Tng quan v ngun xung v ngun ATX

1. NGUYN L NGUN XUNG 1.1. Khi nim : - Mch ngun xung (cn gi l ngun ngt/m switching) l mch nghch lu thc hin vic chuyn i nng lng in mt chiu thnh nng lng in xoay chiu.

1.2. Cc s nghch lu : C 2 dng nghch lu c bn : ni tip v song song. 1.2.1. S nghch lu ni tip

u im : n gin, d tnh ton thit k, d lp rp. Nhc im : Cho php dung sai linh kin rt thp. Khng cch ly c mass s cp v th cp nn gy git cho ngi s dng, gy nguy him cho cc linh kin nhy cm. Chnh v vy ngun kiu ny hin nay rt t c s dng. Mt trong nhng thit b in t dn dng c nhiu Vit nam s dng ngun nghch lu ni tip l my thu hnh Samsung CW3312, Deawoo 1418. 1.2.2. S nghch lu song song :

u im : D thay i in p ra, cho php dung sai linh kin ln. Mass s cp v th cp c cch ly tt, an ton cho ngi s dng v ti. Nhc im : Mch phc tp, kh sa cha Do kh nng cch ly tt nn mch nghch lu song song c dng trong tt c c cc b ngun my tnh, t AT n ATX. Lot bi ny s tp trung phn tch mch nghch lu song song trong ngun ATX. 2. NGUN MY TNH (ATX) 2.1. Chc nng : Bin i ngun xoay chiu dn dng ( Vit Nam l 220v/50Hz, Nht Bn l 110V/60Hz ) thnh cc in p mt chiu cung cp cho PC. Cc mc ngun mt chiu ra bao gm : +5V, +12V, +3.3V, -5V, -12V, +5V STB (standby cp trc, ch), +4.5-5V PS-ON (Power Switch On cng tc m/bt ngun), +5V PG (Power Good Ngun tt, tn hiu ng b cho tt c cc mch in trong PC cng khi ng). 2.2. S khi ngun ATX

2.3. Chc nng cc khi : (1) Bo v ngun v ti khi b st nh, khi in p vo tng t ngt. Lc, loi b hoc gim thiu cc xung nhiu cng nghip thng qua ngun AC i vo mch ngun ATX, nu nhng nhiu ny khng c loi b c th gy chy n mch ngun, ti, gim n nh khi ti lm vic. (2) Ngt m theo xung kch thch, nhm to ra dng in khng lin tc trn bin p chnh li dng hin tng cm ng in t to ra in p cm ng trn th cp. (3) L ti ca cng sut chnh, to in p ra th cp, ng thi cch ly gia 2 khi s/th cp loi b mass (in p cao) ca s cp bo v ti v ngi s dng. (4) L mt mch nghch lu cng sut nh, c th dng dao ng ring hoc blocking (5) L ti ca cng sut cp trc, nhm to ra in p cp trc gm 2 mc : 5V, 12-16V cung cp cho dao ng, PS-ON, STB v khuych i kch thch. (6) Nn, lc, n p a ra cc in p mt chiu standby. (7) L mt mch dao ng RC nhm to ra xung vung c tn s c nh (cc ngun i c c tn s 13KHz, ngun i mi l 19KHz). Xung ny c gi ti iu khin cng sut chnh ng/m. Xung ra t dao ng c rng xung (tx) bin i theo in p ra, nu in p ra cao hn thit k th rng xung gim xung. Ngc li, nu in p ra gim thp hn thit k th rng xung tng ln. V vy IC thc hin dao ng c tn l PWM (Pulse Wide Modulation iu khin rng xung) (8) Khuych i tng cng bin xung iu khin. u vo ca mch chnh l xung vung ra t mch dao ng. (9) L ti ca mch khuych i dao ng kch thch vi mc ch ghp xung kch thch sang cng sut chnh, ng thi khng lm mt i s cch ly gia phn s cp, th cp. (10) Bao gm cc mch nn, lc, n p. u vo l in p xoay chiu ly ra t bin p cng

sut chnh, u ra l cc mc p mt chiu n nh a n jack ATX. (11) Mch hi tip n nh in p hoc ngt dao ng khi in p ra qu ln, ngt dao ng khi c chp ti bo v mch ngun cng nh bo v ti (trnh h hng thm) (12) Mch khuych i thut ton, s hot ng sau khi my c bt, to ra in p PG, thi im xut hin PG s tr hn cc in p chnh khong 0.2-0.5 giy, nhm ch cho cc in p ra n nh. PG a vo main v kch thch tt c cc mch trn main bt u hot ng cng 1 thi im (ng b thi im gc) .2. Mch standby dng dao ng blocking Dng 1 : Hi tip trc tip (minh ha bng mch stabdby ngun LC-200)

Mch c cp ngun 300Vdc t mch nn/lc s cp. Tc dng linh kin : Q12 : Dao ng blocking, ng thi l cng sut stanby. R55/R56 : nh thin cho Q12, ng vai tr l in tr mi D23 : Nn hi tip duy tr dao ng, in p ra Anode D28 mang cc tnh m (-). C19 : Lc san bng in p hi tip. R57 : Phn p, n nh s b in p hi tip. ZD2 : Ct hi tip khi in p m (-) t im A nh hn in p n p ca n. C3/L2 : Khung cng hng RC song song, tn s cng hng ring ca khung ny c tnh bng cng thc : f = 1/2xsqrt(L2xC3). Cc bn c th thc mc v iu ny, tuy nhin i vi tn hiu xoay chiu th (+) ngun v mass coi nh chp (thng qua cc t lc) v vy i vi xoay chiu th R55/C3 coi nh mc song song vi L2. L1 : Ti ca Q12. L2 : Cun hi tip vi nhim v to in p theo hiu ng lenz s dng duy tr dao ng. R58/C23/D32 : Kh in p ngc, chng ngt dao ng. Nguyn l : in p 300V qua R55/R56 nh thin chn B Q12, in p ny ti chn B ~2V (o DC khi ngt

hi tip) lm cho Q12 m bo ha lun. Khi Q12 bo ha, dng in qua n nh sau : (+)300V qua L1 chn C Q12 EC Q12 mass. V dng ny i qua L1, theo c tnh ca cun cm (lun sinh ra dng chng li dng qua n theo hin tng cm ng in t) nn dng qua L1 khng t mc bo ha ngay m tng ln t t. V vy t trng sinh ra trn li bin p STB cun tng t t (t trng ng). Theo nh lut cm ng in t Lenz, t trng tng t t trn li bin p STB s lm pht sinh trn tt c cc cun dy ca bin p 1 sut in ng cm ng. in p cm ng trn L2 c nn bi D28 v lc bng C19 ly ra inp 1 chiu cc tnh m () im A, c n nh (tng i) bng R57, n dnh ph thuc vo tch s T = R57xC19 (thi hng hng s thi gian tch thot ca mch RC) in p ti im A li qua ZD2 ti chn B ca Q12. V l in p m nn n xung i vi in p dng do nh thin R55/56 a ti, kt qu l 2 in p ny trng ha ln nhau lm cho in p chn B Q12 tr v 0, dng qua L1, Q12 mt. Khi dng qua L1, Q12 mt th t trng trn n cng mt i lm cho t trng trn li bin p = 0 dn n in p cm ng trn cc cun day bin p STB = 0. D nhin in p cm ng trn cun L2 mt. V in p trn L2 mt nn D28 ko a in p m na. Tuy vy v c C19 np (lc trc) nn gi n x lm cho in p ti im A ko mt ngay, vic C19 x s duy tr mc m chn B Q12 thm 1 thi gian na, Q12 tip tc kha. Ti khi in p m do C19 x ko ln m ZD2 th ZD2 s ngt, ko cn in p m ti chn B Q12, lc ny chn B ch cn p dng do R55/56 a ti v n li m bo ha. Mt chu trnh bo ha/kha li bt u. Tn s dao ng ca mch : c quyt nh b L2/C3. V y l cng hng song song nn khi cng hng th dng qua L2 l max, khi dng hi tip l max cho ZD2 m, Q12 s kha khi s cng hng mt i. Ni cch khc th tn s dao ng ca mch chnh bng 1/2xsqrt(L2xC3). Thc t, khi Q12 kha, dng qua L1 ko mt ngay do t trng trn li bin p vn cn (nh) lm xut hin in p cm ng trn L1 vi chiu (+) C Q12 ,in p ny tn ti trong thi gian cc ngn (ging nh qut ngc cng sut dng tivi, CRT) nn c gi tr rt ln (~ 800V vi ngun i mi) lm pht sinh 2 hu qu : - Q12 c th b nh thng do p qu ln, khc phc th Q12 c thit k dng loi in p cao. - Q12 c dng r do in p ln, dn ti dng qua L1 c duy tr, in p cm ng trn L1 duy tr lm cho ip p m (-) v B Q12 cng duy tr v ko th phc hi c in p nh thin (+) v nh vy chu trnh bo ha/kha ko thc hin. Ni cch khc, dao ng mt. Khc phc : Khi p chn C Q12 tng cao s phng qua D32 trung ha vi in p trn C23. Nu bn tnh theo gi tr in p s thy l p ti chn C Q12 v in p trn C32 l ngc chiu, trung ha ln nhau. R58 l in tr tng cng thi gian trung ha l rt ngn, loi b c hin tng d Q12, khi phc chu k dao ng. Lu : hiu r cc bn hy xem li l thuyt v ch hot ng ca BJT (ch A, B, C) v nguyn l mch cng hng, cc tham s khi cng hng. in p cm ng trn L3 c sinh ra nh t trng bin i do Q2 lin tc bo ha/kha. in p ny c nn/lc ly ra in p standby. ng 1 : Nn bi D30 ra 12V nui dao ng, khuych i kch thch.

ng 2 : Nn bi D29, lc C23 v n p bng IC 7805 ly ra 5V cho dy tm, h p qua tr cho PS-ON, nui mch thut ton to PG. Cc h hng: Hin tng 1: N cu ch, thay li n. - Chp Q12, hoc Q12 b thay bng BJT in p thp, cm in vo s thng lun. i vi ngun ny, tn s dao ng 13kHz, Q12 c th dng C2335, 13007 l OK. Lu : Vi ngun i mi, tn s 19Khz khng s dng C2335 c nh (v in p Uce max ca C2335 thp) Hin tng 2: in p standby mt. Mt dao ng do : - t in tr mi (R5/56). - t D28 lm mt hi tip. - Kh, t, thi chn C19 khng lc san bng, hi tip b xung lm ZD2 kha. - t hoc thay sai gi tr ZD2 lm mt hi tip. Hin tng 3: Mt 5V STB - t D29, 7805 - Chp C23 Hin tng 4 : p standby suy gim - Thng, r diode nn. - T lc kh. Dng 2 : Hi tip gin tip

Mch c cp ngun 300Vdc t mch nn/lc s cp.

Tc dng linh kin: Rhv : in tr hn ch, in p ra sau n cn khong 270V. R3, R5 : nh thin (mi) cho Q3. Q3 : Cng sut standby, y dng Mosfet 2N60. R4 : To hi tip m in p, s dng st p trn R4 nh mt sensor kim tra dng qua Q3, thng qua s iu chnh Q3 hot ng n nh. ZD1 : n nh in p chn G, nhm bo v khng Q3 m ln, trnh cho Q3 b nh thng. C34 : T nht, bo v Q3 khng b nh thng khi chu in p m cc ln ca thi k qut ngc. R9 : in tr phn p, to s n nh (tng i) cho chn G Q3 v C Q4. L1 : Ti Q3. L2 : Cun hi tip. Q4 : Mc phn p cho chn G Q3, ng vai tr o pha in p hi tip.

D5 : Nn hi tip theo kiu mch nn song song nhm to in p (+) im A. C8 : Lc in p hi tip. U1 : Mch so quang, hi tip m n nh in p STB. R17 : in tr nng cao mc thp, vi mc ch ngt in p hi tip ti chn B Q4 khi in p ny gim xung cn ~ 2V. C4, R6, D3 : Kh in p ngc, chng ngt dao ng. Nguyn l: in p 300V t mch nn/lc s cp qua Rhv cn ~270V cp cho mch. in p ny chia lm 2 ng : ng 1 : Vo im PN6, ra PN4 ti chn D Q3. ng 2 : Qua R3, R5 kt hp phn p R9 nh thin cho Q3, ng thi cp cho Q4 (chn C). Cc bn hy Q4 mc phn p cho G Q3 nn nu Q4 bo ha th in p ti G Q3 ~ 0, Q3 kha. Nh nh thin (mi) bi R3, R5 nn Q3 m. Dng in i t 270V qua L1, qua DS Q3 xung mass, kn mch. V dng ny i qua L1, theo c tnh ca cun cm (lun sinh ra dng chng li dng qua n theo hin tng cm ng in t) nn dng qua L1 khng t mc bo ha ngay m tng ln t t. V vy t trng sinh ra trn li bin p STB cun tng t t (t trng ng). Theo nh lut cm ng in t Lenz, t trng tng t t trn li bin p STB s lm pht sinh trn tt c cc cun dy ca bin p 1 sut in ng cm ng. in p cm ng trn L2 c nn bi D5 v lc bng C8 ly ra in p 1 chiu cc tnh m (+) im A, c n nh (tng i) bng R16, n nh ph thuc vo tch s T = R16xC8 (thi hng hng s thi gian tch thot ca mch RC) in p ti im A li qua CE U1 (so quang) ti chn B ca Q4. V l in p dng nn n lm cho Q4 bo ha. Khi Q4 bo ha th in p ti chn C Q4 ~ 0, m chn C Q4 li ni vo chn G Q3 nn UgQ3 ~ 0 lm cho Q3 kha. Khi dng qua Q3 kha, dng qua L1 mt i, t trng trn L1 cng mt i lm cho t trng trn li bin p = 0 dn n in p cm ng trn cc cun day bin p STB = 0. D nhin in p cm ng trn cun L2 mt. V in p trn L2 mt nn khng a ra p (+) ti im A na. Tuy vy v c C8 np (lc trc) nn gi n x lm cho in p ti im A ko mt ngay, vic C8 x s duy tr mc (+) chn B Q4 thm 1 thi gian na v Q4 tieps tc bo ha, Q3 tip tc kha. Ti khi in p (+) do C8 x ko ln (2V) th R17 s ngt in p hi tip, chn B Q4 s gim v O, Q4 kha. Khi

Q4 kha th in p nh thin do R3, R5 c phc hi v Q3 li m. Mt chu trnh m/kha li bt u. Tn s dao ng ca mch: c quyt nh bi L2/C8/R16. y l cng hng ni tip nn khi xy ra cng hng th in p trn L2 l max, khi dng in p ti im A l max cho R17 dn, Q4 bo ha. Nu mt cng hng th in p trn L2 min, in p im A min khng thng li st p trn R17 lm Q4 kha, Q3 m (c nh) v dng qua L1 s l c nh ko to ra c t trng ng lm in p cm ng trn tt c cc cun ca bin p STB mt i. Ni cch khc th tn s dao ng ca mch chnh bng 1/2xsqrt(L2xC8R16). Thc t, khi Q3 kha, dng qua L1 ko mt ngay do t trng trn li bin p vn cn (nh) lm xut hin in p cm ng trn L1 vi chiu (-) D Q3 ,in p ny tn ti trong thi gian cc ngn (ging nh qut ngc cng sut dng tivi, CRT) nn c gi tr rt ln (~ 800V vi ngun i mi) lm pht sinh 2 hu qu : Tc dng ca C4, R6, D3 ging nh mch hi tip trc tip. in p cm ng trn L3 c sinh ra nh t trng bin i do Q2 lin tc bo ha/kha. in p ny c nn/lc ly ra in p standby. ng 1 : Nn/lc bi D9/C15 ra 12V nui dao ng, khuych i kch thch. ng 2 : Nn/lc bi D7/C13/C18 5V cho dy tm, h p qua tr cho PS-ON, nui mch thut ton to PG. n nh in p : S dng OPTO U1. Nu in p ra tng (v tn s dao ng thay i) th ngun ra 5V tng ln. Khi ngun cp cho cc iu khin ca U1 (TL431) t 5V qua R27 tng ln lm cho 431 m ln. thy 431 mc ni tip vi diode pht ca OPTO, v 431 m ln nn dng qua diode (t 5V STB qua R30, qua diode, qua 431 xung mass) tng ln, cng sng ca diode tng tc ng ti CE U1 lm in tr Rce U1 gim, in tr ny li mc ni tip t im A v R17 nn lm cho in p hi tip v B Q4 (qua R17) tng ln, kt qu l Q4 bo ha/Q3 kha sm hn thng l. Ni cch khc th thi gian m ca Q3 trong 1 giy nh s gim xung lm in p ra gim. Nu in p ra gim (v tn s dao ng thay i) th ngun ra 5V gim. Khi ngun cp cho cc iu khin ca U1 (TL431) t 5V qua R27 gim ln lm cho 431 m nh. thy 431 mc ni tip vi diode pht ca OPTO, v 431 m ln nn dng qua diode (t 5V STB qua R30, qua diode, qua 431 xung mass) gim xung, cng sng ca diode gim tc ng ti CE U1 lm in tr Rce U1 tng, in tr ny li mc ni tip t im A v R17 nn lm cho in p hi tip v B Q4 (qua R17) gim xung, kt qu l Q4 bo ha/Q3 kha mun

hn thng l. Ni cch khc th thi gian m ca Q3 trong 1 giy nh s tng ln lm in p ra tng. n nh in p : S dng in tr hi tip m in p R4. Nu Q3 m ln (lm p ra cao) th dng qua R4 tng. St p trn R4 (tnh bng UR4 = IQ3 x R4) tng ln. s thy st p ny a v chn B Q4 qua R8 lm Ub Q4 tng, Q4 s bo ha, Q3 kha sm hn thng l. Ni cch khc th thi gian m ca Q3 trong 1 giy nh s gim xung lm in p ra gim. Nu Q3 m nh (lm p ra thp) th dng qua R4 gim. St p trn R4 (tnh bng UR4 = IQ3 x R4) gim xung. s thy st p ny a v chn B Q4 qua R8 lm Ub Q4 gim, Q4 s bo ha, Q3 kha mun hn thng l. Ni cch khc th thi gian m ca Q3 trong 1 giy nh s tng ln lm in p ra tng.

Ngun ATX: Mch power good

Mch to in p P.G bo v Mainboard 1 in p bo v P.G (Power Good) l g ?

P.G (Power Good) l chn in p bo v Mainboard, in p ny c mch to p P.G to ra, mch to p P.G kim tra mt s thng s ca IC dao ng kt hp vi c in p 5V u ra to in p P.G - in p P.G c mc cao (5V) l thng bo ngun hot ng an ton - in p P.G c mc thp l thng bo ngun c s c Trong qu trnh khi ng ca Mainboard (xem li gio trnh S/C Mainboard) mch Logic s kim tra cc tn hiu P.G ca ngun ATX, VRM_GD ca mch n p cho CPU trc khi to in p PWR_OK, iu ny ngha l nu ngun ATX mt in p P.G th mch Logic trn Main s khng to ra tn hiu PWR_OK v nh vy mt s mch trn Main s khng hot ng, Chipset nam s khng to tn hiu Reset

S tng qut ca mch to p P.G trn cc ngun s dng IC TL494 v LM339

S tng qut ca mch to p P.G trn cc ngun s dng IC TL494 v LM339

2 Phn tch mch to p P.G trn b ngun POWER MASTER

1) S nguyn l ca khi ngun v khu vc mch to p P.G

2) S khu vc mch to p P.G

3 Nguyn l hot ng ca mch to p P.G

Khi IC dao ng hot ng bnh thng, chn FeedBack (s 3) ca IC dao ng TL494 cho ra in p khong 3V, in p ny a qua in tr R50 vo khng ch n Q12, khi chn E n Q12 c in p khong 3,6V => i qua D32 => qua R64 sang iu khin cho n Q14 dn => n Q15 tt => in p chn C n Q15 tng ln = 5V xc lp cho in p P.G c mc cao. Nu IC dao ng c s c hoc hot ng sai ch , khi chn (3) ca IC dao ng s c in p bng 0V => n Q12 dn => n Q14 tt => n Q15 dn => in p P.G gim xung = 0V. Trong trng hp mt in p 5V u ra th in p P.G cng gim xung = 0V

3 Phn tch mch to p P.G trn b ngun SHIDO 1) S nguyn l ca khi ngun v khu vc mch to p P.G

2) S khu vc mch to p P.G

3 Nguyn l hot ng ca mch to p P.G trn ngun SHIDO