Tit kim ti nguyn nc (Phn 1) 19/01/2011 11:42:13 AM Ti nguyn nc l thnh phn ch yu ca mi trng sng, quyt nh s thnh cng trong

cc chin lc, quy hoch, k hoch pht trin kinh t - x hi, bo m quc phng, an ninh quc gia. Hin nay ngun ti nguyn thin nhin qu him v quan trng ny ang phi i mt vi nguy c nhim v cn kit. Nguy c thiu nc, c bit l nc ngt v sch l mt him ha ln i vi s tn vong ca con ngi cng nh ton b s sng trn tri t. Do con ngi cn phi nhanh chng c cc bin php bo v v s dng hp l ngun ti nguyn nc. Hin nay, c nhiu hot ng tuyn truyn ch trng x hi ho cng tc bo v ti nguyn nc, a ra nhiu bin php nhm ku gi tt c cc thnh vin trong x hi nng cao thc, cng hnh ng tch cc bo v ngun ti nguyn thin nhin ny. Bo v ti nguyn nc l nhim v cp bch, n khng ch p ng cc yu cu trc mt m cn to nn tng vng chc cho s nghip bo v Ti nguyn v mi trng trong tng lai lu di, v l s sng cn ca chnh chng ta v con chu sau ny. A. PHN B CA NC TRN TRI T Lng nc t nhin c 97% l nc mn phn b bin v i dng, 3,5% cn li phn b t lin.

Tng lng nc ln nhng lng nc ngt m con ngi c th s dng c rt t v ch c th khai thc c t cc ngun sau: 1. Nc ngt trn b mt t: - Lng nc ma ri xung mt t,

- Nc tn ti trong cc sng, rch, ao, h, - Mt phn rt t nc t m ly v bng tuyt. S phn b ca nc trn t lin:

2. Nc ngt trong lng t: Nc di t c loi nc mn, nc l v nc ngt, trong nc ngt ch c lu lng nht nh. Nc di t c tng tr trong cc l hng v khe h t .

Hnh 2: Cc tng cha nc di t a) Tng cha nc: Cc lp t c thnh phn ht th (ct, sn, si), khe h, nt n, c tnh thm nc, dn nc tt m con ngi c th khai thc nc phc v cho nhu cu ca mnh gi l cc tng cha nc.

b) Tng cch nc: L tng t vi thnh phn ht mn (st, bt st), c h s thm nh, kh nng cho nc thm xuyn qua yu, kh nng khai thc nc trong tng ny thp. B. TI NGUYN NC VIT NAM Vit Nam c h thng sng ngi dy c, y l mt u im pht trin kinh t v chng khng nhng cung cp lng nc ngt kh ln cho nn kinh t nc nh m cn gip tng cng h thng giao thng thy. Ton Vit Nam c 9 h thng sng ln: Sng Cu Long, sng ng Nai, sng M, sng C, sng Thi Bnh, sng Thu Bn, sng Ba. Lng nc c th ch ng s dng l 325x109 m3/ngy. Ngoi ra cn c 460 h va v ln. Hng nm, Vit Nam c lng ma trung bnh l 2.050 mm trong nm, cao nht l 2.640mm v thp nht l 1.600 mm v tp trung ch yu vo cc thng 7,8 v 9 chim n 90% lng ma ca c nm, y l ngun nc ngt di do b cp cho nc sng rch v nc di t . Tr lng nc di t Vit Nam di do, nm trong cc tng cha nc. Tr lng nc di t theo cc ti liu thm d vo khong 1,2x109 m3/ngy, thm d s b l 15x109 m3/ngy. Theo thng k n nm 2005 cho thy, nhiu tnh thnh trong c nc ang khai thc nc di t vi lu lng kh ln s dng cho sinh hot v sn xut Cng nghip, Nng nghip Dch v. H Ni : 750 000 m3/ngy Thnh ph H Ch Minh : 1.600.000 m3/ngy Ty Nguyn : 500 000 m3/ngy CC CH TIU NH GI CHT LNG NC - MT S BNH LIN QUAN N CHT LNG NGUN NC Ngun nc c th s dng c cho cc mc ch khc nhau ca con ngi, chng ta phi xc nh cc tnh cht vt l, tnh cht ha hc ca nc nh gi cht lng ngun nc. Cc tiu chun nh gi cht lng ngun nc da vo cc yu t sau: I. TNH CHT VT L 1. Nhit : Nhit ca nc n nh v ph thuc vo iu kin mi trng. Nhit ca nc nh hng n qu trnh x l v cc nhu cu tiu th. 2. mu: Mu ca nc do cc cht l lng trong nc to nn, cc cht l lng ny c th l thc vt hoc cc cht hu c di dng keo. mu khng gy c hi n sc khe. 3. c: c nh gi s c mt ca cc cht l lng trong nc nh hng n truyn nh sng. c khng gy c hi n sc khe nhng nh hng n qu trnh lc v kh trng nc.

4. Mi v: Cc cht kh, khong v mt s ha cht ha tan trong nc lm cho nc c mi. Cc mi v thng gp: mi t, mi tanh, mi thi, mi ha hc c trng nh Clo, amoniac, v cht, mn, chua 5. Cn: Gm c cn l lng v cn ha tan (v c v hu c), cn khng gy c hi n sc khe nhng nh hng n qu trnh x l nc. 6. Tnh phng x: Nc ngm thng nhim cc cht phng x t nhin, thng nc ny v hi i khi c th dng cha bnh. Nhng nu ch tiu ny b nhim bi cc cht phng x t nc thi, khng kh, t cc cht c hi vt qu gii hn cho php th rt nguy him. II. TNH CHT HA HC 1. pH: Phn nh tnh axit hay tnh kim ca nc. pH nh hng n cc hot ng sinh hc trong nc, tnh n mn, tnh ha tan. 2. axt: Trong nc thin nhin axt l do s c mt ca CO2, CO2 ny hp th t kh quyn hoc t qu trnh oxy ha cc cht hu c trong nc thi cng nghip (chim a s) v nc phn. axt khng gy c hi n sc khe con ngi nhng nh hng n qu trnh x l nc cp v nc thi. 3. kim: Do 3 ion chnh HCO3-, OH-, CO32-lm cho nc c kim. Nc c kim cao lm cho ngi s dng nc cm thy kh chu trong ngi. kim nh hng n qu trnh keo t, kh st, lm mm nc, kim tra n mn, kh nng m ca nc thi, ca bn. 4. cng: cng ca nc biu th hm lng cc ion Ca2+ v Mg2+. cng khng gy c hi n sc khe con ngi, nhng dng nc c cng cao s tiu hao nhiu x bng khi git , tng n mn i vi cc thit b trao i nhit, ni hi to nn cn bm, khe nt gy n ni hi. 5. Clorua (Cl-): Clorua trong nc biu th mn. Clorua khng gy c hi n sc khe con ngi nhng dng lu s gy nn bnh thn. 6. Sunfat (SO42-): Sunfat tiu biu cho ngun nc b nhim phn hoc nc c ngun gc khong cht hoc hu c. Sunfat gy c hi n sc khe con ngi v sunfat c tnh nhun trng. Nc c Sunfat cao s c v cht, ung vo s gy bnh tiu chy. 7. St (Fe2+, Fe3+): Tn ti trong nc dng st 3 (dng keo hu c, huyn ph), dng st 2 (ha tan). St cao tuy khng

gy c hi n sc khe con ngi nhng nc s c mi tanh kh chu v ni vng b mt, lm vng qun o khi git, h hng cc sn phm ngnh dt, giy, phim nh, hp, ng cn trong ng ng v cc thit b khc lm tc nghn cc ng dn nc. 8. Mangan (Mg2+): Mangan c trong nc vi hm lng thp hn st nhng cng gy nhiu tr ngi ging nh st. 9. xy ha tan (DO): xy ha tan trong nc ph thuc vo cc yu t: nhit , p sut v c tnh ca ngun nc (thnh phn ha hc, vi sinh, thy sinh). Xc nh lng xy ha tan l phng tin kim sot nhim v kim tra hiu qu x l. 10. Nhu cu xy ha hc (COD): L lng xy cn thit xy ha ht cc hp cht hu c c trong nc. Nc nhim bn s c xy ha cao phi tn nhiu ha cht cho cng tc kh trng. 11. Nhu cu xy sinh ha (BOD): L lng xy cn thit vi khun s dng phn hy cht hu c di iu kin hiu kh. Ch tiu ny nh gi kh nng t lm sch ca ngun nc. BOD cng cao chng t mc nhim cng nng. 12. Florua (F-): Trong thin nhin, cc hp cht ca florua kh bn vng, t b phn hy bi qu trnh lm sch. Nu thng xuyn dng nc c florua ln hn 1,3mg/l hoc nh hn 0,7mg/l u d mc bnh h hi men rng. 13. Dihydro sunfua (H2S): Kh ny l sn phm ca qu trnh phn hy cc cht hu c, rc thi. Kh ny lm nc c mi trng thi kh chu, vi nng cao, n c tnh n mn vt liu. 14. Cc hp cht ca axt Silicic (Si): Trong nc nu c cc hp cht axit silicic s rt nguy him do cn silict lng ng trn thnh ni, thnh ng lm gim kh nng truyn nhit v gy tc ng. 15. Pht pht (PO42-): C pht pht v c v pht pht hu c. Trong mi trng t nhin, pht pht hu c hu ht l nhng cht mang c tnh mnh di dng thuc dit cn trng, cc v kh ha hc. Pht pht lm ha cht bn cy, cht kch thch tng trng, cht to bt trong bt git, cht lm mm nc, kch thch tng trng nhiu loi vi sinh vt, phiu sinh vt, to pht pht gy nhiu tc ng trong vic bo v mi trng. 16. Nit (N) v cc hp cht cha Nit (NH4+, NO2-, NO3-): S phn hy ca rc thi, cc cht hu c c trong nc thi sinh hot, nc thi cng nghip to thnh cc sn phm amoniac, nitrt, nitrt. S hin din ca cc hp cht ny l cht ch th nhn bit trng thi nhim bn ca ngun nc.

17. Kim loi nng: c mt li v mt hi: - Mt li: vi hm lng hu ch, gip duy tr v iu ha nhng hot ng ca c th. - Mt hi: vi hm lng cao gy kh chu hoc dn n ng c. 18. Cc thnh phn c hi khc: L thnh phn cc cht m ch tn ti trong nc vi mt hm lng rt nh cng gy c hi n tnh mng con ngi, thm ch gy t vong, l cc cht: Asen (As), Berili (Be), Cadimi (Cd), Xyanua (CN), Crm (Cr), Thy ngn (Hg), Niken (Ni), Ch (Pb), Antimoan (Sb), Selen (Se), Vanadi (V). Mt vi gam thy ngn hoc Cadimi c th gy cht ngi, vi hm lng nh hn chng tch ly trong cc b phn ca c th cho ti lc hm lng gy ng c. Ch tch ly trong xng, Cadimi tch ly trong thn v gan, thy ngn tch ly trong cc t bo no. 19. Cht bo v du m: Cht bo v du m d phn tn v khuyt tn rng. Cht bo a vo ngun nc t cc ngun nc thi, cc l st sinh, cng nghip sn xut du n, lc du, ch bin thc phm Cht bo ngn s ha tan xy vo nc, git cc vi sinh vt cn thit cho vic t lm sch ngun nc. 20. Thuc dit c v tr su: Thuc dit c v tr su ngoi vic gy nhim vng canh tc cn c kh nng lan rng theo dng chy, gy ra cc tn thng trn h thn kinh nu tip xc lu ngy, chng cng c th tch t trong c th gy ra nhng bin i gen hoc cc bnh nguy him. 21. Tng s vi trng: Ch tiu ny nh gi mt vi trng trong nc, cc vi khun ny hoc sng trong nc, hoc t t ra tri vo nc hoc t cc cht bi tit. Ch tiu ny khng nh gi v mt c hi i vi sc khe m ch nh gi cht lng ngun nc. 22. Coliform: Coliform sng k sinh trong ng tiu ha ca ngi v ng vt, ch tiu ny dng xem xt s nhim bn ca nc bi cc cht thi. 23. E. Coli: Ch tiu ny nh gi s nhim phn ca ngun nc nhiu hay t (nhim phn ngi hoc ng vt), gy nh hng n sc khe con ngi, i khi thnh dch bnh lan truyn. III. CC BNH C LIN QUAN N CHT LNG NGUN NC Hin nay t l ngi nhim giun sn, giun a, giun mc... Vit Nam c xem l cao nht th gii. Nhng kho st gn y cho thy gn 100% tr em t 4 - 14 tui nng thn nhim giun a, t 50 80% nhim giun mc. Cc bnh vim da d ng, sn l gan, l ln vn ang honh hnh "Vn nn" nhim ngun nc v mi trng cng tr nn cp bch hn, khi cc loi bnh xy ra, c bit l a chy, l ngy cng c xu hng gia tng. Trong 6 thng u nm 2003, dch bnh vim no cp ca tr nh di 15 tui ly truyn qua ng tiu ho gy ra 323 ca mc bnh trong c 33 ca t vong. Cc bnh ly lan qua ng nc:

Hin Vit Nam cha pht hin loi bnh no c lin quan n asen, nhng theo nhiu nghin cu ca th gii, ngi ung nc nhim asen lu ngy s c triu chng u tin nh c cc m sm mu trn thn th hay u cc chi, i khi gy nim mc trn li hoc sng ho trn bn tay, bn chn. Asen c th gy ung th gan, phi, bng quang v thn, gy bnh tim mch, cao huyt p... Trm trng hn trong nhng nm gn y xut hin cc Lng ung th do nhim mi trng c bit l s dng ngun nc b nhim nh H Ty, Thch Sn, Ngh An, Qung Tr do tip sc v s dng ngun nc v mi trng nhim trm trng trong thi gian di. Qua s liu iu tra cc h gia nh ti mt s qun huyn ngoi thnh trn a bn thnh ph H Ch Minh nh C Chi, Hc Mn, Bnh Chnh , Cc gia nh u s dng nc ging khoan hoc ging o nhng phn ln khng c h thng x l nc, nc bm ln l dng n ung trc tip, y chnh l nguyn nhn d mc phi cc chng bnh nu trn. Ngy nay, nhu cu pht trin kinh t nhanh vi mc tiu li nhun cao, con ngi l i cc tc ng nh hng n cc nhn t t nhin v mi trng mt cch trc tip hoc gin tip. c bit i vi cc nc ang pht trin v cc nc ngho lm cho mi trng nc b nhim ngy cng trm trng hn. CC TC NG GY SUY THOI CHT LNG NGUN NC S gia tng dn s qu nhanh l nguyn nhn chnh gy p lc ln ngun nc. V nhu cu nc cho pht trin nng nghip gia tng lng thc thc phm, pht trin cng nghip gia tng hng ha v gia tng thm nhiu hnh thc dch v

I. NH HNG DO HOT NG SNG CA CON NGI - Cc dng nc mt (sng, knh rch) c bit l vng th u b nhim trm trng bi rc thi, nc thi sinh hot t cc khu dn c x vo knh rch cha qua x l. Tnh trng ln chim lng, b sng knh rch sinh sng, x rc v nc thi trc tip trn b mt gy nhim nc mt, cn tr lu thng ca dng chy, tc nghn cng rnh to nc t. Mi trng ym kh gia tng phn hy cc hp cht hu c, khng nhng gy mi hi thi, nhim ngun nc v mi trng m cn gy kh khn trong vic ly ngun nc mt x l thnh ngun nc sch cp cho nhu cu x hi.

- Nhu cu nc s dng cho n ung, sinh hot v cc hot ng khc ca con ngi gia tng, dn n tnh trng khai thc nc di t trn lan gy cn kit ngun nc v nh hng n mi trng nh sp ln, nhim mn - Nhiu ging khoan thi cng khng ng k thut (Kt cu ging khng tt, ging gn khu vc nh v sinh, h thng x l nc thi), ging khoan h khng c trm lp l nguyn nhn gy nhim ngun nc.

- Nhiu s c gy tht thot nc do ng ng dn nc c gy b lu ngy, r r nc t van h c. Li hoc qun tt van cng l nguyn nhn gy lng ph nc.

- Gia nc mn v nc nht c mt ranh gii, khi hat ng khai thc nc di t qu mc ng ranh gii ny s tin dn n cng trnh khai thc, mc nc mn xm nhp dn, y li mc nc ngt vo su v lm nhim mn cc cng trnh khai thc trong khu vc. Mt khc do nc bin trn vo hoc do con ngi dn nc bin vo su trong rung lm mui, dn n xm nhp mn vo tng cha nc. - gia tng mi trng sng, con ngi ph rng lp t, sang rung ct nh lm ng dn n mt kh nng gi nc ca t, lng nc b mt khng c thm b cp vo nc ngm m chy vo sng rch ra bin. Ngoi ra cn gy ngp lt, trc l t.

II. NH HNG DO PHT TRIN NNG NGHIP - Vic chn nui gia sc gia cm h gia nh vng nng thn cn cha c thc tit kim ngun nc trong vic v sinh, v sinh chung tri, cha c h thng x l cht thi nc thi, phn ln cho vo ao h, b t hoi thm vo t d gy nhim mi trng t bit l ngun nc ngm. - Vic nui cc b c, b tm trc tip trn cc dng nc mt sng rch lm nhim ngun nc do mt s nguyn nhn: thc n ca c d tha, s khuy ng ngun nc, s cn tr lu thng dng mt.

- Nhiu ging khoan ngoi rung vn ti tiu khng m bo k thut gy nhim bn, nhim cc ha cht v thuc tr su - Vi tnh trng s dng ba bi, ty tin cc loi ha cht trong phn bn, cc loi thuc kch hot pht trin cy Nhiu h thng knh mng ti tiu ni ng b nhim ngun nc v pht tn rng. - H thng ti tiu v hnh thc ti tiu khng hp l l nguyn nhn gy tht thot lu lng nc ln trong ngnh trng trt. III. NH HNG DO PHT TRIN CNG NGHIP V DCH V - Vic gia tng nhiu nh my, x nghip t quy m nh h gia nh n quy m ln dn n nhu cu v ngun nc tng, khng nhng nc phc v cho sn xut m cn phc v sinh hot cho mt s lng ln cng nhn t nhiu vng khc nhau tp trung v. c bit cc khu vc cha c h thng cp nc, mt khai thc nc di t s gia tng nhanh, t dn n tnh trng cn kit ngun nc v sp ln t. - Cc cht thi cng nghip nh khi, bito nn ma axt khng nhng lm thay i cht lng nc ngt, m cn nh hng xu n t v mi trng sinh thi. - Vic x nc thi sn xut t cc nh my, khu ch xut khu cng nghip cha c x l vo sng rch, ao h gy nhim nc mt, nc di t. Thm ch c ni cn cho nc thi chy trn trn mt t t thm xung t hoc o cc h di t x nc thi lm nh hng nghim trng n cc tng nc di t. IV. NH HNG DO MT S NGUYN NHN KHC - H thng knh rch khng c no vt dn n tch t mt khi lng ln cc vt cht hu c t nc thi, rc thi gy bi lng v nh hng n vic tiu thot ca dng nc. - Cc bi chn rc khng t yu cu k thut, nc r ra t rc thm vo mch nc ngm hoc cho

chy trn trn mt t vo knh rch. - Cc dng nc mt trn sng, knh rch cn b nhim do xng du ca cc tu b i li, hoc cc s c vn chuyn khc trn sng, bin. - nh hng do cha c thc v s dng v bo v ngun nc nh s dng ba bi hoang ph, khng ng mc ch s dng. Vic bo v ngun ti nguyn nc c th ni l khng kh khn, tuy nhin vic ny i hi s thng nht ng lng ca tt c mi ngi trong x hi. Qua s liu kim tra tnh hnh s dng nc ti mt s qun huyn ngoi thnh thnh ph cho thy hn 95% h gia nh s dng nc di t phc v cho nhu cu n ung, tm ra v sinh hng ngy v chn nui, trng trt vi hnh thc khai thc ch yu l ging khoan (khong 98%). Qua kt qu kho st cng cho thy thc t bo v, gi gn v sinh ngun nc ca ngi dn cha cao, ging khoan ti cc h dn b tr qu gn cc ni c nguy c gy nhim ngun nc cao nh nh v sinh, sn nc, b t hoi, v phn ln cc ging khoan khng c b ging bo v. Vic s dng ngun nc cn nhiu hoang ph, cha c thc tit kim nc, khng tn dng ngun nc ma, nc ao h s dng trong ti cy, lm mt khai thc s dng ti nguyn nc cha ng quy nh ca nh nc, cha nhn thc y v bo v ti nguyn nc v mi trng. Do c ngun nc s dng bn vng, cn c nhng hot ng tch cc nhm bo v ngun ti nguyn nc tt hn. I. MT S HOT NG NHM BO V TI NGUYN NC 1. Thng no vt sng rch khi thng dng chy. Khng ln chim lng sng, knh rch xy nh, chn nui thy hi sn. Vic nui thy sn trn cc dng nc mt phi theo quy hoch. 2. Trong sn xut nng nghip phi c ch ti nc, bn phn ph hp. Ti cy khi tri mt, gc gi m cho cy. Trnh s dng thuc tr su d tha, khng r ngun gc. Nn p dng cc phng php sinh hc tiu dit su b cn trng. 3. Trong chn nui gia sc, gia cm nn nui trong chung tri c h thng x l cht thi. Khng chn th rong d dn n nhim ngun nc v mi trng. 4. S dng nc mt (nc sng, h ), nc t cc cng trnh cp nc cng cng hn ch khai thc nc di t v trnh gy nhim, cn kit ngun nc. Nu c cng trnh khai thc nc di t th phi khai thc ng k thut v s dng hp l, tit kim: a) Th no l khai thc nc di t ng k thut: - Khoan ng k thut: cn c hiu bit v k thut khoan, hiu bit s cp v cu trc a cht do khi mun khoan ging phi thu n v c chc nng hnh ngh khoan (n v c giy php hnh ngh khoan ging). Ngun : http://www.moitruong.com.vn/Home/Default.aspx?portalid=33&tabid=19&distid=2539

- Phi trm lp ging h: Cc ging khoan h hoc khng cn s dng phi trm lp ng quy trnh k thut trnh xm nhp nc bn vo tng cha nc. - C i bo v v sinh ging: Cc ging khai thc nc phi cch xa nh v sinh, h thng x thi, h thng x l nc thi t 10m tr ln. Khng khoan ging gn ng giao thng, khng b tr cc vt dng d gy nhim nh ha cht, du nht gn khu vc ging. - Cc ging phi c xy b cao, c np y. - C ch khai thc hp l: trc khi khai thc phi nh gi kh nng cp nc, cht lng ngun nc v hi phc nc ca tng cha nc khai thc t c ch khai thc hp l. - C ch kim tra bo tr ging v thit b khai thc hng nm hn ch ri ro h ging. - i vi cc cng trnh khai thc ln nn c h thng quan trc ni b theo di mc nc v cht lng nc thng xuyn. - Kim tra cht lng nc v x l nc t tiu chun theo mc ch s dng. b) S dng hp l: Ty theo mc ch s dng c th dng nc sch, nc ging, nc ma, nc sng, nc ti s dng - S dng nc cho n ung, sinh hot v sinh c nhn, sn xut thc phm, cc ngnh sn xut cn nc tinh sch ta s dng nc sch t cng ty cp nc, nc ging hoc nc sng qua h thng x l t tiu chun cho php. - S dng ti cy, v sinh cng nghip, v sinh chung triC th s dng nc ging, nc sng rch hoc nc thi c x l. c) S dng tit kim: Tp thi quen tit kim nc t nhng vic nh trong h gia nh: - Ch m vi nc khi cn s dng v ch m mnh va dng, khng m qu mnh hoc chy trn. Phi kha vi nc cn thn sau khi s dng. - Khi ra tay, ra mt, nh rng nn m vi nc khi no cn dng, hoc hng sng trong thau, ca, trch vi chy t do gy lng ph nc. - Khi ra thc n, ra bt a v cc vt dng khc nn hng nc vo chu hoc bn lavabo va dng, nhm tit kim ngun nc s dng ng thi c th gi li phn nc d sau cng dng cho cc mc ch khc. - Thng xuyn kim tra v sa cha ngay khi b ng ng dn nc, h kha van nc. Khng

nc r r lu ngy. - Nn s dng cc thit b tit kim nc nh: + S dng bn cu c ch iu chnh c cu x nc iu chnh ph hp nhm gim th tch nc x. + Khuyn khch cc ni cng cng, trng hc, vn phng, siu th, ch s dng sn phm tit kim nc nh vi nc c chc nng ngt nc nht nh, ngt nc cm ng nhit, bn v sinh cm ng nhit + S dng vi sen c nhiu tia phun nc mnh s gim c lng nc s dng. - Ngm bn trc khi git. Hn ch git lm nhiu ln trong ngy. - Khi ti cy, ra xe, tm ra gia xc, v sinh chung tri, phun lm mt dng vi nc c gn thm nng phun va p ng c yu cu s dng, va tit kim c ngun nc s dng. - Khuyn khch sng to cc hnh thc s dng nc tit kim nhng vn t mc ch s dng. V d: + S dng nc tun hon trong gii nhit my mc thit b + Phng php ti tit kim nc: h thng ti mng thy canh 5. C hnh thc x thi ph hp: - Phi x l nc thi trc khi x vo cng, sng h, knh rch. Khng nc thi cha x l vo h t thm hoc chy trn lan trn mt t. Khng chn nc thi, rc thi nguy hi vo lng t. - Rc thi khng c x ba bi trn ng, h ph, sng rch ao h m phi thu gm phn loi theo ng quy nh. - Nh v sinh, chung tri nui gia sc phi xy h thng x l nh hm biogas. II. MT S BIN PHP X L NC N GIN 1. i vi nc nhim st, phn: i vi nc nhim phn, ta x l nhim bng vi sng. Ly 10g vi sng cho vo 140l nc, sau nc lng xung, gn ly nc trong. Nc nhiu st thng c mu vng, mi tanh. Cch n gin lm sch nc nhim st l nc vo thng, khong ln nhiu ln ri lng, cht ly nc trong.

C th dng phn chua x l nc nhim phn st. Phn chua gi nh (na tha cho 25 lt nc) vo thng quy nhiu ln st v phn kt ta lng dn xung y. Ngoi ra c th x l bng phng php sc kh, qua gin ma v bn lng, lc kh st. Lm gin ma bng ng nha, khoan 150 - 200 l c ng knh t 1,5mm n 2 mm ty theo cng sut my bm ang s dng. Di cng ca b lc l lp si dy khong 1 gang, trn lp si l lp ct dy khong 2,5 - 3 gang. Phng php ny c th kt hp x l c mt s cht khc vi hm lng thp nh: Hydrogen sulfite H2S, Amoniac, Asen. 2. X l Hydrogen sulfite H2S: Nc cha H2S thng khng gy tc hi cho sc kho, nhng n lm cho nc c mi v v ca trng thi. Nc cp c cha hm lng H2S thp khong 1,0 ppm c c tnh n mn, lm xn mu cc dng bng bc hay ng, lm cho qun o v gm c vt en. Nc c cha hm lng H2S thp c th c x l bng cch cho lc qua than. H2S c hp ph trn b mt ca cc ht than. Chng ta phi nh k thay cc ht than trong b lc (ty thuc vo kh nng hp ph ca than v hm lng H2S trong nc). 3. X l nc cng: Nc cng l thut ng dng ch nc c cha hm lng ln cc ion nh Ca2+, Mg2+; loi nc ny thng nh hng n tui th cc thit b s dng nc hng ngy. Cc cch x l n gin: Cch 1: un si nc s lm cc ion ny kt ta. Cch 2: Dng thit b c ngn cha cc ht lc cationit. Theo qu trnh trao i ion, ht cationit tch in m s ht cc thnh phn vi trong nc, lm sch nc. 4. Kh trng nc sinh hat: t tiu chun ca B Y t, nc sinh hot bt buc phi c kh trng. Phng php kh thi r tin l dng nc Javen (hypochlorit natri ho hc). Cch x l khc l sc clo kh hoc pha ch bt Clorine vo nc. Cng c th kh trng nc bng ozone hay tia cc tm, nhng khng ph hp vi vic nc sau kh trng phi tip tc lu chuyn trong ng ng v b cha. III. NH NC V NHN DN CNG NU CAO TINH THN TRCH NHIM TRONG S NGHIP BO V TI NGUYN NC. A. Trch nhim ca nh nc v chnh quyn a phng: 1. Xy dng v ph bin cc vn bn Lut, Ngh nh, Quy nh v s dng v bo v Ti nguyn nc. * Mt s vn bn Lut c ban hnh rng ri:

- Lut Ti nguyn nc v thng t hng dn thc hin; - Cc vn bn x l x pht vi phm hnh chnh trong lnh vc Ti nguyn v Mi trng * Cc vn bn ang son tho: - Chnh sch tnh thu Ti nguyn nc, thu ph v l ph nhm gii hn mc s dng v nng cao thc tit kim trong vn s dng v bo v ngun ti nguyn nc. - Chng trnh gio dc nng cao nhn thc cng ng v tm quan trng ca vic s dng tit kim v bo v Ti nguyn nc. Chnh sch khen thng, khuyn khch cc cng trnh nghin cu s dng tit kim nc. 2. Hng dn cc hnh thc khai thc v s dng ngun ti nguyn nc ng k thut bo v Ti nguyn nc. 3. iu tra, kho st nh gi ngun ti nguyn v lp k hach phn vng khai thc hp l. iu tra nh gi nhng tc ng gy nh hng n Ti nguyn nc. 4. Tuyn truyn vn ng v t chc nhiu cuc thi v thc s dng tit kim v bo v Ti nguyn nc trong nhn dn t cp qun n cp phng x. B. Trch nhim ca ngi dn: 1. Nu cao thc s dng tit kim v bo v Ti nguyn nc: Ngi dn phi nhn thc c s nghip bo v Ti nguyn nc khng ch cho hin ti m cn v th h tng lai, do phi tm hiu v nm vng cc quy nh php lut v bo v Ti nguyn nc thng qua bo, i pht thanh, truyn hnh... v tch cc pht huy hng ngy thc s dng tit kim v bo v Ti nguyn nc. 2. Nu cao tinh thn t gic: T gic chp hnh nghim chnh cc quy nh php lut ca nh nc v bo v Ti nguyn v mi trng 3. Quyt tm phi hp vi Nh nc trong cng tc bo v Ti nguyn nc - Pht hin v mnh dng t co cc hnh vi vi phm php lut ca nh nc trong s dng v bo v Ti nguyn v Mi trng, khng bao che c tnh lm tri; - Tham gia cc phong tro ku gi hnh ng v mc ch bo v Ti nguyn v Mi trng./.