Kha hc Dng in xoay chiu v Dao ng in t

BI GING DNG IN XOAY CHIU

Bi ging 1:

I CNG DNG IN XOAY CHIU

I. KHI NIM DNG IN XOAY CHIU
1) nh ngha
Dng in xoay chiu l dng in c cng bin thin iu ha theo thi gian (theo hm cos hay sin ca thi
gian).
2) Biu thc: i = Iocos(t + i) A
trong :
i: gi tr cng dng in xoay chiu tc thi, n v l (A)
Io > 0: gi tr cng dng in cc i ca dng in xoay chiu
, i : l cc hng s.
> 0 l tn s gc.
(t + i): pha ti thi im t.
i : Pha ban u ca dng in.
3) Chu k, tn s ca dng in
2 1

T = = f (s)
Chu k, tn s ca dng in:
f = 1 = (Hz)

T 2
II. IN P XOAY CHIU
Cho khung dy dn c din tch S gm c N vng dy quay u vi
vn tc gc xung quanh trc i xng xx trong t trng u c




B xx '. Ti t = 0 gi s n B.

Sau khong thi t, n quay c mt gc t. T thng gi qua
khung l = NBScos(t) Wb.
t o = NBS = ocos(t), o c gi l t thng cc i.
Theo hin tng cm ng in t trong khung hnh thnh sut in
ng cm ng c biu thc e = = NBSsin(t).

t E o = NBS = o
e = E o sin(t) = E o cos t V.
2

Vy sut in ng trong khung dy bin thin tun hon vi tn s gc v chm pha hn t thng gc /2. Nu
mch ngoi kn th trong mch s c dng in, in p gy ra mch ngoi cng bin thin iu ha:
u = Uocos(t + u) V.
n v : S (m2), (Wb) Webe, B (T) Testla, N (vng), (rad/s), e (V)
2

Ch : 1 vng/pht =
= ( rad/s ).
60 30

V d 1: Mt khung dy dn c din tch
S = 50 cm2 gm 150 vng dy quay u vi vn tc 3000 vng/pht

trong mt t trng u c cm ng t B vung gc trc quay ca khung v c ln B = 0,002 T. Tnh
a) t thng cc i gi qua khung.
b) sut in ng cc i.
Hng dn gii:
Tm tt bi:
S = 50 cm2 = 50.104 m2
N = 150 vng
B = 0,002 T
= 3000 vng/pht = 100 (rad/s)
a) T thng qua khung l = NBScos(t) t thng cc i l o = NBS = 150.0,002.50.104 = 1,5.103 Wb.
b) Sut in ng qua khung l e = ' = NBSsin(t)
E o = NBS = o = 100.1,5.103 = 0, 47 V.
Vy sut in ng cc i qua khung l Eo = 0,47 V.
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Kha hc Dng in xoay chiu v Dao ng in t

BI GING DNG IN XOAY CHIU

V d 2: Mt khung dy dt hnh ch nht gm 500 vng dy, din tch mi vng dy l 53,5 cm2, quay u vi
tc gc l 3000 vng/pht quanh trc xx trong mt t trng u c B = 0,02 T v ng cm ng t
vung gc vi trc quay xx. Tnh sut in ng cc i ca sut in ng xut hin trong khung.
Hng dn gii:
Tm tt bi:
S = 53,5 cm2 = 53,5.104 m2
N = 500 vng, B = 0,02 (T).
= 3000 vng/pht = 100 (rad/s).
Sut in ng cc i l Eo = NBS = 100.500.0,02. 53,5.104 = 16,8 V.
V d 3: Mt khung dy hnh ch nht, kch thc (40 cm x 60 cm), gm 200 vng dy, c t trong mt t
trng u c cm ng t 0,2 (T). Trc i xng ca khung dy vung gc vi t trng. Khung dy quay
quanh trc i xng vi vn tc 120 vng/pht.
a) Tnh tn s ca sut in ng.
b) Chn thi im t = 0 l lc mt phng khung dy vung gc vi ng cm ng t. Vit biu thc sut in
ng cm ng trong khung dy.
c) Sut in ng ti t = 5 (s) k t thi im ban u c gi tr no ?
Hng dn gii:
Tm tt bi:
S = 40.60 = 2400 cm2 = 0,24 m2
N = 200 vng, B = 0,2 (T).
= 120 vng/pht = 4 (rad/s).

a) Tn s ca sut in ng l f =
= 2 Hz.
2
b) Sut in ng cc i : Eo = NBS = 4.200.0,2.0,24 = 120,64 V.


Do ti t = 0, mt phng khung vung gc vi cm ng t nn = 0 (hay n // B ).
T ta c biu thc ca sut in ng l e = Eosin(t) = 120,64sin(4t) V.
c) Ti t = 5 (s) thay vao biu thc ca sut in ng vit c trn ta c e = Eo = 120.64 V.
V d 4: Mt khung dy dn phng c din tch S = 50 cm2, c N = 100 vng dy, quay u vi tc 50
vng/giy quanh mt trc vung gc vi cc ng sc ca mt t trng u c
cm ng t B = 0,1 (T). Chn

t = 0 l lc vect php tuyn n ca khung dy cng chiu vi vect cm ng t B v chiu dng l chiu
quay ca khung dy.
a) Vit biu thc xc nh t thng qua khung dy.
b) Vit biu thc xc nh sut in ng e xut hin trong khung dy.
Hng dn gii:
Tm tt bi:
S = 50 cm2 = 50.104 m2
N = 100 vng, B = 0,1 (T).
= 50 vng/giy = 100 (rad/s).
a) Theo bi ti t = 0 ta c = 0.
T thng cc i o = N.B.S = 100.0,1. 50.104 = 0,05 Wb.
T , biu thc ca t thng l = 0,05cos(100t) Wb.
b) Sut in ng cm ng e = = 0,05.100sin (100t ) = 5sin (100t ) V.
III. LCH PHA CA IN P V DNG IN
t = u i, c gi l lch pha ca in p v dng in trong mch.
Nu > 0 thi khi in p nhanh pha hn dng in hay dng in chm pha hn in p.
Nu > 0 thi khi in p chm pha hn dng in hay dng in nhanh pha hn in p.

Ch :
 Khi lch pha ca in p v dng in l /2 th ta c phng trnh ca dng in v in p tha mn
u = U o cos( t )
2
2
u i

+ =1

U o Io
i = I o cos t 2 = I o sin( t )

 Nu in p vung pha vi dng in, ng thi ti hai thi im t1, t2 in p v dng in c cc cp gi tr

2

u i u i
U
u2 u2
tng ng l u1; i1 v u2; i2 th ta c 1 + 1 = 2 + 2
o = 12 22
Io
i2 i1
U o Io Uo Io
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Kha hc Dng in xoay chiu v Dao ng in t

BI GING DNG IN XOAY CHIU

IV. CC GI TR HIU DNG

Cho dng in xoay chiu i = Iocos(t + ) A chy qua R, cng sut tc thi tiu th trn R
1 + cos ( 2t + 2 ) RIo2 RIo2
p = Ri 2 = RIo2 cos 2 ( t + ) = RIo2
=
+
cos ( 2t + 2 )
2
2
2
RI 2 RI2
RI 2
Gi tr trung bnh ca p trong 1 chu k: p = o + o cos ( 2t + 2 ) = o
2
2
2
1
Kt qu tnh ton, gi tr trung bnh ca cng sut trong 1 chu k (cng sut trung bnh): P = p = RI2o
2
Io2
Nhit lng ta ra khi l Q = P.t = Rt
2
Cng trong cng khong thi gian t cho dng in khng i (dng in mt chiu) qua in tr R ni trn th nhit
lng ta ra l Q = I 2 Rt.

I02 Rt 2
I
= I Rt
I = o .
2
2
I c gi l gi tr hiu dng ca cng dng in xoay chiu hay cng hiu dng.
U
E
Tng t, ta cng c in p hiu dng v sut in ng hiu dng l U = o ;E = o
2
2
Ngoi ra, i vi dng in xoay chiu, cc i lng nh in p, sut in ng, cng in trng, cng l
hm s sin hay cosin ca thi gian, vi cc i lng ny.

Ch :
u = U o cos( t + u )

Cho Q = Q

Trong mch in xoay chiu cc i lng c s dng gi tr tc thi l

i = I o cos( t + i )
e = Eo cos( t + e )

p = i 2 R=I o2 Rcos 2 ( t + i )
v cc i lng s dng gi tr hiu dng l cng dng in I, in p U, sut in ng E.

V d 1: Dng in chy qua on mch xoay chiu c dng i = 200cos(100t) A, in p gia hai u on
mch c gi tr hiu dng l 12 V, v sm pha /3 so vi dng in.
a) Tnh chu k, tn s ca dng in.
b) Tnh gi tr hiu dng ca dng in trong mch.
c) Tnh gi tr tc thi ca dng in thi im t = 0,5 (s).
d) Trong mt giy dng in i chiu bao nhiu ln.
e) Vit biu thc ca in p gia hai u on mch.
Hng dn gii:
a) T biu thc ca dng in i = 200cos(100t) A ta c = 100 (rad/s).
2 1

T = = 50 (s).
T ta c chu k v tn s ca dng in l
f = = 50 Hz.

2
I
2
b) Gi tr hiu dng ca dng in trong mch l I = o =
= 2 A.
2
2
c) Ti thi im t = 0,5 (s) th i = 2cos(10.0,5) = 0.
Vy ti t = 0,5 (s) th i = 0.
d) T cu b ta c f = 50 Hz, tc l trong mt giy th dng in thc hin c 50 dao ng. Do mi dao ng dng
in i chiu hai ln nn trong mt giy dng in i chiu 100 ln.
e) Do in p sm pha /3 so vi dng in nn c /3 = u i u = /3 (do i = 0)
in p cc i l U o = U 2 = 12 2 V.

Biu thc ca in p hai u mch in l u = 12 2cos 100 t + V.

3

V d 2: Mt mch in xoay chiu ch c in tr R = 50 , dng in qua mch c biu thc

i = 2cos(100t + /3) A.
a) Vit biu thc in p hai u mch in bit rng in p hiu dng l 50 2 V v in p nhanh pha hn
dng in gc /6.
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Kha hc Dng in xoay chiu v Dao ng in t

BI GING DNG IN XOAY CHIU

b) Tnh nhit lng ta trn in tr R trong 15 pht.

Hng dn gii:
U o = U 2 = 50 2. 2 = 100 V.

a) Ta c

u = i + = + = (rad)
= u i =
6
6 3 6 2

Biu thc ca in p l u = 100cos(100t + /2) V.

I
2
b) Cng hiu dng ca dng in: I = o =
= 2 A.
2
2
T , nhit lng ta ra trong 15 pht (15.60 = 900 s) l Q = I 2 Rt = 2.50.15.60 = 90000 J = 90kJ.
V d 3: Mt mch in xoay chiu c lch pha gia in p v cng dng in chy trong mch l /2.
Ti mt thi im t, cng dng in trong mch c gi tr 2 3 A th in p gia hai u mch l
50 2 V. Bit in p hiu dng ca mch l 100 V. Tnh gi tr hiu dng cng dng in trong mch.
Hng dn gii:
Do in p v dng in lch pha nhau gc /2 nn gi s biu thc ca dng in v in p c dng nh sau
u = U o cos(t)
2
2
u i

+ =1

U o Io
i = Io cos t 2 = Io sin(t)

i = 2 3 A
2
2

50 2 2 3
2 3
3
Thay cc gi tr bi cho u = 50 2 V

=
+
= 1
Io
2
100 2 Io

U = 100 V U = 100 2 V
T ta c Io = 4 A
I = 2 2 A.
V d 4: Cho mt mch in xoay chiu c in p hai u mch l u = 50cos(100t + /6) V. Bit rng dng
in qua mch chm pha hn in p gc /2. Ti mt thi im t, cng dng in trong mch c gi tr
3 A th in p gia hai u mch l 25 V. Biu thc ca cng dng in trong mch l

A. i = 2 cos 100t + A.
3

C. i = 3 cos 100t A.
3

B. i = 2 cos 100t A.
3

D. i = 3 cos 100t + A.
3

Hng dn gii:
2

2
u i
25 3
Do in p v dng in lch pha nhau gc /2 nn
+
=
1

Io = 2 A.
= 1

+
50 Io
U o Io

i = 2 cos 100t A.
Mt khc, dng in chm pha hn in p gc /2 nn i = u = =
2 6 2
3
3

Vy B ng.

V. MT S BI TP TRC NGHIM IN HNH

Cu 1. Dng in chy qua on mch xoay chiu c dng i = 2cos(100t + /6) A, in p gia hai u on mch
c gi tr hiu dng l 12 V, v sm pha /6 so vi dng in. Biu thc ca in p gia hai u on mch l

A. u = 12 cos 100t + V.
B. u = 12 2 cos (100t ) V.
6

C. u = 12 2 cos 100t V.
D. u = 12 2 cos 100t + V.
3
3

Hng dn gii:
U = 12 2V
U = 12V

T gi thit ta c
u = 12 2 cos 100t + V.


3

u = i + 6
u = + =
6 6 3

Vy D ng.
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Kha hc Dng in xoay chiu v Dao ng in t

BI GING DNG IN XOAY CHIU

Cu 2. Mt mch in xoay chiu c in p gia hai u mch l u = 200cos(100t + /6) V. Cng hiu dng
ca dng in chy trong mch l 2 2 A. Bit rng, dng in nhanh pha hn in p hai u mch gc /3, biu thc
ca cng dng in trong mch l
A. i = 4cos(100t + /3) A.
B. i = 4cos(100t + /2) A.
C. i = 2 2 cos (100t /6 ) A.
D. i = 2 2 cos (100t + /2 ) A.
Hng dn gii:
I = 2 2 A
Io = 4 A

T gi thit ta c
u = 4 cos 100t + A.


2

i = u +
i = 6 + 3 = 2
3

Vy B ng.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cu 3. Mt mch in xoay chiu c lch pha gia in p v cng dng in chy trong mch l /2. Ti mt
thi im t, cng dng in trong mch c gi tr 2 A th in p gia hai u mch l 100 6 V. Bit cng
dng in cc i l 4 A. in p hiu dng gia hai u mch in c gi tr l
A. U = 100 V.
B. U = 200 V.
C. U = 300 V.
D. U = 220 V.
Hng dn gii:
2

u i
Do in p v dng in lch pha nhau gc /2 nn
+ = 1.
U o Io
2

100 6
U
3
100 6
3
200 6
=
Uo =
= 200 2
U = o = 200 V.
Thay s ta c
=

4
Uo
2
3
2
Uo
Vy B ng.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cu 4. Mt khung dy quay u quanh trc xx trong mt t trng u c ng cm ng t vung gc vi trc
quay xx. Mun tng bin sut in ng cm ng trong khung ln 4 ln th chu k quay ca khung phi
A. tng 4 ln.
B. tng 2 ln.
C. gim 4 ln.
D. gim 2 ln.
Hng dn gii:
T biu thc t thng ta c = NBScos ( t + )
e = = NBSsin ( t + )
Bin ca sut in ng l Eo = NBS, khi Eo tng ln 4 ln th tng 4 ln, tc l chu k T gim 4 ln.
Vy B ng.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cu 5. Mt khung dy dn c din tch S = 50 cm2 gm 250 vng dy quay u vi tc 3000 vng/pht trong mt
t trng u c vc t cm ng t vung gc vi trc quay ca khung, v c ln B = 0,02 (T). T thng cc i
gi qua khung l
A. 0,025 Wb.
B. 0,15 Wb.
C. 1,5 Wb.
D. 15 Wb.
Hng dn gii:
T biu thc tnh ca t thng = NBScos(t + ) t thng cc i l o = NBS.
N = 250 vng
Thay s vi

B = 0,02(T)

o = 250.0,02.50.104 = 0,025 (Wb).

S = 50 cm 2 = 50.104 m 2

Vy A ng.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Cu 6. Mt vng dy phng c ng knh 10 cm t trong t trng u c ln cm ng t B = 1/ (T). T thng


gi qua vng dy khi vct cm ng t B hp vi mt phng vng dy mt gc = 300 bng
A. 1,25.103 Wb.
B. 0,005 Wb.
C. 12,5 Wb.
D. 50 Wb.
Hng dn gii:


Biu thc tnh ca t thng = NBScos, vi = n, B , t gi thit ta c = 600.

( )

Mt khc khung dy l hnh trn c ng knh 10 cm, nn bn knh l R = 5 cm

S = R 2 = .0,052.
1
T ta c = ..0,052.cos600 = 1, 25.103 (Wb).

Vy A ng.
Gio vin : ng Vit Hng
Ngun
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Kha hc Dng in xoay chiu v Dao ng in t

Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit

BI GING DNG IN XOAY CHIU

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