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MNH

TON 10
GV: NG KHC DUY ANH
dkduyanh17@yahoo.com

Nhn xt cc cu ni sau:
Di

l loi b st.
Tng 3 gc ca mt tam gic l 360 .
Cun sch ny gi bao nhiu tin?
Ch i, my gi ri?
Cho bit trong cc cu ni trn, cu no ng
v cu no sai?

MNH

1. Mnh l g?

Mnh l mt pht biu khng nh c tnh


NG hoc SAI.
Cc pht biu khng th khng nh ng
hoc sai th khng c gi l mnh .
Nh vy:
Mi mnh phi hoc ng hoc sai
Mt mnh khng th va ng, va sai
Ngi ta thng dng cc ch ci a, b, c, P,
Q, T, X, Y... k hiu cho cc mnh .
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2. Mnh cha bin

Xt cc cu sau: S t nhin n chia ht cho 3


Nhn xt:

Ta cha th khng nh c tnh ng sai ca cu ny.


Tuy nhin, vi mi gi tr n thuc tp s nguyn dng, cu
ny cho ta mt mnh . V d:

Vi n = 1 ta c m S t nhin 1 chia ht cho 3 (sai)


Vi n = 9 ta c m S t nhin 9 chia ht cho 3 (ng)

Nh vy, cu trn c gi l mnh cha


bin.
Ta dng k hiu: T(n), F(x),... ch cc mnh
cha bin.
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CC PHP TON
LOGIC

1. Ph nh ca mt mnh

Xt 2 mnh sau v rt ra kt lun:

Di l loi b st (sai)
Di khng phi loi b st (ng)

ph nh mt mnh ta thm (hoc bt) t


khng vo trc v ng ca mnh .
K hiu: P l mnh ph nh ca mnh P
Tnh cht:
Nu mnh P l ng th mnh P sai.

Nu mnh

Pl ng th mnh P l sai.
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2. Mnh ko theo

Xt cc mnh sau:

P = Tam gic ABC l tam gic u (ng)


Q = Tam gic ABC c hai gc l 600 (ng)
Y = Nu tam gic ABC l tam gic u th n c hai gc l
600 (ng)

Nhn xt:
Vi 2 mnh P v Q, mnh Y c thnh lp
t 2 mnh P, Q vi cp lin t nu th c
gi l mnh ko theo ca hai mnh P v Q.
Hay ni cch khc:
Mnh c dng Nu P th Q c gi l mnh
ko theo ca hai mnh P v Q.

2. Mnh ko theo

K hiu: P Q
Tnh cht:

V d:

Mnh P Q ch sai khi P ng v Q sai


-3 < -2 (-3)2 < (-2) (sai)
32
34(ng)

Ch :

Mnh QP c gi l mnh o ca mnh PQ


Mnh o ca mt mnh ng th cha chc ng. V
d, hy xt mnh o ca cc mnh ko theo di y:

Nu ABC l mt tam gic u th ABC l mt tam gic cn


Nu ABC l mt tam gic u th ABC l tam gic cn v c mt gc
bng 600
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3. Hai mnh tng ng

Nu mnh P Q v mnh Q P u
ng th ta ni P v Q l hai mnh tng
ng
K hiu: P Q (c l P tng ng Q)

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K HIU V

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1. K hiu

Cho mnh :
Bnh phng ca mi s thc u ln hn hoc
bng 0
Ta c th vit li mnh ny nh sau:
xR : x2 0 hay x2 0, xR
K hiu c l vi mi

Pht biu thnh li mnh sau:


nZ : n+1>n
Mnh ny ng hay sai?
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2. K hiu

Cho mnh :
C mt s nguyn nh hn 0
Ta c th vit li mnh ny nh sau:
nZ : n<0
K hiu c l c mt hay tn ti t nht mt

Pht biu thnh li mnh sau:


xZ : x2=x
Mnh trn ng hay sai?

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2. K hiu

Xt trng hp sau:
Nam ni: Mi s thc u c bnh phng khc 1
Minh ph nh Khng ng, c mt s thc m bnh phng
ca n bng 1, l s 1
Nh vy ph nh ca mnh
P : xR : x21,
L mnh

2
P

"

R
:x

1
"

Hy pht biu mnh ph nh ca mnh sau:


P=C mt hc sinh ca lp khng thch hc mn Ton

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BI TP V NH

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1.

2.

Trong cc cu sau, cu no l mnh , cu


no l mnh cha bin?

a) 3 + 2 = 7;

b) 4 + x = 3;

c) x + y > 1;

d) 2 - 5 < 0.

Xt tnh ng sai ca mi mnh sau v


pht biu mnh ph nh ca n.

a) 1794 chia ht cho 3; b) 2 l mt s hu t;


c) < 3,15;
d) |-125| 0.

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Cho cc mnh ko theo, hy pht biu


mnh o ca mi mnh sau v nhn xt
tnh ng sai ca n:

1.

1.

2.
3.
4.

Nu a v b cng chia ht cho c th a + b chia ht cho c


(a, b, c l nhng s nguyn).
Cc s nguyn c tn cng bng 0 u chia ht cho 5.
Tam gic cn c hai trung tuyn bng nhau.
Hai tam gic bng nhau c din tch bng nhau.

Pht biu thnh li mi mnh sau v xt


tnh ng sai ca n:

2.

a)

b)
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