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Cng ngh VoIP v Asterisk

L Hng Trng TTM-K49

MC LC
MC LC ...........................................................................................................1
DANH MC HNH V........................................................................................8
LI M U ....................................................................................................10
LI CM N ....................................................................................................11
CHNG 1

....................................................................................................12

TNG QUAN V VOIP .....................................................................12


1.1.

Gii thiu.....................................................................................................12

1.2.

Cu trc mng VoIP....................................................................................12

1.3.

c im dch v VoIP...............................................................................14

1.4.

Cht lng dch v trong mng VoIP..........................................................15

1.5.

Cc giao thc truyn thng thi gian thc...................................................18

1.5.1. Giao thc RTP...........................................................................................18


1.5.2. Giao thc RTCP........................................................................................19
CHNG 2

....................................................................................................21

CC GIAO THC BO HIU..........................................................................21


2.1.

Giao thc H323...........................................................................................21

2.1.1. Gii thiu...................................................................................................21


2.1.2. Cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng H323...............................................21
Terminal..........................................................................................................22
Gateway...........................................................................................................23
Gatekeeper.......................................................................................................23
MCU................................................................................................................24
2.1.3. Tp giao thc H323...................................................................................24
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2.1.1. Qu trnh thit lp cuc gi H323..............................................................26


2.2.

Giao thc khi to phin SIP.......................................................................27

2.2.1. Gii thiu...................................................................................................27


2.2.2. Tnh nng ca SIP.....................................................................................28
2.2.3. Cc thnh phn trong h thng SIP...........................................................28
2.2.4. Cc bn tin ca SIP...................................................................................30
2.2.5. Qu trnh thit lp cuc gi ......................................................................32
.........................................................................................................................32
.........................................................................................................................33
2.3.

So snh vi H.323.......................................................................................35

CHNG 3

...................................................................................................37

MNG TH H MI NGN.............................................................................37
3.1.

S hnh thnh mng NGN...........................................................................37

3.2.

Cc c im ca NGN...............................................................................38

3.3.

Nhng vn m mng th h mi cn gii quyt......................................38

3.4.

Cng ngh chuyn mch mm Softswitch................................................39

3.4.1. Nhng hn ch ca tng i chuyn mch knh........................................39


3.4.2. nh ngha chuyn mch mm (Softswitch)..............................................40
3.4.3. Nhng li ch ca Softswitch ...................................................................41
3.5.

Kin trc ca mng NGN............................................................................43

3.5.1. Lp truyn ti............................................................................................44


3.5.2. Lp iu khin v bo hiu cuc gi.........................................................45
3.5.3. Lp ng dng v dch v...........................................................................45
3.5.4. Lp qun l...............................................................................................45
3.6.

Cc phn t trong mng NGN.....................................................................46

3.7.

Cc dch v chnh trong mng NGN...........................................................47


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CHNG 4

......................................................47

TM HIU ASTERISK...........................................................................47
4.1.

Gii thiu.....................................................................................................47

4.2.

Kin trc Asterisk........................................................................................49

4.3.

Mt s tnh nng c bn..............................................................................51

4.4.

Cc ng cnh ng dng...............................................................................53

4.5.

T chc th mc ca Asterisk.....................................................................57

/etc/asterisk/........................................................................................................57
/usr/lib/asterisk/modules/.....................................................................................57
/var/lib/asterisk....................................................................................................57
Cc th mc con ca th mc /var/lib/asterisk/ bao gm:...................................57
/var/spool/asterisk/..............................................................................................58
/var/run/...............................................................................................................59
/var/log/asterisk/..................................................................................................59
/var/log/asterisk/cdr-csv......................................................................................59
4.6.

Mt s lnh thao tc trn h thng asterisk..................................................59

#/etc/init.d/asterisk (start|stop).............................................................................59
#CLI>reload........................................................................................................60
#CLI> sip show users..........................................................................................60
4.7.

Cch thc cu hnh trn cc tp tin c bn..................................................60

Tt c cc file cu hnh cho h thng Asterisk u nm ti th mc etc/asterisk


ngoi tr file zaptel.conf cu hnh cho phn cng TDM nm ti th mc /etc.
Cch thc cu hnh ging nh tp tin .ini ca Window. Cc ni dung sau du
chm phy ;l ni dung ch thch trong file cu hnh. Tt c cc khong
trng trong file cu hnh u c b qua v khng c ngha.C php thc
hin ging nhau..........................................................................................60
4.8.

Cch thc hot ng ca tp tin cu hnh....................................................61

4.9.

Gii thiu dialplan.......................................................................................62


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Mt v d c th nh sau:....................................................................................63
exten => 7325010,2,Voicemail(u7325010).........................................................64
exten => Tng ng vi mi ng dng thc hin...............................................64
7325010 l con s nhn c khi thu bao ch gi quay s................................64
1, 2 l cc priority th t c thc hin 1 ri ti 2.....................................64
XY DNG H THNG CALLCENTER TRN NN ASTERISK..............67
5.1.

Gii thiu.....................................................................................................67

S bng n ca Internet, vic ng dng ngy cng rng ri ca thng mi in t


v cc ng dng a phng tin (multimedia) lm cho nhu cu v trao i
thng tin mt cch trong sut (transparent) gia khch hng vi cc c s d
liu (Database) ngy cng tng...................................................................67
Call center l khi nim ch dch v/trung tm chm sc khch hng (CSKH) qua
in thoi, websites ang ha hn tr thnh mt lnh vc hot ng kinh
doanh y tim nng ti Vit Nam, trong bi cnh hi nhp vi th gii...67
H thng Call Center la im tip nhn moi thng tin, yu cu t phia khach hang
di moi hinh thc: thoai, e-mail, SMS, web, fax... va khng phu thuc vao
vi tri xut phat cua ngun thng tin phuc vu cng tac CSKH, tip nhn
yu cu, giai quyt khiu nai... V d nh mt khch hng mun truy cp vo
ti khon ngn hng ca mnh h s c h thng Call Center kt ni trc
tip ti c s d liu (CSDL) ca ngn hng . Sau khch hng s tng
tc trc tip vi CSDL thc hin cc yu cu ca mnh........................67
5.2.

Mc ch Yu cu .......................................................................................67

Trong n ny s tp trung xy dng mt h thng Callcenter vi 3 chc nng


chnh. Khi khch hng gi ti tng i 1900 s c nghe li cho v hng
dn bm phm. ...........................................................................................67
Bm phm 1 ........................................................................................................67
Cho php khch hng tra cu thng tin kt qu x s mt ngy bt k, ngy thng
nm c nhp t bn phm c dng xxyyzzz. Trong xx l ngy, yy l
thng v zzzz l nm. Nu khch hng nhp sai ngy thng nm s c
thng bo v yu cu nhp li.Ngy thng nm c coi l sai khi khch
hng nhp vo chui s c cha k t *,# hoc l mt ngy thng khng c
kt qu trong database. Kt qu tr li hon ton l m thanh thoi. .........67
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Bm phm 2.........................................................................................................67
S dng dch v qu tng m nhc, cho php khch hng c th gi tng mt bn
nhc ti nhng ngi thn ca mnh cng vi li nhn ca chnh ngi gi,
thi im gi s do ngi gi quyt nh.khch hng s c hng dn
nhp m qu tng,s in thoi ngi nhn v thi gian gi qu tng, nu
khch hng nhp sai s c thng bo v yu cu nhp li.M qu tng s l
mt chui s c 4 ch s, b coi l khng ng khi chui s cha k t *,#
hoc l khng tn ti qu tng ny.S in thoi s l mt chui s khch
hng nhp ty cho ti khi nhn phm #. Khch hng s c nghe li s
in thoi va nhp v li hng dn nhn phm # i n bc tip theo,
nhn phm bt k nhp li s in thoi.Thi gian gi qu tng s l mt
chui s c dng xxyyzztt, trong xx l pht, yy l gi, zz l ngy v tt l
thng gi qu tng. Thi gian c coi l khng ng khi chui s khch
hng nhp vo cha k t *, # hoc l mt thi im trong qu kh so vi
thi gian hin ti ca h thng. Cui cng khch hng s ghi m li li nhn
ca chnh mnh gi ti ngi nhn. Sau l li cm n v kt thc qu
trnh gi qu tng.......................................................................................68
Bm phm 0.........................................................................................................68
Cho php kt ni trc tip khch hng vi nhn vin t vn chm sc khch hng.
...................................................................................................................68
H thng xy dng p ng c cc chc nng ra, gii quyt ti a cc yu
cu gi n v m bo cht lng m thanh thoi....................................68
5.3.

Phn tch thit k.........................................................................................68

5.3.1. Kch bn cho h thng...............................................................................68


72
73
74
Quy trnh gp nhn vin t vn...........................................................................75
5.3.1. Biu phn r chc nng........................................................................75
75
5.3.2. Biu ng cnh.......................................................................................75
76
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5.3.1. Biu lung d liu mc nh................................................................77


78
5.3.1. C s d liu.............................................................................................79
C s d liu phc v cho h thng cng kh n gin......................................79
79
79
Trong bng KQXS dng lu kt qu x s, trng date dng d lu ngy
thng nm, trng ketqua dng lu kt qu ca ngy thng nm .
Trng ketqua s c dng:.........................................................................79
5.4.

Trin khai h thng......................................................................................80

5.4.1. M hnh h thng......................................................................................80


80
Trong h thng thc t trin khai trong n gm c:........................................81
1 Server Linux (CentOS 5) trn ci t phn mm Asterisk version 1.6.0.....81
1 Server ci Microsoft SQL Server 2005............................................................81
2 Softphone (X-lite)............................................................................................81
Cu hnh ngh i vi PC ci t server Asterisk:..........................................81
CPU P4 2.4 Ghz..................................................................................................81
RAM 512............................................................................................................81
HDD 40G............................................................................................................81
5.4.1. Ci t cc gi phn mm.........................................................................81
H iu Hnh CENTOS 5.2...............................................................................81
S dng a ci t CentOS version 5.2 v ci t mc nh cc gi ca h thng.
Sau khi ci xong th cn ci thm cc gi nh sau c th ci v chy c
phn mm Asterisk:....................................................................................81
Phn mm h tr lp trnh giao tip vi Asterisk............................................82
5.4.2. Cu hnh h thng Asterisk.......................................................................82
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Cu hnh cc file .conf nh sau:..........................................................................82


Musiconhold.conf................................................................................................85
random=yes.........................................................................................................85
Agent.conf...........................................................................................................85
agent=>2222,2222,hungbd..................................................................................85
Queue.conf..........................................................................................................85
86
5.4.1. Lp trnh cho h thng...............................................................................87
Gii thiu AGI....................................................................................................87
Asterisk Gateway Interface ( AGI ) l mt chun giao tip vi Asterisk . AGI cho
php Astersik gi thc thi mt chng trnh ngoi m rng nhiu chc
nng ca Astersik nh iu khin cc knh thoi , pht m thanh , c s
DTMF , lin kt vi c s d liu . Cc chng trnh ngoi c gi l
AGI Script , ta c th lp trnh ra cc AGI Script bng nhiu ngn ng lp
trnh khc nhau nh Perl, PHP, C, C#, Java...............................................87
Cc file code........................................................................................................88
Cc Script c vit bng ngn ng PHP, s dng th vin PHPAGI giao tip
vi Asterisk................................................................................................88
Khi gi n s 1900, h thng s a ngi gi n mainmenu, l ng cnh
chnh, y ngi gi s c nghe mt li cho mng cng li hng dn
bm phm. H thng s ch ngi dng bm phm trong vng 30 giy, nu
ngi dng khng bm phm trong khong thi gian th h thng s pht
ra li cm n v kt thc cuc gi, cn ngc li nu ngi dng bm phm
1 s c a n ng cnh [kqxs] tra cu thng tin v kt qu x s,
phm 2 s c a n ng cnh [qtan ] gi qu tng m nhc, phm 0 s
c a n ng cnh [nvtv] gp nhn vin t vn. Cn phm bt k
khng phi 3 phm trn s c a n ng cnh [saimenu], y ngi
gi s c nghe thng bo khng tn ti menu va nhp, sau c a
tr li menu [mainmenu] vi priority l 2 tip tc nhp phm khc.......88
File ketquaxoso.php............................................................................................88
5.5.

Kt qu thc nghim...................................................................................94

Vo ch dng lnh ca Asterisk t terminal ca Linux..................................94


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94
94
95
95
96
5.6.

nh gi h thng.......................................................................................96

5.7.

Hng pht trin .........................................................................................97

Hot ng vi mng PSTN.................................................................................97


Xy dng thm cc dch v mi nh tra cu thng tin chng khon,T gi la,
d bo thi tit.......................................................................................97
DANH MC HNH V
Hnh 1 : Cu trc mng VoIP.......................................................................13
Hnh 2 Mt s chun m ha tn hiu....................................................................16
Hnh 3 Gi RTP....................................................................................................17
Hnh 4 Cu trc gi tin RTP .............................................................................18
Hnh 5 Cu trc gi tin RTCP..............................................................................20
Hnh 6: Cc thnh phn mng H323.................................................................22
Hnh 7: Tp giao thc H323..........................................................................24
Hnh 8 Qu trnh thit lp cuc gi trong H323.........................................27
Hnh 9 :Cc thnh phn h thng SIP....................................................................29
Hnh 10 Mt s trng header n gin................................................................31
Hnh 11 : Hot ng ca Proxy server .................................................................32
Hnh 12 : Hot ng ca Redirect Server c trnh by nh hnh ......................33
Hnh 13 Qu trnh thit lp v hy mt phin kt ni ca SIP................35
Hnh 14 : Topo mng NGN ......................................................................39
Hnh 15 : Cu trc mng v bo hiu PSTN........................................................40
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Hnh 16 So snh chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch mm..................................43


Hnh 17 : Kin trc NGN

..................................44

Hnh 18 : M hnh mng NGN

...................................47

Hnh 19 : S tng quan Asterisk ....................................................................49


Hnh 20 : Kin trc Asterisk..................................................................................50
Hnh 21 : IP PBX ...............................................................................................54
Hnh 22 : Kt ni IP PBX vi PBX.......................................................................55
Hnh 23 : Kt ni gia cc Server Asterisk ...................................................55
Hnh 24 : Trin khai server IVR, VoiceMail, Hi Thoi .............................56
Hnh 25 : Phn phi cuc gi hng i................................................................57
Hnh 26 Cu trc cy th mc...............................................................................58
Hnh 27 Kch bn Menu chnh ca h thng...................................................69
Hnh 28 Quy trnh tra cu kt qu x s...............................................................71
Hnh 29 Quy trnh gi qu tng m nhc..............................................................74
Hnh 30 Gp nhn vin t vn...............................................................................75
Hnh 31 Biu phn cp chc nng...............................................................75
Hnh 32 Biu ng nh...............................................................................76
Hnh 33 Biu lung d liu mc nh..............................................................78
Hnh 34 C s d liu...........................................................................................79
Hnh 35 M hnh logic h thng............................................................................80
Hnh 36 Cu hnh Softphone.................................................................................86
Hnh 37 Mn hnh Asterisk CLI.......................................................................94
Hnh 38 Softphone ng k vo h thng.............................................................94
Hnh 39 Gi ti 1900.............................................................................................95
Hnh 40 Ngi gi chn tra cu kt qu x s......................................................95
Hnh 41 Ngi gi chn Gi qu tng m nhc...................................................96
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LI M U
S pht trin ca mng Internet l mt bc ngot ln mang m tnh lch s
trong lnh vc cng ngh thng tin. N c nhng tc ng to ln v tch cc khng
ch ring trongl lnh vc cng ngh thng tin m cn c trong mi lnh vc ca i
sng x hi. N lm thay i t duy, kh nng nhn thc, tng cng m rng kh
nng hiu bit v th gii quan, thc y x hi pht trin mt cch nhanh chng.
S bng n ca Internet khng ch l s gia tng s lng cc nh khai thc dch v,
s ngi tham gia m cn gia tng v s lng dch v v cht lng dch v. Nu
trc y chng ta bit n Internet nh l mt ngun tm kim thng tin, gii tr
th ngy nay, Internet cn a thm rt nhiu dch v mi v a phn nhng dch v
ny rt gn gi thn thit vi con ngi nh dch v th in t, dch v a phng
tin, dch v thng mi in tV gn y nht l dch v in thoi Internet
(VoIP).
Bt u t nm 1994, truyn thng Internet bt u c th nghim v
pht trin mnh m t nm 1995. Hin nay truyn thng qua mng Internet pht
trin rt mng v vi rt nhiu ng dng nh in thoi, th thoi, fax, hi ngh
video, chia s ti liu
in thoi IP s l mt xu th khng th trnh khi, s dn dn thay th in
thoi truyn thng. Vic tm hiu v xy dng cc ng dng da trn cng ngh
VoIP l iu cn thit v s mang li nhng li ch to ln.

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V nhng l do trn m em i n thc hin n tt nghip ca mnh vi


ti : Tm hiu cng ngh VoIP v xy dng h thng Callcenter trn nn
Asterisk .

LI CM N
c th hon thnh n tt nghip ca mnh, Em xin gi li cm n
chn thnh nht ti tp th cc thy gio, c gio trng i hc Bch Khoa H
Ni ni chung, khoa Cng ngh thng tin, b mn truyn thng v mng ni ring,
o to cho em nhng kin thc, nhng kinh nghim qy bu trong sut thi
gian hc tp v rn luyn.
Em xin gi li cm n ti Thy Gio H S Bng- Ging vin b mn Truyn
thng v Mng, khoa Cng ngh thng tin, trng i hc Bch Khoa H Ni
tn tnh hng dn, cho em nhng nhn xt gp qu bu trong qu trnh lm
n tt nghip.
Tuy nhin, do thi gian v trnh c hn nn n ny chc chn khng
trnh khi nhng thiu st, em rt mong c s ng gp kin ca cc thy, cc
c v ton th cc bn . em xin chn thnh cm n.

H Ni ngy 25 thng 05 nm 2009


Sinh vin: L Hng Trng

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CHNG 1
TNG QUAN V VOIP
1.1. Gii thiu
VoIP ( Voice Over IP ) l cng ngh cho php truyn thng tin thoi t ni
ny sang ni khc thng qua cc mng s dng giao thc IP ( Internet Protocol )
truyn ti thng tin. VoIP cng thng c bit n di mt s tn khc nh :
in thoi Internet, in thoi IP, in thoi di rng ( Broadband Telephony ) vv
in thoi thng thng, tn hiu thoi c ly mu vi tn s 8 KHz sau
lng t ha 8 bit/mu v c truyn vi tc 64 KHz n mng chuyn
mch ri truyn ti ch. pha thu, tn hiu ny s c gii m thnh tn hiu ban
u.
Cng ngh VoIP cng khng hon ton khc vi in thoi thng thng.
u tin , tn hiu thoi cng c s ha , nhng sau thay v truyn trn mng
PSTN qua cc trng chuyn mch , tn hiu thoi c nn xung tc thp ri
ng gi , truyn qua mng IP . Ti bn thu, cc lung thoi s c gii nn thnh
cc lung PCM 64 ri truyn ti thu bao b gi.

1.2. Cu trc mng VoIP


Trn hnh 1 l cu hnh c bn ca mt mng VoIP. Ta thy mng gm hai
thnh phn chnh l mng chuyn mch knh v mng chuyn mch gi. Mng
chuyn mch knh chnh l mng in thoi thng thng m ta vn s dng. Cn
mng chuyn mch gi l mt mng IP, trong Internet l mng IP m ta vn
quen thuc.

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Mng VoIP phi c kh nng thc hin cc chc nng m mng in thoi
cng cng thc hin, ngoi ra phi thc hin chc nng ca mt gateway gia mng
IP v mng in thoi cng cng. Thnh phn ca mng in thoi IP c th gm
cc phn t sau y:

Hnh 1 : Cu trc mng VoIP


Thit b u cui kt ni vi mng IP ( Terminal) : C th l mt phn mm
my tnh ( softphone) hoc mt in thoi IP (hardphone).
Mng truy nhp IP: L cc loi mng d liu s dng giao thc TCP/IP, ph
bin nht l mng Internet.
Gateway: L thit b c chc nng kt ni hai mng khng ging nhau, hu
ht cc trng hp l mng IP v mng PSTN. C 3 loi gateway l:
Gateway truyn ti knh thoi, Gateway iu khin truyn ti knh thoi v
Gateway bo hiu.
Gatekeeper: C th xem gatekeeper nh l b no ca h thng mng in
thoi IP. N cung cp chc nng qun l cuc gi mt cch tp trung v mt
s cc dch v quan trng khc nh l: nhn dng cc u cui v gateway,
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qun l bng thng, chuyn i a ch (t a ch IP sang a ch E.164 v


ngc li), ng k hay tnh cc...Mi gatekeeper s qun l mt vng bao
gm cc u cui ng k, nhng cng c th nhiu gatekeeper cng qun
l mt vng trong trng hp mt vng c nhiu gatekeeper.
Ta cng thy rng c th c 3 ng cnh cuc gi:
Phone to Phone: gi gia 2 my in thoi. Nu 2 my cng thuc mt tng
i th khng cn thng qua mng IP. Nu 2 my nm cc mng cc nhau
th phi s dng cc gateway chuyn tip vo mng IP.
PC to Phone: gi gia PC v Phone. Cn c t nht mt gateway chuyn tip.
PC to PC: gi gia PC v PC. Trong ng cnh ny th cuc gi hon ton
nm trong mng IP, khng cn s dng gateway.

1.3. c im dch v VoIP


S pht trin ca dch v VoIP em li rt nhiu li ch. Di y l mt
s u im ca n:
Dch v gi in ng di gi r vi chi ph chp nhn c, ch tng
ng vi chi ph truy nhp Internet.

Cc k thut nn gim tc bit t 64kps (knh thoi thng) xung di


8kps (theo tiu chun nn thoi G.729A ca ITU-T). Nh vy, kh nng s
dng knh s cao hn. Cc b vi x l ca my tnh c tc x l nhanh.
iu ny lm tr ca cuc gi gim xung, cht lng cuc gi tng ln.

Tch hp mng thoi, mng s liu v mng bo hiu. Vi mng in thoi


thng thng th knh bo hiu l hon ton tch bit vi knh thoi. Vi
mng VoIP th ch c mt knh duy nht, nh vy c th tit kim c c
s h tng.
D dng m rng h thng.
Mng VoIP khng cn thng tin iu khin thit lp knh truyn vt l :
vic iu khin cuc gi trong mng IP ch cn tp trung vo chc nng cuc
gi m khng phi tp trung vo chc nng thit lp knh.

Mng VoIP qun l bng thng tt, linh hot.

Nhiu tnh nng dch v mi.

Kh nng Multimedia : trong mt cuc gi, ngi dng c th va ni


chuyn va s dng cc dch v khc nh truyn file, chia s d liu, hay
xem hnh nh ca ngi ni chuyn.
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Nhng mng VoIP cng c nhng nhc im sau y :

K thut phc tp : truyn tn hiu theo thi gian thc trn mng IP l rt kh
thc hin do mt gi trong mng l kh trnh v tr . Cht lng dch v
cha cao.

Vn bo mt : mng Internet c tnh ton cu v hn hp nn vic bo v


cc thng tin lin qua nh s lin lc truy nhp s dng dch v... l rt quan
trng.

1.4. Cht lng dch v trong mng VoIP


Mng truyn tn hiu thoi c i hi kht khe v cht lng dch v m
bo cuc gi c cht lng cht nhn c. Di y l cc c im v cht lng
dch v (QoS) ca mng VoIP:
Delay/ Latency : tr. y l khong thi gian tnh t lc ting ni c
pht ra n khi ngi nhn nghe thy. Hi thoi i hi tnh cht thi gian
thc nn cn thit phi gim tr xung thp nht. C th phn loi tr
thnh cc loi sau:
Propagation delay : tr truyn do tc truyn m trong cp. Loi tr ny
hu nh khng trnh khi.
Handling delay/processing delay : tr x l, do cc thit b x l gi tin. Tr
ny c th gim bng vic s dng cc thit b phn cng tt cng nh thut
ton x l ti u.
Serialization delay : tr tun t ha khi d liu c a ra thit b vt l.
Loi tr ny c nh hng t, chim vai tr nh hoc hu nh khng ng k.
Queuing delay : tr hng i xy ra khi nhiu gi tin n cng lc ti mt nt
mng. Tr ny do cu hnh mng khng p ng nhu cu phc v nhiu
ngi dng hoc ci t khng tt dn ti vic x l gi tin ti nt mng
khng tt.
Jitter : l hin tng cc gi tin khng n ni trong nhng khong thi gian
u nhau. Hin tng ny lm cho cuc hi thoi b git. y l mt c
im ca mng IP khi m cc gi tin c th i theo cc ng khc nhau n
ch. loi b hin tng ny cn phi c cc thut ton ng b gi tin
ni pht v ni thu.

M ha ng truyn Pulse Code Modulation (PCM): thut ton m ha


ng truyn ca mng VoIP cng tng t nh mng chuyn mch knh.
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PCM l thut ton c tn s ly mu l 8Khz (125ms/mu). Ngoi ra n c


th s dng ADPCM : adaptive differential PCM(chun G.726 ITU-T), vi 4
bit mu, tc 32kps. Cc thut ton ny khc nhau tn s ly mu v s
bit mu, do cht lng cuc gi cng khc nhau.

Cc chun m ha tn hiu c s dng trong VoIP c rt nhiu, trong


c th k ti G.711, G.726, G.728, G.729, G.232.1. Bng di y th hin
cht lng cm nhn (MOS) i vi mi loi thut ton m ha tn hiu.

Hnh 2 Mt s chun m ha tn hiu


Echo : ting vng. y l hin tng m thanh pht qua b quay tr li ng
ni pht lm cho ngi ni lun nghe li c ting do mnh pht ra. L do
l cc gi tin i qua cc mng c cu hnh khc nhau v khng n c
ch, quay li im pht. xa ting vng th thit b m ngi ni dng
(c th l router) s lu gi nh ngc ca on hi thoi trong mt khong
thi gian no (inverse speech). B loi b ting vng (echo canceller)
ny s lng nghe m thanh p li v loi b thnh phn vng bng khng.
Mt gi tin l hin tng d xy ra trong mng VoIP Packet loss. Chun
G729 xut mt k thut gim s nh hng ti cht lng cuc gi l
concealment strategy: khi mt gi tin b mt trn ng truyn th gi tin
cui cng nhn c s c pht li b vo ch trng. V khong thi gian
gia cc packet ch l khong 20ms nn ngi nghe s khng c cm nhn r
rng. Nu nhiu packet mt th vic ny ch thc hin1 ln v i packet
khc ti.
Kh nng kim sot hot ng hi thoi. Trong hi thoi th thng thng,
mt ngi ni mt ngi nghe th lng ph bng thng ti thiu l 50% do
mt knh truyn c nh c thit lp dnh cho cuc gi. S dng VoIP c
th tinh chnh bng thng lng ph ny dng cho mc ch khc nu chc
nng VAD (Voice Activity Detection) c bt. Khi mng bn th bng
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thng dnh cho cuc hi thoi s c gim i, ngc li khi mng ri th


bng thng cng s tng ln, nh m tng cht lng cuc gi.
Hi thoi i hi phi c cc b chuyn i S - Tng t. Khi chuyn i
analog-digital v ngc li th cht lng m thanh gim ng k. Do
cng t b chuyn i D/A trong mng cng tt. VoIP s dng PCM codec
(G.711) tng t cc mng in thoi c in.
Tandem Encoding l hin tng gi tin c m ha v gii m nhiu ln
xc nh ni nhn trc khi n ch lm gim cht lng hi thoi. loi
b hin tng ny cn thit lp cc dial plan (kch bn cuc gi) mt cch
hp l. Cc kch bn ny l cc file dng iu khin cuc gi cc
gateway controller.
V giao thc truyn tin, VoIP s dng b giao thc RTP/ UDP/ IP. Tng
giao vn s dng giao thc UDP m bo gi tin c truyn lin tc.
Tnh cht thi gian thc c m bo nh giao thc RTP (Real-time
Transport Protocol). Gi tin RTP cha cc trng nh nhn thi gian v s
th t gi m bo s ng b thi gian gia cc gi tin.

Hnh 3 Gi RTP
i km vi RTP l giao thc iu khin thi gian thc RTCP. Giao thc ny
c dng cho cc ng dng thi gian thc nh media on demand, cc dch
v tng tc. Nhc im ca chm giao thc ny l header tng cng
40bytes, (RTP + IP + UDP) gp 2 ln so vi header trong chun G.729. Tuy
nhin n c th c nn s dng CRTP compress RTP, c th gim c
lu lng cuc gi VoIP t 24kps xung di 11.2kps. Giao thc UDP cng
c th c m rng thnh RUDP (Reliable UDP) thm tnh tin cy cho
UDP bng cch gi cng mt gi tin nhiu ln v im nhn s loi b cc
gi tin khng cn thit.

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1.5. Cc giao thc truyn thng thi gian thc


1.5.1. Giao thc RTP
RTP c coi nh mt giao th truyn t u cui n u cui (end to end)
phc v truyn d liu thi gian thc nh audio v video. RTP thc hin vic qun
l v thi gian truyn d liu v nhn dng d liu c truyn. Nhng RTP khng
cung cp bt c mt c ch no m bo thi gian truyn v cng khng cung cp
bt c mt c ch no gim st cht lng dch v. S gim st v m bo v thi
gian truyn dn cng nh cht lng dch v c thc hin nh hai giao thc
RTCP v RSVP.
Tng t nh cc giao th truyn dn khc, gi tin RTP (RTP packet) bao
gm hai phn l header (phn mo u) v data (d liu). Nhng khng ging nh
cc giao thc truyn dn khc l s dng cc trng trong header thc hin cc
chc nng iu khin, RTP s dng mt c ch iu khin c lp trong nh dng
ca gi tin RTCP thc hin cc chc nng ny.
Cu trc gi tin RTP

Hnh 4 Cu trc gi tin RTP


Version (2 bit): version ca RTP (hin ti l version 2).
Padding (1 bit): c vai tr nh bit c c s dng nh du khi c mt
s byte c chn vo trong gi.
Extension (1 bit): cng c vai tr nh mt bit c c s dng nh du
khi c header m rng tip theo header c nh.
CSRC count (4 bit): ch r s lng ca CSRC (contributing source)
Marker (1 bit): c vai tr nh mt bit c, trng thi ca n c ph thuc
vo trng payload type.
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Payload Type (7 bit): ch r loi thng tin c cha trong cc gi.Serquence


Number (16 bit): cung cp s th t ca cc gi. Cch ny nh mt c ch
gip bn thu c th thu ng th t cc gi tin, nhn ra gi tin b mt.
Time-stamp (32 bit): l tham s nh du thi im byte u tin c ly
mu trong gi RTP. Gi tr time-stamp khi u l ngu nhin, cc gi RTP
pht i lin tip c th c cng gi tr time-stemp nu chng cng c pht
i mt lc.
Syschronisation source (SSRC) identifier: s nhn dng ngun ca gi d
liu. Nu ng dng mun truyn d liu c nhiu dng khc nhau trong cng
mt thi im (v d l tn hiu audio v video) th s c nhng phin truyn
ring cho mi dng d liu. Sau ng dng s tp hp cc gi tin c cng
nhn dng SSRC. S nhn dng ny c gn mt cch ngu nhin.
Contribute source (CSRC) identifer ( di thay i): ti mt im ch no
m nhng tn hiu audio n ch cn trn li vi nhau th gi tr CSRC s
l tp hp tt c cc gi tr SSRC ca cc ngun m gi tn hiu n im
ch . Trng CSRC c th cha ti a l 15 s nhn dng ngun SSRC.
Extension header ( di thay i): cha cc thng tin thm ca gi RTP.

1.5.2. Giao thc RTCP


Mc d RTP l mt giao thc c lp nhng thng c h tr bi giao
thc RTCP. RTCP tr v ngun cc thng tin v s truyn thng v cc thnh phn
ch. Giao thc iu khin ny cho php gi v cc thng s v bn thu v t thch
nghi vi bn pht cho ph hp vi bn pht. Mi ngi tham gia mt phin truyn
RTP phi gi nh k cc gi RTCP ti tt c nhng ngi khc cng tham gia
phin truyn. Tu theo mc ch m RTCP thc hin 4 chc nng:
RTCP cung cp mt s phn hi cht lng ca d liu. Cc thng tin
gip cho ng dng thc hin chc nng iu khin lung v qun l tc
nghn.
RTCP cung cp s nhn dng m c s dng tp hp cc kiu d liu
khc nhau (v d audio v video). iu ny l cn thit v kh nng ny
khng c RTP cung cp.
Nh vic nh k gi cc gi tin RTCP m mi phin truyn c th theo di
c s ngi tham gia. RTP khng th s dng c cho mc ch ny khi
mt ai khng gi d liu m ch nhn t nhng ngi khc.
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Cui cng l mt chc nng la chn cho php c thm thng tin v nhng
ngi tham gia vo phin truyn.
Tu thuc vo giao thc RTP c s dng cho loi d liu no m RTCP
cung cp cc thng bo iu khin khc nhau. C 4 loi thng bo iu khin chnh
c giao thc RTCP cung cp l:
Sender report (SR): thng bo ny cha cc thng tin thng k lin quan n
kt qu truyn nh t l tn hao, s gi d liu b mt, khong tr. Cc thng
bo ny pht ra t pha pht trong mt phin truyn thng.
Receiver report (RR): thng bo ny cha cc thng tin thng k lin quan
n kt qu nhn gia cc im cui. Cc thng bo ny c pht ra t pha
thu trong mt phin truyn thng.
Source description (SDES): thng bo bao gm cc thng s m t ngun
nh tn, v tr,...
Application (APP): thng bo cho php truyn cc d liu ng dng.
Cu trc gi tin RTCP

Hnh 5 Cu trc gi tin RTCP


Version (2 bit): version RTP hin ti (version 2).
Padding (1 bit): c chc nng nh mt bit c ch r xem trong gi c cc
byte c chn thm hay khng.
Report counter (5 bit): s thng bo cha trong gi.
Packet type (8 bit): xc nh loi thng bo ca gi (SR hoc RR hoc APP).
Length (16 bit) : Ch r di ca gi tin.
Report ( di thay i): cha cc thng bo chi tit.

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CHNG 2
CC GIAO THC BO HIU
2.1. Giao thc H323
2.1.1. Gii thiu
Khi cp n thoi IP, tiu chun quc t thng c cp n l
H.323. Giao thc H.323 l chun do ITU-T SG16 pht trin cho php truyn thng
a phng tin qua cc h thng da trn mng chuyn mch gi, v d nh
Internet. N c ITU-T ban hnh ln u tin vo nm 1996 v gn y nht l
nm 1998. H.323 l chun ring cho cc thnh phn mng, cc giao thc v cc th
tc cung cp dch v thng tin multimedia nh: audio thi gian thc, video v thng
tin d liu qua cc mng chuyn mch gi, bao gm cc mng da trn giao thc
IP. Tp giao thc H.323 c thit k hot ng trn tng vn chuyn ca cc
mng c s. Tuy nhin, khuyn ngh H.323 rt chung chung nn t c coi l tiu
chun c th. Trong thc t, hon ton c th thit k mt h thng thoi tun th
H.323 m khng cn n IP. Khuyn ngh ny ch a ra yu cu v giao din
mng gi ti thit b u cui. Ban u, H.323 d nh dnh cho X.25, FrameRelay
sau l ATM, nhng gi y li l TCP/IP, trong khi c rt t H.323 c vn
hnh trn mng X.25 v ATM.

2.1.2. Cc thnh phn c bn ca h thng H323


Cc thit b u cui (Terminal).
Cng kt ni (Gateway).
Thit b iu khin cng kt ni (Gatekeeper).
Khi iu khin a im MCU (Mutilpoint Control Units).

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Hnh 6: Cc thnh phn mng H323


Sau y chng ta s tm hiu k hn v thnh phn ca mng H323.
Terminal
Dng trong lin lc a truyn thng song hng thi gian thc , mt thit b
u cui H323 c th l mt my tnh PC, camera, in thoi IP hay mt thit b
n l chy cc ng dng H323. N l thit b trc tip tham gia kt ni cung
cp dch v nh: audio, video, data hoc fax.
Mt thit b u cui s c ba giao tip c bn l: giao tip vi mn hnh
hin th hnh nh hi ngh, giao tip Camera v giao tip m thanh vi Microphone.
Bn cnh cn c giao tip d liu vi h thng mng lm vic trao i v
truyn d liu.
Cc tnh nng ca u cui H.323 nh:

H.245: iu khin sp xp s dng knh truyn .

Q.931 : bo hiu v thit lp cuc gi.


RAS: giao thc lin lc vi gatekeeper.
RTP/RTCP: sp xp cc gi m thanh v hnh nh.
Ngoi ra, H.323 cn c cc tnh nng khc nh m ho/ gii m tn hiu m
thanh v hnh nh, giao thc cho cc ng dng s liu (T.120), hi ngh a
im...

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Gateway
Gateway l im kt cui tu chn trong mng H.323. Gateway thc hin
u ni cho cc cuc gi qua cc mng khc nhau.
Mt ng dng ca GW H323 l trong in thoi IP, ni m GW H323 kt
ni vi mt mng IP v mng chuyn mch knh SCN ( ISDN , PSTN ).
Gatekeeper
Trong h thng H323 , GK cng c th tu chn . Cc dch v ca GK c
xc nh nh RAS v bao gm dch a ch : iu khin chp nhn u vo , iu
khin bng thng v qun l vng. Mng H323 khng c GK s khng c cc kh
nng ny , nhng mng H323 c GW IP telephony cng nn c mt GK dch a
ch in thoi E164 n sang a ch truyn ti . GK l b phn logic ca H323
nhng c th c thc hin chc nng ca GW hay MCU .
Cc chc nng ca GK c chia thnh: cc chc nng bt buc v cc chc
nng ty chn.
Cc chc nng bt buc ca GateKeeper:
Dch a ch: Gatekeeper s thc hin chuyn i a ch hnh thc (dng tn
gi hay a ch hp th) ca mt u cui hay Gateway sang a ch truyn
dn (a ch IP). Vic chuyn i c thc hin bng cch s dng bn i
chiu a ch c cp nht thng xuyn bi cc bn tin ng k.

iu khin chp nhn u vo: Gatekeeper cho php mt truy cp mng


LAN bng cch s dng cc bn tin H.225 l ARQ/ACF/ARJ. Vic iu
khin ny da trn s cho php cuc gi, bng thng, hoc mt vi thng s
khc do nh sn xut quy nh. N c th l chc nng rng c ngha l chp
nhn mi yu cu truy nhp ca u cui.

iu khin bng thng: Gatekeeper h tr cc bn tin BRQ/BRJ/BCF cho


vic qun l bng thng. N c th l chc nng rng ngha l chp nhn mi
yu cu thay i bng thng.

Qun l vng: y ch vng l tp hp tt c cc phn t H.323 gm thit


b u cui, Gateway, MCU c ng k hot ng vi Gatekeeper thc
hin lin lc gia cc phn t trong vng hay t vng ny sang vng khc.

Cc chc nng tu chn ca gatekeeper

Tn hiu iu khin gi.


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Cng ngh VoIP v Asterisk

Cp php cuc gi.

Qun l cuc gi.

L Hng Trng TTM-K49

MCU
Khi iu khin a im l im cui (endpoint) h tr hi ngh ba thnh vin hoc
nhiu hn. MCU in hnh bao gm b iu khin a im (MC) v mt hoc nhiu
b x l a im (MP).

B iu khin a im (MC):MC l b phn khng th thiu trong MCU. N


c th iu khin hi ngh im - im,sau pht trin thnh hi ngh a
im. MC thit lp cc giao thc chung cho tt c cc u cui mun tham
gia vo hi ngh v quyt nh hi ngh theo kiu Multicast hay Unicast .v.v.
MC khng trc tip x l cc chui m thanh, hnh nh hoc s liu trong
hi ngh a im.

B x l a im (MP):MP l phn t tu chn trong MCU. N thc hin


trn, chuyn mch cc chui tn hiu m thanh, hnh nh hoc d liu do MC
iu khin. Tu thuc vo loi hi ngh m MP c th x l mt hay nhiu
chui tn hiu ny.

2.1.3. Tp giao thc H323

Hnh 7: Tp giao thc H323


Bo hiu RAS

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Cung cp cc th tc iu khin tin cuc gi trong mng H.323 c GK.


Knh bo hiu RAS c thit lp gia cc u cui v cc GK trc cc knh
khc. N c lp vi knh bo hiu cuc gi v knh iu khin H.245. Cc bn tin
RAS c truyn qua mng thng qua kt ni UDP, thc hin vic ng k, cho
php, thay i bng thng, trng thi v cc th tc hu b cuc gi. Bo hiu RAS
gm nhng qu trnh sau:
Tm GateKeeper.
ng k : ng k l mt qu trnh cho php GW, cc u cui v MCU
tham gia vo mt vng v bo cho GK bit a ch truyn vn v a ch b
danh ca n.
nh v u cui.
Cho php, thay i bng thng, trng thi v hu quan h.
Bo hiu iu khin cuc gi H.225
Trong mng H.323, th tc bo hiu cuc gi c da trn khuyn ngh
H.225 ca ITU. Khuyn ngh ny ch r cch s dng v tr gip ca cc bn tin
bo hiu Q.931. Sau khi khi to thit lp cuc gi. Cc bn tin iu khin cuc gi
v cc bn tin gi cho knh bo hiu cuc gi tn ti (keepalive) c chuyn ti
cc cng.
Cc bn tin Q.931 thng c s dng trong mng H.323:
Setup: c gi t thc th ch gi thit lp kt ni ti thc th H.323 b
gi.
Call Proceeding: ch th rng th tc thit lp cuc gi c khi to.
Alerting: ch th rng chung bn ch bt u rung.
Connect: thng bo rng bn b gi tr li cuc gi.
Release Complete: ch th rng cuc gi ang b gii phng.
Facility: y l mt bn tin Q.932 dng yu cu hoc phc p cc dch
v b sung. N cng c dng cnh bo rng mt cuc gi s c nh
tuyn trc tip hay thng qua GK.
Giao thc H.245
H245 x l cc bn tin iu khin t u cui n u cui gia cc thc th
H.323. Cc th tc H.245 thit lp cc knh logic cho vic truyn tn hiu m thanh,
hnh nh, d liu v thng tin knh iu khin. Bo hiu H.245 c thit lp gia 2
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u cui, mt u cui vi mt MC hoc mt u cui vi GK. u cui ch thit


lp duy nht mt knh iu khin H.245 cho mi cuc gi m n tham gia. Mt u
cui, MCU, GK c th h tr nhiu cuc gi cng mt lc do vy c nhiu knh
iu khin H.245 tng ng. Khuyn ngh H.245 nh ngha mt s thc th giao
thc c lp tr gip cho bo hiu t u cui n u cui nh sau:
Trao i kh nng.
Quyt nh ch - t.
Tr vng (Round Trip delay).
Bo hiu knh logic (Logical channel signaling).
Cc th tc kt ni nhanh.
H245 ngm (Tuneling H.245).

2.1.1. Qu trnh thit lp cuc gi H323


Mt cuc gi tri qua cc bc nh sau :
Thit lp cuc gi.
Khi to truyn thng v trao i kh nng.
Thit lp knh truyn thng nghe nhn.
Dch v cuc gi.
Kt thc cuc gi.

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Hnh 8 Qu trnh thit lp cuc gi trong H323

2.2. Giao thc khi to phin SIP


2.2.1. Gii thiu
SIP (Session Initiation Protcol ) l giao thc bo hiu iu khin lp ng
dng c dng thit lp, duy tr, kt thc cc phin truyn thng a phng tin
(multimedia). Cc phin multimedia bao gm thoi Internet, hi ngh, v cc ng
dng tng t c lin quan n cc phng tin truyn t (media) nh m thanh,
hnh nh, v d liu.
SIP l mt cng c h tr hp dn i vi in thoi IP v cc l do sau :

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N c th hot ng v trng thi hoc c trng thi. V vy, s hot ng v


trng thi cung cp s m rng tt do cc server khng phi duy tr thng tin
v trng thi cuc gi mt khi s thc hin (transaction) c x l.
N c th s dng nhiu dng hoc c php giao thc chuyn siu vn bn
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), v vy, n cung cp mt cch thun li
hot ng trn cc trnh duyt.
Bn tin SIP (ni dung bn tin) th khng r rng, n c th l bt c c php
no. V vy, n c th c m t theo nhiu cch. Chng hn, n c th
c m t vi s m rng th Internet a mc ch MIME (Multipurpose
Internet Mail Extension) hoc ngn ng nh du m rng XML (Extensible
Markup Language).
N nhn dng mt ngi dng vi b nh v ti nguyn ng nht URL
(Uniform Resource Locator), v vy, n cung cp cho ngi dng kh nng
khi to cuc gi bng cch nhp vo mt lin kt trn trang web.
Ni chung, SIP h tr cc hot ng chnh sau :
nh v tr ca ngi dng.
nh media cho phin lm vic.
nh s sn sng ca ngi dng tham gia vo mt phin lm vic.
Thit lp cuc gi, chuyn cuc gi v kt thc.

2.2.2. Tnh nng ca SIP


Giao thc SIP c thit k vi nhng ch tiu sau:

Tch hp vi cc giao thc c ca IETF.

n gin v c kh nng m rng.

H tr ti a s di ng ca u cui.

D dng to tnh nng mi cho dch v v dch v mi.

SIP Components

2.2.3. Cc thnh phn trong h thng SIP


Location
Redirect
Server
Server
phn t c bn
trong

Registrar
hServer
thng

Hai
SIP l tc nhn ngi s dng (user agent)
v cc my phc v mng (network server). Bn ch gi v b gi c nhn dng
bng cc a ch SIP.
PSTN
User Agent

Gateway
Proxy
Server

Proxy
Server

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Hnh 9 :Cc thnh phn h thng SIP


User agent
Client (UAC): Khi to cc yu cu SIP v ng vai tr nh tc nhn ch
gi ca ngi dng.
Server (UAS): Nhn cc yu cu v thay mt cho ngi s dng gi tr cc
p ng, ng vai tr nh tc nhn b gi.
Network Server
My ch y quyn (Proxy server): l mt chng trnh trung gian, hot
ng nh l mt server v mt client cho mc ch to cc yu cu thay mt cho cc
client khc. Cc yu cu c phc v bn trong hoc truyn chng n cc server
khc. Mt proxy c th dch v nu cn thit c th to li cc bn tin yu cu SIP
trc khi chuyn chng n server khc hoc mt UA. Trong trng hp ny
trng Via trong bn tin p ng, yu cu ch ra cc proxy trung gian tham gia vo
tin trnh x l yu cu .
My ch nh v (Location Server): l phn mm nh v thu bao, cung
cp thng tin v nhng v tr c th ca thu bao b gi cho cc phn mm my ch
y quyn v my ch chuyn i a ch.
My ch chuyn i a ch (Redirect Server): l phn mm nhn yu cu
SIP v chuyn i a ch SIP sang mt s a ch khc v gi li cho u cui.
Khng ging nh my ch y quyn, my ch chuyn i a ch khng bao gi
hot ng nh mt u cui, tc l khng gi i bt c yu cu no. My ch
chuyn i a ch cng khng nhn hoc hu cuc gi.
My ch ng k (Register Server): l phn mm nhn cc yu cu ng
k. Trong nhiu trng hp my ch ng k m nhim lun mt s chc nng an
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ninh nh xc nhn ngi s dng. Thng thng my ch ng k c ci t


cng vi my ch y quyn v my ch chuyn i a ch hoc cung cp dch v
nh v thu bao. Mi ln u cui c bt ln ( v d my in thoi hoc phn
mm SIP) th u cui li ng k vi my ch. Nu u cui cn thng bo cho
my ch v a im ca mnh th bn tin REGISTER cng c gi i. Ni chung
cc u cui u thc hin vic ng k li mt cch nh k.

2.2.4. Cc bn tin ca SIP


SIP l mt giao thc da trn k t vn bn vi c php bn tin v cc
trng mo u ng nht vi giao thc truyn siu vn bn HTTP (Hypper Text
Transfer Protocol). Cc bn tin ca SIP truyn trn cng mt kt ni TCP hoc b
d liu UDP.
V d:
-------------------------------------------------------------SIP Header
-------------------------------------------------------------INVITE sip:5120@192.168.36.180 SIP/2.0
Via: SIP/2.0/UDP 192.168.6.21:5060
From: sip:5121@192.168.6.21
To: <sip:5120@192.168.36.180>
Call-ID: c2943000-e0563-2a1ce-2e323931@192.168.6.21
CSeq: 100 INVITE
Expires: 180
User-Agent: Cisco IP Phone/ Rev. 1/ SIP enabled
Accept: application/sdp
Contact: sip:5121@192.168.6.21:5060
Content-Type: application/sdp

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Hnh 10 Mt s trng header n gin


INVITE : ch th rng thu bao hoc dch v c mi tham gia vo mt
phin. N bao gm mt m t phin v i vi cc cuc gi song cng th
bn ch gi ch th phng thc truyn thng (media) trong bn tin ny.
Theo phng php n gin ny cc bn c th xc nh c cc kh nng
ca bn kia v bt u mt phin hi thoi .
ACK : Nhng yu cu ny tng ng vi mt yu cu INVITE. Chng l s
xc nhn cui cng t mt h thng cui v chm dt mt giao dch c
khi to bi INVITE.
OPTIONS : Bn tin ny cho php truy vn v tp hp cc kh nng ca user
agent v network server. Tuy nhin yu cu ny khng c dng thit
lp phin.
BYE: Bn ch gi v b gi s dng yu cu ny gii phng cuc gi.
Trc khi thc s gii phng cuc gi, user agent gi yu cu ny ti server
cnh bo rng n mun gii phng phin lm vic.
CANCEL: Yu cu ny cho php user agent v network server xo b bt
k mt yu cu no ang thi hnh.
REGISTER: yu cu ny c client dng ng k thng tin vi SIP
server.
Cc bn tin p ng
1xx Informational (vd 100 Trying, 180 Ringing).
2xx Successful (vd 200 OK, 202 Accepted).
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3xx Redirection (vd 302 Moved Temporarily).


4xx Request Failure (e.g. 404 Not Found, 482 Loop Detected).
5xx Server Failure (e.g. 501 Not Implemented).
6xx Global Failure (e.g. 603 Decline).

2.2.5. Qu trnh thit lp cuc gi


Trc tin ta tm hiu hot ng ca my ch y quyn v my ch chuyn
i.
Hot ng ca my ch y quyn (Proxy Server)

Hnh 11 : Hot ng ca Proxy server


SIP userA@yahoo.com gi bn tin INVITE cho userB@hotmail.com mi
tham gia cuc gi.Cc bc nh sau:

Bc 1: userA@yahoo.com gi bn tin INVITE cho UserB min


hotmail.com, bn tin ny n proxy server SIP ca min hotmail.com (Bn
tin INVITE c th i t Proxy server SIP ca min yahoo.com v c
Proxy ny chuyn n Proxy server ca min hotmail.com).

Bc 2: Proxy server ca min hotmail.com s tham kho server nh v


(Location server) quyt nh v tr hin ti ca UserB.

Bc 3: Server nh v tr li v tr hin ti ca UserB (gi s


l UserB@hotmail.com).
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Bc 4: Proxy server gi bn tin INVITE ti userB@hotmail.com. Proxy


server thm a ch ca n trong mt trng ca bn tin INVITE.

Bc 5: UAS ca UserB p ng cho server Proxy vi bn tin 200 OK.

Bc 6: Proxy server gi p ng 200 OK tr v userA@yahoo.com.

Bc 7: userA@yahoo.com gi bn tin ACK cho UserB thng qua proxy


server.

Bc 8: Proxy server chuyn bn tin ACK cho userB@hostmail.com

Bc 9: Sau khi c hai bn ng tham d cuc gi, mt knh RTP/RTCP


c m gia hai im cui truyn tn hiu thoi.

Bc 10: Sau khi qu trnh truyn dn hon tt, phin lm vic b xa bng
cch s dng bn tin BYE v ACK gia hai im cui.
Hot ng ca my ch chuyn i a ch (Redirect Server):

Hnh 12 : Hot ng ca Redirect Server c trnh by nh hnh


Cc bc hot ng nh sau:

Bc 1: Redirect server nhn c yu cu INVITE t ngi gi (Yu cu


ny c th i t mt proxy server khc).

Bc 2: Redirect server truy vn server nh v a ch ca B.

Bc 3: Server nh v tr li a ch ca B cho Redirect server.

Bc 4: Redirect server tr li a ch ca B n ngi gi A. N khng pht


yu cu INVITE nh proxy server.

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Bc 5: User Agent bn A gi li bn tin ACK n Redirect server xc


nhn s trao i thnh cng.

Bc 6: Ngi gi A gi yu cu INVITE trc tip n a ch c


tr li bi Redirect server (n B). Ngi b gi B p ng vi ch th thnh
cng (200 OK), v ngi gi p tr bn tin ACK xc nhn. Cuc gi c
thit lp. goi ra SIP cn c cc m hnh hot ng lin mng vi SS7 (n
PSTN) hoc l lin mng vi chng giao thc H.323.

Tng qut li trong mng SIP qu trnh thit lp v hy mt phin kt ni:


1. ng k, khi to v nh v u cui.
2. xc nh phng tin ca cuc gi, tc l m t phin m u cui c
mi tham gia.
3. xc nh mong mun ca u cui b gi, tr li hay khng. Pha b gi
phi gi bn tin xc nhn chp thun cuc gi hay t chi.
4. thit lp cuc gi.
5. thay i hay iu khin cuc gi (v d nh chuyn cuc gi).
6. hy cuc gi.

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Hnh 13 Qu trnh thit lp v hy mt phin kt ni ca SIP

2.3. So snh vi H.323


SIP n gin hn nhiu so vi H.323. hot ng, H.323 phi s dng cc
giao thc khc nhau nh : RTP/RTCP - Giao vn s liu, H.225.0 v Q.931 - bo
hiu v thit lp cuc gi, H.245 - dn xp dng u cui. Trong khi SIP do
c thit kt theo m hnh Client/Server s dng cc bn tin dng vn bn, nn th
tc x l truyn tin a dch v n gin v sng sa hn nhiu so vi H.323. Tp
bn tin ca SIP ch bao gm 6 loi : INVITE, ACK, CANCEL, BYE, REGISTER
v OPTIONS ngha l t hn rt nhiu so vi H.323. Nh vy h tr cho vic
thit lp mt cuc gi, SIP ch cn 2 trao i (Trng hp UAC ng k vi
UAS), i vi H.323 t nht l 8 trao i. Tuy nhin cu trc cc bn tin ca SIP li
qu phc tp so vi H.323, v th thc hin c mt trao i SIP cc UAC v
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UAS phi c s sp xp v khi to cc bn tin trc khi gi i, i vi H.323 khi


nhn c tn hiu yu cu l gn nh n c tn hiu tr li ngay lp tc. Ni chung
h tng H.323 c th p ng cc yu cu bo m cht lng dch v ca ng dng
thi thc tt hn so vi SIP. Tuy nhin nu cc ng dng loi ny c nhng thut
ton tm ng v m phng lu lng ti u th SIP c v nh chim u th hn
H.323.
V bo hiu: c H.323 v SIP u h tr cc chc nng iu khin v qun
l thit lp kt ni, nh : khi to kt ni (call set-up), gi kt ni (call hold),
chuyn kt ni (call transfer), ch thc hin kt ni (call waiting),...
H tr QoS: H.323 quy nh chi tit cc chc nng iu khin v qun tr
bng thng cho gatekeeper, bao gm chuyn i a ch, iu khin truy nhp v
qun tr bng thng. Thc cht y chnh l cc chc nng h tr cho m bo QoS.
Trong khi SIP khng nh ngha bt c mt chc nng h tr m bo QoS no.
Pht hin v khc phc li: C H.323 ln SIP u cung cp c ch pht
hin v khc phc li. H.323 s dng cc timer khc nhau gim st vic pht
nhn cc thng bo iu khin thit lp kt ni, trc khi thc hin vic pht li.
Ch sau mt s ln pht li c qui nh m vn khng nhn ng thng bo tr
li, kt ni TCP mi c s dng. i vi SIP qui nh thc th UA t ng pht
li sau mi 0,5s cho n khi nhn c thng bo tr li ng x ng; thc th
NS t ng pht li thng bo trng thi cui cng OK cho n khi nhn c
thng bo tr li ACK.

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CHNG 3
MNG TH H MI NGN
3.1. S hnh thnh mng NGN
S gia tng c v s lng v cht lng ca cc nhu cu dch v ngy tr
nn phc tp t pha khch hng kch thch s pht trin nhanh chng ca th
trng cng ngh in t Tin hc Vin thng. Tuy nhin, cc cng ngh c
bn lin quan n cc tng i chuyn mch knh hin nay pht trin qu chm
so vi tc thay i v tc chp nhn lin quan n cng nghip my tnh.
Chuyn mch knh l cc phn t c tin cy cao trong kin trc PSTN. Tuy
nhin, chng khng bao gi l ti u i vi chuyn mch gi. Khi lu lng ca
mng ngy cng tr nn phong ph v a dng th hin nhin phi c mt cng
ngh, gii php mi cho thit k chuyn mch ca mng tng lai, l xt v mt
k thut. Cn khi xem xt kha cnh kinh doanh thu li nhun th :
Cc Gii php mi s mang li nhng dch v mi hp dn vi khch hng
Do thi gian pht trin nhanh v chi ph vn hnh cng nh bo dng cc
mng chuyn mch gi thp hn nhiu so vi chuyn mch knh, nn cc
nh iu hnh mng ngy nay tp trung ch n cng ngh chuyn mch
gi IP.
Do vy, khi cng ngy cng nhiu lu lng d liu chy vo mng qua
Internet, th cn phi c mt gii php mi, t trng tm vo d liu, cho vic thit
k chuyn mch ca tng lai da trn cng ngh gi chuyn ti chung c thoi
v d liu. Nh mt s la chn, cc nh cung cp dch v v ang c gng
hng ti vic xy dng mt mng th h mi Next Generation Network - NGN
trn hi t cc dch v thoi, s liu, a phng tin trn mt mng duy nht - s
dng cng ngh chuyn mch gi trn mng xng sng (Backbone Network). y
l mng ca cc ng dng mi v cc kh nng mang li li nhun m ch i hi
gi thnh thp. V khng ch l mng phc v thng tin thoi, cng khng ch l
mng phc v truyn s liu m l mt mng thng nht, mng hi t em li
ngy cng nhiu cc dch v tin tin p ng nhu cu ngy mt tng, v kht khe
hn t pha khch hng.
Mng th h mi NGN khng phi l mt cuc cch mng v mt cng ngh
m n l mt bc pht trin, mt xu hng tt yu. H tng c s mng ca th k
20 khng th c thay th trong mt sm mt chiu, v th NGN phi tng thch
tt vi mi trng mng sn c v phi kt ni hiu qu vi mng PSTN.
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3.2. Cc c im ca NGN
Mng NGN c bn c im chnh:
Nn tng l h thng mng m.
Mng NGN l do mng dch v thc y, nhng dch v phi thc hin c
lp vi mng li.
Mng NGN l mng chuyn mch gi, da trn mt giao thc thng nht.
L mng c dung lng ngy cng tng, c tnh thch ng cng ngy cng
tng, c dung lng p ng nhu cu.

3.3. Nhng vn m mng th h mi cn gii quyt


Vn bo hiu v iu khin trn nhiu loi giao thc khc nhau cho hi t
thng tin thoi, fax, s liu, a phng tin.
Vn kt ni vi mng chuyn mch knh hin hu, c bit l kt ni
phn bo hiu (mng SS7).
Vn pht trin dch v.
Gii php ct li trong mng NGN chnh l cng ngh Softswitch- cng ngh
chuyn mch mm.

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Hnh 14 : Topo mng NGN

3.4. Cng ngh chuyn mch mm Softswitch


3.4.1. Nhng hn ch ca tng i chuyn mch knh
Hin nay c s h tng chuyn mch vin thng cng cng bao gm rt
nhiu mng, cng ngh v cc h thng khc nhau, trong h thng chuyn mch
knh s dng cng ngh ghp knh phn chia theo thi gian (TDM-Time Division
Multiplex ) pht trin kh ton din v dung lng, cht lng v quy m mng
li. Mng PSTN ngy nay ni chung p ng c rt tt nhu cu dch v thoi
ca khch hng. Tuy nhin trong lnh vc cung cp dch v thoi cn c nhiu vn
cha c gii quyt mt cch thc s tho ng, cha ni n nhng dch v
mi khc.
Hin nay, tt c cc dch v thoi ni ht u c cung cp thng qua cc
tng i ni ht theo cng ngh chuyn mch knh, n gin bi v chng c gii
php no khc. Chnh iu ny l cn tr i vi s pht trin ca dch v, bi
nhng nguyn nhn chnh sau y:
Gi thnh chuyn mch ca tng i ni ht
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Khng c s phn bit dch v


Gii hn trong pht trin mng

Hnh 15 : Cu trc mng v bo hiu PSTN

3.4.2. nh ngha chuyn mch mm (Softswitch)


Chuyn mch mm c th c nh ngha nh l tp hp cc sn phm,
giao thc, v cc ng dng cho php bt k thit b no truy cp cc dch v truyn
thng qua mng xy dng trn nn cng ngh chuyn mch gi IP. Nhng dch v
bao gm thoi, fax, video, d liu v cc dch v mi c th c pht trin
trong tng lai. Nhng thit b u cui truy nhp bao gm in thoi truyn thng,
in thoi IP, my tnh, PDAs, my nhn tin (pager)...Mt sn phm Softswitch c
th bao gm mt hoc nhiu phn chc nng, cc chc nng c th cng nm trn
mt h thng hoc phn tn trn nhng h thng thit b khc nhau.
Softswitch nhn trung cung cp cc chc nng ging nh cc chc nng ca
h thng chuyn mch knh, n ch khc l c thit k cho mng chuyn mch
gi v c kh nng lin kt vi mng PSTN. Cc tnh cht khc bit ca mt h
thng chuyn mch mm bao gm:
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L h thng c kh nng lp trnh x l cuc gi v h tr cc giao thc


ca mng PSTN, ATM, v IP.
Hot ng trn nn cc my tnh v cc h iu hnh thng mi.
iu khin cc Gateway trung k ngoi (External Trunking Gateway),
Gateway truy nhp(Access Gateway) v cc Server truy nhp t xa
RAS(Remote Access Server).
N ti s dng cc dch v IN thng qua giao din danh b m, mm do.
Cung cp cc giao din lp trnh ng dng m API cho cc nh pht trin
th 3 nhm to ra cc dch v th h sau.
N c chc nng lp trnh cho cc h thng Back office.
C h thng qun l tin tin trn c s my ch (policy-Server-based) cho
tt cc module phn mm.
Mt c im na ca Softswitch l Softswitch khng phi lm nhim v
cung cp knh kt ni nh tng i v lin kt thng tin c c s h tng mng
NGN thc hin theo cc cng ngh chuyn mch gi. Tc l cng ngh Chuyn
mch mm khng thc hin bt c chuyn mch g. Tt c cc cng vic ca
Softswitch c thc hin vi mt h thng cc m un phn mm iu khin v
giao tip vi cc phn khc ca mng NGN, chy trn mt h thng my ch c
hiu nng, tin cy v sn sng cp nh cung cp dch v (Carrier -Class).

3.4.3. Nhng li ch ca Softswitch


Mng th h sau c kh nng cho ra i nhng dch v gi tr gia tng hon
ton mi hi t ng dng thoi, s liu v video. Cc dch v ny ha hn em li
doanh thu cao hn nhiu so vi cc dch v truyn thng.
Do cc dch v ca NGN c vit trn cc phn mm . Do vic trin
khai, nng cp, cng nh vic cung cp cc dch v mi cng tr nn d dng.
Kh nng thu ht khch hng ca mng NGN rt cao, t s tin dng hi t
c thoi d liu, video n hng lot cc dch v khc m nh cung cp dch v c
th cung cp cho khch hng, thm na h c kh nng kim sot cc dch v thng
tin ca mnh iu ny lm cho khch hng lun lun tho mn v l thuc hn vo
nh cung cp dch v, c hi kinh doanh ca nh cung cp s ln hn, v n nh
hn.
Gim chi ph xy dng mng: Khi xy dng mt mng hon ton mi cng
nh m rng mng c sn , th mng chuyn mch mm c ch ph t tn km hn
nhiu so vi mng chuyn mch knh. iu ny lm cho tr ngi khi tham gia th
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trng ca nhng nh khai thc dch v mi khng cn ln nh trc na. Hin


nay, s cnh tranh gia cc nh khai thc dch v chnh l nhng dch v g m h
c th cung cp cho khch hng, v hi lng ca khch hng khi s dng nhng
dch v , nn hu ht cc nh khai thc u tp trung u t vo vic vit phn
mm pht trin dch v.
Gim chi ph vn hnh bo dng v qun l mng hiu qu hn. Softswitch
khng cn cc tng i ln tp trung, tiu tn nng lng v nhn lc iu hnh,
chuyn mch gi y s l cc my ch t phn tn trong mng, c iu khin
bi cc giao din thn thin ngi s dng (GUI) do chi ph iu hnh v hot
ng ca mng c gim ng k.
S dng bng thng c hiu qu hn: Do mng truyn vn ca NGN l mng
chuyn mch gi cho nn vi cng mt c s h tng truyn dn th hiu sut s
dng bng thng ca n cao hn nhiu so vi mng chuyn mch knh. Thm na,
theo nh thng k i vi thoi th 60% thi gian cuc gi l khong lng, mng th
h mi c c ch trit khong lng nn lm tng hiu sut s dng bng thng mt
mc ng k. Di y l mt s so snh gia cng ngh Chuyn mch mm v
Tng i chuyn mch knh.
So snh Mng chuyn mch knh v mng chuyn mch mm

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Hnh 16 So snh chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch mm

3.5. Kin trc ca mng NGN


Xt v kin trc NGN c th c chia lm 4 lp chc nng sau:

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Hnh 17 : Kin trc NGN

3.5.1. Lp truyn ti
Chc nng c bn ca lp truyn ti l x l, chuyn vn gi tin. Lp ny
bao gm cc thit b m nhim ng m gi, nh tuyn, chuyn gi tin di s
iu khin ca lp iu khin v bo hiu cuc gi (Call Control and Signaling
Plane). Lp truyn ti c phn chia lm ba min con:
Min truyn ti thng tin theo giao thc IP
Min ny bao gm:
Mng truyn dn backbone.
Cc thit b mng nh : Router, Switch.
Cc thit b cung cp c ch QoS.
Min lin kt mng
Min lin kt mng vi nhim v chnh nhn cc d liu n, chuyn i
khun dng d liu cho ph hp thng tin c th truyn thng mt cch trong
sut trn ton b mng. Trong min ny l tp hp cc Gateway nh Signaling
Gateway, Media Gateway, trong , Signaling Gateway thc hin chc nng cu
ni gia mng PSTN v mng IP v tin hnh phin dch thng tin bo hiu gia
hai mng ny. Media Gateway thc hin qu trnh chuyn i khun dng d liu
gia cc mi trng truyn thng khc nhau.
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Min truy nhp khng da trn giao thc IP


Trong min ny bao gm cc thit b truy cp cung cp cc cng kt ni cho
thit b u cui thu bao. cung cp cc dch v nh POTS, IP, VoIP, ATM FR,
xDSL, X25, IP-VPN.

3.5.2. Lp iu khin v bo hiu cuc gi


y l lp trung tm ca h thng thc thi qu trnh iu khin, gim st v
x l cuc gi nhm cung cp cc dch v thng sut t u cui n u cui (endtoend) vi bt c loi giao thc v bo hiu no. Thc thi qu trnh gim st cc kt
ni cuc gi gia cc thu bao thng qua vic iu khin cc thnh phn ca lp
truyn ti -Transport Plane. Qu trnh x l v bo hiu cuc gi v bn cht c
ngha l x l cc yu cu ca thu bao v vic thit lp v hu b cuc gi thng
qua cc bn tin bo hiu. Lp ny cn c chc nng kt ni cuc gi thu bao vi
lp ng dng v dch v - Service and Application Plane. Cc chc nng ny s
c thc thi thng qua cc thit b nh Media Gateway Controller ( hay Call
Agent hay Call Controller ), cc SIP Server hay Gatekeeper.

3.5.3. Lp ng dng v dch v


Lp ng dng v dch v l lp cung cp cc ng dng v dch v nh mng
thng minh IN - Intelligent Networks, cc dch v gi tr gia tng.... Lp ny lin
kt vi lp iu khin v bo hiu thng qua cc giao din lp trnh m API
Application Programing Interface. Cng chnh nh m vic cp nht, to mi v
trin khai ng dng, dch v mng tr nn v cng nhanh chng v hiu qu. Trn
lp ny s dng cc thit b nh Application Server, Feature Server. Lp ny cng
c th thc thi vic iu khin nhng thnh phn c bit nh Media Server, mt
thit b c bit n vi tp cc chc nng nh conferencing, IVR, x l tone ....

3.5.4. Lp qun l
Lp qun l mng c nhim v cung cp cc chc nng nh gim st cc
dch v v khch hng, tnh cc v cc tc v qun l mng khc. N c th tng
tc vi bt k hoc c ba lp cn li thng qua cc chun cng nghip v d nh
SNMP hoc cc chun ring v cc APIs giao din lp trnh m. Da vo m hnh
mng NGN trn, Chuyn mch mm Softswitch phi thc hin cc chc nng
sau :
Trung tm bo hiu v iu khin cuc gi trong ton mng, qun l v iu
khin cc loi gateway truy nhp mng, hot ng theo tt c cc loi giao thc bo
hiu t H323, SIP n MGCP/MEGACO.

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Giao tip vi bo hiu ca mng PSTN (ch yu l kt ni vi mng bo


hiu SS7) v lin kt vi h thng Softswitch khc.
To ra cc mi trng lp trnh m cho php cc hng th ba d dng tch
hp v pht trin ng dng (trn nn IP) v kt ni vi cc mi trng cung cp
dch v c sn (v d IN).

3.6. Cc phn t trong mng NGN


Cc phn t ca mng NGN c th hin hnh di y, bao gm:
Softswitch: l phn t c chc nng iu khin cuc gi, m thnh phn
tng tc chnh ca n l cc Media Gateway, v cc Access Gateway thng qua
cc giao thc iu khin gateway truyn thng nh MGCP/H248 MEGACO. Mt
khc n cng c kh nng tng tc vi mng H323, v SIP cho php ngi s
dng thc hin cc cuc gi, PC to Phone, PC to PC, Phone to PC.
SIP Server: C vai tr chc nng nh tuyn cc bn tin bo hiu SIP gia
cc SIP client. Nu trong mng ch c mt SIP server th, n va ng vai tr l
Proxy Server, Redirect Server, Location Sever.
Gatekeeper: cho php cc thu bao H323 ng k , nhn thc, ng thi
gim st cc kt ni Multimedia gia cc u cui H323.
Signalling Gateway: thc hin chc nng Gateway bo hiu
Media Sever: N cho php s tng tc gia thu bao v cc ng dng
thng qua thit b in thoi, V d nh n c th tr li cuc gi, a ra mt li
thng bo, c th in t, thc hin chc nng ca IVR.
MediaGateway: l thit b truyn thng kt ni vi mng chuyn mch knh
hin ti v mng NGN. N cung cp cc cng kt ni trc tip vi ng trung k
ca mng PSTN v mng di ng v bin i cc lung TDM thnh nhng gi
IP v ngc li. Cc Gateway ny hot ng n thun nh mt thit b kt ni
trung gian, c iu khin bi Softswitch.
Access Gateway: l Gateway truy cp c th cung cp truy cp a dch v
nh xDSL, VoDSL, POTS/ISDN.....
IP client: l cc thit b u cui IP h tr cc giao thc H323, SIP. cc u
cui ny c th thc hin nhng cuc gi Multimedia trong mng ca n hay gi
thoi ra mng PSTN thng qua softswitch. Cc u cui ny c th l IP phone,
PBX trn nn IP.....

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Hnh 18 : M hnh mng NGN

3.7. Cc dch v chnh trong mng NGN


ng dng lm SS7, PRI Gateway ( gim ti Internet ).
Trung k o - tng i chuyn mch gi chuyn tip.
Tng i chuyn mch ni ht
Thoi trn bng thng rng.

CHNG 4
TM HIU ASTERISK
4.1. Gii thiu
Asterisk l h thng chuyn mch mm, l phn mm ngun m c vit
bng ngn ng C chy trn h iu hnh linux thc hin tt c cc tnh nng ca
tng i PBX v hn th na. Asterisk ra i vo nm 1999 bi mt sinh nm
1977 tn l Mark Spencer, Anh ta vit phn mm ny ban u khng ngoi mc
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ch h tr cho cng ty ca mnh trong vic lin lc m thoi h tr cng ng


ngi s dng v pht trin Linux.
Asterisk l mt PBX v nhiu hn th. Asterisk l mt phn mm mang tnh
cch mng, tin cy, m ngun m v min ph m bin mt PC r tin thng thng
chy Linux thnh mt h thng in thoi doanh nghip mnh m. Asterisk l mt
b cng c m ngun m cho cc ng dng thoi v l mt server x l cuc gi
y chc nng. Asterisk l mt nn tng tch hp in thoi vi tnh ho kin trc
m. Nhiu h thng Asterisk c ci t thnh cng trn khp th gii. Cng
ngh Asterisk ang phc v cho nhiu doanh nghip. Hin nay Asterisk trn pht
trin nhanh c rt nhiu doanh nghip trin khai ng dng cho cng ty ca mnh.
y l xu th tt yu ca ngi s dng in thoi, v cc cng ty u c mng my
tnh v cn lin lc vi nhau trong cng vic gia cc phng ban hoc chi nhnh v
cn mt chi ph thp thm ch khng phi tn chi ph khi thc hin cc cuc gi trn
mng ni b ca cng ty.
Khng gi gn thng tin lin lc trong cng ty m cc ng dng giao tip vi
mng PSTN hoc mng VOIP (nh voice777) cho php gi ra bt c s in thoi
no c trn mng PSTN.
Ngoi ra vic tch hp vo cc ng dng nh CRM v h thng Outlook lm
cho kh nng ng dng ca Asterisk linh hot hn p ng nhu cu cn thit cho
ngi s dng in thoi.
Asterisk thot u c pht trin trn GNU/Linux nn x86 (Intel), nhng
gi y n cng c th bin dch v chy trn OpenBSD, FreeBSD v Mac OS X v
Microsoft Windows.

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Hnh 19 : S tng quan Asterisk


Asterisk l h thng chuyn mch tch hp va l cng ngh truyn thng
TDM va l chguyn mch voip. Hnh trn cng cho thy kh nng giao tip ca h
thng. Giao tip vi in thoi analog thng thng, giao tip vi thit b in thoi
voip, ngoi ra cn c th giao tip vi mng PSTN v cc nh cung cp voip khc.

4.2. Kin trc Asterisk

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Hnh 20 : Kin trc Asterisk


V c bn kin trc ca Asterisk l s kt hp gia nn tng cng ngh in
thoi v ng dng in thoi. cng ngh in thoi cho VOIP nh SIP, H323, IAX,
MGCP... cc cng ngh in thoi cho h thng chuyn mch mch TDM nh T1,
E1, ISDN v cc giao tip ng truyn thoi Analog. Cc ng dng thoi nh
chuyn mch cuc gi, tng tc thoi, caller ID, voicemail, chuyn cuc gi
Asterisk c mt s chc nng chnh ng vai tr quan trng trong h thng chuyn
mch cuc gi. Khi khi ng h thng Asterisk th chc nng Dynamic Module
Loader thc hin np driver ca thit b, np cc knh giao tip, cc format, codec
v cc ng dng lin quan, ng thi cc hm API cng c lin kt np vo h
thng.
Sau h thng PBX Switching Core ca Asterisk chuyn sang trng thi
sn sng hot ng chuyn mch cuc gi, cc cuc gi c chuyn mch tu vo
k hoch quay s (Dialplan) c thc hin cu hnh trong file extension.conf.
Chc nng Application Launchar rung chung thu bao, quay s, nh hng
cuc gi, kt ni vi hp th thoi
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Scheduler and I/O Manager m nhim cc ng dng nng cao, cc chc


nng c pht trin bi cng ng pht trin asterisk..
Codec Translator xc nhn cc knh nn d liu ng vi cc chun khc
nhau c th kt hp lin lc c vi nhau.
Tt c cc cuc gi nh hng qua h thng Asterisk u thng qua cc
giao tip nh SIP, Zaptel, IAX. Nn h thng Asterisk phi m trch nhim v lin
kt cc giao tip khc nhau x l cuc gi.
H thng cng bao gm 4 chc nng API chnh:
Codec translator API : cc hm m nhim thc thi v gii nn cc chun
khc nhau nh G711, GMS, G729
Asterisk Channel API : Giao tip vi cc knh lin lc khc nhau, y l u
mi cho vic kt ni cc cuc gi tng thch vi nhiu chun khc nhau nh SIP,
IAX, H323. Zaptel
Asterisk file format API : Asterisk tng thch vi vic x l cc loi file c
nh dng khc nhau nh Mp3, wav, gsm
Asterisk Aplication API : Bao gm tt c cc ng dng c thc thi trong
h thng Asterisk nh voicemail, callerID
Ngoi ra, Asterisk cn c th vin Asterisk Gateway Interface (AGI, tng
t nh CGI) - c ch kch hot ng dng bn ngoi, cho php vit kch bn phc tp
vi mt s ngn ng nh PHP hay Perl. Ni chung, kh nng vit cc ng dng ty
bin rt ln.

4.3. Mt s tnh nng c bn


Asterisk c rt nhiu tnh nng c gii thiu trn nhng hiu r ht
tt c cc tnh nng trn tht s l thch thc i vi chng ta. Trong phn ny
chng ti s gii thiu mt s tnh nng vi cc ng dng c th hiu hn v h
thng asterisk.
Voicemail (hp th thoi)
y l tnh nng cho php h thng nhn cc thng ip tin nhn thoi, mi
my in thoi c khai bo trong h thng Asterisk cho php khai bo thm chc
nng hp th thoi. Mi khi s in thoi bn hay ngoi vng ph sng th h
thng asterisk nh hng trc tip cc cuc gi n hp th thoi tng ng
khai bo trc. Voicemail cung cp cho ngi s dng nhiu tnh nng la chn
nh : password xc nhn khi truy cp vo hp th thoi, gi mail bo khi c thng
ip mi.
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Call Forwarding(chuyn cuc gi)


Khi khng nh, hoc i cng tc m ngi s dng khng mun b l tt
c cc cuc gi n th hy ngh ngay n tnh nng chuyn cuc gi. y l tnh
nng thng c s dng trong h thng Asterisk. Chc nng cho php chuyn
mt cuc gi n mt hay nhiu s my in thoi c nh trc.
Mt s trng hp cn chuyn cuc gi nh : Chuyn cuc gi khi bn, chuyn
cuc gi khi khng tr li, chuyn cuc gi tc thi, chuyn cuc gi vi thi gian
nh trc.
Caller ID (hin th s gi)
Chc nng ny rt hu dng khi mt ai gi n v ta mun bit chnh xc
l gi t u v trong mt s trng hp bit chc h l ai. Ngoi ra Caller ID cn
l chc nng cho php chng ta xc nhn s thu bao gi n c ngha l da vo
caller ID chng ta c tip nhn hay khng tip nhn cuc gi t pha h thng
Asterisk. Ngn mt s cuc gi ngoi mun.
Automated attendant (chc nng IVR)
Chc nng tng tc thoi c rt nhiu ng dng trong thc t, khi gi in
thoi n mt c quan hay x nghip thu bao thng nghe thng ip nh Xin
cho mng bn gi n cng ty chng Ti hy nhn phm 1 gp phng kinh
doanh, phm 2 gp phng k thut sau tu vo s tng tc ca thu bao gi
n, h thng Asteisk s nh hng cuc gi theo mong mun.
Khi mun xem im thi, mun bit tin cc in thoi ca thu bao, mun
bit t gi la hin nay nh th no, hay kt qu s s tt cc nhng mong
mun trn u c th thc hin qua chc nng tng tc thoi.
Time and Date
Vo tng thi gian c th cuc gi s nh hng n mt s in thoi hay
mt chc nng c th khc, v d trong cng ty gim c mun ch cho php nhn
vin s dng my in thoi trong gi hnh chnh cn ngoi gi th s hn ch hay
khng cho php gi ra bn ngoi.
Call Parking
y l chc nng chuyn cuc gi c qun l. C mt s in thoi trung
gian v hai thu bao c th gp nhau khi thu bao c gi nhn vo s in thoi
m thu bao ch gi ang ch trn v t y c th gp nhau v m thoi.
Remote call pickupe

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y l tnh nng cho php chng ta t my in thoi ny c th nhn cuc


gi t my in thoi khc ang rung chung
Privacy Manager
Khi mt ngi ch doanh nghip trin khai Asterisk cho h thng in thoi
ca cng ty mnh nhng li khng mun nhn vin trong cng ty gi i ra ngoi tr
chuyn vi bn b, khi Asterisk cung cp 1 tnh nng tin dng l ch cho php
s in thoi c lp trnh c php gi n nhng s my c nh no thi,
cn nhng s khng c trong danh sch nh sn s khng thc hin cuc gi c.
Backlist
Backlist cng ging nh Privacy Manager nhng c mt s khc bit l
nhng my in thoi nm trong danh sch s khng gi c n my ca mnh
(s dng trong tnh trng hay b quy ri in thoi).
V cn rt nhiu tnh nng na m h thng asterisk c th cung cp cho
ngi s dng, trn y ch l mt s tnh nng thng c s dng m thi,
bit nhiu hn chi tit hn cc tnh nng cn li c th tham kho ti website
www.asterisk.org.

4.4. Cc ng cnh ng dng


Asterisk thc hin rt nhiu ng cnh ng dng khc nhau tu vo nhu cu
s dng, di dy l nhng ng cnh ng dng thng c s dng trong thc t
trin khai h thng asterisk.
Tng i voip IP PBX

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Hnh 21 : IP PBX
y l h thng chuyn mch voip c xy dng phc v cc cng ty c
nhu cu thc hin trn nn tng mng ni b trin khai. Thay v lp t mt h
thng PBX cho nhu cu lin lc ni b th nn lp t h thng voip iu ny s lm
gim chi ph ng k. H thng c th lin lc vi mng PSTN qua giao tip TDM.
Kt ni IP PBX vi PBX
Mt ng cnh t ra y l hin ti Cng ty trang b h thng PBX by
gi cn trang b thm p ng nhu cu lin lc trong cng ty sao cho vi chi ph
thp nht, gii php thc hin l trang b h thng asterisk v kt ni vi h
thng PBX ang tn ti qua lung E1. Ngoi ra tng kh nng lin lc vi mng
PSTN v VOIP khc, Cng Ty c th thc hin kt ni vi nh cung cp dch v
voip.

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Hnh 22 : Kt ni IP PBX vi PBX


Kt ni gia cc server Asterisk

Hnh 23 : Kt ni gia cc Server Asterisk


Phng php trn ng dng rt hiu qu cho cc cng ty nm ri rc cc v
tr a l khc nhau nhm gim chi ph ng di. V d Cng ty M c tr s t
ti nc M v cc Chi nhnh t ti Vit Nam vi cc a im Thnh ph H Ch
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Minh v H Ni. Thng qua mng WAN ca Cng Ty cc cuc gi ni b gia cc


v tr khc nhau s lm gim chi ph ng k. Ng cnh ny v mt php lut khng
cho cuc gi t M vo Vit Nam.
Cc ng dng IVR, VoiceMail, in Thoi Hi Ngh

Hnh 24 : Trin khai server IVR, VoiceMail, Hi Thoi


ng dng thc hin cc server kt ni vi h thng PSTN hay tng i PBX
trin khai cc ng dng nh tng tc thoi IVR. Mt v d cho ng dng tng
tc thoi l cho bit kt qu s s hay kim tra cc cuc gi ging dch v
19001260 vy. thoi cng ni chuyn vi nhau. ng dng VoiceMail thu nhn
nhng tin nhn thoi t pha thu bao ging nh chc nng hp th thoi ca Bu
in Thnh ph trin khai. Cn chc nng in thoi hi ngh thit lp cho nhiu
my in.
Chc nng Phn phi cuc gi t ng ACD
ACD (Automatic Call Distribution): Phn phi cuc gi t ng. y l
chc nng ng dng cho nhu cu chm sc khch hng hay nhn phn hi t pha
khch hng. Cng ty c kh nng tip nhn cng mt lc 10 cuc gi nh th cuc
gi th 11 gi n th h thng gii quyt nh th no?. Bnh thng th s nghe tn
hiu bn nhng vi chc nng phn phi cuc gi s a thu bao vo hng i
ch tr li, trong khi ch tr li cuc gi thu bao c th nghe nhng bi ht hay
do asterisk cung cp, trong lc ny nu 1 trong mi s in thoi tr v trng thi

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ri th cuc gi ang ch s c tr li. Ging nh chc nng ca dch v 1080


hay 116 ca Bu in Thnh Ph vy.

Hnh 25 : Phn phi cuc gi hng i

4.5. T chc th mc ca Asterisk


/etc/asterisk/
Th mc /etc/asterisk/ cha tt c cc tp tin cu hnh ca h thng Asterisk
ngoi tr tp tin Zaptel.conf c t ti th mc /etc/.
/usr/lib/asterisk/modules/
Th mc /usr/lib/asterisk/modules/ cha tt c cc module cn thit
asterisk hot ng. Bn trong th mc l cc ng dng khc nhau, cc codec, cc
nh dng m thanh(format) v cc knh thngtin(channel). Theo mc nh Asterisk
s np tt c cc module vo lc khi ng. Chng ta c th khng cho np mt
module bt k bng cch khng khai bo s dng trong tp tin modules.conf. Lu
khi khng cho np module th phi bit chc module khng lm nh hng hot
ng ca asterisk nu khng li s xut hin.
/var/lib/asterisk
Cc th mc con ca th mc /var/lib/asterisk/ bao gm:
agi-bin/

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Th mc agi-bin/ cha cc script ca ngi dng m Asterisk c th nh v


s dng qua cc ng dng AGI. AGI l phn giao tip vi ngn ng lp trnh script
thc hin mt s cng vic ca Asterisk t bn ngoi.
mohmp3/
Khi cu hnh Asterisk s dng tnh nng Music on Hold, tnh nng hot ng
s thc hin ly cc tp tin mp3 ti th mc moh/. Tp tin nh dng theo chun ca
Asterisk nn khi s dng cc file Mp3 thng thng cn c s chuyn i thch hp
trc khi chp vo th mc trn s dng.
sounds/
Tt c cc tp tin m thanh lin quan n nhc thoi ca Asterisk c t ti
th mc sounds/. Ni dung ca cc tp tin cha trong th mc c lit k qua tp
tin sounds.txt t ti th mc m ngun ca Asterisk. Cn ni dung ca cc tp tin
m thanh c m rng thm c lit k trong tp tin sounds-extra.txt t trong
th mc c trch ra khi bung gi asterisk-sounds.
/var/spool/asterisk/
Th mc /var/spool/asterisk/ Cha nhiu th mc con bao gm outgoing/,
qcall, tmp/, voicemail/. Asterisk lun kim qua th mc outgoing v qcall v y l
hai th mc cha cc tp tin dng text cha thng tin yu cu cuc gi. Cc tp tin
cho php to ra cuc gi n gin bng cch chp tp tin ng cu trc quy nh
vo th mc outgoing/. Sau y l cu trc cy th mc:

Hnh 26 Cu trc cy th mc
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Th mc tmp/ s dng lu tr nhng thng tin tm, lun bo m


khng xy ra tnh trng c v vit tp tin cng mt lc. Khi yu cu x l tp tin
chng ta thao tc trn th mc tmp/ trc khi lu vo tp tin ch. Tt c cc li
nhc thoi t pha ngi s dng v cc li nhc thoi s dng cho thao tc hp
voicemail u c cha trong th mc voicemail/. Mt hp th thoi c to ra
ng vi mt my ni b trong tp tin voicemail.conf, s c tora mt th mc
con tng ng cho my ni b ti th mc voicemail/.
/var/run/
Th mc /var/run/ cha thng tin process ID(pid) cho tt c cc tin trnh
ang hot ng trong h thng, bao gm c Asterisk. Lu l ng vi mi h iu
hnh th mc /var/run/ c th khc.
/var/log/asterisk/
Th mc /var/log/asterisk/ l ni Asterisk cha tt c cc tp tin nht k hay
cn gi l tp tin log. Chng ta c th tu bin cc loi thng tin c lu trong cc
tp tin log khc nhau qua tp tin cu hnh logger.conf t ti th mc /etc/asterisk.
/var/log/asterisk/cdr-csv
Th mc /var/log/asterisk/cdr-csv c s dng lu chi tit cuc gi
CDR, hng tin mc nh v chi tit thng tin cuc gi lu tr trong tp tin
Master.CVS, hng thng th ng vi mi m accountcode s to mt th mc
ring lu chi tit cuc gi cho my .

4.6. Mt s lnh thao tc trn h thng asterisk


Asterisk c hai thnh phn c xy dng tch hp vi nhau v chy song
song nhau:
Asterisk Server bnh thng chy ch nn(background) ging cc
sevices rong window.
Asterisk Client ch dng lnh CLI giao tip vi Asterisk Server, thc
thi c lnh kim tra, hay xem cc thng tin ca server.
Chy v dng Asterisk ch nn chng ta thc hin lnh sau:
#/etc/init.d/asterisk (start|stop)
Mt khi Asterisk chy chng ta c th chuyn qua ch CLI t du nhc
lnh ca linux nh sau:
#asterisk r

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Khi vo ch lnh nu mun thot v li du nhc linux chng ta dng


lnh: CLI>exit
Cc lnh c bn thc hin ti CLI>:
Bt c khi no chnh sa cc tp tin cu hnh chng ta u cn phi np li
cc thay i c hiu lc, iu thc hin bng lnh:

#CLI>reload
Bt ch debug cho knh thng tin SIP hoc IAX2
#CLI> IAX2 debug
#CLI> SIP debug
Tt ch debug cho knh thng tin SIP hoc IAX2
#CLI> IAX2 no debug
#CLI> SIP no debug
Hin th cc trng thi thng tin ca users, peers v channels ca SIP hoc
IAX2:

#CLI> sip show users


#CLI> sip show peers
#CLI> sip show channels
#CLI> iax2 show peers
#CLI> iax2 show users
#CLI> iax2 show channels

4.7. Cch thc cu hnh trn cc tp tin c bn


Tt c cc file cu hnh cho h thng Asterisk u nm ti th mc etc/asterisk
ngoi tr file zaptel.conf cu hnh cho phn cng TDM nm ti th mc /etc. Cch
thc cu hnh ging nh tp tin .ini ca Window. Cc ni dung sau du chm phy
;l ni dung ch thch trong file cu hnh. Tt c cc khong trng trong file cu
hnh u c b qua v khng c ngha.C php thc hin ging nhau
Trong file cu hnh cn c hai php gn rt thng xuyn c s dng,
php gn = l dng cho vic gn cc bin, cn php gn => dng cho vic gn
cc i tng sau y l mt v d cho file cu hnh:
Extension.conf
;
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;y l cc dng ch thch
;
[section]
Key=value ; gn gi tr cho bin
[section2]
Key=>object ; Gn gi tr cho i tng
C php thc hin ging nhau cho tt c cc file cu hnh nhng c vi kiu
khc nhau cho mi file cu hnh da vo thc cch hot ng ca chng.

4.8. Cch thc hot ng ca tp tin cu hnh


C ba kiu cch thc hot ng ca tp tin cu hnh nh sau:
Simple Group
C hiu lc trn tng dng trong file. y l kiu cu hnh n gin nht
thng s dng trong cc file extention.conf, meetme.conf, voicemail.conf tng
ng vi mi dng khai bo l mt i tng c ngha trn dng . V d:
Extention.conf
[section]
object1=> op1,op2,op3
object2=> op1b,op2b,op3b
Trong v d trn mi dng tng ng vi cc ton t khc nhau object1 c
cc ton t op1, op2, op3 trong khi object2 li c cc ton t op1b, op2b, op3b.
Option inheritance
y l cu hnh kiu tha k thng c cu hnh trong cc file
zapata.conf, agent.conf. vi kiu cu hnh ny th cc dng pha di c th tha k
cc thng s dng pha trn, tng ng vi mi section cc dng pha di c th
thay i cc thng s cho tng ng.
V d:
Extention.conf
[section]
Op1=bas
Op2=adv
Object1=>1
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Op1=int
Object1=>2
Vi cu hnh trn c th gii thch nh sau object1=>1 tha hng hai thng
s pha trn l op1=bas v op2=adv trong khi i vi object1=>2 vi thng
s op1=int c khai bo li nn object1=>2 c tha k t hai thng s op1=int
v op2=adv.
Complex Entity
Vi cu kiu ny c t chc thnh nhiu entity, ng vi mi entity c
nhiu thng s c khai bo, mi entity y chnh l cc section khai bo cc
knh thng tin. Cu hnh thng c s dng trong cc file iax.conf, sip.conf. V
d:
Extention.conf
[entity1]
Op1=value1
Op2=value2
[entity2]
Op1=value3
Op2=value4
Entity1 c cc gi tr value1 v value2 cho thng s op1 v op2, trong khi
cng l thng s op1 v op 2 nhng c cc gi tr khc l value3 v value4 cho
entity2.

4.9. Gii thiu dialplan


Dialplan l tri tim ca h thng asterisk. Dialplan cho bit cc cuc gi s
c x l nh th no qua h thng asterisk. Dialplan bao gm tp hp cc dng
lnh hay cc ng dng theo mt trnh t no m h thng phi thc hin p
ng nhu cu chuyn mch cuc gi. hiu r v cu hnh thnh cng h thng
asterisk th iu kin tin quyt l phi bit nh th no dialplan hot ng.
Dialplan l cng vic thit lp cho hot ng ca h thng nh nh hng
cc cuc gi vo v ra h thng, l mt danh sch cc bc hay cc lnh lin tc
nhau thc hin mt tc v no m h thng phi thc hin theo. Khc bit vi
cc h thng in thoi truyn thng tt c cc cng vic cu hnh h thng u l t
pha ngi s dng. H thng chng ta c hon chnh tt hay khng ph thuc rt
nhiu vo vic chng ta hiu r vo dialplan hay khng.
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Dialplan c cu hnh qua tp tin extension.conf, lin quan n vic cu


hnh dialplan c nhng khi nim cn nm l:
Extentions: in thoi ni b.
Priorities: Th t thc hin.
Applications: Cc ng dng.
Contexts: Cc ng cnh.
Extentions
Dialplan l mt tp gm nhiu extention, khi mt cuc gi tng ng vi
extention no th ng dng cho cuc gi s c thc hin. extention c th n
gin vi mt ch danh c th nh 8051, letoan hay l mt chui so mu c thc
hin nh _9xxx. V d :
/etc/asterisk/extention.conf
exten=>8051,1,dial(sip/8051,20)
exten=>8051,2,hangup()
exten=> ging nhau cho mi dng thc hin trong dialplan, 8051 l s
in thoi m thu bao quay hay l extention, cn cc con s 1 v 2 l cc priorites
tc l th t thc hin cc lnh. Khi thu bao quay s 8051 th chung my ip
sip 8051 nu trong vng 20 giy m thu bao khng nhc my th kt thc cuc gi.
Extension l thnh phn m asterisk thc hin theo, c kch hot khi c
cuc gi vo extension chnh l con s m thu bao cn gi. Trong mi ng cnh
s c th c nhiu extension. Extenstion chnh l ht nhn h thng xc nh
cuc gi cn thc hin. Extenstion hon chnh gm c cc phn :
exten => Name,priority,application( )
Name (Tn k t hoc con s) ca extension.
Priority (Mi extension c th bao gm nhiu bc mi bc c gi
lpriority).
Application (or command) Thc hin mt ng dng c th no cho cuc
gi.
Mt v d c th nh sau:
/etc/asterisk/extention.conf
exten => 7325010,1,Dial(Zap/1,20)
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exten => 7325010,2,Voicemail(u7325010)


exten => Tng ng vi mi ng dng thc hin
7325010 l con s nhn c khi thu bao ch gi quay s.
1, 2 l cc priority th t c thc hin 1 ri ti 2
Trong v d ca chng ta con s 7325010 s c gi n knh zap/1 rung
chung ti a 20 giy. Nu sau 20 giy khng tr li th cuc gi s c nh
hng n hp th thoi u7325010 ch u y c ngha l 'u'navailable
message.
Priorities Th t thc hin
Priorities l th t thc hin cc ng dng trong dialplan, khi th t 1
c thc hin th k tip l ng dng ti th t s 2 c thc hin, k t vertion
1.2 ca Asterisk thay v s dng gn mt con s c th cho th t thc hin nh
trn th y c th gn k t n cho mi dng exten=> iu ny s ni vi
asterisk l ng dng vi th t tip theo s thc hin.
V d:
/etc/asterisk/extention.conf
exten=>8051,2,hangup()
exten=>8051,1,dial(sip/8051,20)
v d trn dng c th t 2 ng trc dng c th t 1, nhng khi
thc hin diaplan th dng c th t Priorities 1 u tin thc hin trc bt k th
t sp xp nh th no.
Aplications Cc hm ng dng
y l phn quan trng trong diaplan tc l ng dng no s c thc hin trn
mi dng, cc ng dng nh thc hin quay s,tr li cuc gi hay n gin l nhc
gc my bit thm thng tin v cc ng dng cng nh cc thng s km theo th
hy dng lnh show Aplications trn giao tip dng lnh ca asterisk: CLI> show
Aplications
Contexts - Ng cnh
u tin hy hnh dung nh th ny, khi C Gio v Sinh Vin trao i v
mn c s tin hc vin thng c ngha l ng cnh(context) lc ny ch tp trung
vo lnh vc vin thng m thi. Nh vy ng cnh (context) c gii hn
trong mt tnh hung c th, i vi Asterisk y cng th khi ni n ng cnh
(context) th thng quan tm n trng hp c th no , iu ny r rng rng
trong h thng s c rt nhiu ng cnh(context) khc nhau. V d khi gi n tng
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i Asterisk c mt thng ip thng bo nh sau Cho mng cc Bn gi n


cng ty chng ti hy nhn phm 1 gp phng kinh doanh phm 2 gp phng k
thut khi ngi gi chn phm 1 th h thng s chuyn n mt ng cnh
(context) l [PhongKinhDoanh] khi ngi gi nhn phm 2 th h thng s nh
hng cuc gi qua ng cnh (context) [PhongKyThuat] nh vy ng vi mi
trng hp h thng s c ng cnh khc nhau, ng cnh c t trong du [].
V d:
/etc/asterisk/extention.conf
[PhongKinhDoanh]
exten => 7325010,1,Dial(SIP/${EXTEN}),20)
exten => 7325010,2,Voicemail(u${EXTEN})
[PhongKyThuat]
exten => _9.,1,Dial(SIP/${EXTEN})
Ngoi ta i vi vic cu hnh cho cc knh thoi th ng cnh y l vic
x l cc cuc gi tng ng vi knh qua k hoch diaplan.
/etc/asterisk/sip.conf
[8051]
Type=friend
Context=Tu_SIP

[8052]
Type=friend
Context=noibo

/etc/asterisk/extention.conf
[noibo]
exten=>8051,1,dial(sip/8051,20)
exten=>8051,2,hangup()
[Tu_SIP]
exten=>8052,1,dial(sip/8052,20)
exten=>8052,2,hangup()
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Khi thu bao 8052 nhc my th Asterisk chuyn cuc gi ny n ng cnh


[noibo] v ch nhn con s quay, nu thu bao 8052 quay s 8051 th s my 8051
s rung chung trong vng 20 giy, nu qua 20 giy m thu bao 8051 khng nhc
my th cuc gi s kt thc. Khi thu bao 8051 nhc my th Asterisk chuyn cuc
gi ny n ng cnh [Tu_SIP] v ch nhn con s quay, nu thu bao 8051 quay
s 8052 th s my 8052 s rung chung trong vng 20 giy, nu qua 20 giy m
thu bao 8052 khng nhc my th cuc gi s kt thc.

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CHNG 5
XY DNG H THNG CALLCENTER
TRN NN ASTERISK
5.1. Gii thiu
S bng n ca Internet, vic ng dng ngy cng rng ri ca thng mi in t
v cc ng dng a phng tin (multimedia) lm cho nhu cu v trao i thng
tin mt cch trong sut (transparent) gia khch hng vi cc c s d liu
(Database) ngy cng tng.
Call center l khi nim ch dch v/trung tm chm sc khch hng (CSKH) qua
in thoi, websites ang ha hn tr thnh mt lnh vc hot ng kinh doanh y
tim nng ti Vit Nam, trong bi cnh hi nhp vi th gii.
H thng Call Center la im tip nhn moi thng tin, yu cu t phia khach hang
di moi hinh thc: thoai, e-mail, SMS, web, fax... va khng phu thuc vao vi tri
xut phat cua ngun thng tin phuc vu cng tac CSKH, tip nhn yu cu, giai
quyt khiu nai... V d nh mt khch hng mun truy cp vo ti khon ngn
hng ca mnh h s c h thng Call Center kt ni trc tip ti c s d liu
(CSDL) ca ngn hng . Sau khch hng s tng tc trc tip vi CSDL
thc hin cc yu cu ca mnh.

5.2. Mc ch Yu cu
Trong n ny s tp trung xy dng mt h thng Callcenter vi 3 chc nng
chnh. Khi khch hng gi ti tng i 1900 s c nghe li cho v hng dn
bm phm.
Bm phm 1
Cho php khch hng tra cu thng tin kt qu x s mt ngy bt k, ngy
thng nm c nhp t bn phm c dng xxyyzzz. Trong xx l ngy, yy
l thng v zzzz l nm. Nu khch hng nhp sai ngy thng nm s c
thng bo v yu cu nhp li.Ngy thng nm c coi l sai khi khch
hng nhp vo chui s c cha k t *,# hoc l mt ngy thng khng c
kt qu trong database. Kt qu tr li hon ton l m thanh thoi.
Bm phm 2

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S dng dch v qu tng m nhc, cho php khch hng c th gi tng


mt bn nhc ti nhng ngi thn ca mnh cng vi li nhn ca chnh
ngi gi, thi im gi s do ngi gi quyt nh.khch hng s c
hng dn nhp m qu tng,s in thoi ngi nhn v thi gian gi
qu tng, nu khch hng nhp sai s c thng bo v yu cu nhp li.M
qu tng s l mt chui s c 4 ch s, b coi l khng ng khi chui s
cha k t *,# hoc l khng tn ti qu tng ny.S in thoi s l mt
chui s khch hng nhp ty cho ti khi nhn phm #. Khch hng s
c nghe li s in thoi va nhp v li hng dn nhn phm # i n
bc tip theo, nhn phm bt k nhp li s in thoi.Thi gian gi qu
tng s l mt chui s c dng xxyyzztt, trong xx l pht, yy l gi, zz l
ngy v tt l thng gi qu tng. Thi gian c coi l khng ng khi chui
s khch hng nhp vo cha k t *, # hoc l mt thi im trong qu kh
so vi thi gian hin ti ca h thng. Cui cng khch hng s ghi m li li
nhn ca chnh mnh gi ti ngi nhn. Sau l li cm n v kt thc
qu trnh gi qu tng.
Bm phm 0
Cho php kt ni trc tip khch hng vi nhn vin t vn chm sc khch
hng.
H thng xy dng p ng c cc chc nng ra, gii quyt ti a cc yu
cu gi n v m bo cht lng m thanh thoi.

5.3. Phn tch thit k


5.3.1. Kch bn cho h thng
Khach hang goi n 1900:

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Cho mng bn n vi trung tm v v chm sc


khch hng ca chng ti. Nhn phm 1 tra cu
kt qu x s. Nhn phm 2 gi qu tng m
nhc, nhn phm 0 gp nhn vin t vn khch
hng..

nhn phm 1

Menu chnh

nhn phm 0
nhn phm 2

Tra cu
kt qu
x s

Gi Qu
tng m
nhc

Hnh 27 Kch bn Menu chnh ca h thng

Quy trnh tra cu kt qu x s

69

Gp nhn
vin t
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Nhp ngy thng nm mun tra cu kt qu


x s theo nh dng:xxyyzzzz. Vi xx l ngy,
yy l thng, cn zzzz l nm

Nhp ngy thng nm ,


nhn * nhp li
Kim tra
ngy thng
nm

Nhp li ngy thng


nm

Ngy thng nm
ng

Ngy thng nm
sai

Ngy thng nm bn
nhp khng ng,
xin vui lng nhp li.

c kt qu x
s ngy thng
nm va c
nhp

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Cm n qu khch s
dng dch v, nhn *
tra cu kt qu khc,
nhn # tr v menu
trc
Nhn # tr v
menu chnh

Nhn * tra
cu kt qu khc

Khng nhn phm *


hoc # trong 30 giy

Kt thc
cuc gi
Tr v
menu
chnh
Hnh 28 Quy trnh tra cu kt qu x s

Quy trnh gi qu tng m nhc

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Nhp m s qu tng, kt thc
bng phm #. bit m s
qu tng truy cp trang
web:www

Nhp m qu tng

Nhp li m qu
tng

Kim tra
ma qua
tng

Ma ung

Ma sai

Nhp s in thoi ngi


nhn qu tng, nhn phm #
kt thc nhp s in
thoi v chuyn sang bc
tip theo

Ma s sai, xin
vui lng nhp li

Nhp s in
thoi ngi nhn
t ngy gi gi qua tng
bng cch nhn gi v ngy
theo inh dang:
gigiphutphut*ngayngaytha
ngthang. Kt thuc bng phim
#

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Nhp ngy
gi gi qu
Kim tra
ngy gi gi
qu tng

Nhp li
ngy gi
Ngy gi
sai

Ngy gi
ng

Ngy gi nhp khng


ng, xin vui lng
nhp li

Hy li li nhn sau
ting Bp

c li
nhn

nhn phm #

Ghi m li li
nhn v thc
hin t lch
gi qu tng

Qua tng a c
gi .Cam n quy
khach a s dung
dich vu.

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Nhn phm *

Nhn phm #

Tr v
menu
chnh

Khng nhn
phm * hoc #
trong 30 giy

Kt thc
gi qu
tng

Hnh 29 Quy trnh gi qu tng m nhc

74

Tr v u
quy trnh
qu tng m
nhc

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Quy trnh gp nhn vin t vn

vovn
hng
Hnh 30 Gp nhn a
vin t
i ch c
5.3.1. Biu phn r chc nng
tr li ng thi
c nghe nhc
ch

Nhn vin t
vn tr li
khch hng khi
t lt khch
hng

Kt thc
cuc gi
Hnh 31 Biu phn cp chc nng

5.3.2. Biu ng cnh


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Hnh 32 Biu ng nh
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5.3.1. Biu lung d liu mc nh

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Hnh 33 Biu lung d liu mc nh


thc hin c chc nng tra cu kt qu x s, u vo ngi dng phi
nhp l ngy thng nm mun tra cu. Su h thng s truy vn ti c s d liu
vi ngy thng nm tng ng, nu c tn ti kt qu th h thng s tr v kt qu
cho ngi gi di dng m thanh, ngc li nu khng tn ti kt qu th h thng
s thng bo v yu cu ngi gi nhp ngy thng nm khc.
c th thc hin c vic gi qu tng trong tng lai, phi s dng n
mt tin ch l Crontab ca Linux, mt tin ch tng t nh schedule task ca
Window. Da vo y, ta s t lch ti thi im trong tng lai, Linux s t
ng thc thi mt file .sh, file ny c to ra trong qu trnh ngi gi gi n
cho h thng. N c nhim v l di chuyn file .call, cng c to ra trong qu
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trnh ngi gi gi ti h thng. Khi file .call c di chuyn vo th mc


OUTGOING ca Asterisk, h thng s t ng gi ti s in thoi ngi nhn,
thc thi file .php c tao ra nh file .call v file .sh trn. V file .php ny s
thc hin nhim v c s in thoi ngi gi, play li nhn v bn nhc m
ngi gi ng k...

5.3.1. C

s d liu
C s d liu phc v cho h thng cng kh n gin.

Hnh 34 C s d liu
Trong bng KQXS dng lu kt qu x s, trng date dng d lu ngy
thng nm, trng ketqua dng lu kt qu ca ngy thng nm . Trng
ketqua s c dng:
0=XXXX&1=YYYY&2=ZZZZ-TTTT...
XXXX s l gii c bit, YYYY l gii nht, ZZZZ v TTTTl cc gii
nh

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Bng MSBH dng lu m s bi ht, trng msbh l m s bi ht v


trng tenbaihat l tn ca bi ht. Bng ny nhm mc ch kim tra tnh hp l
ca m bi ht khi khch hng nhp vo.

5.4. Trin khai h thng


5.4.1. M hnh h thng

Hnh 35 M hnh logic h thng

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Trong h thng thc t trin khai trong n gm c:


1 Server Linux (CentOS 5) trn ci t phn mm Asterisk
version 1.6.0
1 Server ci Microsoft SQL Server 2005
2 Softphone (X-lite)
Cu hnh ngh i vi PC ci t server Asterisk:
CPU P4 2.4 Ghz
RAM 512
HDD 40G
5.4.1. Ci t cc gi phn mm
H iu Hnh CENTOS 5.2
S dng a ci t CentOS version 5.2 v ci t mc nh cc gi ca h thng.
Sau khi ci xong th cn ci thm cc gi nh sau c th ci v chy c phn
mm Asterisk:
-

gcc

gcc++

kernel-devel

bison

openssl

ncurses

curl

unixODBC, unixODBC-devel

libtool

mysql-connector-odbc, mysql-devel

php-mysql, php, php-mcrypt

Ngoi ra cn cn mod_ssl, wget

G lnh sau di ch root t ng ci t tt c cc gi cn thit:


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#yum -y install gcc gcc-c++ kernel-devel bison openssl-devel libtermcapdevel ncurses-devel doxygen curl-devel newt
devel mlocate lynx tar wget nmap bzip2 mod_ssl crontabs vixie-cron speex speexdevel unixODBC unixODBC-devel libtool-ltdl libtool-ltdl-devel mysql-connectorodbc mysql mysql-devel mysql-server php-mysql php-mbstring php
mcrypt flex screen qt-devel subversion php*gd php-odbc
Ci t phn mm Asterisk
Download cc gi phn mm:
Asterisk phin bn 1.6.0:
http://downloads.digium.com/pub/asterisk/asterisk-1.6.0.tar.gz
Gii nn chng vo th mc /usr/src:
tar -vxzf

asterisk-1.6.0.tar.gz

Tin hnh ci t:
cd /usr/src/asterisk-1.6.20
./configure;make;make install
make samples

(ch ci ln u phi c lnh ny)

Ci t Softphone
Softphone c s dng y l phn mm X-Lite. Tin hnh download XLite 3.0 ti www.counterpath.com v ci t bnh thng.
Phn mm h tr lp trnh giao tip vi Asterisk
Ci t thm gi FreeTDS h tr kt ni vi Database SQL Server ti:
ftp://ftp.ibiblio.org/pub/Linux/ALPHA/freetds/stable/freetds-stable.tgz
Tin hnh ci t:

./configure;make;make install

Ngoi ra cn cn ci cc gi chuyn nh dng file m thnh t mp3 sang


gsm sau: mpg123, lame, sox.
C S d liu
Ci t SQL Server 2005

5.4.2. Cu hnh h thng Asterisk


Cu hnh cc file .conf nh sau:
Sip.conf
[070786]
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Type

friend

Username

truonglh

Secret =

12345678

Host

dynamic

Context

test

L Hng Trng TTM-K49

Disallow = all
Allow

gsm

Allow

ulaw

Allow

alaw

Type

friend

Username

hungbd

Secret =

12345678

Host

dynamic

Context

test

[7777]

Disallow = all
Allow

gsm

Allow

ulaw

Allow

alaw

Extension.conf
exten=>1900,1,answer()
exten=>1900,2,goto(mainmenu,s,1)
[mainmenu]
exten=>s,1,Background(chaomung)
exten=>s,2,waitexten(30)
exten=>s,3,Playback(camon)
exten=>s,4,hangup()
exten=>0,1,goto(nvtv,s,1)
exten=>1,1,goto(kqxs,s,1)
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exten=>2,1,goto(qtan,s,1)
exten=>3,1,goto(saimenu,s,1)
exten=>4,1,goto(saimenu,s,1)
exten=>5,1,goto(saimenu,s,1)
exten=>6,1,goto(saimenu,s,1)
exten=>7,1,goto(saimenu,s,1)
exten=>8,1,goto(saimenu,s,1)
exten=>9,1,goto(saimenu,s,1)
exten=>*,1,goto(saimenu,s,1)
exten=>#,1,goto(saimenu,s,1)
[nvtv]
exten=>s,2,SetMusicOnHold(truonglh)
exten=>s,3,queue(nhanvien)
[kqxs]
exten=>s,1,AGI(ketquaxoso.php)
exten=>s,2,waitexten(30)
exten=>*,1,goto(kqsx,s,1)
exten=>#,1,goto(mainmenu,s,1)
exten=>s,3,hangup()
[qtan]
exten=>s,1,AGI(quatangamnhac.php)
exten=>s,2,waitexten(30)
exten=>*,1,goto(qtan,s,1)
exten=>#,1,goto(mainmenu,s,1)
exten=>s,3,hangup()
[saimenu]
exten=>s,1,Playback(saimenu)
exten=>s,2,goto(mainmenu,s,2)

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Musiconhold.conf
[truonglh]
mode=custom
directory=/var/lib/asterisk/moh
application=/usr/local/bin/mpg123 -q -r 8000 -f 8192 -b 2048 --mono -s
random=yes
Agent.conf
[general]
musiconhold=>truonglh
agent=>1111,1111,truonglh
agent=>2222,2222,hungbd
Queue.conf
[nhanvien]
strategy=ringall
member => Agent/1111
member => Agent/2222
Cu hnh Softphone

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Hnh 36 Cu hnh Softphone


Cu hnh giao tip vi Microsoft Sql Server 2005
Freetds.conf
[MySqlServer]
host = 192.168.1.4
port = 1433
tds version = 5.0
client charset =UTF-8
odbcinst.ini
[SqlServer]
Description = Microsoft SQL Server
Driver

= /usr/local/lib/libtdsodbc.so

Setup

= /usr/lib/libtdsS.so
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FileUsage

L Hng Trng TTM-K49

=1

CPtimeout=
Cpreuse
odbc.ini
[MyDsn]
Description=MS Sql Server
Driver=SqlServer
Server=192.168.1.4
DataBase=truonglh
Port=1433
TDS_Version=8.0

5.4.1. Lp trnh cho h thng


Gii thiu AGI
Asterisk Gateway Interface ( AGI ) l mt chun giao tip vi Asterisk . AGI
cho php Astersik gi thc thi mt chng trnh ngoi m rng nhiu chc nng
ca Astersik nh iu khin cc knh thoi , pht m thanh , c s DTMF , lin kt
vi c s d liu . Cc chng trnh ngoi c gi l AGI Script , ta c th lp
trnh ra cc AGI Script bng nhiu ngn ng lp trnh khc nhau nh Perl, PHP, C,
C#, Java.
Trong lp trnh giao tip vi Asterisk, cn phn bit hai khi nim API v
AGI. API l giao din lp trnh ng dng, thng c cung cp di dng u vo
l cc li gi hm n mt th vin no ca ng dng. Cn AGI thc cht cung
cp cho lp trnh vin mt knh giao tip vi Asterisk thng qua cc con tr file
(file Pointer) l STDIN, STDOUT, STDERR. V vy cng vic lp trnh cng tr
nn n gin hn v khng phi nh km vi mt th vin no ca Asterisk.
Khi bt u mi script, Asterisk s truyn cc bin mi trng v gi tr ca n n
AGI script. V d:
agi_request: quangtangamnhac.php
agi_channel: Zap/1-1
agi_language: vi
agi_callerid:
agi_context: default

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agi_extension: 123
agi_priority: 2

Sau khi truyn cc bin ny th Asterisk s gi mt dng trng dnh du


kt thc cc bin mi trng v chuyn quyn iu khin cho script.
Trong file cu hnh extensions.conf, ta gi script nh sau:
[default]
exten => 123,1,Answer( )
exten => 123,2,AGI(quatangamnhac.php)

Cc file code
Cc Script c vit bng ngn ng PHP, s dng th vin PHPAGI giao tip
vi Asterisk.
Khi gi n s 1900, h thng s a ngi gi n mainmenu,
l ng cnh chnh, y ngi gi s c nghe mt li cho mng
cng li hng dn bm phm. H thng s ch ngi dng bm
phm trong vng 30 giy, nu ngi dng khng bm phm trong
khong thi gian th h thng s pht ra li cm n v kt thc
cuc gi, cn ngc li nu ngi dng bm phm 1 s c a
n ng cnh [kqxs] tra cu thng tin v kt qu x s, phm 2 s
c a n ng cnh [qtan ] gi qu tng m nhc, phm 0 s
c a n ng cnh [nvtv] gp nhn vin t vn. Cn phm
bt k khng phi 3 phm trn s c a n ng cnh [saimenu],
y ngi gi s c nghe thng bo khng tn ti menu va
nhp, sau c a tr li menu [mainmenu] vi priority l 2
tip tc nhp phm khc.
File ketquaxoso.php
Trong file ny c cc hm :
__GetKQXS($day,$month,$year) : truy vn vo c s d liu v ly ra
kt qu vi ngy thng nm tng ng.
function __GetKQXS($day,$month,$year)
{
$ketqua="";
$date=$day*1000000+$month*10000+$year;

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$sqlconnect = odbc_connect(MyDsn,sa,12345678) or die ("Could not


connect");
$query

= "select ketqua from KQXS where date=".$date;

$res= odbc_exec($sqlconnect, $query) or die ("Could not exec");


if (odbc_fetch_row($res))
{
$ketqua = odbc_result($res,"ketqua");
return $ketqua;
}
else
{
return $ketqua;
}
}
__ConvertNumber($number) : chuyn i 1 s bt k thnh mt chui
c th pht thanh c (V d s 1002 s c chuyn i thnh chui
&mot&nghin&khng&trm&linh&hai).
function __ConvertNumber($number)
{
while (strpos($number,'0')===0)
{
$number=substr($number,1);
}
if (($number < 0) || ($number > 999999999))
{
}
$Gn = floor($number / 1000000); /* Millions (giga) */
$number -= $Gn * 1000000;
$kn = floor($number / 1000);

/* Thousands (kilo) */

$number -= $kn * 1000;


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Cng ngh VoIP v Asterisk


$Hn = floor($number / 100);

L Hng Trng TTM-K49


/* Hundreds (hecto) */

$number -= $Hn * 100;


$Dn = floor($number / 10);
$n = $number % 10;

/* Tens (deca) */
/* Ones */

$res = "";
if ($Gn)
{
$res .= __ConvertNumber($Gn) . "&million";
}
if ($kn)
{
$res .= __ConvertNumber($kn) . "&thousand";
}
if(($Hn==0)&&($kn!=0))
{
$res .="&0&hundred";
}
if ($Hn)
{
$res .= __ConvertNumber($Hn) . "&hundred";
}
$ones = array("", "1", "2", "3", "4", "5", "6", "7", "8", "9");
$tens = array("", "10", "20", "30", "40", "50", "60", "70", "80", "90");
if ($Dn || $n)
{
if ($Dn < 1)
{
$res .= ($Hn>0?"&linh&":"&") . $n;
}
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else
{
$res .= "&" . $tens[$Dn];
if ($n)
{
$res .= "&" . ($n==1?"mot":$ones[$n]);
}
}
}
if (empty($res))
{
$res = "0";
}
return $res;
}
File quatangamnhac.php
msbh($msbh): kim tra tnh hp l ca m bi ht do ngi gi nhp vo.
function msbh($msbh)
{
$sqlconnect = odbc_connect(MyDsn,sa,12345678) or die ("Could not
connect");
$query

= "select * from MSBH where msbh=".$msbh;

$res= odbc_exec($sqlconnect, $query) or die ("Could not exec");


if (odbc_fetch_row($res))
{
return true;

}
else
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{
return false;
}
}
Ngoi ra cn rt nhiu nhng hm khc nh kim tra tnh hp l ca thi
gian gi qu tng, thi gian phi m bo ng nh dng v khng c l thi
gian trong qu kh:
function ktratg($tg)
{
global $time;
foreach ($tg as $digit)
{
if($digit=="#")
{
return false;
}
}
$phut=$tg[0].$tg[1];
$gio=$tg[2].$tg[3];
$ngay=$tg[4].$tg[5];
$thang=$tg[6].$tg[7];
$thanght=substr($time,8,2);
if($thanght<$thang)
{
return true;
}
if($thanght==$thang)
{
$ngayht=substr($time,6,2);
if($ngayht<$ngay)
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{
return true;
}
if($ngayht==$ngay)
{
$gioht=substr($time,0,2);
if($gioht<$gio)
{
return true;
}
if($gioht==$gio)
{
$phutht=substr($time,2,2);
if($phutht<$phut)
{
return true;
}
}
}
}
return false;
}

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5.5. Kt qu thc nghim


Vo ch dng lnh ca Asterisk t terminal ca Linux.

Hnh 37 Mn hnh Asterisk CLI


Khi mt Softphone ng k vo v thng:

Hnh 38 Softphone ng k vo h thng


Khi gi ti 1900

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Hnh 39 Gi ti 1900
Khi ngi gi la chn menu tra cu kt qu x s (Bm phm 1).

Hnh 40 Ngi gi chn tra cu kt qu x s


Ngi gi chn menu Gi qu tng m nhc (Bm phm 2).

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Hnh 41 Ngi gi chn Gi qu tng m nhc

5.6. nh gi h thng
Asterisk l mt phn mm m ngun m nh gn, linh hot, mnh m nhng
cng khng km phn phc tp. n ny mi ch cp n hai chc nng c
s dng ch yu ca Asterisk l Chuyn Mch Mm (SoftSwitch) v Lp trnh ng
dng trn nn Asterisk s dng giao din lp trnh Asterisk. Do khun kh ca
n nn cn nhiu vn th v khc m em cha th trnh by c.
Cc kt qu t c trong n tt nghip ny:
Lm ch c h thng Linux - Asterisk: ci t, cu hnh, qun tr.
Xy dng c hai ng dng kh hay v hu ch l tra cu kt qu x s v
c bit l dch v qu tng m nhcMt dch v m em rt thch v ngha
ca n.
H thng m bo cht lng cuc gi tt v n nh trong mng local
Tuy nhin n ch dng li vic test vi cc Softphone trong cng mt
mng LAN nn cht lng tt v n nh, cn cha thc hin i vi mng
PSTN nn cha nm c cht lng cuc gi trong trng hp ny.

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5.7. Hng pht trin


Hot ng vi mng PSTN
Xy dng thm cc dch v mi nh tra cu thng tin chng khon,T gi
la, d bo thi tit
Nghin cu cc c ch bo mt cho Asterisk, xy dng h thng in thoi
Internet m bo an ton
Tm hiu cch nng cao hiu nng v cht lng cho h thng VoIP nhm
p ng c s lng ngi dng nhiu hn na.
Nghin cu mng in thoi qua Internet: nghin cu, ci t, qun tr

PH LC
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DANH MC CC THUT NG V T VIT TT


1. QoS (Quality of Service ): Cht lng dch v.
2. Codec (Compressor/De-compressor) l mt tp cc quy lut c s dng
chuyn i cc tn hiu thoi dng Analog sang tn hiu s v ngc li. C
nhiu thut ton codec thc hin chuyn i tn hiu analog sang tn hiu
s dng nh phn (0, 1) nh G711, GSM, G729 ng vi mi thut ton c
nhng u im ring, c bit l vic ti u s dng bng thng trn ng
truyn. Mc tiu cui cng l cc thut ton a ra phi m bo cht lng
cuc gi nht v tit kim bng thng nht. G729 l thut ton codec tt nht
hin nay trong h thng VoIP. Vi h thng Asterisk s dng thut ton
ny cn phi mua bn quyn s dng v y l codec khng min ph s
dng.
3. IAX (Inter Asterisk eXchange): IAX l giao thc bo hiu Voip c pht
trin bi tc gi ca phn mm Asterisk khc phc nhng hn ch trong
giao thc SIP. Khng ging nh giao thc SIP chuyn ti thoi v bo hiu
trn hai knh khc nhau (out of band), IAX chuyn ti thoi v bo hiu trn
cng mt knh (in band). IAX gii quyt c vn NAT cp trn phn
giao thc SIP. Mt khc IAX l giao thc ti u trong vic s dng bng
thng, cho php nhiu gi d liu thoi trn cng mt IP header, c ch
chuyn ti nhiu cuc gi trn cng mt gi IP c gi l trung k(Trunk).
4. PBX (Private Branch Exchange): PBX hay cn gi l PABX - Private
Automatic Branch Exchange l h thng tng i ni b c t ti nh
thu bao, t Automatic y mun ni n l h thng tng i in t t
ng nhng hin nay a s l tng i PBX in t t ng nn t trn thc
s khng cn cn thit na. Hin nay vi vic pht trin mnh m ca cng
ngh VoIP, chng ta cn c thm thut ng IP PBX. y l h thng chuyn
mch PBX vi cng ngh VoIP.
5. PSTN (Public Switched Telephone Network): mng in thoi chuyn mch
cng cng
6. TDM (Time Division Multiplexing): L k thut ghp knh phn chia thi
gian nhiu tn hiu c th truyn ng thi trn mt ng truyn, TDM
c s dng chuyn thoi trong h thng mng PSTN. C hai chun ghp
knh TDM c bn l E1 vi 30 knh thoi trn mt khung tc 2Mbps v
T1 vi 24 knh thoi tc 1.5Mbps.
7. VoIP (Voice over Internet Protocol): mt giao thc truyn tn hiu ging ni
gi trong giao thc IP c sn.
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8. PCM (Pulse Code Modulation ): thut ton m ha ng truyn ca mng


VoIP cng tng t nh mng chuyn mch knh. PCM l thut ton c tn
s ly mu l 8Khz (125ms/mu).
9. RTP (Real-time Transport Protocol): l mt giao thc internet chun c
s dng rng ri trong cc ng dng thi gian thc nh in thoi Internet,
video streaming. Giao thc RTP nh ngha cch thc cho php cc ng
dng qun l vic truyn ti thng tin vi thi gian thc (real-time
transmission)
10. RTCP (Real Time Control Protocol): Giao thc iu khin thi gian thc
c dng gi cc gi tin iu khin cho nhng bn tham d vo cuc
gi. Chc nng chnh ca n l thu nhn c thng tin phn hi v cht
lng dch v ca RTP.
11. SIP (Session Initiation Protcol ):Giao thc khi to phin, l giao thc bo
hiu iu khin lp ng dng c dng thit lp, duy tr, kt thc cc
phin truyn thng a phng tin (multimedia)
12. NGN (Next Generation Network ) :Mng th h mi
13. IVR (Interactive Voice Response) : Tng tc thoi
14. AGI (Asterisk Gateway Interface ) : l mt chun giao tip vi Asterisk .
AGI cho php Astersik gi thc thi mt chng trnh ngoi m rng
nhiu chc nng ca Astersik nh iu khin cc knh thoi , pht m thanh ,
c s DTMF , lin kt vi c s d liu . Cc chng trnh ngoi c
gi l AGI Script , ta c th lp trnh ra cc AGI Script bng nhiu ngn ng
lp trnh khc nhau nh Perl, PHP, C, C#, Java.

Ti liu tham kho


[1] RFC 3261 SIP : Session Initiation Protocol
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[2] RFC 3550 RTP : Real-time Transport Protocol


[3] RFC 3605 RTCP : Real-time Control Protocol
[4] Jonathan Davidson, Jame Peter, Manoj Bhatia, Satish Kalodindi, Sudipto
Mukherjee
Voice over IP Fundamentals, Second Edition
Cisco.Press.Voice.over.IP.Fundamentals.2nd.Edition.Jul.2006.chm
[5] Protocol of VoIP : http://www.protocols.com/voip.htm
[6] Wiley Publishing, Inc- VoIP for Dumies - by Timothy Kelly
[7] Building Telephony Systems With Asterisk- David Gomillion Barrie
Dempster
[8] Asterisk - The future of Telephony - 2nd Edition-Oreilly Publisher
[9] n tt nghip mng th h mi NGN cua Hong Tin-TVT3-K45HBKHN
[10] Mt s ti liu ting Vit khc v cng ngh VoIP, in thoi Internet,
Mng th h mi, Asterisk
[11] http://www.04hcb.net/
[12] http://www.voip-info.org/

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