15Minh ha mt s ng dng dm cui ca WiMAX
- c th dng dch v Internet bng thng rng ca WiMAX (fixed WiMAX),
nh cung cp dch v ch cn lp t mt ng ten BS gia khu dn c. Mi ngi
dng s c cung cp mt ng ten thu (CPE), lp trn mi nh/ca s. CPE c th
c ni trc tip vi my vi tnh hoc thng qua mt Access Point WiFi. Vic
trin khai kh n gin, m gi thnh li thp hn nhiu so vi cng ngh hin
hnh.
- Bn cnh dch v c nh, WiMAX cn cung ng cc dch v di ng. Trong
tng lai, cc thit b mobile m hin nay c tch hp WiFi s c tch hp
WiMAX. Khi , ngi dng c th kt ni mng mi lc mi ni thng qua
WiMAX, v c bit l vn c th dng cc dch v ging nh nhng dch v ca
mng t bo 3G. Hn na, tc truyn ca WiMAX cao hn hn 3G m gi ha
hn s r. i vi cc nh cung cp mng, gi thnh ca mt WiMAX BS r hn
rt nhiu so vi gi ca mt BS UMTS. Do , c th nh cung ng mng 3G s
dng WiMAX thay th 3G nhng khu vc tha dn c.
- Trong tng lai gn WiMAX s c s dng nhiu nht bi cc nh cung cp
dch v vin thng v cc hng ln. Tip n s l cc ng dng vi kt ni trc
tip vi ngi s dng. WiMAX s gip a ra nhng gii php cho cc ng dng
bng thng rng a cp.
- iu quan tm ch yu ca cc nh nh cung cp dch v ang trin khai mng
WIMAX hin nay l:
- Gim chi ph vn hnh.
- Tng li nhun.
- Gim chi ph u t.
- Tng th phn.
- a cc dch v mi vo nhm lm tng doanh thu trn mi ngi s
dng (ARPU).
- Thut ng WiMax c th c hiu tng t nh Wi-Fi, mc d trong khi phm
vi ca Wi-Fi c tnh bng mt th phm vi ca WiMax c tnh bng kilmt.
Vi phm vi rng ln ca WiMax, cc nh cung cp dch v s c th ph sng
ton b cc khu vc th vi ch mt vi thp. WiMax khng phi l gii php
duy nht dnh cho mng bng rng khng dy - Hiperman ca chu u (Mng khu
vc th v tuyn hiu nng cao) ang c pht trin nhng khng c xem
nh mt ng vin nng k.
- ng dng cng ngh WiMAX c th phn vo hai dng chnh: Khch hng truy
cp theo hnh thc c nhn, xy dng h thng truyn dn ring v khch hng ng
dng WiMax cung cp mng truy cp cng cng.
1.6.1 Mng dng ring
- S dng lm mng ng trc cho cc mng in thoi di ng t bo (cellular
backhaul):
Trong mi trng ngy cng cnh tranh cc dch v khng dy cu trc theo kiu
t bo, mt nh kinh doanh truy cp thng tin lin tc vi mong mun thng tin
nhanh, nhng gim thiu chi ph bng vic la chn cc gi cc ph hp. WiMAX
s cung cp ng truyn im im vi khong cch ln n 50 km, tc d
liu h tr ln n tc ca cc trung k E1, T1, thit b WiMAX xy dng nn
h tng mnh ti trm gc t m rng ra cc cell xa.
- Mng ngn hng:
Cc ngn hng trung tm c th kt ni n cc chi nhnh ca mnh thng qua
mng WiMAX c nhn chuyn ti thoi, data v video. Thng thng cc ngn
hng thng nm phn b trong cc khu vc rng, nhng li cn bng thng ln
v an ninh cao, do vy WiMAX chnh l mt gii php rt tt cho lin lc d liu
gia cc b phn ca mt ngn hng.
- Mng gio dc:
Cc t chc dng mng WiMAX kt ni cc trng v cc vn phng trong
cng mt khu vc qun, huyn. Chng hn vi yu cu bng thng cao (ln hn
15Mbps), kh nng thng tin im - im hoc im - a im vi mt vng ph
sng tri rng cung cp cc dch v nh: in thoi, data (s liu v sinh vin),
email, internet, o to t xa gia vn phng ban ph trch trng vi cc trng
trong qun hay gia cc trng vi nhau. Trong mi trng gio dc , mt
camera trng B c th truyn tn hiu t lp hc (trong thi gian thc) n
trng A.
WiMAX c vng ph sng rng, chi ph hp l nn s c bit hiu qu i vi
cc trng nng thn ni c h tng c s truyn dn km, ni m cc gii php
ko cp lun i hi mc chi ph cao.
- m bo an ton cho cc truy nhp cng cng (Public Safety):
WiMAX c th ng dng bo v cc c quan chnh ph nh: cng an, cha
chy, cu h. C th dng mng WiMAX h tr trong cc tnh hung cn tr
gip khn cp, cung cp chc nng thoi hai chiu gia trung tm v cc i ng
cu v.v.. Cht lng dch v ny cng cho php thay i lu thoi theo nhng yu
cu khc nhau. Gii php WiMAX c ph sng rng, iu gip cho cc i cu
h ti ni xy ra tai nn, cc s kin, s vic hay cc thm ha thin nhin c th
ci t mt mng tm thi trong mt vi pht gi tn hiu v trung tm. H cng
c th ch ng c lu lng khi gi tn hiu v trung tm thng qua mng
WiMAX.
i vi mc tiu di ng cng vy, chng hn nh mt ngi cnh st c th
truy cp d liu trn mt chic xe ang chy, mt ngi lnh cha chy c th truy
cp thng tin v ng i ngn nht n ni xy ra ha hon. Mt camera trn xe
cu thng c th a hnh nh v tnh trng ca bnh nhn ch ng cp cu
trc khi xe a bnh nhn v n bnh vin. Tt c trng hp trn u c th ng
dng WiMAX bng thng rng, trong khi cc h thng bng thng hp khc khng
th p ng c.
- Thng tin lin lc xa b:
WiMax c th ng dng trong cc cng ty du kh trong thng tin lin lc gia
t lin v gin khoan.
Trong cc hot ng thao tc thit b, i din vi cc vn phc tp, cc cng
vic i hi mc gim st cao v cn truy xut d liu nng. Cc tn hiu ny
c th gi v trm t lin cc b phn chuyn mn kp thi phn tch x l.
Cng vic khai thc du kh cn m bo yu t an ton, trc cnh bo, gim st
bng camera, bn cnh truyn ti c cc thng tin c bn nh: thoi, internet,
email , hi ngh truyn hnh.
WiMAX trin khai lp t nhanh chng, cn thit iu chuyn n ni mi cng
d dng, c th khng cn ngi trc thit b, thit b t hot ng bng cch trang
b thm pin nng lng.
- Kt ni nhiu khu vc:
WiMAX c th dng kt ni nhiu ta nh trong phm vi mt khu vc a l no
thay v phi dng cc ng cp hu tuyn.
- Cc cng trnh xy dng (mang tnh tm thi):
Cc cng ty xy dng c th dng mng WiMAX thit lp ng lin lc n
vn phng trung tm ti cng trng ni ang xy dng ti ni ch huy ti ch:
nhng ngi qun c, cc k s, kin trc s c th lin lc vi vn phng ca
mnh qua WiMAX.
Trong trng hp ny ng dng WiMAX da trn u im trin khai nhanh,
iu ny quan trng i vi cc cng trnh ang thi cng v n cho php cung cp
nhanh thng tin v cng trng bao gm c thoi ln d liu, cung cp c dch v
theo di qua hnh nh ti nhng im nng trong iu kin gim st kh khn.
Cng c th ci t mt im hotspot ti cng trng cho php mt c nhn c th
thng tin lin lc, trao i d liu, thng tin v cc tin trnh cng vic ang din ra.
Ging nh trong cc trng hp ng dng khc nu i hi v cht lng dch
v th WiMAX c xem xt u tin. V thit b WiMAX nh gn, tho lp t d
dng, iu chuyn n cc ni khc nhau theo yu yu cu cng vic xy dng tin
li.
- Cc khu vc cng cng:
WiMAX c th c lp t nhng khu vc vui chi gii tr, cc hot ng
ngoi tri, cc hot ng giao dch, trn xe but v cc dch v vn ti khc.
y WiMAX c th h tr lu thoi bng thng rng hai chiu gi t mt
trung tm iu khin, hnh nh gim st bao qut ton cng vin, kim sot d liu
truy cp, gim st tnh trng ti ch, video theo yu cu. Giao tip in thoi phc
v va c nh va di ng, tnh bo mt cao, suy hao thp, vng ph sng rng,
vic di chuyn lp t d dng ng bin vi cc thay i xy ra l mt s u tin
la chn thit b WiMAX trong nhng khu vc nh th.
1.6.2 Cc mng phc v cng ng
i vi mng cng cng, ti nguyn c xem l ca chung, nhiu ngi s cng
truy xut v chia s. Xy dng mt mng cng cng ni chung yu cu mt chi ph
hiu qu, m cung cp c vng ph sng ln v ngi s dng c th nhiu v
tr khc nhau c th c nh hoc thay i. Nhng p ng chnh ca cc mng
cng cng l thoi v d liu, truyn hnh nh trc tuyn. ng thi an ninh mng
cng l mt yu cu quan trng, mc phc tp cao v c nhiu ngi i tng
s dng, mt s ng dng WiMAX mi trng trong mng cng cng nh sau:
- Mng truy nhp WSP:
WiMAX c th m rng phm vi cung cp dch v i vi cc cc nh cung cp
dch v khng dy (WSP).
Cc nh cung cp dch v khng dy dng mng WiMAX cung cp kt ni
cho c khch hng l ngi dng ring l (thoi, d liu v truyn hnh) hay cng ty
(thoi v internet tc cao).
WiMAX to ra mt h tng mng cung cp d liu thoi v video vi cht lng
cao n ngi tiu dng trn c s dng chung mt ho n tnh tin duy nht v
c tnh da trn lu lng d liu truyn ti.
- Trin khai vng nng thn xa xi ho lnh:
Trin khai cng ngh WiMAX c th thc hin cc vng nng thn, hoc cc
ni tp trung dn c hay cc khu vc ngoi thnh ph. Vic kt ni n nhng
vng nng thn xa xi l mt trong nhng mc tiu trng im pht trin x hi ca
mt quc gia trong vic phc v nhng nhu cu thit yu nh thoi v Internet.
Nhng ni c s h tng gn nh khng c v vn ko cp l khng kh thi,
do vy gii php WiMAX c cp n nh mt phng thc cho vng ph
sng rng, tit kim chi ph.
1.7 WIMX VI CC CNG NGH TRUY CP V TUYN BNG
RNG KHC
- Mt lot cc chun v mng truy nhp v tuyn bng rng c nhiu t chc
nghin cu, xy dng v pht trin. Theo phm vi ng dng, cc chun ny c
phn chia thnh cc mng nh sau:

Hnh 1.16 Cc chun v mng truy nhp v tuyn bng rng
- Mng cc nhn (PAN): Chun WPAN c ng dng trong phm vi gia nh,
hoc trong khng gian xung quanh ca 1 c nhn, tc truyn dn trong nh c
th t 480 MB/giy trong phm vi 10m. Trong m hnh mng WPAN, c s xut
hin ca cc cng ngh Bluetooth, 802.15 (hin nay 802.15 ny ang c pht
trin thnh 802.15.3 c bit n vi tn cng ngh Ultrawideband - siu bng
thng).
- Mng ni b (LAN): mng WirelessLAN s dng k thut 802.11x bao gm cc
chun 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, 802.11n, IPERLAN1/2.. WLAN l mt phn ca
gii php vn phng di ng, cho php ngi s dng kt ni mng LAN t cc
khu vc cng cng nh vn phng, khch sn hay cc sn bay. Cng ngh ny cho
php ngi s dng c th s dng, truy xut thng tin, truy cp Internet vi tc
ln hn rt nhiu so vi phng thc truy nhp gin tip truyn thng.
- Mng th (MAN): Mng WMAN s dng chun 802.16, nh ngha c t k
thut giao din khng gian WirelessMAN cho cc mng vng th. Vic a ra
chun ny m ra mt cng ngh mi truy nhp v tuyn bng rng WIMAX cho
php mng v tuyn m rng phm vi hot ng ti gn 50 km v c th truyn d
liu, ging ni v hnh nh video vi tc nhanh hn so vi ng truyn cp
hoc ADSL. y s l cng c hon ho cho cc ISP mun m rng hot ng vo
nhng vng dn c ri rc, ni m chi ph trin khai ADSL v ng cp qu cao
hoc gp kh khn trong qu trnh thi cng.
- Mng din rng (WAN): Trong tng lai, cc kt ni Wireless WAN s s dng
chun 802.20 thc hin cc kt ni din rng, hin nay cc chun ny ang c
chun ha.
1.7.1 So snh WiMX c nh v LMDS, MMDS
- Phin bn WiMAX 802.16-2004 nhm cung cp cc truy nhp c nh hoc lu
ng. Cc cng ngh v tuyn c nh c kh nng cnh tranh vi WiMAX c nh
hin ang c xem xt bao gm: H thng phn b a im ni vng LMDS v
H thng phn b a im a knh (MMDS).
H thng phn b a im ni vng (LMDS):
- Cng ngh LMDS cung cp gii php mng im-a-im v lm vic trong cc
di tn s vi ba trn 10 GHz. Hai bng tn s chnh c cp pht l 26/28 GHz v
40 GHz. Vic s dng cc bng tn ny c th mang ti dung lng rt ln (Tc
ln ti 3 Gbps ti tn s 40 GHz).
- Phm vi ph sng ca h thng b gii hn trong phm vi 5 km do suy hao ma
cao ti tn s ny. Ngoi ra h thng cn yu cu tm nhn thng (LOS).
- H thng LMDS hin nay da trn cc gii php ring. T 2001, cc tiu chun
IEEE 802.16 v ETSI BRAN HYPERACCESS cng hng dn cc mng LMDS
nhm n kh nng bt tay ca ca cc thit b trn ton cu nhm gim chi ph.
- Tt c cc h thng LMDS hin nay u da trn cc giao thc dng ring PHY
& MAC. Tc truyn s liu t c trn mt knh RF ( bng thng xp x 30
MHz) l 45 Mbps. Tuy nhin khi cc k thut PHY & MAC c chun ha bi c
ETSI BRAN v IEEE th gi thnh thit b LMDS gim xung rt nhiu.
- LMDS l hon ton ph hp vi cc yu cu ca dch v v tuyn bng rng.
Cc th nghim thc t cho thy mng c trin khai trn c s LMDS khng b
hn ch ch ng dng cc h thng truyn hnh tng tc hay qung b, m ta cn
c th thc hin trin khai TCP/IP trn c s LMDS. iu ny c thc hin
bng cch xy dng cc b tng cng giao thc TCP trn nn MPEG. Cc m
phng v th nghim ch ra rng vic thc hin IP trn LMDS c th trin khai
ngay trn cc h thng v tuyn tiu chun. Tuy nhin, nh khai thc cng khng
nn nh gi thp s cn thit s iu chnh trong vn thu v tuyn, trong mng,
v cc tham s TCP/IP sao cho vic s dng ph l hiu qu nht vi gi tr QoS c
th chp nhn c.
H thng phn b a im a knh (MMDS):
- MMDS c kin trc tng t nh kin trc LMDS. MMDS s dng tn s t 2,1
GHz v 2.5-2.7 GHz. Tn hiu c pht i t trm pht sng thng c t trn
cc ngn i, hay to nh cao tng, ti cc anten c bit m cc anten ny nh l
trm chuyn tip pht ti cc khch hng trong phm vi nhn thng (LOS).
- Ging nh cp ng, mt knh 6MHz vi iu ch c th truyn vi tc
khong 30 Mbit/s v do h tr t 500 n 1500 thu bao. MMDS cung cp dch
v vi trong vng bn knh 60km. y l u im nu so vi cng ngh LMDS,
bi v bn knh phc v ti a ca LMDS ch l 5 km. MMDS l gii php l tng
cho cc vng nng thn ni m k thut vin thng cha pht trin.
- Nhng h thng ny c pht trin ln u tin ti US, Hng Kng, Canada, v
c. Chu Phi, MMDS c s dng ti cc nc GaBon v Senegal. Chu u,
cc h thng th nghim v ang hot ng ti cc nc Ireland, Iceland, v Php.
Hu ht cc mng MMDS ang hot ng s dng bng tn 2,5-2,7 GHz, truyn
dn khong 30 knh s dng nh dng NTSC ( rng 6 MHz) v khong 20 knh
s dng nh dng PAL hoc SECAM ( rng 8 MHz).
- So snh cc c tnh chnh ca hai cng ngh LMDS v MMDS vi WiMAX c
nh 802.16-2004 qua cc thng s chnh c th nh sau:

Bng 1.3 So snh gia chun 802.16-2004 v LMDS, MMDS
Chun
802.16-2004 LMDS MMDS
Phng thc iu
ch
OFDM/ TDMA
OFDMA
n/a n/a
Ph tn s
2-11GHz
10 - 66 GHz
26/28, 40 GHz
2,1 GHz
2,5 - 2,7 GHz.
iu kin truyn LOS v NLOS LOS LOS
Tc ti a
ti 134 Mbps
(28 MHz)
ti 3 Gbps 10 Mbps
Bng thng knh 1,25 - 28 MHz
1,25MHz
5MHz
5 MHz
Hiu sut 5bps/Hz 3,2 bps/Hz <0,5 bps/Hz
Khong truyn 50 Km 5 Km 60 KM

1.7.2 So snh WiMX di ng vi 3G
- Hai dng khc nhau ca CDMA 3G c s dng rng ri l WCDMA - gii
php FDD da trn c s knh 5 MHz v CDMA2000 - gii php da trn c s
knh 1,25 MHz.
- WCDMA c pht trin tng kh nng ng xung vi phin bn truy
nhp gi ng xung tc cao (HSDPA) v truy nhp gi ng ln tc cao
HSUPA . Nhm pht trin 3G cng cn nhc pht trin kh nng truyn xa hn cho
WCDMA nh l cung cp MIMO vi HSPA.
- Tng t nh vy, CDMA 2000 c pht trin tng kh nng truyn dn s
liu ti phin bn 1x EVDO-Rev 0 v 1x EVDO-Rev A. Mt nng cao na l phin
bn EVDO Rev B a vo kh nng a sng mang.
- Do 1xEVDO v HSDPA/HSPA c pht trin t tiu chun CDMA 3G
cung cp dch v s liu thng qua mng ban u c thit k cho dch v thoi di
ng do n tha hng c nhng u im v c nhng hn ch ca h thng 3G.
WiMAX ban u c pht trin cho truy nhp v tuyn bng rng c nh v n
c ti u cho truyn s liu. WiMAX di ng c pht trin trn c s ca
WiMAX c nh v c iu chnh ph hp cho yu cu di ng. Vic so snh
gia cc thuc tnh ca WiMAX di ng vi 3G trn c s h thng 1x EVDO v
HSDPA/HDPA s cho ta thy r cng ngh no s p ng c cc i hi ca
mng ch v s liu bng rng di ng. Cc thuc tnh c th c a ra trong
bng sau:

Bng 1.4 So snh WiMAX di ng v 3G
Thuc tnh 1x EVDO Rev A
HSDPA/HSUPA
(HSPA)
WiMX di ng
Tiu chun c s
CDMA2000/IS-
95
WCDMA IEEE802.16e
P.P song cng
FDD FDD TDD

Hng sung (DL)
TDM CDM-TDM
OFDMA
a truy nhp h.ln
(UL)
CDMA CDMA
rng bng
1,25 MHz 5,0 MHz
5; 7; 8,75; 10
MHz
Kch c khung
DL
1,67 ms 2 ms
5 ms TDD
UL
6,67 ms 2/ 10 ms
iu ch DL
QPSK/ 8PSK/
16QAM
QPSK/ 16QAM
QPSK/ 16QAM/
64 QAM
iu ch UL
BPSK, QPSK/
8PSK
BPSK/ QPSK/ 16 QAM
M ha
Turbo CC, Turbo CC, Turbo
Tc nh DL
3,1 Mbps 14 Mbps
46 Mbps,
DL/UL=3

32 Mbps,
DL/UL=1
Tc nh UL
1,8 Mbps 5,8 Mbps
7 Mbps,
DL/UL=1

4 Mbps,
DL/UL=3
H-ARQ
ng b 4 knh
nhanh IR
ng b 6 knh
nhanh CC
ng b a knh
CC
Lp lch
Lp lch nhanh
DL
Lp lch nhanh
UL
Lp lch nhanh
DL v UL
Chuyn vng
(Handoff)
Chuyn vng
mn o
Ch. vng cng
khi u t mng
Ch. vng cng
khi u t mng

1.7.3 So snh WiMX di ng vi WiBro
- Mng WiBro c Hn Quc trin khai th nghim v a vo khai thc t
gia nm 2006. WiBro l tn vit tt ca cc t Korean Wireless Broadband
service. y l mt mng truy nhp bng rng da trn tiu chun IEEE 802.16e,
tuy nhin tnh nng p dng ca tiu chun ny khc vi cc tnh nng m din n
WiMAX a ra cho WiMAX di ng nn mng ny khng thc s l WiMAX di
ng, v n nay WiBro phin bn 1 khng th hot ng c vi mng WiMAX
di ng. S khc bit gia WiMAX di ng v WiBro c minh ha nh hnh
sau:

Hnh 1.17 Phm vi ca WiMAX di ng v WiBro trong chun 802.16e
- Cc c tnh ca hai phin bn WiMAX v WiBro c so snh c th nh bng
sau:

Bng 1.5 Cc c tnh chnh ca WiMAX di ng v WiBro
c tnh WiMax di ng WiBro
Bng tn 2,3; 2,5 v 3,5 GHz 2,3 GHz
Bng thng 3,75; 5; 8,75; 10 MHz 8,75 MHz
di khung 5 ms, 48 k t 5 ms, 48 k t
Tc v tr <50 ms, < 120 Kmph <150 ms, < 60 Kmph
Cu hnh anten AAS, STC, MIMO AAS

- Hin nay cc nh sn xut thit b cng ang hp tc vi din n WiMAX
a ra nhng yu cu cho h thng WiBro th h tip theo c kh nng lm vic
c vi h thng thit b WiMAX di ng.
- Vic mng WiBro th nghim thnh cng v a vo khai thc thng mi
cho thy kh nng trin khai thnh cng ca WiMAX l ht sc to ln.
1.7.4 So snh WiMX vi WiFi
- WiFi ch yu s dng ti tn s 2.4 GHz vi bn knh nh khong 50m, tc
ph bin l 2Mbit/s (s dng k thut OFDM: Truy cp a phn tn trc giao c th
ln n 54Mbit/s).
- Wifi Wireless Fidelity l tn gi m cc nh sn xut t cho mt chun kt ni
khng dy (IEEE 802.11), cng ngh s dng sng radio thit lp h thng kt
IEEE
802.16e

TTA
ni mng khng dy. y l cng ngh mng v tuyn c thng mi ha tin
tin th gii hin nay.
- Mt mng Internet khng dy Wifi thng gm 3 b phn c bn: im truy cp
(Access Point AP); card giao tip mng (Network Interface Card NIC); v b
phn thu pht, kt ni thng tin ti cc nt mng gi l Wireless CPE. Trong ,
Access Point ng vai tr trung tm ca ton mng, l im pht v thu sng, trao
i thng tin vi tt c cc my trm trong mng, cho php duy tr kt ni hoc
ngn chn cc my trm tham gia vo mng. Mt Access Point c th cho php ti
hng ngn my tnh trong vng ph (khong 150m ) sng truy cp mng cng lc.
- Wifi c bit thch hp cho nhu cu s dng di ng v cc im truy cp ng
ngi dng. N cho php ngi s dng truy cp mng ging nh khi s dng cng
ngh mng my tnh truyn thng ti bt c thi im no trong vng ph sng.
Thm vo , Wifi c linh hot v kh nng pht trin mng ln do khng b
nh hng bi vic thay i li v tr, thit k li mng my tnh. Cng v l mng
khng dy nn Wifi khc phc c nhng hn ch v ng cp vt l, gim c
nhiu chi ph trin khai thi cng dy mng v khng phi tc ng nhiu ti c s
h tng.
- Hn ch ca Wifi:
Gi c l tr ngi u tin i vi dch v ny. Chi ph ban u cho vic thit lp
mt mng Wifi thng tn km hn nhiu so vi mng LAN thng thng. Vit
Nam, chi ph cho mt mng khng dy, gm tin thu ng mng, 3 Access Point
v khong hn 40 card modem khng dy cng cc thit b ng b khc tn
khong gn 100.000 USD. Thc ra, chi ph ny khng cao hn l bao so vi vic
thit lp mt mng LAN vi s ngi dng tng ng, m theo mt doanh nghip
ang s dng Wifi th tr ngi nm phn thit b ng b i km. Mt my tnh
thng thng kt ni vo mng ch cn mt on dy nh, cn truy cp vo
mng khng dy phi cn ti mt card mng khng dy c gi t 60 200 USD/ci
hoc l my tnh tch hp sn cng ngh ny. Cng ngh khng dy c bit tng
cng sc mnh cho cc thit b tnh ton di ng nh my tnh xch tay, PDA hay
Pocket PC.
- Kt ni WiFi nhanh nht c th truyn ln ti 54 megabit trn giy trong cc iu
kin ti u. WIMAX c th truyn ln ti 70 megabit trn giy. Thm ch khi m
70 megabit b tch ra gia vi chc cng ty v hng trm gia nh ngi dng, t
nht n s cung cp tc tng ng vi tc truyn ca modem cp cho mi
ngi dng.
- Cc c im k thut WIMAX cng cung cp cc iu kin thun li tt hn
nhiu so vi WiFi, cung cp rng bng tn cao hn v an ninh d liu cao bng
cch s dng cc k hoch m ha tng cng. WIMAX cng c th cung cp dch
v theo c hai a im LOS v NLOS, nhng c ly s thay i cho ph hp.
WIMAX cho php thm nhp vo dch v bng rng VoIP, video, v truy cp
internet ng thi. Cc anten WIMAX c th chia s mt thp cell m khng cn
dn xp chc nng ca cc mng t ong thch hp.

Tm hiu cng ngh Voip trong Wimax 50
Chng 2-Tng quan v cng ngh Voip
CHNG 2-TNG QUN V CNG NGH VOIP
2.1 GII THIU V CNG NGH VOIP
2.1.1 Gii thiu chung
- Internet Voice, cng c bit nh thoi qua giao thc Internet, l mt cng
ngh m cho php to cuc gi dng kt ni bng thng rng thay v dng ng
dy in thoi tng t. Nhiu dch v dng Voice over IP c th ch cho php
chng ta gi ngi khc dng cng loi dch v, tuy nhin cng c nhng dch v
cho php gi nhng ngi khc dng s in thoi nh s ni b, ng di, di
ng, quc t. Trong khi cng c nhng dch v ch lm vic qua my tnh, hay loi
in thoi qua IP (IP phone) c bit. Cng c vi dch v cho php dng in thoi
truyn thng qua mt b iu hp (adaptor).

Hnh 2.1 Kin trc VoIP n gin ha
- VoIP cho php thc hin cuc gi dng my tnh qua mng d liu nh Internet.
VoIP chuyn i tn hiu thoi t tng t analog thnh tn hiu s trc khi truyn
qua Internet, sau chuyn i ngc li u nhn. Khi to mt cuc gi VoIP
dng in thoi vi mt b iu hp, chng ta s nghe m mi gi, quay s s xy
ra sau tin trnh ny. VoIP c th cng s cho php to mt cuc gi trc tip t
my tnh dng loi in thoi tng ng hay dng microphone.
- VoIP cho php to cuc gi ng di qua mng d liu IP c sn thay v phi
c truyn qua mng PSTN. Ngy nay nhiu cng ty thc hin gii php VoIP
ca h gim chi ph cho nhng cuc gi ng di gia nhiu chi nhnh xa
nhau.
- Trc y, khi da vo giao tip thoi trn mng PSTN, trong sut cuc gi gia
hai a im, ng kt ni c dnh ring cho bn thc hin cuc gi. Khng c
thng tin khc c th truyn qua ng truyn ny, cho d vn cn tha lng bng
thng sn dng. Sau vi s xut hin ca mng giao tip d liu, nhiu cng ty
u t cho mng giao tip d liu chia s thng tin vi nhau, trong khi
thoi v fax vn tip tc s dng mng PSTN.
- Nhng ngy nay iu ny khng cn l vn na, vi s pht trin nhanh
chng v c s dng rng ri ca IP, chng ta tin rt xa trong kh nng gim
chi ph trong vic h tr truyn thoi v d liu. Gii php tch hp thoi vo mng
d liu, v cng hot ng bn cnh vi h thng PBX hin ti hay nhng thit b
in thoi khc, n gin cho vic m rng kh nng thoi cho nhng v tr xa.
Lu lng thoi thc cht s c mang t do bn trn mng d liu thng qua c
s h tng v thit b phn cng c sn.
- Mc d nhng khi nim v VoIP l n gin, nhng thc hin v ng dng
VoIP l phc tp. gi thoi, thng tin phi c tch bit thnh nhng gi
(packet) ging nh d liu. Gi l nhng phn thng tin c chia nh d dng
cho vic gi gi, cng c th dng k thut nn gi tit kim bng thng, thng
qua nhng tin trnh codec (compressor/de-compressor).
- C rt nhiu loi giao thc dng thc hin dch v VoIP, nhng giao thc bo
hiu (signaling) VoIP ph bin l SIP v H323. C SIP v H323 u cho php
ngi dng thc hin cng cng vic: thit lp giao tip cho nhng ng dng a
phng tin (multimedia) nh audio, video, nhng giao tip d liu khc. Nhng
H323 ch yu c thit k cho nhng dch v a phng tin, trong khi SIP th
ph hp cho nhng dch v VoIP.
- RTP nh ngha nh dng chun ca gi tin cho vic phn phi audio v video
qua Internet.
- Cc thng s c bn ca Voip bao gm:
- Kch thc ti trng thoi (Voice payload size): l kch thc (byte) ca 1
gi c to ra t b CODEC.
- Kch thc gi (Packet size):l kch thc (byte) ca 1 gi bao gm
RTP/UDP/IP overhead.
- S gi tingiy (PPS): S gi tin to ra trong 1 giy. PPS=CODEC Bit
Rate/Voice Payload Size.
- Thi giangi (Packet duration): l thi gian gia cc bit start ca 2 gi
lin tip. Packet Duration=1/PPS.
2.1.2 Nguyn l lm vic
- Trong dch v in thoi IP c th c s tham gia ca 3 loi i tng cung cp
dch v nh sau:
- Nh cung cp dch v IPS
- Nh cung cp dch v in thoi Internet ITSP
- Nh cung cp dch v trong mng chuyn mch knh
- c th s dng c dch v in thoi IP, ngi s
dng cn thng qua mng Internet v cc chng trnh ng
dng cho in thoi IP. Trong khi cc nh cung cp dch
v Internet cung cp s truy cp Internet cho khch hng
ca h th cc nh cung cp dch v in thoi ITSP cung
cp dch v in thoi IP cho khch hng bng cch s
dng cc chng trnh ng dng dng cho in thoi IP.
C th ni rng dch v truy cp Internet cung cp bi
cc ISP cha cung cp dch v in thoi IP. Ngi
s dng cn phi truy nhp vo nh cung cp dch v in
thoi IP khi s dng in thoi IP. H khng th gi
hoc nhn cc cuc m thoi thng qua dch v in
thoi IP nu ch c truy nhp vo mng Internet. phc
v cho vic truyn thng gia nhng ngi s dng trn
cc my tnh u cui ca mng Internet, cc cng ty
phn mm cung cp cc chng trnh ng dng dng cho
in thoi IP thc hin vai tr ca ITSP. i vi ngi
s dng trn mng chuyn mch knh, h s truy nhp vo
ISP hoc ITSP thng qua cc im truy nhp trong mng
chuyn mch knh.
- VoIP da trn s kt hp ca mng chuyn mch knh v
chuyn mch gi l mng IP. Mi loi mng c nhng c
im khc bit nhau. Trong mng chuyn mch knh mt
knh truyn dn dnh ring c thit lp gia hai thit
b u cui thng qua mt hay nhiu nt chuyn mch
trung gian. Dng thng tin truyn trn knh ny l dng
bit truyn lin tc theo thi gian. Bng thng ca knh
dnh ring c m bo v c nh trong qu trnh lin
lc (64Kbps i vi mng in thoi PSTN), v tr
thng tin l rt nh ch c thi gian truyn thng tin
trn knh. Khc vi mng chuyn mch knh, mng chuyn
mch gi s dng h thng lu tr ri truyn ti cc nt
mng. Thng tin c chia thnh cc gi, mi gi uc
thm cc thng tin iu khin cn thit cho qu trnh
truyn nh l a ch ni gi, a ch ni nhn... Cc
gi thng tin n nt mng c x l v lu tr trong
mt thi gian nht nh ri mi c truyn n nt tip
theo sao cho vic s dng knh c hiu qu cao nht.
Trong mng chuyn mch gi khng c knh dnh ring no
c thit lp, bng thng ca knh logic gia hai thit
b u cui thng khng c nh, v tr thng tin
ln hn mng chuyn mch knh rt nhiu.
- K thut s ha cho php truyn thng c tn hiu tng t gia cc im
cch xa nhau mt cch kh trung thc. Tuy nhin nhc im c bn ca s ha
l n s lm tng rng bng tn cn thit. Trong mng in thoi thng thng
tn hiu c m ha theo lut A hoc lut vi tc 64kps. Vi cch m ha
ny cho php khi phc mt cch tng i trung thc cc m thanh vi tc
cng thp cng tt. T xut hin mt s k thut m ha v nn tn hiu ting ni
nh G.723.1, G729A
- V c bn cc b m ha ting ni c 3 loi: m ha dng sng (waveform), m
ha ngun (source) v m ha lai (hybrid) l s kt hp c 2 loi m ha trn.

Bng 2.1 Cc chun m ha thoi
Codec
Peak rate
(kb/s)
Packet size
(bytes)
Bandwidth (gm
overheads)
Compression
gain
G.711 (PCM) 64
40(5ms) 142.4kb/s 0.45
160(20ms) 83.6kb/s 0.77
G.726/G.727
(ADPCM)
32
20(5ms) 110.4kb/s 0.58
80(20ms) 51.6kb/s 124
G.728 (LD-CELP) 16
10(5ms) 94.4kb/s 0.68
40(20ms) 35.6kb/s 18
G.729 (CS-ACELP) 6
5(5ms) 86.4kb/s 0.74
20(20ms) 27.6kb/s 2.32
G.723.1 6.3
4(5ms) 83.5kb/s 0.77
16(20ms) 25.6kb/s 2.5
- Khi ni vo ng nghe hay microphone, ging ni s to ra tn hiu in t, l
nhng tn hiu analog. Tn hiu analog c chuyn sang tn hiu s dng thut
ton c bit chuyn i. Nhng thit b khc nhau c cch chuyn i khc
nhau nh VoIP phone hay softphone, nu dng in thoi analog thng thng th
cn mt TA. Sau ging ni c s ha s c ng vo gi tin v gi trn
mng IP.
- Trong sut tin trnh mt giao thc nh SIP hay H323 s c dng iu
khin cuc gi nh l thit lp, quay s, ngt kt ni v RTP th c dng cho
tnh nng m bo tin cy v duy tr cht lng dch v trong qu trnh truyn.
2.1.3 c tnh ca mng VoIP
u im:
- Gim chi ph: y l u im ni bt ca VoIP so vi in thoi ng di
thng thng. Chi ph cuc gi ng di ch bng chi ph cho truy nhp Internet.
Mt gi cc chung s thc hin c vi mng Internet v do tit kim ng k
cc dch v thoi v fax. S chia s chi ph thit b v thao tc gia nhng ngi s
dng thoi v d liu cng tng cng hiu qu s dng mng. ng thi k thut
nn thoi tin tin lm gim tc bit t 64Kbps xung di 8Kbps, tc l mt
knh 64Kbps lc ny c th phc v ng thi 8 knh thoi c lp. Nh vy, l d
ln nht gip cho chi ph thc hin cuc gi VoIP thp chnh l vic s dng ti u
bng thng.
- Tch hp nhiu dch v: Do vic thit k c s h tng tch hp nn c kh nng
h tr tt c cc hnh thc thng tin cho php chun ho tt hn v gim thiu s
thit b. Cc tn hiu bo hiu, thoi v c s liu u chia s cng mng IP. Tch
hp a dch v s tit kim chi ph u t nhn lc, chi ph xy dng cc mng
ring r.
- Thng nht: V con ngi l nhn t quan trng nhng cng d sai lm nht
trong mt mng vin thng, mi c hi hp nht cc thao tc, loi b cc im
sai st v thng nht cc im thanh ton s rt c ch. Trong cc t chc kinh
doanh, s qun l trn c s SNMP c th c cung cp cho c dch v thoi v
d liu s dng VoIP. Vic s dng thng nht giao thc IP cho tt c cc ng
dng ha hn gim bt phc tp v tng cng tnh mm do. Cc ng dng lin
quan nh dch v danh b v dch v an ninh mng c th c chia s d dng
hn.
- Vn qun l bng thng: Trong PSTN, bng thng cung cp cho mt cuc gi
l c nh. Trong VoIP, bng thng c cung cp mt cch linh hot v mm do
hn nhiu. Cht lng ca Voip ph thuc vo nhiu yu t, quan trng nht l
bng thng. Do khng c s bt buc no v mt thng lng gia cc thit b
u cui m ch c cc chun tu vo bng thng c th ca mnh, bn thn cc u
cui c th t iu chnh h s nn v do iu chnh c cht lng cuc gi.
- Nng cao ng dng v kh nng m rng: Thoi v fax ch l cc ng dng khi
u cho VoIP, cc li ch trong thi gian di hn c mong i t cc ng dng
a phng tin (multimedia) v a dch v. Tnh linh hot ca mng IP cho php
to ra nhiu tnh nng mi trong dch v thoi. ng thi tnh mm do cn to kh
nng m rng mng v cc dch v.
- Tnh bo mt cao: Voip c xy dng trn nn tng Internet vn khng an ton,
do s dn n kh nng cc thng tin c th b nh cp khi cc gi tin b thu
lm hoc nh tuyn sai a ch mt cch c khi chng truyn trn mng. Cc
giao thc SIP c th thnh mt m v xc nhn cc thng ip bo hiu u cui.
RTP h tr m thnh mt m ca phng thc truyn thng trn ton tuyn c
m ho thnh mt m m bo truyn thng an ton.
Nhc im:
- Cht lng dch v cha cao: Cc mng s liu vn d khng phi xy dng vi
mc ch truyn thoi thi gian thc, v vy khi truyn thoi qua mng s liu cho
cht lng cuc gi khng c m bo trong trng hp mng xy ra tc nghn
hoc c tr ln. Tnh thi gian thc ca tn hiu thoi i hi cht lng truyn
d liu cao v n nh. Mt yu t lm gim cht lng thoi na l k thut nn
tit kim ng truyn. Nu nn xung dung lng cng thp th k thut nn cng
phc tp, cho cht lng khng cao v c bit l thi gian x l s lu, gy tr.
- Vn ting vng: Nu nh trong mng thoi, tr thp nn ting vng khng
nh hng nhiu th trong mng IP, do tr ln nn ting vng nh hng nhiu n
cht lng thoi.
- K thut phc tp: Truyn tn hiu theo thi gian thc trn mng chuyn mch
gi l rt kh thc hin do mt gi trong mng l khng th trnh c v tr
khng c nh ca cc gi thng tin khi truyn trn mng. c c mt dch v
thoi chp nhn c, cn thit phi c mt k thut nn tn hiu t c nhng
yu cu kht khe: t s nn ln ( gim c tc bit xung), c kh nng suy
on v to li thng tin ca cc gi b tht lc... Tc x l ca cc b Codec
phi nhanh khng lm cuc m thoi b gin on. ng thi c s h tng
ca mng cng cn c nng cp ln cc cng ngh mi nh Frame Relay,
ATM,... c tc cao hn hoc phi c mt c ch thc hin chc nng QoS.
Tt c cc iu ny lm cho k thut thc hin in thoi IP tr nn phc tp v
khng th thc hin c trong nhng nm trc y.
- Ngoi ra c th k n tnh phc tp ca k thut v vn bo mt thng tin (do
Internet ni ring v mng IP ni chung vn c tnh rng khp v hn hp, khng
c g bo m rng thng tin c nhn c gi b mt).
2.2 CC GIO THC S DNG TRONG VOIP
2.2.1 Cc giao thc truyn ti trong mng Voip
2.2.1.1 Giao thc IP
- Giao thc mng IP c thit k lin kt cc mng my tnh s dng phng
php truyn thng v nhn d liu di dng gi. Giao thc IP cho php truyn cc
gi d liu t im ngun ti im ch c a ch c nh. n v d liu c trao
i l cc gi d liu. Cc chc nng c thc hin IP l:
- nh a ch: tt c cc host trong mng v trong lin mng u c cung
cp mt a ch IP duy nht. Theo giao thc IP version 4, mi a ch IP gm
32bit v c chia lm 5 lp A,B,C,D,E. Cc lp A,B,C c s dng nh
danh cc host trn cc mng. Lp A,B,C,D c s dng cho qu trnh truyn
a im cn lp E d phng.
- nh tuyn: gip xc nh ng i (tuyn) cho gi tin khi c truyn
trn mng. N gip la chn ng i ti u cho cc gi d liu. Nu hai host
cn lin lc khng nm trn mt subnet th bng nh tuyn s c s dng
quyt nh vic chuyn d liu v cc b nh tuyn thng xuyn trao i
v cp nht thng tin trong bng nh tuyn ty thuc vo phng php nh
tuyn c s dng.
- Truyn a im:
Hin nay c ba cch truyn cc gi IP:
o Truyn mt im ch: cc gi tin c truyn t host ngun n
host ch duy nht.
o Truyn qung b: gi tin c truyn n tt c cc host trong
mng.
o Truyn a im: gi tin c gi n mt s cc host nht nh
trong mng
Ngoi ra, giao thc IP cn cung cp kh nng phn mnh d liu ln thnh
cc gi c kch thc nh hn truyn qua mng.
2.2.1.2 Giao thc TCP/IP
- Giao thc TCP l giao thc iu khin truyn thng hng kt ni v c tin
cy cao. TCP cung cp l giao thc c xy dng phc tp hn UDP rt nhiu,
ngoi cc dch v nh UDP, TCP cn cung cp cc dch v khc cho ng dng.
Dch v quan trng nht l truyn d liu c tin cy cao, cc c ch iu khin
lu lng v kim sot tc nghn, nh s th t v s th t bn nhn, b nh
thi,....C th TCP cung cp cc dch v sau:
- Thit lp lin kt: TCP l giao thc hng kt ni, trc khi gi d liu
cn thit lp trc ng truyn (chnh l 1 lin kt lgic gia hai thc th
TCP), th tc ny gi l th tc bt tay. Lin kt c thit lp phi m
bo tnh chnh xc v tin cy, mt lin kt khi khng cn tin cy th
s b hy b v thit lp li. Khi qu trnh truyn tin hon thnh th kt ni
c gii phng .
- Cung cp ng truyn hai chiu (song cng - full duplex).
- m bo tin cy: Giao thc TCP cung cp cc tham s kim tra cng
vi s th t (Sequence number), xc nhn (ACKnowledge ) v kim tra li
tng (Checksum). Cc segment c nh s tun t, cch lm ny nhm mc
ch loi b cc segment b trng lp hay khng ng yu cu. Ti bn thu, khi
nhn c cc segment thc hin vic kim tra nh trng checksum. Nu
segment nhn c khng li hay lp, tn hiu ACK s c gi tr li bn
pht khng nh d liu nhn tt. Ngc li nu segment nhn c b li
hay b trng lp th segment ny s c loi b v bn thu s gi mt tin hiu
yu cu bn pht pht li segment b li , bng c ch ny s m bo tnh
chnh xc v tin cy cho d liu.
- Cung cp cc dch v (chc nng) kim tra ng truyn, cho php iu
khin lung v iu khin tc nghn.
2.2.1.3 Giao thc UDP
- UDP l giao thc lp giao vn n gin nht, c m t trong RFC 768. ng
dng gi bn tin ti socket UDP, sau c ng gi thnh mt UDP paragram
v c truyn xung lp IP gi ti ch. Gi tin UDP c truyn m khng
m bo rng n c th ti ch, gi ng th t v n ch mt ln. Vn ca
ngi lp trnh mng vi UDP l m bo tnh tin cy. Nu datagram ti ch
nhng trng kim tra tng (checksum) c li hay gi tin b drop trn mng th
n s c truyn li. Nu mun xc nh c rng gi tin ti ch th cn rt
nhiu tnh nng trong ng dng: ACK t u cui khc, iu khin vic truyn li,..
Mi mt UDP datagram c chiu di v c truyn ln cng vi d liu cho lp
ng dng. iu ny khc vi TCP l giao thc lung byte (byte-stream protocol).
- Chng ta cng c th ni: UDP cung cp dch v khng hng kt ni. V d,
client UDP c th to mt socket v gi datagram ti server ny v sau gi mt
datagram khc cng ti server khc. Cng ging nh server UDP c th nhn nhiu
datagram trn mt socket UDP t cc client khc nhau.
2.2.1.4 Giao thc SCTP
- SCTP ra i gii quyt cc vn m TCP cha p ng c vi cc c
tnh sau:
- Multistreaming: SCTP h tr a lung (stream) bn tin c lp vi nhau
trn mt lin kt SCTP. Mi bn tin c gi trn c gn cho mt lung
ring. Tt c d liu trong mt lung c nhn theo th t vi d liu khc
trong lung. D liu trong cc lung khc nhau th khng c c tnh ny. Do
vy, SCTP cung cp c ch cho php vic nhn d liu c th t mt cch cc
b. Nh vy l n gii quyt c vn head-of-line blocking. ng dng
ca a lung (multistreaming) c th h tr cc ng dng lin quan ti hp
knh d liu nh thoi, vn bn, video trn mt ng truyn gia hai u
cui thay v m nhiu kt ni TCP cho mi lung.
- Multihoming: gia hai u cui trong qu trnh thit lp lin kt c th xc
nh lin kt a im. Vic c nhiu giao din cho php d liu c t ng
gi theo nhiu a ch khc nhau khi c li xy ra. iu ny l hon ton
khng th thc hin c TCP v n gn kt mt u cui vi mt giao din
nht nh. Nu nh c li xy ra, tt c cc kt ni c gn vi giao din
vn c thi gian timeout v c hy b. V sau , ng dng l phi thit lp
li cc kt ni khc.
- Message Orientation: Trong TCP, d liu c gi gia hai u cui l
lung cc byte. Nu cn thit, ng dng phi lm chc nng nh dng khung
(frame) cho bn tin. SCTP, bn tin c gi nguyn nh dng. Tc l nu
tng ng dng pha pht gi bn tin 100 byte i th pha thu cng nhn c
ng 100 byte. UDP cng cung cp dch v hng bn tin nhng khng c
tin cy cao nh SCTP.
- Un-ordered Service: i vi TCP, tt c cc bn tin c nhn tin cy
ng theo th t c gi. Cn vi SCTP, giao thc ny cung cp c ch nhn
tin khng c th t (gia cc lung song song vi nhau). UDP cng cp
dch v ny nhng khng c tin cy nh SCTP.
- Extensibility: Gi TCP b gii hn bi 40 byte trng Option. Tri li, gi
SCTP c m rng thng qua vic s dng trng TLV (Tag-Length-Value).
- Heartbeat/Keep-alive: SCTP c mt ty chn cho php xc nh thi gian
sng ca bn tin. N cho php ng dng truyn tin xc nh khong thi gian
m bn tin cn c ch. Nu thi gian ny ht hn trc khi c truyn tin cy
ti pha nhn, th thc th SCTP gi c th dng vic c gi bn tin hay hy
b bn tin. Kiu tin cy ny gi l tin cy cc b. iu ny rt hu ch nh
trong truyn tin di ng hay cc game online. Vic ny s gip tit kim
bng thng ng truyn chng tc nghn.
- Syn cookie: SCTP s dng bt tay bn bc bi vic s dng cookie c
du hiu nh trc. Pha nhn ca bn tin thit lp lin kt SCTP mi duy tr
trng thi no-state (khng c cp ti nguyn) cho ti khi pha khi to
chng thc c l IP ca i tng yu cu kt ni. C ch ny cho php
chng li tn cng t chi dch v bng cch SYN flooding.
- Stronger checksum: SCTP cung cp 32 bit kim tra tng vi kh nng pht
hin li tt hn 16 bit TCP hay UDP.
- Advanced TCP services: cc dch v mi ca TCP nh SACK (RFC 2018),
Appropriate Byte Counting Byte Counting (RFC 3465) v Explicit Congestion
Notificaion (RFC3168) c tch hp sn trong SCTP.
Bng 2.2 So snh cc c tnh ca TCP, UDP v SCTP
Services/Features SCTP TCP UDP
Hng lin kt C C Khng
Song cng C C C
Tin cy C C Khng
Tin cy cc b optional Khng Khng
Nhn d liu c th t C C Khng
Nhn d liu khng c th t C no C
iu khin lung C C Khng
iu khin tc nghn C C Khng
C ch ECN C C Khng
Selective ACKs C Ty chn Khng
Hng bn tin C no C
Tm li ng MTU C C Khng
Phn mnh PDU tng ng dng C C Khng
Bc cc PDU tng ng dng C C Khng
a lung C Khng Khng
Multihoming C Khng Khng
Chng tn cng trn SYN C Khng Khng
Kt ni half-closed Khng C Khng
Kim tra d liu ti ch C C Khng
Gi tiu cho checksum
Khng
(s dng
vtags)
C C
Trng thi i vtags 4-tuple Khng

2.2.1.5 Giao thc RTP
- RTP l mt giao thc da trn giao thc IP to ra cc h tr truyn ti cc d
liu yu cu thi gian thc vi cc yu cu:
- Lin tc: Cc gi tin phi c sp xp theo ng th t khi chng n bn
nhn, cc gi n c th khng theo th t v nu gi tin b mt th bn nhn
phi d tm hay b li s mt cc gi tin ny.
- S ng b trong cc phng thc truyn thng: Cc khong lng trong
ting ni c trit v nn li gim thiu bng thng cn thit, tuy nhin
khi n bn nhn, thi gian gia cc khong lng ny phi c khi phc
mt cch chnh xc.
- S ng b gia cc phng thc truyn thng: C th tn hiu thoi s
dng mt phng thc truyn thng trong khi tn hiu video li s dng mt
phng thc truyn thng khc, cc tn hiu ting v hnh phi c ng b
mt cch chnh xc, gi l s ng b ting - hnh.
- S nhn din phng thc truyn ti: Trong Internet, thng thng cn
thay i s m ho cho phng thc truyn ti (payload) trn hnh trnh
truyn hiu chnh thay i rng bng thng sn sng hoc kh nng
cho ngi dng mi kt ni vo nhm. Mt vi c ch cn c s dng
nhn din s m ho cho mi gi n.
- Cc dch v cung cp bi RTP bao gm:
- a pht p thn thin: (multicast friendly): RTP v RTCP l k thut
cho a pht p, cung cp kh nng m rng cuc hi thoi nhiu bn. Trn
thc t, chng c thit k c th hot ng trong c cc nhm a pht
p nh, ph hp cho cc cuc in m ba bn. i vi cc nhm ln, chng
s dng a pht p qung b (broadcasting).
- c lp thit b: RTP cung cp cc dch v cn thit chung cho phng
thc truyn thng thi gian thc ni chung nh thoi, video hay bt k mt b
m ho, gii m c th no c s nh ngha cc phng thc m ho v gii
m ring bng cc thng tin tiu v nh ngha.
- Cc b trn v chuyn i: Cc b trn l thit b nm gi phng thc
truyn thng t mt vi ngi s dng ring l, trn hoc ni chng vo
cc dng phng thc truyn thng chung, chuyn i chng vo khun dng
khc v gi n ra. Cc b chuyn i c ch cho s thu nh bng thng yu
cu ca dng s liu t dng s liu chung trc khi gi vo tng kt ni bng
thng hp hn m khng yu cu ngun pht RTP thu nh tc bit ca n.
iu ny cho php cc bn nhn kt ni theo mt lin kt nhanh vn nhn
c truyn thng cht lng cao. RTP h tr c cc b trn v c cc b
chuyn i.
- M ho thnh mt m: Cc dng phng thc truyn thng RTP c th m
ho thnh mt m dng cc kho, vic m ho m bo cho vic thng tin trn
mng c an ton hn.
- Hot ng ca RTP c h tr bi mt giao thc khc l RTCP nhn cc
thng tin phn hi v cht lng truyn dn v cc thng tin v thnh phn tham d
cc phin hin thi. Khng ging nh cc giao thc khc l s dng cc trng
trong header thc hin cc chc nng iu khin, RTP s dng mt c ch iu
khin c lp trong nh dng ca gi tin RTCP thc hin cc chc nng ny.
2.2.1.6 Giao thc RTCP
- Giao th RTCP l giao thc h tr cho RTP cung cp cc thng tin phn hi v
cht lng truyn d liu. Cc dch v m RTCP cung cp l:
- Gim st cht lng v iu khin tc nghn: y l chc nng c bn ca
RTCP. N cung cp thng tin phn hi ti mt ng dng v cht lng phn
phi d liu. Thng tin iu khin ny rt hu ch cho cc b pht, b thu v
gim st. B pht c th iu chnh cch thc truyn d liu da trn cc
thng bo phn hi ca b thu. B thu c th xc nh c tc nghn l cc
b, tng phn hay ton b. Ngi qun l mng c th nh gi c hiu sut
mng.
- Xc nh ngun: Trong cc gi RTP, cc ngun c xc nh bi cc s
ngu nhin c di 32 bt, cc s ny khng thun tin i vi ngi s
dng. RTCP cung cp thng tin nhn dng ngun c th hn dng vn bn.
N c th bao gm tn ngi s dng, s in thoi, a ch e-mail v cc
thng tin khc.
- ng b mi trng: Cc thng bo ca b pht RTCP cha thng tin
xc nh thi gian v nhn thi gian RTP tng ng. Chng c th c s
dng ng b gia m thanh vi hnh nh.
- iu chnh thng tin iu khin: Cc gi RTCP c gi theo chu k gia
nhng ngi tham d. Khi s lng ngi tham d tng ln, cn phi cn
bng gia vic nhn thng tin iu khin mi nht v hn ch lu lng iu
khin. h tr mt nhm ngi s dng ln, RTCP phi cm lu lng iu
khin rt ln n t cc ti nguyn khc ca mng. RTP ch cho php ti a
5% lu lng cho iu khin ton b lu lng ca phin lm vic. iu ny
c thc hin bng cch iu chnh tc pht ca RTCP theo s lng
ngi tham d. Mi ngi tham gia mt phin truyn RTP phi gi nh k
cc gi RTCP n tt c nhng ngi khc cng tham gia phin truyn. Nh
vy m c th theo di c s ngi tham gia.
2.2.2 Cc giao thc bo hiu Voip
2.2.2.1 Giao thc bo hiu H.323
- Khi cp n thoi IP, tiu chun quc t thng c cp n l H.323.
Giao thc H.323 l chun do ITU-T pht trin cho php truyn thng a phng
tin qua cc h thng da trn mng chuyn mch gi, v d nh Internet. N c
ITU_T ban hnh ln u tin vo nm 1996 v gn y nht l nm 1998. H.323 l
chun ring cho cc thnh phn mng, cc giao thc v cc th tc cung cp cc
dch v thng tin multimedia nh : audio thi gian thc, video v thng tin d liu
qua cc mng chuyn mch gi, bao gm cc mng da trn giao thc IP.
Cc thnh phn trong mng:
- Thit b u cui H.323 (H.323 Endpoint).
- Gatekeeper:
Mt min H.323 trn c s mng IP l tp hp tt c cc u cui c gn vi
mt b danh. Mi min c qun tr bi mt Gatekeeper duy nht, l trung tm u
no, ng vai tr gim st mi hot ng trong min . y l thnh phn tu
chn trong h thng VoIP theo chun H.323. Tuy nhin nu c mt Gatekeeper
trong mng th cc u cui H.323 v cc Gateway phi hot ng theo cc dch v
ca Gatekeeper . Mi thng tin trao i ca Gatekeeper u c nh ngha
trong RAS. Mi ngi dng ti u cui c Gatekeeper gn cho mt mc u tin
duy nht. Mc u tin ny rt cn thit cho c ch bo hiu cuc gi m cng mt
lc nhiu ngi s dng.
- Khi iu khin a im:
Khi iu khin a im (MCU) c s dng khi mt cuc gi hay hi ngh cn
gi nhiu kt ni hot ng. Do c mt s hu hn cc kt ni ng thi, nn cc
MCU gim st s tho thun gia cc u cui v s kim tra mi u cui v tnh
nng m chng c th cung cp cho hi ngh hoc cuc gi. Cc MCU gm hai
phn: B iu khin a im (MC) v B x l a im (MP).
B iu khin a im c trch nhim trong vic tha thun v quyt nh kh
nng ca cc u cui. Trong khi b x l a im c s dng x l
multimedia, cc lung trong sut qu trnh ca mt hi ngh hoc mt cuc gi a
im.

Hnh 2.2 Giao thc bo hiu H.323
- Giao thc H.323 c chia lm 3 phn chnh:
- Bo hiu H.225 RAS (Registration, Admissions, and Status): bo hiu gia
thit b u cui vi H.323 gatekeeper trc khi thit lp cuc gi.
- Bo hiu H.225 Q.931 s dng kt ni, duy tr v hy kt ni gia hai
u cui.
- Bo hiu H.245 s dng thit lp phin truyn media s dng giao thc
RTP.
Bo hiu RAS:
- Bo hiu RAS cung cp iu khin tin cuc gi trong mng H.323 c tn ti
gatekeeper v mt vng dch v(do gatekeeper qun l). Knh RAS c thit
lp gia cc thit b u cui v gatekeeper qua mng IP. Knh RAS c m trc
khi cc knh khc c thit lp v c lp vi cc knh iu khin cuc gi v
media khc. Bo hiu ny c truyn trn UDP cho php ng k, chp nhn, thay
i bng thng, trng thi v hy.
- Bo hiu RAS chia lm cc loi sau:
- Tm kim Gatekeeper: vic ny c th c thc hin th cng hoc t
ng cho php xc nh gatekeeper m thit b u cui ng k ( c th s
dng dch v sau ny).
- ng k: cho php gateway, thit b u cui v MCU tham gia vo mt
vng dch v do gatekeeper qun l v thng bo cho gatekeeper v a ch v
b danh ca n.
- Xc nh v tr thit b u cui: Thit b u cui v gatekeeper s dng
bn tin ny ly thm thng tin khi ch c thng tin v danh c ch ra. Bn
tin ny c gi thng qua a ch knh RAS ca gatekeeper hoc multicast.
- Admissions: bn tin gia cc thit b u cui v gatekeeper cung cp c s
cho vic thit lp cuc gi v iu khin bng thng sau ny. Bn tin ny bao
gm c cc yu cu v bng thng(c th c thay i bi gatekeeper).
IP
UDP
RTP
TCP
A / V
Codecs
A / V
Application
RTCP
H.225.0
RAS
Signaling
H.225.0
Call
Signaling
(Q.931)
H.245
Control
Signaling
Terminal / Application Control
- Thng tin trng thi: dng ly thng tin trng thi ca mt thit b u
cui. Ta c th s dng bn tin ny theo di trng thi online hay offline
ca thit b u cui trong tnh trng mng b li. Thng thng bn tin ny s
c gi 10 giy mt ln. Trong qu trnh cuc gi, gatekeeper c th yu cu
thit b u cui gi theo chu k cc bn tin trng thi.
- iu khin bng thng: Dng thay i bng thng cho cuc gi.
- Hy kt ni: Khi mun kt thc cuc gi th trc ht thit b u cui
dng ht mi kt ni v ng ht cc knh logic li. Sau , n s ngt phin
H.245 v gi tn hiu RLC trn knh bo hiu cuc gi. bc ny, nu
khng c gatekeeper th cuc gi s c hy cn nu khng th cc bn tin s
c gi trn knh RAS kt thc cuc gi.
Bo hiu iu khin cuc gi H.225:
- Trong mng H.323, chc nng iu khin cuc gi da trn c s giao thc
H.323 vi vic s dng bn tin bo hiu Q.931. Mt knh iu khin cuc gi c
to ra da trn giao thc TCP/IP vi cng 1720. Tng ny thit lp cc bn tin iu
khin cuc gi gia hai thit b u cui vi mc ch thit lp, duy tr v kt thc
cuc gi. H.225 cng s dng bn tin Q.932 cho cc dch v b sung. Cc bn tin
Q.931 v Q.932 thng c s dng trong mng H.323:
- Setup: c gi t thc th H.323 ch gi c gng thit lp kt ni ti
thc th H.323 b gi qua cng 1720 TCP.
- Call Proceeding: thc th b gi gi bn tin ny ti thc th ch gi ch
th rng th tc thit lp cuc gi c khi to.
- Alerting: c gi t thc th b gi ti thc th ch gi ch th rng
chung bn ch bt u rung.
- Connect: c gi t thc th b gi thng bo rng bn b gi tr
li cuc gi. Bn tin Connnect c th mang a ch truyn vn UDP/IP.
- Release Complete: c gi bi mt u cui khi to ngt kt ni, n ch
th rng cuc gi ang b gii phng. Bn tin ny ch c th c gi i nu
knh bo hiu cuc gi c m hoc ang hot ng.
- Facility: y l mt bn tin Q.932 dng yu cu hoc phc p cc dch
v b sung. N cng c dng cnh bo rng mt cuc gi s c nh
tuyn trc tip hay thng qua GK.

Hnh 2.3 Q.931 trong thit lp cuc gi
1. Thit b u cui H.323 gi bn tin Setup yu cu thit lp cuc gi. Gi s
y bn tin c gi ti Gatekeeper (thit lp cuc gi thng qua Gatekeeper).
2. Gatekeeper s gi tr li bn tin Call Proceeding nhm thng bo cho pha gi
rng: Thit b ny ang thc hin thit lp cuc gi.
3. Khi u cui b gi rung chung, Gatekeeper s gi bn tin Alerting v u
cui gi thng bo v trng thi ny.
4. Khi ngi c gi nhc my, bn tin Connect s c gi ti u cui gi
thng bo cuc gi c thit lp.
5. Cuc gi c thc hin
Giao thc H.245:
- Chc nng H.245 l thit lp cc knh logic truyn audio, video, data v cc
thng tin knh iu khin. Gia hai thit b u cui c thit lp mt knh H.245
cho mt cuc gi. Knh iu khin ny c to da trn TCP gn ng port. Chc
nng iu khin ca knh H.245 l thng lng v mt s thng s sau:
- B m ha ting ni s c s dng hai pha. Ly v d, chun m ha
ting ni v tc bit tng ng nh sau: G.729 - 8 kbps, G.728 - 16 kbps,
G.711 - 64 kbps, G.723 - 5.3 hay 6.3 kbps, G.722 - 48, 56, v 64 kbps
- Thng lng v Ch/t gia hai thit b u cui: xc lp vai tr ca cc
thit b trong khi thc hin cuc gi trnh hin tng xung t.
- Round-Trip Delay: xc nh tr gia pha pht v pha thu. Da vo
thng s ny xc nh kt ni vn hot ng.
- Bo hiu trn knh logic thc hin vic m v ng cc knh logic. Cc
knh ny c thit lp trc khi thng tin c truyn n . Bo hiu ny
c th thit lp knh n hng hoc song hng. Sau khi knh logic c
thit lp, cng UDP cho knh media RTP c truyn t pha nhn ti pha
pht. Khi s dng mt hnh nh tuyn qua Gatekeeper th Gatekeeper s
chuyn hng lung RTP bng cch cung cp a ch UDP/IP thc ca thit b
u cui. Lung RTP s truyn trc tip gia hai thit b u cui vi nhau.
2.2.2.2 Giao thc SIP:
- SIP l giao thc bo hiu iu khin lp ng dng c dng thit lp, duy
tr, kt thc cc phin truyn thng a phng tin (multimedia). Cc phin
multimedia bao gm thoi Internet, hi ngh, v cc ng dng tng t c lin quan
n cc phng tin truyn t (media) nh m thanh, hnh nh, v d liu. SIP s
dng cc bn tin mi (INVITE) thit lp cc phin v mang cc thng tin m
t phin truyn dn. SIP h tr cc phin n b (unicast) v qung b (multicast)
tng ng cc cuc gi im ti im v cuc gi a im. C th s dng nm
chc nng ca SIP thit lp v kt thc truyn dn l nh v thu bao, kh nng
thu bao, sn sng ca thu bao, thit lp cuc gi v x l cuc gi.
- SIP c IETF a ra trong RFC 2543. N l mt giao thc da trn tng v
cu trc ca HTTP giao thc trao i thng tin ca World Wide Web v l mt
phn trong kin trc multimedia ca IETF. Cc giao thc c lin quan n SIP bao
gm giao thc t trc ti nguyn RSVP, giao thc truyn vn thi gian thc RTP,
giao thc cnh bo phin SAP, giao thc miu t phin SDP. Cc chc nng ca
SIP c lp, nn chng khng ph thuc vo bt k giao thc no thuc cc giao
thc trn.
- Mt khc, SIP c th hot ng kt hp vi cc giao thc bo hiu khc nh
H.323. SIP l mt giao thc theo thit k m do n c th c m rng pht
trin thm cc chc nng mi. S linh hot ca cc bn tin SIP cng cho php p
ng cc dch v thoi tin tin bao gm c cc dch v di ng.
Cc thnh phn trong mng:
- SIP Client: l thit b h tr giao thc SIP nh SIP phone, chng trnh chat,
y chnh l giao din v dch v ca mng SIP cho ngi dng.
- SIP Server: l thit b trong mng x l cc bn tin SIP vi cc chc nng c th
nh sau:
- Proxy Server: l thc th trong mng SIP lm nhim v chuyn tip cc
SIP request ti thc th khc trong mng. Nh vy, chc nng chnh ca n
trong mng l nh tuyn cho cc bn tin n ch. Proxy server cng cung cp
cc chc nng xc thc trc khi cho khai thc dch v. Mt proxy c th lu
(stateful) hoc khng lu trng thi (stateless) ca bn tin trc . Thng
thng, proxy c lu trng thi, chng duy tr trng thi trong sut transaction
(khong 32 giy).
- Redirect Server: tr v bn tin lp 300 thng bo thit b l chuyn
hng bn tin ti a ch khc t lin lc thng qua a ch tr v.
- Registrar server: l server nhn bn tin SIP REGISTER yu cu v cp
nht thng tin t bn tin request vo location database nm trong Location
Server.
- Location Server: lu thng tin trng thi hin ti ca ngi dng trong
mng SIP.
Bn tin SIP:
Cc loi bn tin SIP:
- Bn tin yu cu (Request): c gi t client ti server. RFC 3261 nh ngha 6
kiu bn tin request cho php UA v proxy c th xc nh ngi dng, khi to, s
i, hy mt phin.
- Bn tin INVITE: yu cu thit lp mt phin hoc thay i cc c tnh
ca phin trc .Trong bn tin ny c s dng SDP nh ngha v cc
thng s media ca phin. Mt response thnh cng c gi tr 200 c tr li
cc thng s m ngi c gi chp nhn trong phin media.
- Bn tin ACK xc nhn rng client nhn c response cui cng ca
bn tin INVITE. ACK ch c s dng km vi bn tin INVITE. ACK c
gi t u cui n u cui cho response 200 OK. ACK cng c th cha
phn thn bn tin vi m t phin cui cng nu bn tin INVITE khng cha.
- Bn tin OPTIONS: UA s dng request ny truy vn ti server v kh
nng ca n.
- Bn tin BYE: UA s dng bn tin ny yu cu hy mt phin c
thit lp trc .
- Bn tin CANCEL: cho php client v server hy mt request, v d nh
INVITE. N khng nh hng ti request hon thnh trc m server
gi response.
- Bn tin REGISTER: Mt client s sng REGISTER yu cu ang k v
tr ca n ti AOR (address of record) ca ngi dng vi SIP server.
- Bn tin p ng (Response): server gi bn tin SIP p ng (SIP response) ti
client bo v trng thi ca SIP request m client gi trc . Cc SIP response
c nh s t 100 n 699, c chia thnh cc lp ngha khc nhau:

Bng 2.3 Phn chia cc lp Response
Cc lp
Response
M tr v M t
Thng tin 100 ang thc hin kt ni
180 ang chung
181 Cuc gi ang c chuyn tip
182 c t vo hng i
183 Phin ang c x l
Thnh cng 200 Thnh cng
Chuyn hng 300 Nhiu la chn
Cc lp
Response
M tr v M t
301 Chuyn vnh vin
302 Chuyn tm thi
305 S dng proxy
380 Dch v khc
Li Client 400 Yu cu khng hp l
401 Khng nhn dng c
402 Yu cu thnh ton
403 B cm
404 Khng tm thy
405 Phng thc khng c php
406 Khng chp nhn
407 Yu cu xc thc Proxy
408 Request timeout
410 di i
413 Yu cu qu di
414 URL c yu cu qu ln
415 Khng h tr kiu media
416 Khng h tr URI
420 Phn m rng li
421 Yu cu phn m rng
423 Khong thi gian gia hai s kin qu ngn
480 Tm thi cha sn sng
481 Transaction khng tn ti
482 Pht hin thy loop (chu trnh)
483 Qu nhiu hop
484 a ch khng
485 Mt m khng r rng
486 ang bn
487 Yu cu b hy
488 Khng th chp nhn ti y
Cc lp
Response
M tr v M t
491 Yu cu cha c gii quyt
493 Khng gii m c
Li Server 500 Li ni ti trong server
501 Cha c thc hin u
502 Gateway li
503 Dch v khng tn ti
504 Server timeout
505 Phin bn SIP khng c h tr
513 Bn tin qu ln
Li ton cc 600 Bn khp mi ni
603 Suy sp
604 Khng tn ti
606 Khng th chp nhn

M t cuc gi SIP:

Hnh 2.4 Thit lp cuc gi SIP vi Proxy Server
1. Proxy server nhn c bn tin INVITE t client.
2. Proxy server lin lc vi Location server xc nh a ch ca ngi b gi.
3. Location server xc nh v tr ca ngi c gi v cung cp a ch server
ch.
4. Bn tin INVITE c chuyn tip ti a ch m Location server tr v. Proxy
server s thm tiu Record-Route vo bn tin INVITE chc rng tt c
cc bn tin tun t sau c nh tuyn qua proxy. iu ny cn thit cho
qu trnh tnh cc hoc cc ng dng khc cn thit kim sot cc bn tin
cho dialog ny.
5. Pha c gi rung chung. Ngi c gi nhc my.
6. Pha c gi gi bn tin 200 OK thng bo cuc gi bt u.
7. Bn tin 200 OK c chuyn tip qua proxy server ti pha gi.
8. Pha gi tr li bn tin 200 OK nhn c bng bn tin ACK ti proxy-server
( khi proxy chn tiu Record-Route vo trong bn tin INVITE) hoc gi
trc tip ti pha ngi c gi.
9. Proxy chuyn tip ACK ti ngi c gi.
10. Cuc gi thoi c thit lp.
2.2.2.3 So snh gia giao thc H323 v SIP:
- Gia H.323 v SIP c nhiu im tng ng. C hai u cho php iu khin,
thit lp v hy cuc gi. C H.323 v SIP u h tr tt c cc dch v cn thit,
tuy nhin c mt s im khc bit gia hai chun ny.
- H.323 h tr hi ngh a phng tin rt phc tp. Hi ngh H.323 v
nguyn tc c th cho php cc thnh vin s dng nhng dch v nh bng
thngbo, trao i d liu, hoc hi ngh video.
- SIP h tr SIP-CGI (SIP-Common Gateway Interface) v CPL.
- SIP h tr iu khin cuc gi t mt u cui th 3. Hin nay H.323 ang
c nng cp h tr chc nng ny.

Bng 2.4 So snh gia H.323 v SIP
SIP H.323
Ngun gc IETF ITU-T
Quan h
mng
Ngang cp Ngang cp
Khi im K tha cu trc HTTP. K tha Q.931, Q.SIG
u cui SIP H.323
Server
- Proxy Server
- Redirect Server
- Location Server
- Registrar Servers.
H.323 Gatekeeper
Khun dng Text, UTF-8 Nh phn
Tr thit lp
cuc gi
1.5 RTT 6-7 RTT hoc hn
Gim st
trng thi
cuc gi
C 2 la chn:
- trong thi gian thit lp
cuc gi
- sut thi gian cuc gi
Phin bn 1 v 2: my ch phi
gim st trong sut thi gian cuc
gi v phi gi trng thi kt ni
TCP. iu ny hn ch kh nng m
rng v gim tin cy
Bo hiu
qung b
C h tr Khng
Cht lng
dch v
S dng cc giao thc khc
nh RSVP, OPS, OSP
m bo cht lng dch v
Gatekeeper iu khin bng thng.
H.323 khuyn ngh dng RSVP
lu d ti nguyn mng.
Bo mt
ng k ti Registrar server,
c xc nhn u cui v m
ho
Ch ng k khi trong mng c
Gatekeeper, xc nhn v m ho
theo chun H.235.
nh v u
cui v nh
tuyn cuc
gi
Dng SIP URL nh a
ch. nh tuyn nh s dng
Redirect v Location server
nh v u cui s dng E.164
hoc tn o H.323 v phng php
nh x a ch nu trong mng c
Gatekeeper. Chc nng nh tuyn
do Gatekeeper m nhim.
Tnh nng
thoi
H tr cc tnh nng ca
cuc gi c bn
c thit k nhm h tr rt nhiu
tnh nng hi ngh, k c thoi, hnh
nh v d liu, qun l tp trung nn
c th gy tc nghn Gatekeeper
To tnh
nng v
dch v mi
D dng, s dng SIP-CGI
v CPL
H.450.1
Kh nng
m rng
D dng Hn ch
2.3 YU CU CHT LNG I VI VOIP
- T nhng nhc im chnh ca mng chuyn mch gi t ra nhng yu cu
cho VoIP nh sau:
- Cht lng thoi phi n nh, tr chp nhn c.
- Mng IP c bn phi p ng c nhng tiu ch hot ng kht khe gm
gim thiu vic khng chp nhn cuc gi, mt mt gi v mt lin lc. iu
ny i hi ngay c trong trng hp mng b nghn hoc khi nhiu ngi s
dng chung ti nguyn ca mng cng mt lc.
- Vic bo hiu c th tng tc c vi bo hiu ca mng PSTN.
- Qun l h thng an ton, a ch ho v thanh ton phi c cung cp, tt
nht l c hp nht vi cc h thng h tr hot ng PSTN.
- Cht lng dch v QoS l tp hp cc ch tiu c
trng cho yu cu ca tng loi lu lng c th trn
mng bao gm: tr, jitter, t l mt gi... Cc ch
tiu ny lin quan n lng bng thng dnh cho mng.
- C nhiu bin php nhm m bo QoS c thc hin.
ti thiu thi gian tr ca cc gi thoi so vi cc gi
ca cc dch v khc, cc gi thoi c truyn bi giao
thc UDP. Giao thc ny khng cung cp c ch truyn li
do vy gi thoi s c x l nhanh hn. loi b
ting vng ngi ta s dng b trit ting vng cc
gateway. V cn c cc bin php sau:
- Nn tn hiu thoi.
- Cc c ch m bo cht lng dch v ti cc nt
mng: Cc thut ton xp hng (queuing), c ch nh
hnh lulng (traffic shapping), cc c ch ti u
ho ng truyn, cc thut ton d on v trnh
tc nghn,...
- Phng thc bo hiu QoS.
2.4 NH GI CHT LNG CUC GI VOIP
- Cc nhn t hng u xc nh cht lng thoi bao gm: s chn la b
CODEC, mt gi, tr v jitter.
- S mt gi (Packet loss):xy ra khi cc gi tin khng c gi ng n
pha thu s lm cho cc gi tin ny b hy bi b thu. S mt gi ny c th
xut pht t nhiu nguyn nhn khc nhau: ng truyn qu ti, qu ti
thit b thu, xung t trn ng truyn, li phng tin vt l hay do cht
lng ng truyn thpCc b CODEC tnh n xc sut mt gi ngu
nhin v a s cc b ny c th lm cho s mt gi ny tr nn khng ng
k i vi ngi s dng. V d nh b CODEC c th s dng gi trc
thay cho gi va b mt hay l dng php ni suy trit bt c s gin
on no trong lung m thanh. Tuy nhin s mt gi s tr thnh mt vn
thc s khi m % mt gi vt qu ngng cho php (5% tng s gi). Trong
trng hp ny b CODEC khng th no che giu s mt gi i vi ngi
s dng, kt qu dn n gim cht lng thoi. Mt gi xy ra ph bin hn
i vi mng khng dy. Thng thng, phng php pht li (ARQ) c s
dng lm gim bt hin tng ny nhng b li s lm tng tr v jitter.
- Jitter: thng thng bn pht to ra cc gi tin mt tc khng i.
Vic kt hp gii thut gii nn thoi bn nhn cc gi n ch vi cng
mt tc khng i l iu cn thit. Tuy nhin, tr gia gi ny vi gi kia
l khng ging nhau do nh hng ca mng gy ra t nhiu nguyn nhn:s
n tt mng, nhng thay i ca router, lch thi gian i vi cc gi l
khc nhau. V gii thut gii nn bn thu i hi khong cch c nh gia cc
gi. Thng thng iu ny c gii quyt bng cch lp t b m jitter
trong gateway b li s thay i ca tnh trng mng. B m jitter ny tr
hon cc gi tin n theo mt trt t a n gii thut gii nn mt
khong cch c nh. B m jitter ny cng s sa li bt k li no bng
cch theo di th t trong cc frame RTP. Kt qu s lm nhn cc lung gi
tin, lm tng tnh linh hot ca b CODEC vi mt gi, cc gi tin tr v cc
nh hng bn pht. Tuy nhin mt tri ca b m jitter l gy tr ng k.
- S tr (Latency): trong vic thoi Voip tr l tng tr t ming n tai.
Vic m thoi 2 chiu rt nhy vi tr. Hu ht ngi s dng nhn ra s tr
ny khi n vt qu 250 ms, v th m thi gian tr 1 chiu thng s thp
hn. Cc thnh phn quan trng ca tr l:

Hnh 2.5 Tng tr t ming n tai trong cuc gi Voip
o Tr do b CODEC: mi gii tht nn thoi u c mt tr c sn
nht nh. Vic la chn cc b CODEC c th gim s tr ny nhng
s lm gim cht lng hoc tn nhiu bng thng hn.

Hnh 2.6 Vic to gi d liu da vo tn hiu tch cc
Hin nay, cc b codec c ci tin c th pht hin di khong
tn hiu tch cc v di khong lng trong cuc m thoi. Khong
lng ng ngha vi vic chng ta a nhiu nn vo vic ng gi
v gi n qua mng. iu ny s gy lng ph bng thng. Thng
thng trong mt cuc m thoi chng ta ni chuyn chim khong
35% thi gian m thoi, cn li l thi gian ri. Bng cch nn
khong lng trong sut thi gian ri th b codec s khng gi d
liu i nh trong hnh. iu ny lm gip gim dung lng knh v
tit kim bng thng.
o Tr do mng: do i qua mng khng dy v cc mng ng trc,
n ch r ra rng l u tin cao hn cho lu lng thoi so vi d
liu khng nhy vi tr.
o Kch thc b m jitter.
- Khi gi VoIP di chuyn qua mng, hin nhin l c xy ra mt mt do tc nghn.
Ngoi ra, gi VoIP cn b tr hon, ty thuc vo s tc nghn ti cc router trung
gian. C s mt mt ln s chm tr ca gi VoIP u nh hng bt li n cht
lng cuc gi VoIP, thng thng c biu din bng i lng R-score.
2.4.1 im s kin trung bnh MOS
- Trong truyn thng thoi v video, cht lng thng c nh gi thng qua
tri nghim thc t tt hay ti. Ngoi m t nh tnh m chng ta thng nghe ni
ti, nh kh tt hoc rt ti, c mt phng php nh gi bng s cht lng
thoi v video. N c gi l im s kin trung bnh MOS. MOS cho bit ch
s cht lng m thanh nghe thy c.
- MOS l mt s c gi tr t 1 n 5, trong 1 l km nht v 5 l tt nht. MOS
hon ton mang tnh ch quan, bi v n da trn kt qu t nhng ngi tham gia
test.
Bng 2.5 Cc gi tr ca MOS
MOS Mc hi lng
5 Hon ho. Ging nh ang ni chuyn trc tip.
4 Kh. Khng hon ho nhng nghe r. in thoi di ng khong ny.
3 Kh chu.
2 Rt bc mnh. Gn nh khng th m thoi c.
1 Khng th m thoi c.

- Gi tr MOS khng cn phi l s chn. V d, mt gi tr t 4,0 n 4,5 c
quy cho cht lng cuc gi ng di (toll-quality) vi mc hi lng rt cao.
Nhng gi tr di 3,5 khin cho nhiu ngi nghe khng th chp nhn c.
- MOS test c thc hin nh sau. Mt s lng ln ngi tham gia ngi v nghe
mt on thoi. Mi ngi s cho im t 1 n 5. Sau tnh gi tr trung bnh ra
MOS.
- Phng php MOS c mt s nhc im nh sau:
- Phng thc ny mang tnh cht ch quan v kt qu ph thuc vo nhiu
yu t khng th kim sot ca ch th nh: trng thi tm l, thi i vi
bi kim tra v trnh vn ha. Trn thc t, phng thc nh gi cht
lng thoi theo thang im MOS khng phi l phng thc nht qun.
- Phng thc ny rt tn km, i hi nhiu ngi tham gia v thit lp
phc tp.
- Khi cn thc hin o thng xuyn cc tham s cht lng th vic s
dng phng php nh gi cht lng ny l khng thc t.
- Nhng hn ch ca phng php nh gi cht lng thoi da trn MOS cho
thy cn c mt phng thc nh gi khch quan, phng php ny c th thc
hin mt cch t ng nh gi cht lng thoi.
2.4.2 R-Score
- Mc d phng php MOS cho kt qu tt nhng khng th thc hin online
c nn khng th dng cho mc ch iu chnh thch nghi. M hnh E-model
trong khuyn ngh G.107 ca ITU-T cung cp mt i lng R-factor (rating factor)
dng c lng cht lng thoi.
- E-model c pht trin bi ESTI ad hoc group gi l Voice Transmission
Quality from Mouth to Ear. M hnh ny c lng cht lng thoi t ming n
tai nh cm th ca ngi dng pha thu.
- E-model c s dng lm mt cng c quy hoch truyn dn trong cc mng
in thoi. N h tr vic c lng cht lng tn hiu thoi t mt kt hp ca
nhiu yu t can nhiu. E-model c nhng c im sau:
- y khng phi l mt cng c o m l mt cng c quy hoch mc d
n c th s dng kt hp vi cc php o.
- N c lng cht lng thoi hai chiu v tnh n cc yu t nh: ting
vng, tr ...
- u vo ca E-model bao gm cc tham s c s dng ti thi im quy
hoch. Lu rng vic quy hoch c th c thc hin trc v sau khi trin khai
mng.
- E-model c tnh n cc tham s nh: nhiu, tr, ting vng v tnh cht ca thit
b u cui m c chun ha hoc c xc nh, c th o c. Ngoi ra,
E-model xc nh trng s i vi nh hng ca thit b s hin i (cc b codec
tc thp, cc b ghp knh ...) n cht lng truyn dn. Trong nhiu trng
hp, s lng v chng loi cc thit b ny c xc nh ti thi im quy hoch.
- E-model da trn gi thit l cc tn hao truyn dn c th c chuyn i
thnh "psychological factors" v cc h s ny c tnh cng dn trn mt
"psychological scale". Ni cch khc, nhn thc ch quan v cht lng thoi c
coi nh l tng hp ca cc tn hao truyn dn.

Hnh 2.7 Kt ni tham chiu ca E-model
- E-model u tin thc hin tnh ton mt "gi tr gc" v cht lng (gi tr ny
c xc nh t nhiu trn mng). Mi tn hao thm vo c biu din di dng
mt gi tr tn hao. Kt qu ca php tr gi tr gc vi cc gi tr tn hao th hin
c lng cht lng thoi cho mt mng c th. Cui cng, kt qu cht lng
thoi thu c c s dng c tnh t l thu bao nh gi cht lng l tt
hay ti. C th, E-model tnh mt h s nh gi truyn dn R nh sau:
R = R0 Is Id Ie-eff + A (2.1)
R0 biu din t s tn hiu trn nhiu c bn, bao gm nhiu mch v nhiu phng.
N bao gm tp m trong mng, trong mi trng pha ngi ni v ngi nghe v
nh hng ca tp m ti pha ngi nghe.
H s Is l s kt hp tt c suy hao xy ra ng thi vi tn hiu thoi, bao gm
mc cng m, mc xuyn m vt qu phm vi cho php v tn hao lng t
(m ha PCM).
H s Id biu din suy hao gy ra bi tr v ting vng.
Ie-eff biu din suy hao gy ra bi codec tc bit thp. N cn bao gm suy hao
do mt gi phn phi ngu nhin.
H s thun li A cho php b cc h s tn hao khi c nhng thun li khc. A cho
php iu chnh cht lng trong nhng trng hp c bit nh thm vo cc yu
t phi k thut nh gi cht lng.

Hnh 2.8 R v cc tnh ton suy hao
T s tn hiu trn nhiu c bn, R
0
:
T s tn hiu trn nhiu c bn R
0
c nh ngha bi:
R
0
= 15 1,5(SLR + N
0
) (2.2)
S hng N
0
(dBm0p) l b sung cng sut ca nhng ngun nhiu khc.
H s tn hao ng thi, Is:
H s I
s
c chia thnh ba h s tn hao c th hn:
I
s
= I
olr
+ I
st
+ I
q
(2.3)
I
olr
biu din s suy gim cht lng gy ra bi gi tr OLR qu thp.
H s I
st
biu din tn hao gy ra bi sidetone khng ti u.
H s suy hao I
q
biu din suy hao gy ra bi sai dng lng t.
H s suy hao tr, Id:
H s suy hao I
d
th hin tt c suy hao do tr ca tn hiu thoi c chia thnh
ba h s I
dte
, I
dle
, I
dd
:
I
d
= I
dte
+ I
dle
+ I
dd
(2.4)
H s I
dte
cho mt c lng v suy hao do ting vng ngi ni.
H s I
dle
biu din suy hao do ting vng ngi nghe.
H s I
dd
biu din suy hao do tr tuyt i T
a
qu lu, iu ny xy ra ngay c
vi trit ting vng hon ho.
H s suy hao thit b, I
e
:
Gi tr cho h s suy hao thit bi I
e
ca nhng phn t dng codec tc bit thp
khng lin quan vi nhng thng s ng vo khc. Chng ph thuc vo kt qu
test MOS ch quan cng nh l tri nghim mng.
H s thun li, A:
V ngha chuyn bit ca h s thun li A, nn khng c quan h vi tt c thng
s truyn dn khc. Vi gi tr tm thi c cho trong bng:

Bng 2.6 V d tm thi cho h s thun li A
V d h thng truyn thng Gi tr ti a ca A
Chun (c dy) 0
Mng t bo di ng trong ta nh 5
Di ng trong khu vc a l hoc trn xe 10
Truy cp n v tr kh tip cn, chng hn kt
ni v tinh nhiu hop
20
2.4.3 nh gi cht lng cuc gi t R-score
- H s R c gi tr t 0 n 100, trong R = 0 th hin cht lng cc ti v R =
100 th hin cht lng rt cao. T h s R c th tnh ra MOS bng cng thc sau:
{

( )( )

(2.5)

Hnh 2.9 Hm MOS theo R
2.4.4 nhy tr v mt gi ca VoIP
- Trong s tt c nhng h s trong phng trnh (2.1), ch c I
d
v I
e
l nhng
bin s c quan tm trong VoIP. Thay gi tr mc nh cho tt c h s khc, biu
thc h s R trong phng trnh (2.1) c th rt gn thnh:
R = 93,2 I
e
I
d
(2.6)
nh hng ca tr:
Trong h thng VoIP, tng tr ming-n-tai gm ba thnh phn:
- tr codec (dcodec): th hin tr gii thut v gi ha kt hp vi
codec v bin i ty theo loi codec s dng. V d, codec G.729a c tr
25ms.
- tr playout (dplayout): l tr kt hp vi b m pha b thu c
yu cu lm trn jitter cho lung gi n.
- tr mng (dnetwork): l tr transit mt chiu qua mng vn chuyn
IP t mt gateway n gateway khc.
Do , tng tr l:
d = dcodec + dplayout + dnetwork (2.7)
Bng cch dng gi tr mc nh cho tt c s hng trong biu thc Id
I
d
= 0,024d + 0,11(d 177,3)H(d 177,3) (2.8)
Trong :
() {

(2.9)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
R-Score
M
O
S
- Chng ta thy rng vi tr nh hn 177,3 ms cuc m thoi din ra bnh
thng ( dc thp, suy hao tng khng ng k), nhng nu tr vt qu
177,3 ms th cuc m thoi tr nn ging nh truyn thng n cng ( dc cao,
suy hao tng nhanh).
nh hng ca mt gi:
- Mi quan h gia I
e
vi tng xc sut mt gi nh sau:
I
e
=
1
+
2
ln(1 +
3
e) (2.10)
Trong
1
l hng s xc nh suy hao cht lng thoi gy ra bi m ha v
2
,
3

m t nh hng ca mt gi ln cht lng thoi i vi mt codec cho trc. Ch
rng e bao gm c mt gi mng ln mt gi b m playout.
Gi tr ca cc thng s
1
,
2
,
3
i vi codec G.729a v G.711 c cho trong
bng sau:

Bng 2.7 Thng s suy hao mt gi
Codec
1
3
G.729a 11 40 10
G.711 0 30 15

nhy ca R-Score i vi tr v mt gi:
R = 93,2 [
1
+
2
ln(1 +
3
e)] [0,024d + 0,11(d 177,3)H(d 177,3)] (2.11)
Trong hnh 2.10, chng ta thy rng R-score c gim nhng khng ng k ng vi
mt xc sut mt gi cho trc. R-score gim tng i nhanh khi tr vt qu
177,3 ms. Tuy nhin, khi xc sut mt gi tng t 0% n 5%, R-score gim i
khong 16. Tng t trong hnh 2.11, chng ta thy rng R-score gim ch yu l
do mt gi (trc x). Khi tr tng ng k t 50 ln 200 ms, R-score ch gim
khong 6. Do , chng ta c th suy ra rng mt gi mang tnh quyt nh hn
tr.

Hinh 2.10 R-score theo tr

Hnh 2.11 R-score theo mt gi
2.5 KT NI MNG VOIP VI MNG PSTN
2.5.1 Cuc gi bt u t mng VoIP (SIP) v kt thc ti PSTN
- Ch m hnh ny, ta khng cp ti s c mt ca Proxy Server hay
Redirect Server m coi bn tin bo hiu SIP n thng Gateway. Thc cht vn
l khi u cui SIP quay s, Proxy Server bit y l cuc gi ngoi mng nn
n s xc nh Gateway thch hp thc hin cuc gi. Mt ch na l trong m
hnh ny, Gateway ng vai tr va l Media gateway v Signaling Gateway.
50 100 150 200 250 300
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Tong do tre (ms)
R
-
S
c
o
r
e

+
1-Do mat goi 0%
2-Do mat goi 5%
3-Do mat goi 10%
4-Do mat goi 15%
5-Do mat goi 20%
5 10 15 20 25
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
Do mat goi (%)
R
-
S
c
o
r
e

+
1-Tre 50 ms
2-Tre 100 ms
3-Tre 150 ms
4-Tre 200 ms

Hnh 2.12 Qu trnh thit lp cuc gi SIP-PSTN
1. SIP User Agent gi bn tin INVITE ti Gateway yu cu kt ni vi mt thu bao
PSTN.
2. Gateway tr li bng bn tin 100 Trying ngay sau khi khi to bn tin SS7 IAM ti
mng PSTN lp tuyn ti thu bao b gi. Ch l vic gi bn tin 100 Trying
cng c th thc hin trc khi gi bn tin IAM, iu ny ph thuc vo vic cu
hnh trn Gateway.
3. Mng PSTN tr v bn tin ACM sau khi xc nh c a ch thu bao b gi.
Bn tin SS7 ny c chuyn thnh bn tin SIP 183 Session Progress
4. bo rng thu bao b gi ang c rung chung th y, mng SIP trn mt
cch an ton l truyn nguyn trng thi tn hiu nhn c trn Gateway n
thu bao SIP. Vic ny cho php bo hiu chnh xc trng thi ang din ra
phng c trc trc trong lc thc hin kt ni vi PSTN. Thng tin ny c
truyn bng mt lung RTP mt chiu biu din nh hnh v.
5. Khi thu bao b gi nhc my, bn tin SS7 ANM c gi i. Bn ny c
chuyn thnh bn tin 200OK bo hiu cng trn Gateway sn sng cho cuc gi.
6. Sau khi thu bao SIP tr li bng bn tin ACK th lung RTP c thit lp 2
chiu gia Gateway v SIP User Agent truyn ti tn hiu thoi trn Gateway
nhn c t tng i ca mng PSTN
7. Gi s thu bao SIP dp my trc, n s gi bn tin BYE ti Gateway gii
phng cuc gi. Gateway gi bn tin REL ti tng i PSTN hy kt ni. Sau
khi Gateway gi bn tin 200 OK v nhn c bn tin RLC, cuc gi chnh thc
chm dt.
2.5.2 Cuc gi bt u t PSTN v kt thc mng VoIP
- Trong m hnh cuc gi ny rt ging vi trng hp cuc gi xut pht t mng
VoIP v kt thc PSTN.

Hnh 2.13 Qu trnh thit lp cuc gi PSTN SIP
- Thng tin bo hiu vn c chuyn i tng ng gia bn tin SS7 v SIP.
thng bo trng thi rung chung ca mnh, thu bao SIP gi tr bn tin 180
Ringing ti Gateway. Bn tin ny tng ng vi bn tin SS7 ACM. Khi ,
Gateway s gi tn hiu thoi mt chiu m t trng thi ca thu bao b gi ti thu
bao gi. Vic ny c tc dng rt ln trong vic m bo thng tin trng thi thit
lp ng truyn c kim sot bi thu bao gi.

Chng 3-ng dng Voip trong mng Wimax
CHNG 3-NG DNG VOIP TRONG MNG WIMAX

3.1 M HNH VOIP TRONG MNG WIMX
- Voip l cch truyn thoi qua mng IP mang cc d liu thoi c ng
gi qua mi trng hu tuyn hay v tuyn (DSL, cp, ethernet, Wi-Fi, Wimax).
Tuy nhin Voip qua mi trng v tuyn vn cn trong giai on ban u v b
gii hn dung lng RF v nhng thch thc i vi vic khai thc hiu qu ca
knh truyn v tuyn trong khi vn bo m c Qos.
- Wimax l cng ngh khng dy bng rng 4G u tinc kh nng h tr Qos v
cung cp dung lng bng rng cao. N em li c hi li nhun hp dn cho cc
nh cung cp mng c nh v di ng trong vic u t kinh doanh dch v voip
qua mi trng bng rng Wimax.

Hnh 3.1 M hnh trin khai mng Wimax-Voip
- C 4 mng logic to nn mt h thng Voip lin quan nhau bao gm:
- Mng vn chuyn PSTN: to lin kt cell truyn thng v cc nh cung cp
ng truyn dch v in thoi truyn thng (POTS) s dng mng chuyn
mch mch.
- Mng nh cung cp dch v ng dng Voip: mng m ni thit b Voip
c t.
- Mng nh cung cp Wimax: bao gm BS Wimax, ASN, CSN.
- u cui Voip ca user: qun l Voip client v cc thnh phn mng khc
(khng bao gm modem Wimax).
3.2 XC SUT KHI PHC GI
- Vi nhy ca VoIP vi mt gi v tr kho st, t a ra s
thch nghi lp MAC xy dng ng MPDU. Mt khi kt ni c thit lp,
kch thc ca mi MPDU c xc nh sao cho t mt gi nht m vn m bo
tr khng vt qu ngng 177,3 ms. Mc tiu ca chng ta l ng dng lp
MAC trong Wimax nng cao cht lng cuc gi VoIP, ng thi tng s lng
cuc gi c th phc v.
- Nu b thu nhn c mt gi hng, n khng c kh nng sa li. Tuy nhin,
nu thm vo vi bit FEC trc khi pht th b thu c xc sut pht hin li v sa
li. Kh nng sa li ca nhng m FEC ny ty thuc vo tng loi b m v
chiu di t m. V ti ny khng quan tm n vic a ra k thut m ha mi
nn nhm ch dng b m n gin nht l m khi.
- Trong m khi, M bit kim tra c thm vo N bit mang thng tin (ch rng
nhng bit thm vo ny c to ra bng ma trn sinh). Nu chng ra xem xt mt
MPDU nh th th xc sut mt bit l:
b =
+
+ =
+
+
+
+
N M
M i
i N M
p
i
p
N M
i
b b
i N M i
N M
1
) 1 (
)! ( !
)! (
(3.1)

Trong b
p
l xc sut mt bit trc khi gii m v b l xc sut li bit gii m.
Xc sut khi phc mt MPDU nh th vi kch thc ti trng N bit v kch thc
m M bit l p = (1 b)
M+N
. C th p dng ba m hnh tnh ton xc sut khi
phc gi ny.
3.1.1 Gim ti trng, vi kch thc m c nh
Gi b l xc sut mt bit sau khi gii m mt MPDU c kch thc ti trng N v
kch thc m M. By gi, nu chng ta gim kch thc ti trng xung N (N <
N) trong khi vn gi kch thc m c nh, th xc sut mt bit sau gii m l
b' =
+
+ =
+
+
+
+
'
1
'
'
) 1 (
)! ' ( !
)! ' (
N M
M i
i N M
p
i
p
N M
i
b b
i N M i
N M
(3.2)
Theo l thuyt m ha thng tin, khi kch thc ti trng gim, m kim tra c
nh, th BER sau gii m gim, dn n b < b. Khi ny, xc sut khi phc gi l
p' = (1 b)
M+N
(3.3)
T s p trn p l

'
'
) ' 1 (
1
1
' 1
) 1 (
) ' 1 ( '
N N
N M
N M
N M
b b
b
b
b
p
p
+
+
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
(3.4)
N M
b
b
+
|
.
|
\
|
1
' 1
ln hn 1, v 1 b < 1 nn tha s th hai
'
) ' 1 (
1
N N
b

cng ln hn 1 suy
ra p > p.
3.1.2 Tng kch thc m vi ti trng c nh
Tng t nh trn, nu kch thc m tng trong khi gi ti trng c nh th xc
sut mt bit gim v xc sut khi phc gi MPDU tng.
3.1.3 Tng c kch thc ti trng ln kch thc m
M hnh th ba l tng c kch thc ti trng ln kch thc m. Nh chng ta
bit, nu ch tng ti trng s lm tng BER, do chng ta cng phi tng m
b cho phn ti trng c gia tng.
3.3 CHO PHP C CH RQ
- Mc d vic p dng FEC lm tng xc sut khi phc gi nhng hiu qu
vn cn c th c nng cao hn na nu cho php c ch ARQ ty chn. C ch
ARQ phn lp phn chung MAC ca WiMAX c cho php bng cch trao i
bn tin iu khin gia b pht v b thu thi im thit lp kt ni. ARQ cho
php pha b pht nhn c thng tin hi tip bit c cht lng cuc gi
ang din ra v trng thi knh truyn. Chng ta cho php c ch ARQ v yu cu
mi trm thu bao gi feedback di dng xc sut khi phc gi, t phn lp
phn chung MAC ca WiMAX thu thp c thng tin liu gi c c nhn thnh
cng hay khng. Ngoi ra, feedback ny cung cp mt s c lng v trng thi
knh truyn.
- Chng ta p dng feedback nhanh lp MAC v dng nhng gi rt nh
gim overhead. Nhng thng s c dng trong gi feedback l CID, trng thi
ARQ (cho php hay khng cho php), gii hn pht li ti a, xc sut khi phc
gi v s th t. S th t c dng tng quan gi vi tr li ca n t trm
gc. Nu gi khng c nhn ng, tc l xc sut khi phc gi nh hn mt
ngng cho trc, th c ch pht li c p dng. u im chnh ca vic dng
m hnh pht li l vic ny lm gim suy hao mt gi, nhng li lm tng tr.
i vi vic pht li lp MAC, chng ta duy tr mt b m cho mi lung trm
gc WiMAX ang pht. B m ny gip lu tr tm thi cc gi, tr phi v cho
n khi cc gi c khi phc ng bi b thu. Vic ny d nhin l s sinh ra mt
tr, gi l dqueue. Do , tng tr ming-n-tai mt chiu, nh trong cng
thc 2.7, c iu chnh li thnh:
d = d
codec
+ d
playout
+ d
network
+
dqueue
(3.5)
- i ph vi vic tng tr ny, chng ta dng tnh nng gp chung
(aggregation). Chng ta dng tnh nng ny gp chung nhiu MSDU vo trong
mt MPDU, do c c kch thc MPDU ti u.
- V d nh trong hnh 3.2 mt phn ca MSDU th 3 s c gp chung vi 2
MSDU trc n lm y phn cn li ca ti trng trnh lng ph ngun ti
nguyn.

Hnh 3.2 Ghp nhiu MSDU thnh MPDU (aggregation)

Hnh 3.3 Mt MSDU c phn mnh n cho nhiu MPDU
3.4 KCH THC MPDU TI U
- V cc gi thng b mt hoc h hng trong qu trnh truyn i trong knh
truyn v tuyn vn c nhiu li, c ch ARQ thng c dng xc nh v c
kh nng khi phc cc frame b mt. Trong trng hp ca chng ta, ARQ ng
vai tr quyt nh trong vic c lng tnh trng knh truyn v s phn ca cc
MPDU c pht. Do , thi gian RTT tr nn mang tnh quyt nh trong vic
xc nh kch thc MPDU. Chng ta nh ngha RTT l khong thi gian tnh t
thi im bit cui cng ca MPDU c pht i cho n thi im nhn c ACK
ca MPDU . Ngoi ra, chng ta gi nh mt khong thi gian bng 0 gia vic
pht hai MPDU lin tip, ngha l, bit cui cng ca mt MPDU v bit u tin ca
MPDU k tip c pht lin tc.
- By gi chng ta s gii thch RTT nh hng n kch thc MPDU nh th
no. Gi t l thi gian cn pht MPDU v T l RTT. Nh vy, s lng MPDU
c pht trc khi nhn c ACK ca MPDU u tin l
. Ch rng t ph
thuc vo kch thc ca MPDU, do c mt s nh i gia goodput
(
h
h
) v tr.
- Nu MPDU ln th thi gian pht cng ln nhng overhead do header s nh,
gip duy tr goodput cao. Nu MPDU b mt hoc b li v trng thi knh truyn
xu th c ch ARQ s kch hot vic pht li c mt MPDU ln, iu ny s lm
gia tng tr trong vic pht d liu. Ngoi ra, trc khi phn lp phn chung
MAC nhn c feedback, tc l bit c tnh trng knh truyn nh th no, th
MPDU k tip c pht i ri. Nu knh truyn trong tnh trng xu ko di
th xc sut cc frame k tip b mt hoc b li l rt cao. Do , s c nhiu
MPDU ln c pht li di iu kin knh truyn xu, dn n s suy gim
goodput trm trng, khng m bo c QoS.
- hiu r hn, chng ta hy xem xt mt v d n gin sau. Cho kch thc
MPDU l 1055 byte (1000 byte ti trng, 50 byte CRC v 5 byte header). Nu trm
gc pht tc t 100 Mbps tr ln th thi gian pht MPDU t =
= 0,08
ms. RTT T = 0,05 ms i vi mt cell bn knh 8 km. Do , vic pht MPDU th
hai vn ang din ra trong khi nhn c ACK ca MPDU th nht. Nh vy, phn
lp phn chung MAC ch c th bit c trng thi knh truyn trc khi pht
MPDU th ba. By gi gi s rng knh truyn trng thi xu trong vng 2 n 3
ms. C MPDU th nht ln th hai u b mt v 2 x 1055 = 2110 byte s c
pht li.
- Ngc li, kch thc MPDU nh, chng hn 355 byte (300 byte ti trng, 50
byte CRC v 5 byte header), thi gian pht ca mi MPDU t =
= 0,0271
ms. Vi RTT T = 0,05 ms, ACK ca MPDU th nht n trong khi pht MPDU th
ba. By gi iu chnh thch hp c th thc hin trn MPDU th t v ngay c khi
tt c ba MPDU trc u b mt th ch cn pht li 3 x 355 = 1065 byte, khong
mt na v d trc. Nhng nhc im chnh ca MPDU nh l goodput thp v t
s ti trng trn overhead thp.
- Do , chng ta thy rng c MPDU ln ln nh u c u im v nhc im.
Chng ta kt hp cc u im ca c hai bng cch thay i ng kch thc
MPDU ty theo loi feedback bng 3.1 v s cp pht minislot cho lung VoIP
thu c hiu qu nh mong mun.

Bng 3.1 Phn loi feedback
Loi feedback Trng thi MPDU b thu
1 MPDU c nhn ng
2 MPDU b li, khng sa c
3 MPDU b mt
4 B m y
3.5 CP PHT NG MINISLOT
- Nhng ngi dng trong mt cell WiMAX c phc v theo cch TDMA/TDD
sau khi kt ni c thit lp. Mt hoc nhiu minislot c gn cho mi ngi
dng phc v yu cu ca h. Mt minislot c nh ngha l mt n v cp
pht bng thng hng ln/hng xung tng ng n k hiu vt l, trong n =
2
m
v m l s nguyn t 0 n 7. S lng k hiu vt l trong mi frame l hm
theo tc k hiu. Tc k hiu c chn thu c s lng k hiu vt l
trong mi frame l mt s nguyn. V d, vi tc k hiu 20 Mbps, c 5000 k
hiu vt l trong frame 1 ms.
- Ngoi nhng c ch c ngh bn trn, cp pht minislot ng khng
ch nng cao cht lng cuc gi VoIP m cn h tr thm nhiu cuc gi. i vi
codec G.729a, mt gi VoIP di 60 byte (40 byte RTP/UDP/IP header v 20 byte
ti trng) c a xung lp MAC ca WiMAX. lp MAC, 6 byte header tng
qut c thm vo u v mt s byte m FEC (ty s ln pht li frame ny v
hiu sut codec) c thm vo cui sa li. Do , vic pht mt MPDU (ch
cha mt MSDU) mt khong 8-10 s. Mt khc, thi lng minislot ti thiu v
ti a ln lt l 1 k hiu vt l (0,2 s) v 128 k hiu vt l (25,6 s), vi tc
k hiu 20 Mbps. Do , thi lng ca minislot c cp pht ng vai tr quan
trng i vi gi VoIP. Nu mt minislot c thi lng nh hn kch thc MPDU
ti thiu c cp pht cho mt session th khng c cch no MPDU c th gi
trong minislot . Do , loi cp pht single slot ny khng th dng hiu qu
c. Tt hn ht l cp pht nhiu minislot cho mt ngi dng trnh lng ph
minislot. By gi, cu hi t ra l nn gn bao nhiu minislot cho mt user v nn
dng chnh sch scheduling no gim suy hao tr. V mi lung VoIP c ngng
tr 177,3 ms nn chnh sch scheduling phi xem xt tr m lung VoIP b.
Do , mt chnh sch scheduling trong trm gc tm cc lung VoIP trong b
m ca n, tnh ton tr ca MPDU trong mi lung, v gn minislot cho lung
no b delay nhiu nht. S lng minislot c gn sao cho thi lng ca tt c
minislot cng li ln hn hoc bng MPDU c pht.

Chng 4-M phng v kt qu
CHNG 4-M PHNG V KT QU
4.1 GII THIU PHN MM M PHNG OPNET
- Phn mm OPNET c pht trin bi cng ty OPNET Technologies, Inc. y l mt
cng c phn mm mnh c s dng m phng mng, c cc nh nghin cu
khoa hc trn th gii nh gi cao v nhng kt qu m phng bng Opnet c
cng nhn trn nhiu t bo khoa hc v din n cng ngh th gii. Opnet c cha mt
lng th vin rt ln v cc m hnh mng, m hnh node, m hnh lin kt, bao trm t
mng hu tuyn cho ti mng v tuyn vi rt nhiu cc giao thc sn c. Opnet c
thit k vi c s d liu phn lp v hng i tng, Opnet cso giao din GUI
Ngoi vic m phng mng v cc giao thc ca mng, Opnet cn cung cp nhiu cng
c cho php phn tch hiu sut, tnh ton ng i, khi to lu lng, so snh bng
th, v cng linh hot, t khng nhng ch to lp cc h thng mng m cn gip
nh gi hot ng ca cc h thng mng .
- Quy trnh lm vic ca OPNET chnh l cc bc xy dng mt m hnh v chy
chng trnh m phng, trung tm xoay quanh mi trng Project Editor. Trong chng
trnh ny, chng ta c th to mt m hnh mng, chn s liu thng k thu thp t
mi mng i tng hoc t mng ton b, thc hin m phng, v xem kt qu.
Project Editor l vng thao tc chnh cho vic to m phng mng. Ta c th xy dng
mt m hnh mng bng cch s dng cc m hnh t cc th vin chun, chn cc
thng k v mng, chy mt m phng, v xem kt qu.
4.2 KT QU M PHNG
- S h thng

Hnh 4.1 M hnh h thng Wimax c bn
Thit lp thng s c bn cho cc module:

Hnh 4.2 Thit lp thng s cho BS

Hnh 4.3 Thit lp thng s cho WS

Hnh 4.4 Thit lp thng s iu ch wimax

Hnh 4.5 Cu hnh Wimax


Hnh 4.6 Thit lp modul Application

Hnh 4.7 Thit lp modul Profile
Kt qu m phng ban u:


Hnh 4.8 So snh Jitter ca cc WS
- Da vo kt qu trn cho ta thy khong thi gian u Jitter c s bin thin ln,
sau Jitter dn dn n nh hn nh Wimax s dng k thut OFDM.
- Cc WS gn BS c s bin thin Jitter nh hn cc WS xa BS.
- Maximum Jitter nh hn 2ms cho nn khng nh hng ng k n cht lng
cuc gi.

Hnh 4.9 So snh mt gi gia 2
WS xa BS

Hnh 4.10 So snh mt gi gia 2
WS gn BS

- Cc WS xa BS c mt gi ln hn cc WS gn BS. mt gi nh hn
10% th c th chp nhn c. gim mt gi tin ta c th tng cng sut
pht v li anten ca BS hoc ca WS.

Hnh 4.11 So snh delay gia 2 WS cc khong cch khc nhau
- Kt qu m phng cho thy tr end to end c 2 khong cch gn v xa xp x
80ms nm trong gii hn cho php ca cuc gi Voip.
- khong cch xa khong 6km so vi BS thi gian tr end to end b nh hng
do mi trng v cc yu t khc.
Kt qu m phng khi thay i mt vi thng s c bn:
Khi tng cng sut v li anten ca cc WS l 1W, 15dBi:

Hnh 4.12 Jitter ca cc WS khi thay i thng s ca WS

Hnh 4.13 Mt gi gia 2 WS xa BS Hnh 4.14 Mt gi gia 2 WS gn BS
khi thay i thng s ca WS khi thay i thng s ca WS

Hnh 4.15 Delay ca cc WS khi thay i thng s ca WS
- Khi tng cng sut v li anten ca cc WS ln 1W, 15dB: c 3 thng s
Jitter, delay nh hn v t l mt gi gim xp x 5% cho 2 khong cch xa v
gn.
Khi tng cng sut pht ca BS l 15W:

Hnh 4.16 Jitter ca cc WS khi thay i thng s ca BS

khi thay i thng s ca BS khi thay i thng s ca BS

Hnh 4.19 Delay gia cc WS khi thay i thng s ca BS
- Khi tng cng sut pht ca BS l 15W: Jitter th n nh hn trng hp trn, t
l mt gi th tng, delay th khng nh hng nhiu lm.
Khi tng cng sut, li anten ca WS 15dBi, 1W v cng sut pht ca
BS l 15W:

Hnh 4.20 Jitter ca cc WS khi thay i thng s ca WS v BS

khi thay i thng s ca WS v BS khi thay i thng s ca WS v BS

Hnh 4.23 Delay gia cc WS khi thay i thng s ca WS v BS
- Jitter v delay th khng chu nh hng nhiu bng vic thay i cng sut v
li ca WS v BS, ring t l mt gi th ph thuc nhiu vo s thay i cng
sut v li anten ca WS v BS.

PHN C. KT LUN


Vi mc tiu l tm hiu vic ng dng Voip vo trong mng truy cp v tuyn
bng rng Wimax th sau khi phn tch, nh gi. Nhm thc hin ti rt ra c
mt s kt lun nh sau:
- Trong khi cc cng ngh truy cp khng dy mi ang c pht trin, WiMAX
ang ni bt ln nh l mt trong nhng cng ngh bng rng y ha hn c th
h tr rt a dng cc dch v thi gian thc nh Voip, Iptv...
- Mt u im ng k n na ca Wimax l h tr khong cch xa ln n hng
Km vi cht lng cuc gi vn c th chp nhn c. Wimax c h tr Qos
cho cc dch v d liu v cc ng dng. y l mt u im vt tri ca Wimax
so vi Wi-Fi.
- Cng ngh OFDM vi nhng tnh nng ni tri nh kh nng chng nhiu, kh
nng s dng ph cao, cho php truyn tin vi tc cao...c s dng trong
WiMAX c nh cho php h thng c kh nng lm vic tt trong mi trng
NLOS v tc truyn tin cao.
- Vi nhng u im ni tri trnh by, WiMAX c th song song tn ti cng
vi cc mng nh 3G vic trin khai WiMAX ti Vit Nam s p ng c cc
i hi ngy mt ln v nhu cu truy nhp bng rng, c bit l cc khu vc nng
thn, min ni v cc khu th mi.


HNG PHT TRIN TI

- Nghin cu ng dng cuc gi Voip qua mng Wimax trn phm vi ln hn qua
nhiu mng khc nhau nh IP,PSTN
- Nghin cu nng cao cht lng cho cc dch v thi gian thc khc qua mng
WiMAX nh dch v video, truyn hnh hi ngh


CC THUT NG VIT TT

AAS Adaptive Antenna systems
ASN Access Service Network
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
BS Base Station
CC Convolutional Code
CID Connection Identification
CP Cyclic Prefix
CPE Customer Premier Equipment
CPL Call Processing Language
CPS Common Part Sublayer
CS Convergency Sublayer
CSN Connectivity Serving Network
CTC Convolutional Turbo Code
DFS Dynamic Frequency Selection
DQDB Distributed Queue Dual Bus
EAP Extensible authentication protocol
FDDI Fiber-Distributed Data Interface
FEC Forward Error Corection
HTTP Hyper Text Transfer Protocol
ICI Inter Channel Interference
ISI Inter Symbol Interference
ISP Internet service provider
LAN Local Area Network
LMDS Local Multi-point Distribution System
MAN Metropolitan Area Network
MIMO Multi Input Multi Output
MMDS Multichannel multipoint distribution service
MOS Mean Opinion Score
MPDU MACpacketdataunits
MSDU MAC Service Data Units
NAP Network Access Provider
NSP Network Service Provider
OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing
OFDMA Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access
PAN Personal Area Network
PDA Personal Digital Assistant
PDU Protocol Data Unit

PKM Privacy key management
PPS Packets Per Second
QoS Quality of Service
RAS Registration, Admissions, and Status
RSVP Resource Reservation Protocol
RTCP Real-time Transport Control Protocol
RTP Real-time Transport Protocol
RTT Round Trip Time
SAP Service Access Point
SAP Session Announcement Protocol
SCTP Stream Control Transmission Protocol
SDP Session Description Protocol
SIP Session Ineitiation Protocol
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol
SS Subscriber Station
TA Telephony Adapter
TCP Transmission Control Protocol
VOIP Voice over Internet Protocol
WAN Wide Area Network
WIMAX Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access
WS Works Station


TI LIU THM KHO

[1] S.Sengupta,M.Chatterjee,S.Ganguly,andR.Izmailov.Improving R-score of VoIP
Streams over WiMax.Proc.IEEEIntlConf.Comm, vol.2,pp.866-871,June2006.
[2] Sengupta, S. Chatterjee, M. Ganguly. Improving Quality of VoIP Streams over
WiMax. IEEE transactions on computers, vol. 57, no. 2, February 2008.
[3] MarcosD.Katz, FrankH.P.Fitzek.WiMAX Evolution Emerging Technologies and
Applications.
[4] Jeremy Yoo. Performance Evaluation of Voice Over IP on WiMAX and Wi-Fi
Based Networks.2009.
[5] Meghanathan, N.; Boumerdassi, S.; Chaki, N.; Nagamalai, D.Recent Trends in
Networks and Communications.International Conferences, NeCoM 2010, WiMoN
2010, WeST 2010,Chennai, India, July 23-25, 2010.
[6] Nguyn Hng Sn. K thut in thoi qua IP v Internet. NXB Lao ng x hi,
8/2003.
[7] L Quang o. Cng ngh Wimax nghin cu v xy dng m hnh mu trin
khaicho vng a hnh c th ti Vit Nam. i hc Bch Khoa H Ni, 2007.
[8] http://www.wimax360.com

DATN-Tim Hieu Cong Nghe VOIP Trong Wimax

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