I

Scaphium macropodum (Miq.) Beume ex K. Heyne, 1927 Tn ng ngha: Caryophyllum macropodum Miq., 1860; Sterculia lychnophora Hance, 1876; Firmiana lychnophora (Hance) K. Schum., 1897; Scaphium lychnophorum (Hance) Pierre, 1889 Tn khc: oi bay, li i, thch, bng i hi, hng o, l noi, sam rang, som vang, i i, i ng qu, an nam t H: Trm - Sterculiaceae Tn thng phm: Malva nut (Anh)
Hnh thi

Cy g ln, cao 20-25 m hoc hn, v dy, nhiu si, cnh non c cnh v c lng mu hung. L to v dy, mc so le, tp trung u cnh, x 5 thu cy con, n nguyn cy trng thnh, di 15-40 cm, rng 7-22 cm, gc l trn, nh nhn, hai mt nhn, mt trn xanh lc, mt di mu nu bc; cung l di 10-30 cm, to v mp. Hoa nh mc thnh chu u cnh trc khi cy ra l. Qu nang 1-5 i cao 10-15 cm, phn gip cung phnh rng, thon dn v nh. V qu mng, mt ngoi khi chn mu , m ra nh mt cnh pht tn ht i xa, mt trong trng bc. Ht hnh bu dc, hoc thun, di 2,5 3,5cm, rng 1,2-2,5 cm; v ht mu nht, nhn nheo, dnh gc qu.
Cc thng tin khc v thc vt

Vit Nam, chi Scaphium ch c mt loi mc hoang ti cc tnh t Tr Thin - Hu tr vo. Hin c t thng tin v loi ny.
Phn b

i - Scaphium macropodum (Miq.) Beume ex K. Heyne

1. Cnh l; 2. Cm qu

Vit Nam: Mc ri rc ti cc tnh Tha Thin - Hu (A Li, Ph Lc), Qung Nam (Hin, Ging, Phc Sn, Tr My), Qung Ngi (Tr Bng), Bnh nh (Vnh Thanh, Ty Sn), Ph Yn, Bnh Thun, Khnh Ho, Ty Ninh, ng Nai (Tn Ph, Vnh An), Kon Tum (k Gly, k Long, k T, Kon Plng, Sa Thy), Gia Lai (An Kh, Ch Pah, Ch Prng), k Lk (k Mil), k Nng, Lm ng (Bo Lc, a Hoi), Kin Giang (Ph Quc). Th gii: Lo, Campuchia, Thi Lan, Malaysia, Indonesia; nhp trng Xishuangbana, Jinghong tnh Vn Nam, Trung Quc (1970).

c im sinh hc

Vit Nam cy i mc hoang ri rc trong cc rng m nhit i thng xanh trn cao khng qu 1.000 m, ni t dy, mu m v m. Cy ra hoa vo thng 3 v qu chn vo thng 6 - 8. i l cy g cao, mc thng, g mm d gy, v vy thu ht thng phi cht cy, hoc nht cc ht rng di gc... Qu trnh ra hoa v u qu ph thuc rt ln vo nhit mi trng. Nhit thp vo giai on cy sp ra hoa lm gim mnh s lng hoa v qu trn mi cy, trong khi ch chiu sng t c tc ng ti cc qu trnh ny. Cy i sai qu theo chu k, khong 3-4 nm cy cho nng sut cao mt ln. Cy ti sinh d dng bng ht v chi. Vo ma qu chn, ht i rng xung t, ht nc v ny mm sau khong 1 thng. Hin cha xc nh tui ra qu ca cy trong t nhin.
Cng dng

B phn dng : Ht kh ch thch i.

Phn b i Vit Nam

Thnh phn ho hc : Ht i gm nhn chim 35% v v chim 65%. Trong nhn c cht bo (2,98%), tinh bt, sterculin v bassorin. V ht cha 1% cht bo, 59% bassorin, polysacchyrid, v tanin. Ngoi ra cn c cc ng galactose, pentose v arabinosse. Cng dng : Thch i l loi nc gii kht mt b, c kh nng sinh tn dch, thanh ph nhit, thanh trng thng tin, c tc dng cha cc chng ho khan, au hng, nhc rng, au mt , lao thng th huyt, i tin ra mu, mn nht do nhit.
K thut nhn ging, gy trng

Nhn ging : Cy i c th nhn ging c hu tnh v sinh dng. Nhn ging bng ht: Ht i d ny mm, nhng do v ht cha nhiu polysaccharids v phng to khi gp nc nn d b thi hoc b cn trng, ng vt t lm hng. Ht i sau khi thu c th gieo ngay hoc phi kh sau mi gieo. Thi v gieo ht thng vo u n gia ma ma. T l ny mm t ht cao, t trn 90%. Trong giai on cy ging, cn che nng (khong 50%), t l cy con sng st rt thp nu khng che nng. Chuyn cy ra vn trng vo u ma ma nm sau. Trong t nhin, cy i ny mm t ht kh ph bin, c th thu nht cy con v trng vo ma ma.

Nhn ging sinh dng: Chit cnh hin c coi l phng php nhn ging hiu qu nht i vi cy i. Cnh chit d dng ra r c khi x l cht kch thch hoc khng. Thi gian thch hp chit cnh vo trc ma ma hng nm. Sau mt thng k t khi xut hin r trong bu t cnh chit c b r pht trin tt t ti 96,3%. Khi chuyn cnh chit ra vn m hoc vn trng, giai on u cn che nng cho cy, khong 50% cng nh sng. Ti nay, nhn ging cy i bng phng php gim cnh cha thnh cng, k c khi s dng cc cht kch thch ra r. K thut gy trng : K thut gy trng: t trng i cn chn loi t tt, thot nc. Khong cch gia cc cy 6 x 7 mt. Cy i trng t ht c t l sng trung bnh 75%, tc sinh trng chiu cao trong 3 nm u t 1 m/nm. Sau khi trng 7 nm cy i c th cho qu v u. Trong nhng nm u, cy i rt cn c che nng, c th trng xen cy i di tn cc cy g khc. mt s nc (Trung Quc, Indonesia, Malaysia) trng i vi din tch tng i ln v cho hiu qu kinh t cao. Cc th nghim trng xen cy i vi cc cy kinh t khc hin vn cha thu c kt qu thuyt phc. khc phc tnh trng cy qu cao, khng thun li cho thu hoch. Ti Vn Nam, Trung Quc cc nh khoa hc dng bin php ghp chi bn v c ch sinh trng to ra cc cy i ln c chiu cao 3-5 m, cnh bn di khng qu 1 m. Vi phng php ny, 5 nm sau khi trng, cy i ra hoa la u tin, nng sut qu cao v d thu ht.
Khai thc, ch bin v bo qun

Sn phm s dng trong thc phm ca cy i l ht. Do cy cao v d gy, hin cha c phng php thu hi tht hiu qu. Tuy nhin trnh phi cht cy khi khai thc ht, ngi ta thng dn sch xung quanh cy vo ma qu chn, dng so di c mc ko hoc rung cho qu, ht rng xung thu gom. V ht c hm lng polysaccharids cao v ht nc mnh, v vy vo ma ht chn phi thu ht kp thi, nu chm gp ma ht s ht nc trng phng v thi. Bo qun sn phm: Ht i sau khi thu hoch c lm sch tp cht, phi hoc sy kh ti m 13%. Do kh nng ht nc cao, ht i sau khi phi sy cn c bo qun trong cc thit b kn hoc ng gi trong cc bao nilon chng m. Ch bin v s dng: Ht i ch yu s dng ch bin nc ung dng thch (jelly). Cho ht kh vo nc si, v ht ht nc v trng ln to thnh dng keo nhy (gi l thch i). Vt b ht, b sung thm ng, hng liu v lm lnh s c mt loi nc gii kht hp khu v. Thch i c tc dng thanh nhit, li tiu, cha cc bnh ng tiu ho. lm thch, mt cc nc (250 ml) cn 3-5 ht kh, c th cho thm cc loi tinh du thm (nhi, chui, bc h,..) s c nc gii kht c mi thm theo s thch. Trong cng nghip thc phm, thch i l thnh phn ca mt s ung c ng ng hp.
Gi tr kinh t, khoa hc v bo tn

i l loi lm sn c gi tr kinh t cao v l ngun thu nhp quan trng ca ngi dn mt s khu vc cc nc Lo, Indonesia, Malaysia, Thi Lan, Campuchia v Vit Nam. Trung bnh mt cy trng thnh cho nng sut 40 kg ht kh/nm.

Sn lng thu hi ti Vit Nam c th t mc trung bnh 235 tn ht kh/nm. Lo l mt trong nhng quc gia xut khu ln, nm cao nht (2001) sn lng xut khu t ti 1.700 tn. Gi ht i trn th trng th gii dao ng t 1,5 n 2,0 USD/kg. Vit Nam, ht i trn th trng ni a c bn vi gi 30.000 35.000 /kg. Ngoi vic tiu th ni a cc nc c sn phm, ht i ch yu xut khu sang Trung Quc, mt phn sang Php, i Loan. Nhu cu th trng ht i tng i ln v n nh, nhng ngun cung cp khng ln v dao ng theo chu k. Gi tr ngun gen v bo tn: i l cy c gi tr kinh t cao, nhng thng b cht h khi thu ht, nn s lng c th c th b gim st nhanh chng. Cn c bin php cm cht c y khi thu ht v nghin cu bin php thu hi bn vng.
Ti liu tham kho
1. Huy Bch v cng s, 2003. Cy thuc v ng vt lm thuc Vit Nam, tp II. Trang 184. Nxb Y hc, H Ni; 2. Nguyn Tin Bn, 2003. Sterculiaceae Barth. 1830 H Trm. Danh lc cc loi thc vt Vit Nam, tp II (Nguyn Tin Bn Ch bin). Trang 548. Nxb Nng nghip, H Ni; 3. V Vn Chi, 1999. T in cy thuc Vit Nam. Trang 685 686. Nxb Y hc, H Ni; 4. H H, 2005. i bay, mt tim nng ln cha c pht trin Tha Thin Hu. Bn tin LSNG. Mng li iLSNG Vit Nam. Vol 2 N 3, thng 7/2005. Trang 22 25; 5. Jenne H. de Beer, 1993. Non-wood foest products in Indochina Focus: Vietnam. FAO Rome, Fo: Misc/93/5 Working paper D/V 0782, 15; 6. Joost Foppes, 2003. The role of non-timber forest product in co mmunity based natural resources management in Lao PDR. Regional wokshop on co mmunity Based natural resources management (CBNRM). Bhutan, 4-7 nov.; 7. Li R., Wu J., 2003. Success and problems on introduction of Scaphium lychnophorum at Xishuangbana. Zhong Yao Cai; Aug, 26(8): 545- 6. 8. Wu J., Li R., Li E., 1997. Study on stunted culture of Scanphium lychnophorum. Zhong Yao Cai. Feb., 20(2): 55-6.