TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

KHOA IN
B MN T NG HO X NGHIP CNG NGHIP
___*****___
N IN T CNG SUT
THIT K NGUN CP IN CHO NG C IN 1 CHIU
KCH T C LP KHNG O CHIU

Gio vin ph trch : Trng Tn
H v tn : Nguyn Ngc Thng
Lp : T ng ha 1 K 47
Nhm ATCS : I
S hiu sinh vin : 20022615

n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
H Ni 7 2005
MC LC
MC LC .......................................................................................................................................................... 2
BI : ............................................................................................................................................................ 4
LI NI U .................................................................................................................................................... 5
CHNG 1 : ...................................................................................................................................................... 6
TM HIU V NG C IN MT CHIU ............................................................................................ 6
I. CU TO NG C IN MT CHIU ............................................................................................. 6
1. Phn tnh hay stato ........................................................................................................................ 6
2. Phn quay hay rto ........................................................................................................................ 7
II. CC THNG S NH HNG: ........................................................................................................... 8
III. S NGUYN L NG C IN MT CHIU ........................................................................ 9
IV. PHNG PHP IU CHNH TC NG C IN MT CHIU ....................................... 9
1. iu chnh tc bng cch thay i in tr phn ng .................................................................. 9
2. iu chnh tc bng cch thay i t thng ................................................................................ 10
3. iu chnh tc bng thay i in p phn ng .......................................................................... 10
CHNG 2 : .................................................................................................................................................... 11
CHN PHNG N ...................................................................................................................................... 11
1. Mch chnh lu cu mt pha iu khin i xng ............................................................................. 11
2. Mch chnh lu hnh tia ba pha iu khin i xng ........................................................................ 13
3. Mch chnh lu cu ba pha iu khin i xng ............................................................................... 14
CHNG 3 : ................................................................................................................................................... 16
THIT K MCH LC ................................................................................................................................ 16
I .S MCH NG LC .................................................................................................................... 16
1. S ................................................................................................................................................... 16
2.Nguyn l hot ng ........................................................................................................................... 17
II .TNH TON CHN THIT B: ............................................................................................................. 18
1 . Tnh ton chn my bin p: ........................................................................................................... 18
2. Tnh chn van ..................................................................................................................................... 25
3. Tnh ton b lc. ................................................................................................................................ 26
2
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
4. Tnh ton bo van mch lc. .............................................................................................................. 29
CHNG 4 : .................................................................................................................................................... 32
THIT K MCH IU KHIN ................................................................................................................. 32
I. C TRC MCH IU KHIN ......................................................................................................... 32
1. Cu trc iu khin ngang. ................................................................................................................ 32
2 .Cu trc iu khin dc. ................................................................................................................... 33
3. Chc nng iu khin. ...................................................................................................................... 34
II. S MCH IU KHIN. ............................................................................................................. 35
1.Nguyn l hot ng : ......................................................................................................................... 37
2.Dng in p mch iu khin ............................................................................................................ 37
III.TNH TON MCH IU KHIN. ..................................................................................................... 39
1. Tnh ton khu ng pha. ................................................................................................................ 39
2. Khu to in p rng ca. ............................................................................................................... 40
3. Khu so snh. ..................................................................................................................................... 43
................................................................................................................................................................ 43
4 . Khu pht xung chm. ...................................................................................................................... 44
5 . Khu khuch i xung v bin p xung. ........................................................................................... 45
6. Khu to ngun nui. ...................................................................................................................... 49
................................................................................................................................................................ 49
Ta cn to ra ngun in p cp cho my bin p xung v nui IC, cc b iu chnh dng
in, tc v in p t tc . .................................................................................................. 49
7. Tnh bin p ngun nui v ng pha. ............................................................................................... 50
8 .Khu phn hi tc . ....................................................................................................................... 52
CHNG 5: ..................................................................................................................................................... 54
M PHNG MCH IU KHIN .............................................................................................................. 54
........................................................................................................................................................................... 54
KT LUN ...................................................................................................................................................... 55
TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................................................................... 56
3
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
BI :
Thit k ngun cp in cho ng c mt chiu kch t
c lp khng o chiu c cc thng s sau:
U
m
( V )
I
m
( A ) U
kch t
( V ) I
kch t
( A ) Phm vi iu chnh
tc
220 140 220 15 20:1
Yu cu :
Mch phi m bo trn v n nh tc ,ng
thi c khu bo v qu ti v chng mt kch t .
n gm 5 chng nh sau :
- Chng I : Gii thiu chung v ng c mt chiu
- Chng II : Chn phng n mch lc
- Chng III : Tnh ton mch lc
- Chng IV : Mch iu khin
- Chng V : M phng mch iu khin
4
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
LI NI U

Trong nn sn sut hin i ,my in mt chiu c coi l mt
loi my in quan trng . N c dng lm ng c in ,my
pht in hay dng trong cc iu kin lm vic khc .
ng c in mt chiu c c tnh iu chnh tc
rt tt ,v vy my c dng nhiu trong nhng ngnh cng
nghip c yu cu cao v iu chnh tc nh cn thp ,hm
m ,giao thng vn tai
Mc d ng c in c nhiu ng dng trong cc ngnh
cng nghip ,nhng lun i km vi n l nhng yu cu v in
p ,dng in Chnh v vy cn mt phng php nhm p
ng c nhng yu cu trn .
in t cng sut l lnh vc k thut hin i ,nghin cu
nhng ng dng cc linh kin bn dn lm vic ch chuyn
mch vo qu trinh bin i in nng . Hin nay cc thit b
in t cng sut chim hon 30% trong s cc thit b ca mt
x nghip hin i . Nh ch trng m ca ngy cng c thm
nhiu x nghip mi, dy truyn sn xut mi ,i hi cn b k
thut v k s in nhng kin thc v in t cng sut v vi
mch v vi x l . Xut pht t yu cu thc t v tm quan trng
ca b mn in t cng sut cc thy c trong b mn in t
cng sut cho chng em tng bc tip xc vi vic thit k
thng qua n mn hc in t cng sut .
i vi nhng sinh vin nm th 3 ,y l ln u tin tip
xc vi thc t .Chnh v vy , trong qu trnh thc hin n
khng th trnh khi nhng thiu st nn em knh mong thy c
thng cm v b qua cho chng em .
5
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
Em xin chn thnh cm n cc thy c trong b mn T
ng ho x nghip cng nghip v c bit l thy gio
TRNG TN tn tinh hng dn em hon thnh n ny .
Sinh vin
Dng
c Anh
Chng 1 :
TM HIU V NG C IN MT CHIU
Trong nn sn xut hin i, my in mt chiu vn c coi l mt loi my
quan trng. N c th dng lm ng c in, my pht in hay dng trong nhng
iu kin lm vic khc.
ng c in mt chiu c c tnh iu chnh tc rt tt, c nhiu u vit
hn so vi loi ng c khc. Khng nhng n c kh nng iu chnh tc d
dng m cu trc mch lc, mch iu khin n gin hn ng thi li t cht
lng iu chnh cao trong di iu chnh tc rng. ng c in mt chiu
c dng nhiu trong nhng ngnh cng nghip c yu cu cao v iu chnh tc
nh cn thp, hm m, giao thng vn ti
I. CU TO NG C IN MT CHIU
Cu to ng c in mt chiu c th chia thnh hai phn chnh l phn tnh
(stato) v phn quay (rto)
1. Phn tnh hay stato
y l phn ng yn ca ng c, bao gm cc b phn chnh sau:
a. Cc t chnh :
Cc t chnh l b phn sinh ra t trng gm c li st cc t v dy qun kch
t lng ngoi li st cc t. Li st cc t lm bng nhng l thp k thut in hay
thp ccbon dy 0,5 mm n 1 mm p li v tn cht. Trong ng c nh c th
6
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
dng thp khi. Cc t c gn cht vo v my nh bulng. Dy qun kch t
c qun bng dy ng bc cch in v mi cun dy u c bc cch in
k thnh mt khi v tm sn cch in trc khi t trn cc cc t. Cc cun dy
kch t t trn cc cc t ny c ni ni tip vi nhau.
b. Cc t ph :
Cc t ph c t gia cc cc t chnh v dng ci thin i chiu. Li
thp ca cc t ph thng lm bng thp khi v trn thn cc t ph c t dy
qun m cu to ging nh dy qun cc t chnh. Cc t ph cng c gn vo
v my nh nhng bulng.
c. Gng t :
Gng t dng lm mch t ni lin cc cc t, ng thi lm v my. Trong
ng c nh v va thng dng thp tm dy un v hn li. Trong ng c in
ln thng dng thp c. C th dng gang lm v my trong ng c in nh.

d. Cc b phn khc :
- Np ng c : bo v ng c khi b nhng vt ngoi ri vo ln h hng
dy qun hay an ton cho ngi khi chm phi in. Trong ng c in nh v
va, np ng c cn c tc dng lm gi bi. Trong trng hp ny np ng
c thng lm bng gang.
- C cu chi than : a dng in t phn quay ra ngoi. C cu chi than
gm c chi than t trong hp chi than v nh mt l xo t cht ln c gp. Hp
chi than c c nh trn gi chi than v cch in vi gi. Gi chi than c th
quay c iu chnh v tr chi than cho ng ch. Sau khi iu chnh xong th
dng vt c nh cht li.
2. Phn quay hay rto
Phn quay gm c nhng b phn sau:
a. Li st phn ng
Li st phn ng dng n t. Thng dng nhng tm thp k thut in
(thp hp kim silic) dy 0,5 mm ph cch in mng hai mt ri p cht li
gim hao tn do dng in xoy gy nn. Trn l thp c dp hnh dng rnh sau
khi p li th t dy qun vo.
Trong nhng ng c c trung tr ln, ngi ta cn dp nhng l thng gi
khi p li thnh li st c th to c nhng l thng gi dc trc.
Trong nhng ng c in ln hn th li st thng chia thnh tng on nh.
Gia cc on y c mt khe h gi l khe thng gi ngang trc. Khi ng c
lm vic, gi thi qua cc khe lm ngui dy qun v li st.
Trong ng c in nh, li st phn ng c p cht trc tip vo trc. Trong
ng c in ln hn, gia trc v li st c t gi rto. Dng gi rto c th tit
7
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
kim thp k thut in v gim nh trng lng rto.
b. Dy qun phn ng
Dy qunphn ng l phn sinh ra sut in ng v c dng in chy qua. Dy
qun phn ng thng lm bng dy ng c bc cch in. Trong ng c in
nh (cng sut di vi kiloat) thng dng dy c tit dn trn. Trong ng c
in va v ln, thng dng dy tit din hnh ch nht. Dy qun c cch in
cn thn vi rnh ca li thp.
trnh khi quay b vng ra so sc ly tm, ming rnh c dng nm
cht hoc phi ai cht dy qun. Nm c th lm bng tre, g hay baklit.
c. C gp
C gp (cn gi l vnh gp hay vnh i chiu) dng i chiu dng in
xoay chiu thnh mt chiu. C gp c nhiu phin ng c ui nhn cch in
vi nhau bng lp mica dy 0,4 n 1,2 mm v hp thnh mt tr trn. Hai u tr
trn dng hai vnh p hnh ch V p cht li. Gia vnh gp c cao hn mt t
hn cc u dy ca cc phn t dy qun vo cc phin gp c d dng.
d. Cc b phn khc :
- Cnh qut : dng d qut gi lm ngui ng c. ng c in mt chiu
thng c ch to theo kiu bo v. hai u np ng c c l thng gi. Cnh
qut lp trn trc ng c. Khi ng c quay, cnh qut ht gi t ngoi vo ng
c. Gi i qua vnh gp, cc t, li st v dy qun ri qua qut gi ra ngoi lm
ngui ng c.
- Trc ng c : trn t li st phn ng, c gp, cnh qut v bi. Trc
ng c thng c lm bng thp ccbon tt.
II. CC THNG S NH HNG:

Phng trnh c tnh c in : =
K
U
u
-
K
R R
f u
+
I

Phng trnh c tnh c : =
K
U
u
-
2
) ( K
R R
f u
+
M

T phng trnh c tnh trn ta thy c 3 thng s nh hng ti c tnh c:
- nh hng ca in tr phn ng : thay i in tr phn ng ta ni thm
in tr ph R
f
vo mch phn ng. R
f
cng ln th tc ng c cng gim, ng
thi dng in ngn mch v mmen ngn mch cng gim.
- nh hng ca in p phn ng : Khi gim in p th mmen ngn mch
gim, dng in ngn mch gim v tc ng c cng gim ng vi 1 ph ti
nht nh.
- nh hng ca t thng : Thay i t thng bng cch thay i dng I
kt
ng
c. Khi gim t thng th vn tc ng c tng.
8
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
III. S NGUYN L NG C IN MT CHIU
Khi ngun in mt chiu c cng sut khng ln th mch in phn ng v
mch kch t mc vo hai ngun mt chiu c lp vi nhau, lc ny ng c c
gi l ng c kch t c lp.
tin hnh m my, t mch kch t vo ngun U
kt
, dy cun kch t sinh
ra t thng . Trong tt c cc trng hp, khi m my bao gi cng phi m bo
c
max
tc l phi gim in tr ca mch kch t R
kt
n nh nht c th. Cng
cn m bo khng xy ra t mch kch thch v khi = 0, M = 0, ng c s
khng quay c, do E

= 0 v theo biu thc U = E

+ R

I

th dng in I

s
rt ln lm chy ng c. Nu mmen do ng c in sinh ra ln hn mmen cn
(M > M
c
) rto bt u quay v sut in ng E

s tng ln t l vi tc quay n.
Do s xut hin v tng ln ca E

, dng in I

s gim theo, M gim khin n tng

chm hn.
IV. PHNG PHP IU CHNH TC NG C IN MT CHIU
T biu thc : =
K
U
u
-
2
) ( K
R R
f u
+
M
ta thy rng vic iu chnh tc ng c in mt chiu c th thc hin c
bng cch thay i cc i lng , R

, U.
1. iu chnh tc bng cch thay i in tr phn ng
ng vi mi gi tr ca R
f
c mt c tnh c khc nhau trong R
f =
0 l c
tnh c t nhin. Ta thy nu R
f
cng ln th c tnh c s c dc cng cao ngha
l tc thay i nhiu khi ti thay i. Phng php ny ch cho php iu chnh
tc trong vng di tc quay nh mc v lun km theo tn hao nng lng
9
Mc

0



Rn(TN)

R
f1

n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
trn in tr ph, lm gim hiu sut ca ng c in. V vy phng php ny ch
p dng ng c c cng sut nh

2. iu chnh tc bng cch thay i t thng
iu chnh t thng kch thch ca ng c in mt chiu l iu chnh mmen
in t ca ng c M = K..I v sc in ng quay ca ng c
E

= K.. Mch kch t ca ng c l mch phi tuyn nn h iu chnh t

thng cng l h phi tuyn:
i
k
=
k b
k
r r
e
+
+
k
dt
d
trong r
k
in tr dy qun kch thch
r
b
in tr ca ngun in p kch thch

k
s vng dy ca dy qun kch thch
Thng khi iu chnh in p phn ng c gi nguyn bng gi tr nh mc,
do c tnh c thp nht trong vng iu chnh t thng chnh l c tnh c in
p phn ng nh mc, t thng nh mc v c gi l c tnh c bn.
V
=
u
R
K
2
) (
nn cng c tnh c gim rt nhanh khi ta gim t thng
tng tc cho ng c

3. iu chnh tc bng thay i in p phn ng
Khi thay i in p t vo phn ng ng c ta c mt h c tnh c song
song vi c tnh c t nhin.
10
n

(3)

(2)

(1)
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
Ta thy rng khi thay i in p ( gim p ) th mmen ngn mch, dng in
ngn mch gim v tc
ng c cng gim ng vi mt ph ti nht nh. Do phng php ny cng
c dng iu chnh tc ng c v hn ch dng in khi khi ng.
Chng 2 :
CHN PHNG N
Ngun in mt chiu cp cho ng c in mt chiu c th ly c t nhiu
cch khc nhau. Ly trc tip t my pht in mt chiu hoc c th dng b bin
i mt chiu. Trong thc t, b bin i mt chiu c th d dng thit k nh cc
mch chnh lu s dng cc van bn dn. Hn na, cc mch chnh lu s dng van
iu khin cn c th d dng iu khin c theo yu cu ca tng loi ti. Do
cc u im , ta s thit k ngun mt chiu thng qua cc mch chnh lu in
p xoay chiu ly t li in. Di y l mt s mch chnh lu c bn v hay
c s dng.
1. Mch chnh lu cu mt pha iu khin i xng
- Cc van dn ln lt theo tng cp (T
1
, T
2
) v (T
3
, T
4
).
11


01
U
dm
(TN)

03

U
1

04

n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
-
- Gc m van , gc dn cc van
0 : T
1
, T
2
dn
+ : T
3
, T
4
dn, ng thi T
1
, T
2
kha li
Cng thc:
U
d
=

2 2
U
2
cos = 0,9U
2
cos
I
d
=
Rd
U
d
I
v
=
2
d
I
S
ba
= 1,23P
d
U
ngmax
= 2 U
2
I
2
= 1,11I
d
*
Nhn xt:
12
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
Chnh lu cu mt pha s dng rng ri trong thc t, nht l vi cp in p
ti ln hn 10V. Dng ti c th ln ti 100A. u im ca n l khng nht thit
phi c bin p ngun. Tuy nhin do s lng van gp i hnh tia nn st p trong
mch van cng tng gp i. Do n khng ph hp vi ti cn c dng ln
nhng in p nh.
2. Mch chnh lu hnh tia ba pha iu khin i xng
- Dng in i
d
phng do L
d
rt ln.
- Hot ng ca mch vi gc iu khin
: 0
0
30 + : T
3
dn
: 30 + 150
0
+ : T
1
dn
: 150 + 270
0
+ : T
2
dn
Cc van hot ng ring, c lp
R1
L1
T3
T2
T1

Cng thc:
U
d
=
2
6 3
U
2
cos = 1,17U
2
cos
I
d
=
Rd
U
d
I
v
=
3
d
I
S
ba
= 1,35P
d
U
ngmax
= 6 U
2
I
2
= 0,58I
d
*
Nhn xt:
Chnh lu tia 3 pha cn c bin p ngun a im trung tnh ra ti. Cng
sut my bin p ny hn cng sut mt chiu 1,35 ln, tuy nhin st p trong mch
van nh nn thch hp vi phm vi in p thp. V s dng ngun ba pha nn cho
13
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
php nng cng sut ti ln nhiu (n vi trm ampe), mt khc p mch ca
in p ra sau mch chnh lu gim ng k nn kch thc b lc cng nh i
nhiu.
3. Mch chnh lu cu ba pha iu khin i xng
- Hot ng ca mch: cc van nhm l thay nhau dn cho in p im
katt chung U
KC
,

cc van nhm chn thay nhau dn cho in p im ant
chung U
AC
.
- Cng thc:
U
d
= U
do
cos =

6 3
U
2
cos
i
d
= I
d
=

d
d
R
U


I
tbv
=
3
d
I
U
ngmax
= 6 U
2
S
ba
= 1,05P
d
I
2
= 0,816I
d
*
Nhn xt:
Chnh lu 3 pha s cu l loi c s dng rng ri nht trong thc t v
n c nhiu u im hn c. N cho php c th u thng vo li in ba pha,
p mch nh 5%. Nu c s dng my bin p th gy mo li in t hn cc
loi trn. ng thi, cng sut mch chnh lu ny c th rt ln n hng trm kW.
14
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
Nhc im ca mch ny l st p trn van gp i st p trn van trong mch s
hnh tia.
Chn mch van:
Theo yu cu ca bi: U
m
= 220V, I
m
= 140A ta c cng sut ca ng c l
P
m
= U
m
. I
m
= 220*140 = 30800 W = 30,8 kW
Cng sut ny kh ln nn ta s dng mch chnh lu cu 3 pha.
Mt khc yu cu ngun cung cp cho ng c phi iu chnh c in p,
in p iu chnh phi trn nn ta chn van phi l van iu khin.
Nh vy ta s chn mch lc l mch chnh lu cu ba pha iu khin i xng.
Ta s dng li in ba pha c in p pha 220V, nh vy in p ra ca mch
chnh lu l: U
d
=

6 3
U
2
cos = 2,34.220.cos = 514,8cos
Suy ra = arccos
8 , 514
d
U
Theo bi: di iu chnh ca ng c l 20:1, in p nh mc ca ng c
l 220V ng vi vn tc nh mc ca ng c. Nh vy in p ng vi vn tc
nh nht iu chnh c ca ng c l 220:20 = 11V.
Vi U
d
= 220V th
min
= arccos
8 , 514
d
U
= arccos
8 , 514
220
= 64,7
0

Vi U
d
= 11V th
max
= arccos
8 , 514
d
U
= arccos
8 , 514
11
= 88,8
0
(
min
-
max
) nm trong khong iu chnh c ca gc m

(khong nh hn
150
0
). Nh vy ta c th s dng mch chnh lu ny u trc tip vo li in,
khng cn thng qua bin p.Nhng do gc iu khin
min
qu ln nn
cn dng mt bin p nhm tng di iu chnh .
Kt lun:
Qua xem xt v tnh ton trn, ta chn mch lc l mch chnh lu cu ba
pha iu khin i xng v cn dng bin p ngun
15
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
Chng 3 :
THIT K MCH LC
I .S MCH NG LC
1. S
16
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
BA
AT
K K K
A
V
RI

KT
L
A B C
FT
R R
R
R R
R R
R R
C C
C
C
C
C C
C
C
T4
T3
T5 T2
T6
T1
K
RI
K
0
220V
~
~
2.Nguyn l hot ng
in p li sau khi qua Atmt v Rle c a ti bin p lc
.Bin p lc c nhim v thay i in p n gi tr mong i
,t y in p c cung cp cho h thng chnh lu Thyristo
17
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
cu 3 pha i xng . Sau cung cp ng c lm vic vi gi
tr in p ny .ng c hot ng c l do mt h thng
kch t c lp . Khu pht tc dung diu chnh din p lm
vic ca ng c .
II .TNH TON CHN THIT B:
Thng qua phng n la chn chnh lu cu 3 pha chng 2
cng vi s mch lc trnh by trn ta thy cn tnh ton
cc thit b sao cho tht ph hp . Cc thit b chnh cn tnh
ton y bao gm : My bin p ,van ,thit b bo v ,cun
cm .
1 . Tnh ton chn my bin p:
Cc i lng cn thit cho tnh ton mt my bin p chnh lu
cu 3 pha a. in p chnh lu khng ti

U
d0
= U
d
+U
ba
+U
v
+U
ck

Trong :
U
d0
: in p chnh lu khng ti
U
d
: in p chnh lu .
U
ba
: St p trn bin p .
U
v
: St p trn van .
U
ck
: St p trn cun khng
Do theo yu cu ca bi ,i vi s cu 3 pha ta c cc
thng s sau :
k
u
=2.34 ; k
s
=1.05 ; k

=3/ ; m = 3 ;
Theo cc gi tr st p trn van ta tnh c nh sau :
U
d0
=
( )
1
1 U b a
U U U U
ck v ba d
+ +
+ + +
(1)
Trong :
U
ba
=11 (V) ; U
v
= 1.15 (V) ; U
ck
=11 (V) ; U
1
=0.05
a =
0399 . 0 *
*
*
2

x
s
u
e
k k
k m

b =
0209 . 0 *
*
2
2

s
u
e
k k
m
Thay vo cng thc 1 ta c :
18
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
U
d0
=
( )
( ) V 275 74 . 274
05 . 0 0209 . 0 0399 . 0 1
11 11 15 . 1 * 2 220

+ +
+ + +
b . Xc nh cng sut ti a ca ti :
P
dmax
= U
d0
*I
d
=275*140 =38500 (W) =38.5(kW)
c . Cng sut my bin p ngun c tnh
S
ba
=k
s
* P
dmax
=1.05*38500 =40.425(VA)
40(kVA)
d . in p nh mc pha th cp :
U
2m
=
( ) ( )
) ( 124
34 . 2 * 05 . 0 1
275
* 1 1
0
V
k U
U
u
d

H s my bin p :
k
ba
=
78 . 1
124
220
2
1

dm
dm
U
U
e . Tnh ton s b mch t :
Tit din tr Q
Fe
ca li thp bin p c tnh t cng thc :

Q
Fe
=k
Q

f m
S
ba
*
Trong : k
Q
: H s ph thuc lm mt .
Chn k
Q
= 5
Theo thc nghim sn sut thng thng :
Q
Fe
=5* ) ( 84 64 . 81
50 * 3
2
cm
S
ba

ng knh tr:
) ( 20 , 10
64 . 84 . 4 . 4
cm
Q
d
Fe


Chun ho ng knh tr theo tiu chun d = 10(cm)
Chn loi thp E330 cc l thp c dy 0,5 mm

f. Tnh ton dy qun my bin p .
* / Tnh ton in p ca cc cun dy .
- in p cun dy th cp :
U
2
=

U
D
k
U
0
( ) V 52 . 117
34 . 2
275

- in p cun dy s cp U
1
bng in p ngun cp .
*/ Tinh dng in trong cc cun dy .
Ta c :
) ( 75 . 183
220
38500 * 05 . 1 *
1
max 1
1
A
U
P k
I
s

19
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
I
2
=
) ( 98 . 343
52 . 117
38500 * 05 . 1
2
2
A
U
S
ba

* / Tnh vng dy ca mi cun dy ;
Ta c :
S Vn/vng = 4.44*B*Q*f*10
-4
B = 1.5 (T); Q=84(cm
2
); f = 50(Hz)
Thay s :
S vng dy ca cun mt :
S Vn/vng = 4.44*1.5*84*50*10
-4
=1.8648
W
1
= ( S Vn/vng)*U
1
= 1.8648*220 = 410(vng)
W
2
=(S Vn/ vng)*U
2
= 1.8648*124 = 232 (vng)
* / Tnh ton tit din dy qun .
S
Cu
=
J
I
Trong :
I : Cng ng in trong cc cun dy
J : Mt dng in trong cc cun dy
Chn J = 2.75 ( A/mm
2
)
Thay s :
S
Cu1
=
) ( 66
75 . 2
75 . 183
2
mm
D
1
= ( ) mm
S
9
* 4
1

Chn S
Cu2
= S
cu1
= 66(mm
2
) D
2
= D
1
= 9(mm)

g . Tnh ton kch thc mch t .
Do theo yu cu ca u bi , y cng sut ln nn phi
dng tr c nhiu bc .
Chn l thp c dy : 0.5(mm)
Din tch ca s cn thit :
Q
CS
= Q
CS1
+Q
CS2
Vi :
Q
CS1
= k
l
*W
1
*S
Cu1
; Q
CS1
= k
l
*W
2
*S
Cu2

Trong :
Q
CS1
, Q
CS2
: Phn do cun s cp v th cp chim ch
W
1
,W
2
: S vng dy s cp v th cp
k
l
: H s lp y , chn k
l
= 2.5
Thay s :
Q
CS
= 2.5*410*66 + 2.5*232*66 =105930 (mm
2
) =106
(cm
2
)
20
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
h .Tnh kch thc ca s :
Khi c din tch ca s Q
CS
cn chn cc kch thc c bn
l chiu cao h v chiu rng cca ca s mch t .Tu theo thit
k m chn gi tr c bn c v h . Thong thng chn theo h s
ph nh sau :
m =
a
h
= 2.5 ; n =
a
c
= 0.5 ; l =
a
b
= 1 1.5
Tnh ton ta c : a = 10 (cm) ; b = 12(cm) ; c = 6(cm) ; h =
25(cm)
Chiu rng ton b mch t l : C = 2*c +3*a = 42 (cm)
Chiu cao ton b mch t la : H = h + 2*a = 45 (cm)

i . Tnh kt cu dy qun .
Dy qun c b tr theo dc tr , mi qun dy qun thnh
nhiu lp . Mi lp c qun lin tc, cc vng dy st nhau, Cc lp
dy cch nhau bng mt ba cch in.
- S vng dy trn mi lp:
+ Kt cu dy qun s cp :
Khi dy qun tit ch nht :

21
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
W
1L
=
e
n
g
k
b
h h 2
=
) ( 49 51 . 48 95 . 0 *
47 . 0
5 . 0 * 2 25
vong

Trong :
h : chiu cao ca s.
b
n
: b rng dy qun k c cch in.
h
g
: khong cch cch in vi gng: h
g
= 5(mm)
k
e
: h s p cht k
e
= 0.95
S lp dy trong ca s c tnh bng t s s vng dy W
ca cun W
1
hoc W
2
cn tnh trn s vng dy trn mt lp.
W
1d
=
l
W
W
1
1
=
) ( 45 , 8
49
410
lop
Chiu cao thc t ca cun s cp :
Tnh chiu di ca cc cun dy ng
Chn ng qun dy lm bng vt liu cch in c b dy :
S
01
=0,1 (cm)
Khong cch t tr ti cun s cp a
01
= 1,0(cm)
ng knh trong ca ng cch in
D
t
= d
fe
+ 2 . a
01
2 .S
01
= 10 + 2.1 - 2.0,1 = 11,8(cm)
ng knh trong ca cun s cp
D
t1
= D
t
+ 2 . S
01
= 11,8 + 2 . 0,1 = 12(cm)
Chn b dy cch in gia cc lp dy cun s cp
cd
11
= 0,1(mm)
B dy cun s cp
Bd
1
= (a
1
+ cd
11
) . n
11
= (1,45+0,1).6,1 = 8,9(mm) = 0,89(cm)
ng knh ngoi ca cun s cp
D
n1
= D
t1
+ 2 . Bd
1
= 12 + 2.0,89 = 13,78(cm)
ng knh trung bnh ca cun s cp :
D
tb1
= ( D
t1
+ D
n1
) / 2 = (12 + 13,78 )/2 = 12,89 (cm)
Chiu di dy cun s cp :
l
1
= W
1
. . D
tb


= 410. . 12,89 = 16603,0 (cm) = 166,03 (m)
Chn b dy cch in gia cun s cp v th cp :
cd
01
= 1,0(cm)
+ Kt cu dy qun th cp
22
) ( 24 , 24
95 , 0
47 , 0 . 49 .
1 11
1
cm
k
b w
h
e

n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
Chn s b chiu cao cun th cp
h
1
= h
2
= 25 (cm)
Tnh s b s vng dy trn 1 lp:
58 95 , 0 .
41 , 0
25
.
2
2
12

e
k
b
h
w
(vng)
Tnh s b s lp dy qun trn cun th cp :
4
58
232
12
2
12

w
w
n
(lp)
(Chn s lp dy cun n
12
= 4 lp ,).
Chiu cao thc t ca cun th cp :
67 , 14
95 , 0
41 , 0 . 34
k
b . w
h
e
2 12
2

(cm)
Khong cch t tr ti cun th cp l: a
12
= 1,0 (cm)
ng knh trong ca cun th cp :
D
t2
= D
n1
+ 2 . a
12
= 13,78 + 2.1,0 = 15.78 (cm)
r
t2
= D
t2
/2 =7,89 (cm)
Chn b dy cch in gia cc lp dy cun th cp
cd
22
= 0,1(mm)
B dy cun th cp :
Bd
2
= (a
2
+ cd
22
) .n
12
= (0,145 + 0,01) . 4 = 0,62 (cm)
ng knh ngoi ca cun th cp:
D
n2
= D
t2
+ 2 .Bd2 = 15,78+ 2 . 0,62 = 17,02(cm)
ng knh trung bnh ca cun th cp :
D
tb2
= ( D
t2
+ D
n2
) / 2 = (15,78 + 17,02) / 2 = 16,4(cm)
Chiu di dy qun th cp :
l
2
= . w
2
. D
tb2
= . 232.14,76 = 11953,13(cm)
l
2
119,53 (m)
ng knh trung bnh cc cun dy:
D
12
= ( D
t1
+ D
n2
) / 2 = (12 + 17,02 )/2 =
14,51(cm)
r
12
= D
12
/2 =6,43 (cm)
j) Khi lng st:
Khi lng st bng tch th tch st tr v gng nhn vi trng
lng ca st.
M
Fe
= V
Fe
. m
Fe
V
Fe
: th tch khi st.
23
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
V
Fe
= Q
Fe
.( 3h+ 2c) = 0.84* (3*2,5 +2*5) = 14,7
(dm
3
)
m
Fe
= 7,85. Q
Fe
(3h+ 2c) = 115,395 (kg)
l) Khi lng ng:
Khi lng ng c tnh tng t khi lng st.
M
Cu
= V
Cu
. m
Cu
Trong :
V
Cu
: th tch khi ng.
V
Cu
= S
Cu
. l
S
Cu
: tit din dy ng.
l : chiu di dy ng.
m
Cu
= 8,9 Kg/dm
3
.
Thay s :
M
Cu
= 8,9. S
Cu
. l = 16.7(kg)
m) Tng st p bn trong bin p
* in p ri trn tr:
U
r
= [R
2
+
2
1
2
1

,
_

W
W
R ] I
d
Trong :
R
1
, R
2
: in tr thun ca cc cun dy
R
1
=
Cu

s
l
1
= 0.0000172*
66
166030
=0.043 ()
R
2
=
Cu
s
l
2

= 0.000072*
66
119530
=0.031 ()
Vi
Cu
= 0,0000172 mm.
I
d
: dng ti mt chiu.
* in p ra trn qun khng:

U
x
=
d n f
m

1
Trong :

7 2 1 2
2
2
10 .
3
. 8

1
]
1

+
+
,
_

Bd Bd
cd
h
R
W
bk
n
m
f
: s pha bin p.
W
2
: s vng dy th cp bin p.
R
bk
: bn knh dy th cp.
l : chiu cao l thp.
24
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
h : Chiu cao ca s li thp
cd : b dy cch in ca cc cun dy vi nhau .
Chn cd = 2 (mm)
Qua tnh ton:
X
n
= 0.00597 () U
x
= 0.800(V)
in khng MBA quy i v th cp:
) ( 014 , 19
314
00597 , 0
H
w
X
L
ba
ba

h) in tr ngn mch
R
nm
= R
2
+
2
1
2

,
_

W
W
* R
1
R
nm
= 0. 014
o) Tng tr ngn mch
Z
nm
=
2 2
nm nm
x r + =
2 2
00597 . 0 014 . 0 +
=0.015()
p) Tnh in p phn trm ngn mch
U
nm
% = 100.
m
nm m
U
Z

2
= 1.79 (%)
q) Dng in ngn mch:
I
nm
=
nm
m
Z
U
2
=
) ( 7800
015 . 0
117
A
Nhn xt: kt qu tnh c trn ch hon ton c ngha v
l thuyt cn thc t khi lp bin p cn quan tm n rt
nhiu vn khc nh: ln mt, cch in
2. Tnh chn van
Cc van trong mch chnh lu cng sut lm vic vi dng in
ln, in p cao, cng sut pht nhit trn n kh mnh v vy
cng vic chn van phi hp l mi m bo mch hot ng tin
cy.
Khi chn van cn quan tm ti 2 ch tiu: ch tiu dng in
v ch tiu in p.
*) Tnh chn van theo ch tiu dng in:
Theo yu cu ca bi:
I = 140(A), tra bng 1.1 ta c:
I
tby
=
3
d

= 46,67(A)
Khi lm vic, dng din qua ng c, cc van thng xuyn
25
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
lm vic ch qu ti nn ta chn h s d tr k
lv
= 2.
y ta s dng ch lm mt t nhin, dng in cho
php ch bng 25% dng nh mc.
Nh vy dng trung bnh qua van:
I
v
= 46,67.1,5:25%= 280(A)
*) Tnh chn van theo ch tiu in p
- dao ng ca in p: t 10%
- Tr hiu dng ca in p ngun U
2
ln nht:
U
2max
= U
2
+ 10%U
2
= 123,59 + 12,359
U
2max
= 135,949 (v)

Tra theo bng ta c:
U
2ngmax
= 6 U
2max
= 333,00(v)
Chn h s d tr v p cho van bng 1,7 th in p qua
van:
U
2v
= 1,7U
2ngmax
= 1,7 . 333 = 566,11(v)
Tra theo s tay in t cng sut ta chn van Thyristo T14-
320-6
3. Tnh ton b lc.
V h s p mch c hnh lu cu 3 pha l: K
mv
= 0,057 nn
mch lc c h s san bng:
K
sb
=
5 , 9
006 , 0
057 , 0

dmr
dmv
k
k

Ta c in tr tng ng:
R =
( ) 57 , 1
140
220
d
d
I
U

Do R
1 khng
ln , K
sb
khng ln nn b lc c chn l in cm

L =
87 , 7 1 5 , 9
50 2 . 6
57 , 1
1
.
2
2
2
1

sb
m
d
k
w m
R
(mH)
*) Tnh kch thc li thp:
- Kch thc c s:
a = 2,6
4 2
d
LI
Chn a = 10 (cm)
b = 1,2a = 12 (cm)
c = 0,8a = 8(cm)
h= 3a = 30(cm)
26
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
- Tit din li thp:
S
th
= ab = 10.12 = 120 (cm
2
)
- Din tch ca s :

cs

= h.c = 30.8 = 240 (cm

2
)
- di trung bnh ng sc:
l
th
= 2 (a+b+c) = 2(12+8+10) =
60(cm)
- di trung bnh dy qun:
l
dq
= 2(a+b) + c = 2(10+12) + 8 =
69,13(cm)
- Th tch li thp:
V
th
= 2ab (a+h+c) = 11520 (cm
3
)
*) Tnh in tr ca dy qun t
0
= 20
0
C m bo st p
cho php:
U = 7,5%U
m
=
) ( 5 , 16
100
220 5 , 7
v
x

T
mt
= 40
0
C ; T = 50
0
C
Theo tnh ton:
r
20
=
( ) )] 20 90 ( 10 . 26 , 4 1 [ 140
5 , 16
20 10 . 26 , 4 1
/
3 3
+

+ +

T T
I U
mt
d

r
20
= 0,091()
*) S vng dy ca cun cm
W = 414
) ( 232
13 , 69
240 . 091 , 0
414
.
20
V
l
s r
dq
cs

*) Tnh mt t trng
H =
) / ( 54133
60
140 . 232
* 100
.
* 100 m A
l
I W
th
d

*) Tnh cng t cm
=
) ( 0267 , 0
120 . 6 . 50 . 232 . 44 , 4
10 . 5 , 16
. . 44 , 4
10 .
4 4
T
s f W
U
th m

*) Tnh h s t thm:
Theo thc nghim ta c:
= 542.
4 6
75 , 0
10 . 272 . 0 10 .
1000

,
_

H

Tr s in cm nhn c
L
tt
=
) ( 0293 , 0
60 . 100
120 . 232 . 10 . 272 , 0
. 100
. .
2 4 2
H
l
s W
th
th

27
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
*) Tit din dy qun
s = 0,072. ) ( 74 , 360
091 , 0
240 . 13 , 69
.
20
mm
r
s l
cs dq

ng knh ca dy qun
d = 1,13 s = 6,27(mm)
Chn dy c d= 6(mm)
*) Xc nh khe h ti u:
l
kk
= 1.6.10
-3
. W .I = 1,6.10
-3
.232.22,0 = 51,968(m)
V trn ng i mch t c hai on khe h nn ming m
c o chiu dy bng 1/2l
kk
.
l
m
= 0,5.l
kk
= 26(mm)
*) Kch thc cun dy
Chn dy qun dy 0,5mm, cao s dng dy qun.
h
ssd
= h - 2C = 30-2.05 = 29 (cm)
- S vng dy trong 1 lp:
W' =
3 , 48
6 , 0
29

d
sd
h
h
Vy 1 lp qun 48 vng.
- Tnh s lp dy:
n =
83 , 4
48
232
'

W
W
Vy cn qun 5 lp.
- dy ca c cun dy

cd
= n(d +
cd
)
Trong :
cd
= 1(mm)

cd
= 5(0,6 + 0,1) = 3,5(cm)
dy ca qun dy
cd
bng mt na kch thc ca s c =
8(cm) nn dy lt vo trong ca s.
*) Kim tra chnh lch nhit :
P
Cu
=
) ( 2172
20 . 10 . 26 , 4 1
140 . 8 , 16 . 02 , 1
) 20 .( 10 . 26 , 4 1
. . 02 , 1
3 3
W
T
I U
mt
d

S
Cu
= 2h
sd
(a+b+
cd
) + 1,4.
cd
(
cd
+ 2a)
S
Cu
= 3065,6 (cm
2
)
H s pht nhit:
= 1,03. 10
-3
cm C
W
h
sd
.
008 , 0
5
0
6
chnh lch nhit :
56 . 88
6 , 3065 . 008 , 0
2172
.

Cu
Cu
S
28
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
T
tt
< T cho php Tho mn
4. Tnh ton bo van mch lc.
Trong b chnh lu phn t km kh nng chu c cc bin
ng mnh ca bin p v ca dng in chnh l cc van bn
dn.
*) Bo v v qu dng
Thc t do yu cu ca bi m bt buc ta phi dng n
bin p. V vy thc cht trong mch c bo v qu dng nn
ch cn lp atomat u mch bin p.
*) Bo v qu p do pha ngun xoay chiu gy ra, y ta
dng mch RC chng qu p ngun kiu ring r tng pha.
+) Tnh h s bin p ca van
k =
tt
cp
U
U
+) Tnh nng lng t trng tch lu trong bin p:
W = 0,5. L

. I
2
max
=

. . 2 2
.
2
max
I
I s
ba

Trong :
L

: in cm t ho bin p
I
2
max
:bin dng t ho
S
ba
: cng sut bin p
I
2
: dng in th cp bin p
+) Tnh gi tr nh nht
C
min
=
*
2
2
max 2
C
U
W

+) Phm vi iu chnh gi tr in tr pha

max
max 2
min
max
max 2
. .
0
R
I
U
R R
U
U
m

Thng thng qua tnh ton v kinh nghim ngi ta thng chn
R = 80() C = 0,25(F)
*) Bo v cc sung p trn van
Bin php bo v thng dng nht hin nay l dng mch RC
mc song song vi van v cng gn van cng tt xy dng
dy ngn ti a. Thc cht ch cn t C song v van s xut
hin dng in phng ca t qua van lm nng thm cho van nn
cn dng mt in tr R nhm hn ch dng ny trong phm vi
29
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
10

50A. Tuy nhin c th dng phng php th tnh gn
ng.
+) Tnh h s qu p trn van

:
K =
ntt
ngcp
U
U
Trong :
U
ngcp
: in p ngc ln nht thng xuyn t ln van
U
ntt
: in p ngc thc t ln nht
- Tra bng v th:
Xc nh C
*
, R
*
, R
*
max
theo k
+) Tnh ti a gim dng ln nht khi van kho
-
max
. . 2 (max)
y Y
I f
dt
di

Trong :
f
y
: tn s chuyn mch ca van
I
ymax
: gi tr dng in ln nht qua van trc khi kho.
+) Tnh cc tr s:
C
min
=
*
min
.
2
C
U
Q
ngtt
R
min
Q
L U
ng
2
' .
R'

Q
L U
R
ng
2
'
*
max
+) Kim tra tc tng p thun qua van du/dt
f
R
U
dt
du
.
2
max
vi R
f
in tr ti
Nu gi tr ny vt qu gi tr cho php ca van th li tnh li
nh u.
+) Tnh cng sut in tr
Theo thc nghim c tnh gn ng:
P
R
= f
y
. C. U
2
ymax
Trn y l ton b cng vic tnh ton ca mch ng
lc. Hu nh c da trn kinh nghim thc t ca cc thy c
gio. V vy c mt s kt qu thc t c cng nhn.
30
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
31
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
Chng 4 :
THIT K MCH IU KHIN
Sau khi thit k v tnh ton mch lc ta nhn thy cn c
mt h thng ng iu khin mch lc ni trn. Mch iu
khin ny phi p ng c nhu cu cnthc hin ca mch
iu khin.
C hai h iu khin c bn l h ng b v h khng
ng b
- H ng b: Trong h ny gc iu khin m, van
lun c xc nh xut pht t mt thi im c nh ca in
p mch lc. V vy trong mch iu khin phi c mt khu
thc hin nhim v ny gi l khu ng b m bo mch
iu khin hot ng theo nhp ca in p lc.
- H khng ng b: Trong h ny khng xc nh theo
in p lc m c tnh da vo trng thi ca ti chnh lu v
gc iu khin ca ln pht xung m van ngay trc . Do
mch iu khin loi ny khng cn khu iu khin ng b.
Tuy nhin b chnh lu hot ng bnh thng bt buc phi
thc hin iu khin theo mch vng kn.
Hin nay i a s cc mch chnh lu iu khin thc hin
theo s ng b v khu ng b c u im hot ng n
nh v d thc hin.
I. C TRC MCH IU KHIN
1. Cu trc iu khin ngang.
a. S

1 2 3 4
32
B
U
k
DF TX KX
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
5
Trong : 1 - Khu ng b
2 - Khu dch pha
3 - Khu to xung
4 - Khu khuych i xung
5 - Khu to U
k
a. Nguyn tc iu khin ngang.
Khu ng b thng to ra in p hnh sin c gc lch
pha c nh so vi in p lc. Khu dch pha c nhim v thay
i gc pha ca in p theo tc ng ca in p iu
khin. Xung iu khin c to ra khu to xung (TX) vo thi
im khi in p dch pha U
DF
qua im O. Xung ny nh khu
khuych i xung KX c tng cng sut gi ti cc iu
khin ca van. Nh vy gc hay thi im pht xung m van
thay i c nh s tc ng ca U
k
lm in p U
DF
di chuyn
theo chiu ngang ca trc thi gian.
2 .Cu trc iu khin dc.
a. S cu trc

1 2 3 4
5
Trong : 1 - Khu ng b
2 - Khu to U
ta
3 - Khu to xung v so snh
4 - Khu khuych i xung
5 - Khu to U
k

b. Nguyn tc iu khin
U
ng
khu ng b thng to ra in p hnh sin c gc
33
B
U
k
U
t
SS+TX KX
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
lch pha c nh so vi in p lc. Khu to U
T
to ra in p
ta c dng c nh theo chu k do nhp ng b ca U
B
. Khu
so snh xc nh im cn bng ca hai in p U
T
v U
K

pht ng khu to xung TX. Nh vy trong nguyn tc ny thi
im pht xung m van hay gc iu khin thay i do s thay
i tr s ca U
K
. Theo th l s di chuyn dc trc bin
.
3. Chc nng iu khin.
- Pht xung iu khin n cc van lc theo ng pha v
gc iu khin cn thit.
- m bo phm vi iu chnh gc
max
+
min
tng ng vi
in p ra ca ti mch lc.
- Cho php b chnh lu lm vic bnh thng vi cc ch
khc nhau do ti yu cu nh ch khi ng, ch nghch l-
u, ch dng in lin tc.
- C i xng xung iu khin tt, khng vt qu 1
0
3
0
in tc l gc iu khin vi mi van khng c lch qu gi tr
cho php.
- m bo mch hot ng n nh v tin cy khi li in
xoay chiu giao ng c v gi tr in p v tn s.
- C kh nng chng nhiu cng nghip tt.
- tc ng ca mch iu khin nhanh, di 1ms.
- Thc hin cc yu cu v bo v b chnh lu t h iu
khin nu cn nn ngt xung iu khin khi s c, thng bo
cc hin tng khng bnh thng ca li in v bn thn b
chnh lu.
- m bo xung iu khin pht ti cc van lc m chc
chn van, phi tho mn yu cu:
+ cng sut
+ C sn xung i xng m van chnh xc vao thi
34
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
im quy nh, thng tc tng p iu khin phi t 10V/
s tc tng iu khin.
+ rng xung iu khin cho dng qua van kp vt
tr s dng in duy tr I
dt
ca n khi ngt van vn gi c
trng thi dn.
+ C dng ph hp vi s chnh lu v tnh cht ti.
II. S MCH IU KHIN.
Trong qu trnh tm hiu nguyn tc diu khin ca ng
c in ta xy dng c s mch iu khin nh trang
bn .
35
S MCH IU KHIN
1.Nguyn l hot ng :
Tn hiu xoay chiu sau khi i qua bin p ngun c
chnh lu bi 2 it
1
v
2
. in sau chnh lu so snh vi in p
chun U
0
to tn hiu ng b trng vi thi im din p li
i qua im 0 . Khi tn hiu ng b m t C c np v ngc
lai khi tn hiu ng b dng t C phng . Nh vy u ra ca
IC s c tn hiu rng ca .Sau tn hiu rng ca c so snh vi
tn hiu iu khin (Ly t khu phn hi tc ) bng khuch
i thut ton .
B OA7 l mt a hi i dao ng to xung chm c tn s
cao vi mc ch gim kch thc ca my bin p xung .Tn
hiu cao tn trn vi tn hiu sau khi so snh ri tip tc c trn
vi tn hiu phn phi nhm tao ra tn hiu cho tng Thyristo
ring bit .Nhng tn hiu ny oc khuch i v thng qua
bin p xung a trc tip ln cc iu khin ca Thyristo .
Do yu cu ca bi l dng s cu 3 pha nn cn
thit k 3 knh tng t nhau cho cc pha A , B , C .

2.Dng in p mch iu khin
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
u1

0
u2

0
u3
u4

0
u5

0
u6

0
u7

0
u8

0
u0
uk

0
u9

38
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
III.TNH TON MCH IU KHIN.
1. Tnh ton khu ng pha.
a. Nguyn l hot ng
u1

0
u2

0
u3
u0
in p xoay chiu 220v c a qua mch chnh lu mt
pha hai na chu k.
Na chu k u U
2
>0 v U
2
'

1
dn.
Na chu k sau U
2
<0 v U
2
' >0
2
dn. Ta c inn
p U
I
nh hnh v. U c a vo cc thun ca
OP
1
. iu chnh Rx
1
c in p U
0
a vo ca o.
Nu U
I
<U
0
th U
II
< 0 v bng -(E - 2)v
Nu U
I
> U
0
th U
II
> 0 v bng (E - 2)v
in p ra U
II
l dng xung ch nht
b. Tnh ton
V f = 50 Hz T =
Hz 50
1
= 0,02 (s) = 20ms
Do trong na chu k ta phi to ra in p rng
ca sao cho :
39
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
t = t
p
+t
n
= 0,01 (s)
t
p
: thi gian phng ca t in
t
n
: thi gian np ca t din
Trong thc t tnh ton gii iu kin ln t 0
U
m
th hoc
t
n
<< t
p
hoc t
p
<<t.
Trong khun kh ca n ta chn : t
n
=
0,001 (s) = 1ms
t
p
= 0,009 (s) = 9
ms
Vi t
p
= 9 ms ta phi iu chnh R
x1
sao cho
U
0
= U
I
(
p
t
2
1
) = 15 Sin (2f
p
t
2
1
) =15Sin(2
3
10 . 5 , 0 . 50 .

)
v
U
0
= 2,35 v
- Chn R
2
= 1k. TA c
U
0
=
1 3
1
. .
x
z
R R
E R
+
R
x1
=

k
U
U E R
38 , 5
35 , 2
) 35 , 2 15 .( 1 ) (
0
0 2
Chn loi bin tr c gi tr 10(k) iu chnh ly gi
tr thch hp
+ Chn D
1
v D
2
l loi D- 1001 vi I = 1(a); U
ngmax
= 200v
2. Khu to in p rng ca.
a) S v nguyn l hot ng
40
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng

0
u3
u4

0
* Khi U
II
< 0 th D
3
dn, p ca o ca OA
2
m U
-
< 0
nn U
III
= k
0
( U
+
- U
-
) > 0 in p ra ca ra ca OA l
bo ho dng.
Chn R
3
<< R
x2
b qua i
R
2 x
trong giai on ny . Dng
qua t l dng i
R
2
v dng vo ca m ca OA khng ng k
in p ra bng in p t C v bng:
U
III
= U
C
=
t
R C
U
C
dt
R
U
C
dt i
C
bh a
C
3 3
.
1 1 1


Nh vy in p trn t C tng trngtuyn tnh khi in p
ny t t r ngng D
z
th thng v gi in p ny (Nu
khng c D
z
th in p tng U
bh
)
* Khi U
II
> 0 th D
3
kho i
R
2

= 0 lc ny dng i qua t C
l dng i qua R
x2
, dng in ny ngc chiu vi dng i qua t
C khi U
II
< 0 ngha l n phng in.
41
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
U
III
= U
C
= U
OA12
-
t
R
R
C
U dt i
C
x
Dz RX
2
2
.
1 1

b) Tnh ton .
Chn t C = 0,22F
Chn bin in p rng ca l 9,1v do chn D
z
c U
Dz
= 9,1. t C phng in v khng ta chn R
x2
theo:
U
III
= U
C
= u
Dz
- p
t
R C
E
3
*
= 0 R
3
= p
Dz
t
U C
E
*
*
Thay s ta c :
R
x2
= ( )

k 43 . 67
1 . 9 * 10 * 22 . 0
10 * 9 * 15
6
3
Chn R
x2
gm 1 loi bin tr 50 (k) v mt in tr R =
30(k)
Trong thi gian t
n
in p trn t phi vt qu gi tr in p n
p, nn ta c :
Dz
n
x
Dz bh
U
C
t
R
E
R
U U

,
_

*
2 3

2 3
*
x n
Dz Dz bh
R
E
t
C U
R
U U
+

R
3

( )
+

k
R
E
t
C U
U U
x n
Dz
D bh
52 . 5
10 * 43 . 67
15
10
10 * 22 . 0 * 1 . 9
7 . 0 13
*
3 3
6
2
3
Chn R
3
= 4.3(k) v OA loi A 741
A741 c cc thng s:
in p ngun nui: Vcc = 15 (V)
Hiu in th gia cng vo o v cng vo khng
o: V
ID
= 30 (V)
in p tn hiu u vo: V
I
= 15 (V) (bin ca V
I
khng vt qu 15V).
Nhit lm vic: T = - 55
0
C n 125
0
C
S chn nh hnh v:
42
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
:
3. Khu so snh.
u4

0
uk
u5
6 u
0

in p rng ca U
3
c a vo ca o ca OA3, cn in
p iu khin U
k
c a vo ca khng o. Khi in
p ra l:
U
4
= K
0
(U
k
U
3
).
Do khi U
k
> U
3
th in p ra l dng bo ho, cn khi
U
k
< U
3
th in p ra U
4
l dng bo ho.
it D
7
lc phn m ca in p U
4
, do U
5
ch ly
43
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
phn in p dng.
b) Tnh ton:
V dng vo khuch i thut ton l rt nh nn ta
chn R
8
= 10 k.
Chn OA3 l khuych i thut ton A741.
Chn R
9
= 10 k
4 . Khu pht xung chm.

a)
Nguyn l hot ng :
Ti thi im m in p trn t U
C2
= 0 th U
r
= 0 v U
r
=
p
U
R
R R
*
11
12 11
+
= u
n
= u
C
= 0
Ta tin hnh np cho t C
2
mt in p U
C2
< 0 . Khi U
P
-
U
N
=U
P
- U
C
> 0 U
r
=U
rmax
, khi th t in C dc no in
theo chiu ngc li so vi chiu m ta np cho C
2
lc ban u .T C
2
u6

0
u7

0
44
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
c np ti gi tr :
U
C2
= U
P
=
max
11
12 11
*
r
U
R
R R +
Khi U
r
= 0 th U
p
= 0 .Do
C
2
phng in qua R
10
v m ngun ca OA4 v in p ra ca
OA4 mc m bo ho . Qu trnh ny lp li lm u ra ca
OA4 c xung in p dng ch nht vi tn s tu thuc vo gi
tr ca R
10
v C
2 .
b/ Tnh ton :
Chu k ca xung chm c xc nh theo cng thc :
T = R
10
*C
2
*ln(1+
12
11
R
R
)
Chn T =
2
3
10
10 * 10
1 1


f
Chn C
2
=0.01(F) R
10
=
( )

k
C
T
54 . 4
10 * 01 . 0 * 2 . 2
10
* 2 . 2
6
4
2
Nh vy chn R
10
= R
11
= R
12
= 4.5(k)
5 . Khu khuch i xung v bin p xung.

1. Bin p xung:
- Bin p xung c nhim v tch ly mch lc v mch iu
45
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
khin
- Phi hp tr khng gia tng khuych i xung v cc
iu khin van lc.
Yu cu ln nht i vi bin p xung l truyn xung t mch
iu khin ln cc iu khin ca thyistor vi mo t nht.
Bin p xung lm vic vi tn s cao nn li dn t trng cho
bin p xung l li ferit dng xuyn, hnh tr hoc c tit din
ch E.
Do ch lm vic ca bin p xung l t ho mt phn nn ta
chn:
bin thin cng t trng: B = 0.2 (T).
bin thin mt t cm: H = 30 A/m.
Kch thc tng ca bin p xung l:
H B
U t I U k
V
x x ba

.
. . . .
2 2
Trong :
t
x
l rng mt xung, t
x
= t
n
= 0.05ms
U
x
l st p xung cho php, chn U
x
= 0.1 (V).
k
ba
= 2 l h s my bin p.
U
2
l in p cun th cp my bin p, U
2
= U
k
= 3.5 (V).
I
2
l dng in cun th cp my bin p, do t
x
= t
n
nn coi:
I
2
= 0.5I
k
= 0.1 (A).
Thay cc gi tr vo cng thc trn, ta c:
3 6
3
10 58 . 0
30 2 . 0
1 . 0 10 05 . 0 1 . 0 5 . 3 2
m V

Tra bng cho trng hp t ho mt phn, chn loi li hnh tr k

hiu 1811 (ng knh ngoi l 18 (mm) v ng knh trong l
11(mm) c tit din li tng ng bng 0.443(cm
2
).
Do , ta c s vng dy cun s cp:
6 . 86
10 443 . 0 2 . 0
10 05 . 0 15
4
3
1
1

ba
x
S B
t U
w
(vng).
46
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
Chn w
1
= 88 vng, suy ra: w
2
= 88/2 = 44 (vng)
` Yu cu ln nht i vi bin p xung l truyn xung t
mch iu khin ln cc iu khin ca thyistor vi mo t
nht.
2. Khuch i xung
a. Nguyn l lm vic :
- Khi c xung vo cc bng T
1
, T
2
m , a xung ti bin p xung
ri to xung m Thyristo .
+ V bin p xung c tnh cht vi phn nn phi c in tr
R
2
tiu tm nng lng tch lu ca cc cun dy trong giai
on T
1
, T
2
kho .Nu khng bin ca cc xung s gim i
ng k do im lm vic ca li bin p y ln pha bo ho .
+ Do R
2
mc ni tip vi cun s cp ca my bin p xung nn
lm gim in p t ln bin p xung , gi in p ban
u trn my bin p bng ngun E
cs
ta thm t C vo D
1
c tc
dng ngn mch bin p xung khi T
1
kho
D
2
nhm chng qu p gy hng bng .
b. Tnh ton :
Theo thng s van T14 320 6 chn ta c :
I
k
= 200(mA)
U
k
= 3.5(V)
Tham s dng in v in p ca cun s cp my bin
p xung :
U
1
= k*U
k
; I
1
=
k
1
*I
k
vi k : H s my bin p
Chn k = 2 ta c : U
1
= 2*3.5= 7(V)
I
1
= 100(mA)
Ngun cng sut phi c tr ln hn U
1
b in p trn
in tr .V vy chn E
cs
=15(V)
T gi tr E
cs
v I
1
chn bng T
1
loi BFY51c I
cmax
=1(A) ,U
CE
47
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
=30(V) , = 40
in tr : R
2
>
CP
CS
I
E

=15() .
Cng sut in tr ny thng t 2 (W) n 4 (W) do dng
qu ln v kh thng xuyn ln nht l khi gc iu khin nh
nht.
Kim tra st p trn in tr khi bng dn dng:
V R I U
R
5 , 1 15 1 , 0
2 1
2

.
Suy ra in p trn bin p xung phi l:
U
1
= E
CS
= U
R2
= 15 - 1.5 = 13.5 V v t yu cu. Tuy
nhin tng mnh xung kch cho van vn c th dng thm t
tng cng p C oc tnh nh sau:
Tn s xung chm 10 Khz tng ng vi chu k b xung l:
T
XC
=
( ) S s
f
XC
100 10 100
10 10
1 1
6
3

Khong cch gia hai xung chm l:
t
u
= S
c T
50
2

Vy do
F
R
t
C
n
1 . 1 10 1 . 1
15 3
10 50
3
6
6
2

<

nn chn C = 1F
Bng T
2
chn loi BC107, U
CC
= 45V, I
Cmax
= 0.1A,
min
= 110.
Vy in tr u vo tnh theo cng thc:
max 1
2 1
1
max
max
KI
E
R
I
U
CS
V
C

< <
Thay s:
1 2
15 110 40
110
1 . 0
12
1

< < R

13.2k < R
1
< 33k
Chn R
1
= 20k
iot chn loi 1N1192A - C cc thng
s nh sau :
I
max
=20(A ) ; U
n
= 50(V)
48
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
6. Khu to ngun nui.
c1
c2
7815
c4
c3
c6
c5
7915
Ecs
c7
a'
b'
c'
c
b
a
2-1
2-2
Ta cn to ra ngun in p V 15 t cp cho my bin p
xung v nui IC, cc b iu chnh dng in, tc v
in p t tc .
Ta chn mch chnh lu cu dng it, in p th cp my
bin p ngun nui:
U
2
= ) ( 4 . 6
34 . 2
105
V . Chn U
2
= 9(V)
n nh in p ra ca ngun nui, ta dng hai vi mch
n p 7815 v 7915 l vi mch n p cho ta in p -15(V).
Cc thng s ca vi mch:
in p u vo: U
V
= 7 35V
in p u ra: U
R
= 15V vi IC7815
U
R
= -15V vi IC7915
Dng in u ra: I
Ra
= 0 1(A)
T in C
4
, C
5
lc cc thnh phn bc cao
Chn C
4
= C
5
= C
6
= C
7
= 470(F), U = 35(V)
49
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
7. Tnh bin p ngun nui v ng pha.
(1). Ta thit k my bin p dng cho c vic ko in p
ng pha v to ngun nui. Chn kiu my bin p ba pha ba
trc , trn mi trc c ba dy, mt cun s cp v hai cun th
cp.
(2). in p ly ra th cp my bin p lm in p ng
pha ly ra th cp lm ngun nui.
U
2
= U
2ph
= U
n
= 9v
(3). Dng in th cp my bn p ng pha
I
2p
= 1 (mA)
(4). Cng sut ngun nui cp cho my bin p xung
P
ph
= 6.U
2p
.I
2p
= 6.9.1.10
-3
= 0,054w
(5). Cng sut tiu th 6IC TL084 s dng lm khuch i
thut ton, ta chn hai IC TL084 to 6 cng AND
P
8IC
= 8P
IC
= 8*0,68 = 5,44(W)
(6). Cng sut bin p xung cp cho vic iu khin tisirton
P
x
= 6. U
k
. I
k
= 6 . 3,5 . 0,2 = 4,2w
(7). Cng st s dng cho vic to ngun nui
P
N
= P
ph
+ P
8IC
+ P
x
= 0,054 + 5,12 + 4,2
P
N
= 9,374 w
(8). Cng sut ca my bin p c k n 5% tn tht trong
my
S = 1,05 . (Pph + Px)
= 1,05 . (0,054 +9,374) = 9,899VA
(9). Dng in th cp my bin p
I
2
=
A
U
1833 , 0
. 6
5
2


(10). Dng in s cp my bin p
I
1
=
A
U
S
01499 , 0
220 . 3
899 , 9
2
1

(11). Tit din tr ca bin p c tnh theo cng thc
Q
T
= k
Q
2
154
50 . 3
899 , 9
6 cm
mf
S

k
Q
= 6 l h s ph thuc phng thc lm mt
m = 3 l s tr ca bin p
f = 50Hz l tn s li in
Chun s tit din tr:
Q
T
= 1,63 (cm
2
)
Kch thc mch t l thp dy = 0,5mm
50
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
S lng l thp: 68l; a = 12mm; b = 16mm; k = 30mm
H s p cht k
c
= 0,85
(12). Chn mt t cm B = 1T trong tr ta c vng dy
s cp
W
1
=
6080
10 . 63 , 1 . 1 . 50 . 44 , 4
220
. . 44 , 4
4
1

T
Q B f
U
(vng)
(13). Chn mt dng in
J
1
= J
2
= 2,75A/mm
2
Tit din dy qun s cp
S
1
=
2
1 1
00545 , 0
75 , 2 . 220 . 3
899 , 9
. . 3
mm
J U
S

ng knh dy qun s cp
d
1
= mm
S
0833 , 0
00545 , 0 . 4 . 4
1

Chn d
1
= 0,1mm
ng knh c k cch in d
1cd
= 0,12mm
(14). S vng dy qun th cp
W
2
= W
1
.
7 , 248
220
9
. 6080
1
2

U
U
(vng)
(15). Tit din dy qun th cp
S
2
=
2
2 2
066 , 0
75 , 2 . 9 . 6
889 , 9
. . 6
mm
J U
S

(16). ng knh dy qun th cp
d
2
= mm
S
29 , 0
0666 , 0 . 4 4
2

Chun ho: d
2
= 0,29mm
Chun ha ng knh k c cch in l d
2cd
= 0,33mm
(17). Chn h s lp y: k
l
=0,7
k
l
=
h C
w d w d
c d
.
) . . (
4
. 2
2
2
1
2
1
+

(18). Chiu rng ca s

C =
mm
k h
w d w d
d
c d
578 , 8
7 , 0 . 30
) 249 . 33 , 0 6080 . 12 , 0 (
4
. 2
.
) . . (
4
. 2
2 2
1
2
2
1
2
1

(19). Chiu di mch t

L = 2c +3 =2
(20). Chiu cao mch t
H = h + 2a = 30 + 2.12 = 54mm
51
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
* Tnh chn iot cho thit b chnh lu ngun nui
Dng in qua iot :
I
D
=
A
I
129 , 0
2
1833 , 0
2
2

in p ngun ln nht
U
Nmax
= V U 22 9 . 6 6
2

Chn dng in nh mc
I
m
K
1
.I
D
= 10.0,129 = 1,2A
in p ngc ln nht
U
n
= k
u
. U
nmax
= 2. 22 = 44V
Vy chn iot k208A c: I
m
= 1,5A
U
n
= 100V
8 .Khu phn hi tc .
Khi thit k h iu chnh t ng truyn ng in
cn phi m bo h thc hin c tt c cc yu cu t ra
l yu cu cng ngh cc ch tiu cht lng v cc yu cu v
kinh t.
n nh v chnh xc iu chnh l hai ch tiu k
thut quan trng bc nht ca h thng t ng. chnh xc
c nh gi trn c s phn tch cc sai lch iu chnh ,
cc sai lch ny ph thuc rt nhiu yu t. S bin thin ca
cc tn hiu t gy ra cc sai lch khng th trnh c
trong qu trnh qu v cng c th gy sai lch trong qu
trnh xc lp. Trn c s phn tch cc sai lch iu chnh ta
c th chn c cc b iu chnh, cc mch b thch hp d
nng cao chnh xc ca h thng .
t c nhng ch tiu v cng ngh trong iu chnh
t ng iu chnh h thng truyn ng ng c mt
chiu ta s dng mch vng iu chnh , tng hp mch vng
tc .
H thng iu chnh tc l h thng m i lng c
iu chnh l tc gc ca ng c in ,cc h ny thng
c s dng trong thc t k thut . H thng iu chnh tc
c hnh thnh t h thng iu chnh dng in .
52
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
53
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
Chng 5:
M PHNG MCH IU KHIN
M phng l phng php m hnh ho da trn c s xy
dng cc m hnh ton hc . Khi c m hnh ton hc ta c
th c c mt s thng tin v h thng trn m hnh ny bng
cc phng php ton hc ,phng php gii tich . Phng php m
phng c ng dng trong tt c cc giai on thit k ,phn
tch v thc thi h thng vi mc ch khc nhau .
i vi lnh vc k thut , tin hnh nghin cu kho st
mt bi ton k thut in- in t s dung my tnh thng c 2
cng c hay c dng l phn mm m phng mch v phn mm
gii phng trnh .
Trong yu cu ca bi ra , y dung phng php m phng
bng mch . iu ny c thy qua s nh sau :

th cc khu sau khi m phng
54
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
KT LUN
n mn hc l mt yu cu cn thit v bt buc vi sinh
vin ngnh t ng ho. N kim tra v kho st trnh thc
t ca sinh vin v gip cho sinh vin c t duy c lp v cng
vic. Qua vic thit k ngun cp in cho ng c mt
chiu kch t c lp c o chiu theo nguyn tc iu
khin chung gip em nm vng hn phn l thuyt c
hc v c thm nhiu s hiu bit thc t. Tuy nhin, do ni
dung cng vic hon ton mi m v tm hiu bit cn hn
ch nn n mn hc ca em khng trnh khi nhiu thiu
st. Em mong cc thy c ch bo em hon thnh tt
hn na nhim v ca mnh.
Mc d vy , vi sinh vin cha c nhiu kinh nghim thc t
, s gip ca cc thy c gio trong b mn l rt cn thit .
V vy khi thc hin n ny khng th trnh khi nhng
thiu st .
Mt ln na , em xin chn thnh cm n thy gio:
GV. trng tn
hng dn , ch bo tn tnh em hon thnh tt n
ny .

Sinh vin
55
n in t cng sut Nguyn ngc
Thng
Dng c Anh
TI LIU THAM KHO
1. V Minh Chnh - Phm Quc Hi - Trn Trng Minh
in t cng sut - Nh xut bn KHKT - Nm 2004
2. L Vn Doanh v cc tc gi
in t cng sut - Nh xut bn KHKT - Nm 2001
3 . Bi Quc Khnh - Nguyn Vn Lin - Nguyn Th Hin
Truyn ng in - Nh xut bn KHKT - Nm 2004
4 . V Gia Hanh v cc tc gi .
My in 1 , 2 - Nh xut bn KHKT - Nm 2003
5 . Phm Quc Hi - Dng Vn Nghi
Phn tch v gii mch TCS - Nh xut bn KHKT -
Nm 2002
6 . Phm Quc Hi
Hng dn thit k mch in t cng sut - Nm 2001
56