Chng 4 Mng truyn dn

Trong chng ny cho cch nhn tng quan v cc loi mng truyn dn c pht trin cho mng thnh ph v mng din rng. Chng ny bt u vi ci nhn chung v cc thnh phn d nh s dng . Chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi l thnh phn ht sc cn thit trong mng. Phn cn li ca chng ny , ngay sau phn 4.2 cung cp chi tit hn c s ca hai chuyn mch ny

4.1 K thut chuyn mch

Truyn d liu t ngun ti ch trong cc mng ni ht c thc hin bng cch truyn qua cc node chuyn mch tc thi. Nhng node ny khng quan tm n ni dung ca d liu, chng ch ng thun cung cp vic chuyn mch truyn d liu t node ny n node khc cho n khi ti ch. Hnh 4.1 minh ho mt mng n gin nht . Nhng thit b u cui m ta mong mun lin lc gi l trm ( station ). Cc trm c th l cc my tnh, cc thit b u cui ( terminal ), cc in thoi, hoc cc thit b vin thng khc. Cc thit b chuyn mch c gi l cc node. Mi trm ni vi 1 node, tp hp cc node c gi l mng truyn thng.

Hnh 4.1 Mng chuyn mch n gin nht

Hnh 4.2 miu t mt ph ca cc k thut chuyn mch c th truyn thng tin qua mng. Hai loi chuyn mch mi u l cc k thut chuyn mch truyn thng : chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi ; cc k thut cn li
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va mi c p dng . Ni chung cc k thut v pha tri cung cp vic truyn thng vi s thay i nh hoc khng thay i v tc v vi yu cu x l ti thiu trn cc trm ni ti. Trong khi cc k thut v bn phi cung cp tnh mm do cao iu khin tc bit thay i v vic giao vn (traffic) khng th on trc khi phc tp trong vic x l ang tng. Mt phn ln trong chng ny cung cp chi tit v 2 loi k thut chuyn mch thng thng: chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi. Cc k thut chuyn mch tin tin s c bn ti sau v c xem qua trong phn cui chng.

Hnh 4.2 Cc loi k thut chuyn mch

2 Chuyn mch knh (circuit switching)

K thut chuyn mch knh l k thut tri hn trong c 2 lnh vc m thanh v truyn d liu ngy nay v tip tc c s dng trong k nguyn ca ISDN. Truyn thng qua chuyn mch knh dng 1 ng lin lc c dnh rin cho gia 2 trm. ng ny gm chui cc lin kt gia cc node qua mng. Trong mi lin kt vt l, 1 knh c dnh cho vic kt ni. Mt v d in hnh ca chuyn mch knh l mng in thoi cng cng . Truyn dn thng tin qua chuyn mch knh tin hnh 3 giai on m n c th gii thch qua hnh 4.1 a) Thit lp mch : Trc khi bt k 1 tn hiu no c gi i, mch in gia 2 trm ti 2 u phi c thit lp. V d : trm A gi yu cu ti node 4 i lin kt ti E. ng dy gia A v node 4 tn ti sao cho kt ni lun sn sng. Node 4 phi tm nhnh tip theo ti node 6. Da trn thng tin nh tuyn (routing) , vic xem xt kh nng v c th c gi m lin kt ti node 5, ch nh mt knh ri ( dng FDM hoc TDM ) v trn lin kt gi yu cu lin lc ti E. Tip nh vy m thit lp lin kt t A qua 4 v 5 . Do c mt s trm cng c ni ti 4 , n phi thit lp cc ng ni b t cc trm ny ti cc trm khc , duy tr cch s l tng t. Trm 5 ni ti trm 6 v thit lp 1 knh vng chc t node 4 . Node 6 hon ton ni ti trm E . Khi hon hin kt ni , mt php kim tra xem E bn hay chp nhn vin kt ni ny.

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b) Truyn thng tin: Thng tin by gi c th truyn / nhn t A n E, c th l tn hiu ting ni tng t, ting ni c s ho, hay d liu nh phn ; ph thuc vo loi mng. Vi mng s tch hp s th vic s dng truyn s vi c ting ni v d liu l phng php ni tri. Con ng thit lp qua : Lin kt A-4 ; i qua bn trong chuyn mch 4 , knh t 4-5 , ; i qua bn trong chuyn mch 5, knh t 5-6 ; ; i qua bn trong chuyn mch 6, lin kt 6-E . Thng thng ch truyn dn l song cng, tn hiu c th c truyn c 2 chiu ng thi. c) Ngt mch (disconnect) Sau mt khi truyn d liu, kt ni s b hu, c th l mt trong 2 trm. Tn hiu phi c truyn i ti node 4, 5, ri 6 gii phng ti nguyn. Ch rng ng kt ni c thit k trc khi d liu bt u c truyn i. Do , dung lng knh phI c d tr gia tng cp node trn ng dn v mi mt node phI cn c sn dung lng chuyn mch ni tI s l kt ni cn thit. Cc chuyn mch cn phi c thng minh to ra cc phn b ny v to ra mt tuyn qua mng. Chuyn mch knh cng c th khng hiu qu. Dung lng knh c ch nh trong lc kt ni, ngay c khi khng c d liu truyn. Vi kt ni ting ni, s vic s dng c th cao nhng khng ti 100%. Vi mt kt ni gia thit b u cui ti my tnh, kh nng c th l b h thng b b ph gn nh trong sut lc kt ni. V vic thc hin, c khong thi gian tr khi thit lp kt ni. Tuy nhin, khi mch c thit lp, mng s trong sut i vi ngi dng. Thng tin c truyn tc d liu c nh, khng tr tr thi gian truyn. Tr mi nt l khng ng k. Chuyn mch knh c pht trin iu khin trao i ting ni , nhng by gi c s dng cho c d liu . V d gn gi nht ca mng chuyn mch knh cho mng in thoi cng cng. y l mng quc gia c kt ni vi quc t. Lc thit k ban u ch ng dng cho cc thu bao tng t . Cc d liu s c truyn qua modem . Mt ng dng in hnh khc ca chuyn mch knh l tng i c nhn ( PBX - Private Branch Exchange ) c s dng ni cc in thoi trong mt c quan hay mt to nh. Chuyn mch knh cng c s dng trong cc mng c nhn, nh l mng c xy dng bi cc on th hoc gia cc t chc ln qua mt lot cc trm. Mi mt trm nh vy cha cc h thng PBX m ti mi mt trm , chng c kt ni vi nhau thng qua ng thu ring ( leaseline ) Mt mng vin thng cng cng c th c miu t bng cch s dng 4 phn t kin trc c bn : Thu bao : l cc thit b ni ti mng, Trong hu ht cc trng hp , cc thit b thu bao ni ti mng vin thng cng cng l cc my in thoi. Nhng hin nay t l truyn d liu ngy cng tng dn qua cc nm.

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 ng thu bao : ng lin kt gia thu bao v mng. N cng cn c gi l vng thu bao hay vng ni ht. Hu ht cc ng thu bao l cc cp cp xon i . di ca ng thu bao ni chung nm trong di mt vi km ti 10 Km Tng i : y l trung tm chuyn mch trong mng. Mt trung tm chuyn mch ni trc tip vi ng thu bao gi l trm u cui ( end-office) Ni chung mt trm u cui cho php ni ti hng nghn thu bao trong khu vc . C ti 19.000 trm u cui ti M . R rng l gia cc trm u cui phi ni ni nhau mt cch trc tip iu ny i hi c ti 2x108 cc ng lin kt nh vy. Vy tt nht l s dng cc trm trung gian ( office ). Trung k : ng lin kt gia cc tng i . Trung k mang rt nhiu mch tn s thoi do vy phi s dng k thut hoc FDM hoc TDM ng b . Tha ban chng c coi nh cc h thng truyn dn Cng ngh chuyn mch knh b chi phi bi cc ng dng ca truyn dn thoi. Mt trong cc yu cu c bn l truyn dn thoi phi thc s khng c tr . Tc truyn dn phi c duy tr sao cho khng i bi v my pht v my thu c cng mt tc tn hiu. Cc yu cu ny l cn thit cho php mi ngi trao i cuc tr chuyn. Hn na , cht lng ca tn hiu thu phi tt , d hiu

Hnh 4.3 Mt v d kt ni qua mng chuyn mch knh cng cng

Chuyn mch knh c ng dng rng ri v c v tr u th bi v n n rt ph hp truyn tn hiu ting ni tng t. Trong th gii ca s s ho th s km hiu qu ca n ngy cng bc l. Tuy nhin , loi b tnh km hiu qu th chuyn mch knh vn cn c v tr trong c 2 mng a phng ln mng din rng. Mt trong nhng mt mnh ca n l s trong sut. Mi mt khi mt knh

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c thit lp , n ging nh s ni trc tip gia 2 trm u cui ; khng mt mng logic no c cn 4.3 nh tuyn cho mng knh Trong mng chuyn mch knh rng ln, nhiu mch kt ni s i hi 1 con ng i qua nhiu hn 1 chuyn mch. Khi c mt cuc gi , mng phi xc dnh 1 tuyn i qua mt vi chuyn mch v trung k. C 2 yu cu chnh nh tuyn trong kin trc ca mng: Hiu qu v d phng (resilience ) . Trc ht n phi c thit k vi s lng ti thiu cc chuyn mch v trung k trong mng v c kh nng ti hp l . Yu c v ti thng thng c th hin bng khi nim lu lng ti gi cao im ( busy-houre traffic load ) n bng ti trung bnh trong sut gi cao im nht trong cc ngy . Cn phi s l gim ti ny , mt khc ta li mun c 1 s lng thit b ti thiu . Thm na , mc d mng c th c ti cho gi cao im , nhng c th l c khi tm thi 1 lc no lu lng nh vt qu ti max ca mng. Cc tng i v trung k s khng lm vic v tm thi khng hot ng , chng hn nh trong cn bo ln. Ta mun rng mng phi c d phng lun cung cp cc dch v hp l trong cc trng hp xu nh vy. Yu t thit k cn bn quyt nh bn cht ca vic phi nh i gia hiu qu v tnh d phng chnh l chin lc nh tuyn . Thng thng chc nng dnh tuyn trong mng vin thng cng cng kh l n gin. V c bn , cc tng i c t chc thnh cu trc hnh cy hay l phn cp. Mt ng dn c xy dng bng cch bt u ti thu bao gi i , i theo cy ti node chung u tin, v sau i xui theo cy ti thu bao c gi. b xung tuyn d phng no vo trong mng , ngi ta phi thm vo cc trung k b xung ct ngang cu trc cy ni cc tng i c cng lu lng cao gia chng vi nhau. y l mt phng php tnh . Vic thm vo cc trung k high-usage s cung cp s d tha v dung lng b xung. Nhng vic ny vn cn c cc hn ch trong vic nng cao hiu sut v d phng . V s nh tuyn ny khng th p ng c cc iu kin thay i nn mng phi cn c thit k tho mn mt s yu cu cao thng thng. V d nh : Cc gi cao im ca lu lng ti cc vng ti ng v ty , nam v bc l khc nhau , khng trng khp nhau v t ra cc yu cu khc nhau i vi h thng. Rt kh phn tch tc ng ca cc bin ny , chng dn ti vic lm cho h thng tr nn cng knh v do vy km hiu qu. V tnh d phng , cu trc phn cp c nh vi cc trung k b xung c th phn ng rt km i vi cc hng hc . Thng thng , trong cc thit k nh vy th kt qu ca hng hc s l nghn tc ni ht ln ti im gn ni xy ra hng hc.

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 i ph vi nhu cu ngy cng tng v cc mng vin thng cng cng, thng tt c cc nh cung cp s ri b phng php phn cp tnh v dng phng php phn cp ng. Phng php nh tuyn ng l cc quyt nh nh tuyn b chi phi bi cc Iu kin traffic hin tI, Thng thng cc node chuyn mch knh c mt mi quan h thn thit vi nhau hn l mt mi quan h phn cp. Tt c cc nde u c kh nng thc hin cc chc nng nh nhau. Trong mt kin trc nh vy, vic nh tuyn va phc tp hn , nhng linh hot hn. N phc tp hn v kin trc ny khng cho ngay mt ng dn t nhin hay l mt b cc ng dn da trn cu trc phn cp. Nhng linh hot hn v s c nhiu tuyn khc nhau hn. V d ta xt mt dng nh tuyn trong cc mng chuyn mch knh , trong cc mng chuyn mch knh c gi l nh tuyn d tr ( alternate routing ) . im cn bn ca cc kiu nh tuyn d tr l cc tuyn kh d s c s dng gia hai u m c xc nh trc . Trch nhim ca chuyn mch ngun l la chn tuyn ph hp cho tng cuc gi . Mi mt chuyn mch c cho 1 tp hp cc tuyn nh trc i vi tng ch theo th t a thch. Nu ch c mt kt ni trung k trc tip gia hai tng i , th y lun l la chn u thch. Nu khng ch c trung k ny th la chn th 2 s c th v c nh vy tip tc .. Chu trnh nh tuyn ( l chu trnh trong cc tuyn trong mt tp hp c th ) phn nh mt s phn tch da trn cc kiu lu thng c trc y v c thit k ti u ho vic s dng cc ngun mng Nu ch c 1 chui nh tuyn c lp cho mi cp ngun-ch , kiu ny gi l kiu nh tuyn d tr c nh. Thng thng hn , ngi ta thng s dng kiu nh tuyn d tr ng. Trong , mt tp hp cc tuyn nh khc s c s dng cho tng giai on thi gian khc nhau, tn dng cc mu lu lng khc nhau cc mi thi gian khc nhau v ti cc thi im khc nhau trong mt ngy. Nh vy, quyt dnh nh tuyn da trn c trng thi lu lng hin ti ( Tuyn s b loi nu bn ) v cc mu lu lng c trc y. N s xc nh chu trnh cc tuyn c cn nhc. Trn hnh 4.4 l mt v d n gin, Tng i gc X c 4 tuyn kh d ti tng i ch Y . Tuyn trc tip ( a ) s lun lun c th u tin. Nu trung k ny khng c ( bn , khng hot ng ), th cc tuyn khc s c th theo mt th t c th , ph thuc vo khong thi gian. V d : vo cc bui sng ngy thng th tuyn ( b ) s c th tip theo ( th 2 ) Mt kiu nh tuyn d tr ng c s dng cung cp dch v in thoi ni ht v khu vc [BEO90] ; n thng c nhc ti nh l cch nh tuyn a d tr ( MAR). Phng php ny cng c AT&T s dng trong mng ng dI ca n [ASH90] v c gi l nh tuen khng phn cp ng [DNHR].

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4.4 Bo hiu iu khin cho mng chuyn mch knh (circuit switching) Trong mng chuyn mch knh , bo hiu iu khin l phng tin qun tr mng ; c s dng thit lp , duy tr v hu b cuc gi . C hai qun tr cuc gi v qun tr mng u cn cc thng tin c trao i gia thu bao v chuyn mch, gia cc chuyn mch v gia chuyn mch v mng. Vi mng vin thng cng cng rng ln mt kiu bo hiu iu khin tng quan phc hp l cn thit. Trong mc ny , chng ta x xem cc chc nng ca bo hiu iu khin ri th xem xt c s ca mng ISDN , bo hiu knh chung.

Hnh 4.4 Cc tuyn d tr t trm u cui X n trm u cui Y Bng nh tuyn

Time period Morning Afternoon Evening Weekend

First route a a a a

Second route b d d c

Third route c b c b

Fourth route d c b d

Chc nng bo hiu Cc bo hiu iu khin l cn thit vn hnh mng chuyn mch knh v bao gm tt c cc khia cnh ca mng , bao gm c cc dch v mng c th thy c ti thu bao v cc b c kh bn trong. Mnh ngy cng tr nn phc tp hn v s cc chc nng c thc hin bi bo hiu ngy cng tng . Cc chc nng c lit k sau y l v cng quan trng : Thng bo c th nghe c cho thu bao , bao gm m quay s , m rung chung, tn hiu bo bn v.v.. ..
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 Truyn s c quay ca thu bao b gi ti tng i m ti n s c gng hon thin kt ni Truyn cc thng tin gia cc chuyn mch ch ra rng 1 cuc gi c th khng c hon tt Truyn cc thng tin gia cc chuyn mch ch ra rng 1 cuc gi c chm dt v ng dn c th b tho b Mt tn hiu lm rung chung in thoi Truyn thng tin c s dng cho tnh cc Truyn cc thng tin cung cp cc trng thi ca thit b hoc ng trung k trong mng. Thng tin ny c th c dng vo mc dch nh tuyn v bo dng mng Truyn cc thng tin c s dng trong vic chun on, cch li cc sai hng ca mng iu khin cc thit b c bit nh l cc thit b lin lc v tinh.. Hy xem xt mt v d in hnh kt ni lin tip t mt ng ny ti ng khc qua cng 1 tng i : 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) tin hnh cuc gi , c 2 my in thoi phi c h ng nghe ( on hook ) . Cuc gi bt u khi thu bao gi nhc ng nghe ( off hook ) n t ng bo hiu n tng i Tng i p li bng 1 m mi quay s , bo hiu rng thu bao c th c quay s. Ngi gi quay s , l s ca thu bao b gi ; a ch ch ni ti tng i Nu thu bao b gi khng bn, tng i s cnh bo thu bao b gi bng cch gi 1 tn hiu rung chung lm chung in thoi ca thu bao b gi s rung.. Mt tn hiu phn hi ti thu bao goi bi tng i : Nu thu bao b gi khng bn, tng i s chuyn cc tn hiu m bo ch thi thu bao gi trong khi gi tn hiu rung chung yu cu nhc ng nghe thi thu bao b gi Nu thu bao b gi bn, tng i s chuyn cc tn hiu bo bn ti thu bao gi Nu cuc gi khng c th thc hin c qua tng i tng i s gi mt tn hiu reoder ti thu bao goi Thu bao b gi chp nhn cuc gi bng cch nhc ng nghe , chnh l bo hiu chuyn ti tng i Tng i ngt tn hiu chung , thit lp ng kt ni qua chuyn mch Kt ni b hu b nu 1 hay c 2 thu bao h ng nghe

6) 7) 8)

Khi thu bao b gi ni ti tng i khc vi tng i ca thu bao gi th cc chc nng bo hiu trung k gia cc tng i l cn thit :

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9) 10) 11)

Tng i gc chim ng trung k , gi tn hiu chim ng trn ng trung k , yu cu thanh ghi s u xa kia sao cho a ch c th c truyn dn Tng i u cui gi mt tn hiu sn sng xc nhn tn hiu chim ng , thng bo thanh ghi sn sng Tng i gc gi cc a ch s ti tng i bn .. Bng 4.1 Cc chc nng bo hiu

Gim st Bo hiu gim st nhm thit lp cuc gi, n c s dng khi ng 1 yu cu cuc gi, duy tr hoc tho b kt ni c thit lp , khi ng hoc tho b khi np li , gi li ngi gi ti kt ni c thit lp, cnh bo thu bao v khi ng khi cuc gi . N bao gm c s nhn bit trng thi bn hay ri trn ng thu bao v ng trung k ni, truyn cc thng tin ny ti thu bao gi v h thng tng i. Cc bo hiu ny bao gm c hai ch nng iu khin v trng thi: iu khin : Bo hiu iu khin c s dng iu khin s s dng cuc gi. Tng i v trung k c n nh vo kt ni nh bo hiu iu khin. Cuc gi , mi khi chim , s gi ng trong sut cuc gi v ch tho b khi cuc gi chm dt. Trng thi : Bo hiu iu khin cng cha ng thng tin cc trng thi ca cuc gi hoc c gng gi . Cc thng tin ny c gi ngc li t mng ti tng i ca thu bao a ch Bo hiu a ch nhn dng cc thnh vin trong cuc gi. N cha s ca thu bao gi hoch b gi cng nh m truy cp trung k PBX , m vng, m quc gia.. N bao hm vic truyn cc s ca s in thoi thu bao b gi t thu bao gi ti h thng tng i hoc t tng i ny ti tng i kia. Bo hiu a ch bao gm c bo hiu trm lin quan v tuyn lin quan Trm lin quan : Bo hiu a ch ngun t thue bao gi . T my in thoi , tn hiu c pht ra cc chui xung lin tip ( Pulse) hoc chui cc 2 tn s m thanh (Tone ) . i vi thu bao s , mt tn hiu iu khin s c th c dng Tuyn lin quan : Nu mt cuc gi s dng nhiu hn 1 tng i th cn thit bo hiu gia cc tng i. N bao gm bo hiu a ch m n cung cp cc chc nng tuyn v cc bo hiu gim st. Thng tin v cuc goi Bo hiu thng tin v cuc gi c truyn ti mt ngi gi cung cp cc thng tin ti cc ngi gi v cc thao tc c lin quan n vic thit lp mt kt ni qua

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mng in tho. Mt lot cc m thanh c s dng vo cc mc ch . Cc bo hiu ny c th c lit k cnh bo v s l Cnh bo : Bo hiu cnh bo c cp ti mt thu bao nhi cha c cuc gi, y l bo hiu rung chung yu cu thu bao b gi nhc ng nghe. X l : Bo hiu s l cuc gi ch ra trng thi ca cuc gi ca thu bao ang gi Qun tr mng Bo hiu qun tr mng bao gm tt c cc bo hiu lin quan n cc thao tc ang tin hnh v qun tr mng. Chng bao gm cc bo hiu gy ra cc iu khin c exerted v cc bo hiu cung cp trng thi iu khin : Bo hiu iu khin mng c s dng iu khin cc tin trnh s l tuyn ( vi d nh thay i mt tuyn c t trc ca mt tng i ) v sa i cc c trng vn hnh ca mng p ng vi s qu ti v cc iu kin li Trng thi : Bo hiu trng thi mng c s dng bi tng i cung cp cc thng tin v trng thi ti trung tm qun tr mng v cc tng i khc . Cc thng tin ny bao gm cng lu lng , cc iu kin gy sai li , cc sai hng khc ..

Cc v d ny cho mt vi tng ca cc chc nng m chng c thc hin khi dng bo hiu. Mt vi tng khc nu ra trong bng 4.1 . Cc chc nng ny c thc hin bi cc bo hiu c th c phn thnh nhm nh : Gim st , a ch Thng tin v cuc gi v Qun tr mng. Hnh 4.5 da trn hnh trong [FREE94] , ch ngun gc v cc ch ca bo hiu Danh t gim st ni chung c dng thc hin chc nng iu khin co c tnh nh phn ( ng/sai , on/off ) , nh l cc yu cu dch v , tr li cnh bo hoc quay v trng thi i. Chng c quan h vi tnh sn sng ca thu bao b gi v cn thit mng gc , Bo hiu gim st c s dng xc nh liu mt ngun c th , nu th chim n . Chng cng c s dng thng bo trng thi ca ngun c yu cu Bo hiu a ch nhn dng thu bao . Khi khi ng, mt tn hiu a ch c pht ra bi thu bao gi khi quay s in thoi. a ch thu c c th c truyn qua mng gip cho cc chc nang tuyn nh v v rung chuong in thoi ca thu bao b gi Danh t thng tin v cuc goi cho cc bo hiu ny cung cp cc thng tin ti thu bao v trng thi ca cuc gi. iu ny tri ngc li vi cc bo hiu ni b gia cc tng i c s dng khi thit lp hoc ngt cuc gi. Cc bo hiu ni b l cc bn tin tng t hoc l s cn cc bo hiu thng tin v cuc

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gi l nhng m thanh c th nghe thy c bi c ngi gi ln b gi hoc l cc vn hnh theo quy tc ca my in thoi Bo hiu gim st , a ch v thng tin v cuc gi l cc i hi trc tip thit lp v chm dt cuc gi . Ngc li bo hiu qun tr mng c s dung bo dng , tm sai hng v cc vn hnh qu ti ca mng, Cc bo hiu nh vy c th dng cc bn tin v nh lit k cc tuyn c xp t trc gi ti cc trm nhm nng cp bng nh tuyn .

Hnh 4.5 Bo hiu iu khin qua mng chuyn mch knh

Bo hiu ni ht Bo hiu cn c xem xt theo 2 khia cnh sau y : (1) Bo hiu gia thu bao v mng v (2) bo hiu gia cc mng. Ni chung cc bo hiu (1) v (2) l khc nhau theo cc ni dung ca chng Bo hiu gia mt in thoi hay mt thu bao vi tng i c xc nh bi c tnh ca thit b thu bao v s cn thit ca ng s dng. Cc bo hiu gia cc tng di thc cht l gia my tnh my tnh . Cc bo hiu ni b dnh lu khng ch vi s qun tr mng ca thu bao m cn s qun tr ca chnh mng
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. V th cc bo hiu ni b nhiu lnh hn, nhiu p ng v nhiu cc tham s cn thit khi to Do c 2 k thut bo hiu khc nhau c s dng, tng i ni ht m n cho php cc thu bao u ni vo phi c cung cp cc bo hiu thu bao t phc tp v cc bo hiu gia cc tng i m n cha ng nhiu s phc tp hn . Trong phn II chng ta s xem xt bo hiu di ci tn Q.931 cho bo hiu thu bao v SS7 cho bo hiu gia cc tng i. Bo hiu knh chung Bo hiu trong mng chuyn mch knh c ti per-trunk v knh kt hp. Vi bo hiu trong knh, mt knh c s dng mang cuc gi ng thi mang c bo hiu cuc gi c lin quan. Bo hiu nh vy bt u t thu bao gi v theo dc ng ca chnh cuc gi . y l iu hay , do khng cn mt ng truyn no cn thit thm vo cho bo hiu . Cc phng tin truyn thoi c chia s truyn bo hiu. C 2 dng bo hiu c s dng : Trong bng v ngoi bng. Bo hiu trong bng s dng khng ch cng ng vt l ca cuc gi m cn s dng cng mt di tn s ca tn hiu thoi mang tn hiu iu khin c lin quan n. Kiu bo hiu ny c mt vi u im : Do tn hiu iu khin c cng c tnh sng in t vi tn hiu ting ni do vy n c th i bt c ni u m tn hiu thoi i ti. V khng c s gii hn s s dng tn hiu trong bng ti bt c ni u trong mng , k c ni c b chuyn i ADC , DAC . Thm na, n c kh nng thit lp cuc gi trn ng ting c thiu khuyt do tn hiu iu khin c s dng thit lp ng Bo hiu ngai bng c u im l khng s dng ton b bng thng 4KHz m n tch ra 1 bng thng hp trong s dng gi cc tn hiu iu khin. u im chnh ca n l gi n nhng ni m tn hiu thoi khng n c. V th n cho php lin tc gim st v iu khin cuc gi. Tuy nhin kiu bo hiu ngoi bng cn mch in ph cho php bo hiu trong bng. Tc truyn thng tin c gii hn bi bo hiu trong bng . Vi bo hiu trong bng ch c truyn khi khng c tn hiu thoi cn bo hiu ngoi bng th c php. Do s hn ch nh vy tht kh c th iu tit cho ph hp tuy nhin cc u im ca bo hiu l rt cn thit Mt nhc im khc ca bo hiu trong bng l thi gian tr khi thit lp cuc gi. Yu cu gim thi gian tr l mt trong cc yu t quan trng hin nay khi s dng mng. V d : my tnh iu khin cuc gi . s l cuc gi ( transaction )
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s dng cc bn tin ngn tng i ; v th , thi gian thit lp cuc gi c mt mt cch ng k trong tng s thi gian cuc gi Csr hai vn ny c th c gii quyt nh bo hiu knh chung , trong bo hiu c mang qua mt knh hon ton c lp vi knh thoa ( Bng 4.2 ) . Mt ng c th mang cc tn hiu cho mt s cc knh thoi vi v s cc chc nng, v th knh iu khin chung l cho cc knh thu bao ny Nguyn tc ca bo hiu knh chung c minh ho v i ngc vi bo hiu knh kt hp trong hnh 4.6. Nh c th thy, con ng dnh cho bo hiu knh chung c tch mt cch vt l ra khi ng thoi thu bao. Knh chung c th c cu hnh vi bng thng cn thit mang cc bo hiu vi mt lot cc chc nng. V th c hai giao thc bo hiu v kin trc mng phc tp hn bo hiu knh kt hp. Tuy nhin do gi thnh cc phn cng ca my tnh ngy cng h do vy bo hiu knh chung ngy cng c s dng rng ri. Cc bn tin bo hiu c chuyn qua gia cc chuyn mch hay gia cc chun mch v trung tm qun tr mng. V th thnh phn bo hiu ca mng vi hiu qu l mng my tnh phn b chuyn ti cc bn tin ngn
Bng 4.2 K thut bo hiu cho mng chuyn mch knh

Miu t

Ch gii

Knh kt hp Bo hiu cng mt di thng K thut n gin nht v rt cn Trong bng tn s c s dng bi tn thit cho bp hiu thng tin v cuc gi v c s dng cho cc hiu thoi bo hiu khc , thng ti tt c cc ng daay thu bao Ngoi bng Tn hiu thoi c s dng Cho php lin tc gim st trong cng ng truyn vi tn sut thi gian kt ni hiu thoi , nhng khc bng tn s Bo hiu truyn trn knh bo hiu c ginh iu khin cc bo hiu v chung cho cc knh thoi Gim thi gian setup cuc gi so vi phng php trn. N cng tng thch hn vi cc chc nng cn thit

Knh chung

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Hnh 4.6 Bo hiu knh kt hp v knh chung

C hai kiu thao tc trong bo hiu knh chung ( Hnh 4.7 ) Mode kt hp : ng bo hiu i dc theo , bn cnh ng trung k thoi phc v cc im u cui, Bo hiu s di ng khc vi ng tn hiu thoi , ti tng di , n c nh tuyn trc tip ti b s l bo hiu. Mode khng kt hp : Ti mode ny , mng c gia tng thm bi cc node ( my trm ) c gi l im chuyn tip bo hiu. Nh vy 2 mng s tch ri nhau . Sk lin kt gia 2 hi ny ti cc ca iu khin thc hin ti cc tng i ( switch nodes ) m ang phc v cho cc cuc gi thu bao. Trong mode khng kt hp, ngi qun tr mng cng s d dng vn hnh hn bi v cc knh iu khin c th cho mt cch linh hot hn. Mng ISDN s dng bo hiu theo mode khng kt hp Vi bo hiu knh kt hp . bo hiu t tng i gc c s l v c chuyn ti knh ra . ti u thu nhn, bo hiu li c chuyn nhn t knh thoi vo b s l iu khin ; cn bo hiu knh chung bo hiu c truyn trc tip t b s l iu khin ny ti b s l iu khin kia khng rng buc g vi tn hiu thoi. y l mt th tc n gin v t sai st khi tnh c hay c lm nhiu lon cc tn hiu gia thu bao v iu khin. y l ng c chnh chp bo hiu knh chung. Mt ng c khc na l thi gian setup cuc gi gim. Hy xem mt chui cc cuc gi c setup bng knh kt hp qua nhiu hn 1 chuyn mch. Mt bo hiu iu khin s phi c gi ti tng i bn cnh theo nh trc. Ti mi mt tng i bo hiu khng c th c truyn qua tng i ti tuyn tip theo chng no mt mch kt hp chac thit lp qua tng i . Cn vi bo hiu knh chung , cc thng tin iu khin c th che lp s s l thit lp mch

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Hinh 4.7 Cc mode ca bo hiu knh chung

Vi bo hiu khng kt hp cn c nhiu u im ni tri : Mt hay nhiu im iu khin c th c thit lp . Tt c cc thng tin iu khin c th c nh tuyn ti trung tm iu khin mng m ti cc yu cu c s l , cc tn hiu d c s l c gi ti cc tng i thit lp tuyn cho thu bao. Theo cch ny cc yu cu c th c s l vi tnh ton cc hn ca iu kin mng Tt nhin , bo hiu knh chung c cc nhc im ca n, trc tin l thao tc v vn hnh phc tp hn tuy nhin do gi thnh phn cng ngy cng h v s m rng khng ngng ca mng vin thng s dn n bo hiu knh chung ngy cng pht trin Mi tho lun ti phn ny dnh ch yu v bo hiu knh chung trong mng ( iu khin tng i ). Nhng d cho mt mng hon ton c iu khin bi bo hiu knh chung th bo hiu knh kt hp vn cn thit , t nht l thng bo vi thu bao. V d nh tn hiu quay s , rung chung phi l ti knh kt hp ti c thu bao. Ni chung , thu bao khng truy cp ti bo hiu knh chung , tuy nhin chng ta s thy ti phn II th iu ny cha hon ton ng

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4.5 Chuyn mch gi Mng vin thng chuyn mch knh ban u dnh cho thai, ch yu cc cuc gi trn mng ny l ting ni. c tnh mu cht ca chuyn mch knh l mi phn t trong mng ch phc s tt nht cho cuc gi . Do kt ni thoi, mch in s dng c t l cao bi v ton b thi gian , bn ny hay bn kia ni chuyn. Tuy nhin, khi mng chuyn mch knh bt u c s dng truyn d liu th xut hin hai vn : Trong mng truyn d liu ( vi d client/server ) , rt nhiu thi gian ri do vy chuyn mch knh km hiu qu Trong mng chuyn mch knh , lin kt truyn d liu vi tc khng i , v th c hai thit b ni vo phi c tc thu v pht nh nhau . iu ny hn ch cc tin ch ca mng khi lin kt mt lot cc my tnh host vi cc thit b u cui hiu c cch gii quyt vn ca mng chuyn mch gi , chng ta hy xem xt cch vn hnh ca mng chuyn mch gi. D liuc truyn thnh tng gi ngn , mt bn tin c gii hn trn vi di gi khong 1000 byte . Nu bn tin khi gi di hn , n s c b ra thnh mt chui cc gi ( hnh 4.8 ) Mi mt gi cha 1 phn ( hay l tt c cho bn tin ngn ) d liu ca ngi s dng cng vi cc thng tin iu khin. Cc thng tin iu khin , c ti thiu , cha cc thng tin m mng yu cu c th nh tuyn c cho cc gi tin i qua mng v a n ti ch. Ti mi trm trn tuyn , gi tin c nhn , nh li ri th chuyn tip ti trm tip theo.

Hnh 4.8 S dng gi tin

Chng ta hy quay li hnh 4.1 thy rng y l mng chuyn mch gi n gin nht. Gi s mt gi i t trm A ti trm E , gi tin cha cc thng tin iu khin ch rng n ang i ti trm E . Gi tin c gi t trm A ti node 4 . Node 4 lu tr gi tin xc nh tuyn tip theo ( gi s node 5 ) v xp hng di ra ti tuyn ni 4 + 5 . Khi ng ni c th , gi tin c truyn

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ti node 5 v c nh vy ti node 6 v cui cng ti trm E . iu ny c u im hn so vi chuyn mch knh . Hiu sut s dng ng ln hn bi v mi ng truyn tin gia cc node c th c chia s cho cc gi tin . Cc gi tn c xp hng v truyn vi tc rt nhanh c th c trn ng truyn. Ngc li , vi chuyn mch knh thi gian trn ng truyn gia cc node c nh x trc khi dng TDM ng b . Nhiu khi ng truyn c th ri ti 1 knh do lc knh ny khng c s dng. Mng chuyn mch gi c th thay i tc truyn d liu. Hai trm vi 2 tc truyn dn khc nhau vn c th trao i d liu cho nhau bi v mi mt kt ni ti trm ca chng u chp nhn tcd d liu Khi lu lng trn mng chuyn mch knh qua nng , mt vi cuc gi c th b nght ; mng s t chi nhn thm cc cuc gi yu cu thm cho n khi ti trn mng gim xung. Trong mng chuyn mch gi th cc gi tin vn c chp nhn nhng thi gian tr truyn tng ln. Bc u tin c th c s dng. V th , mt node c 1 s cc gi xp hng ch truyn , gi c truyn trc tin l gi c bc u tin cao nht. Cc gi ny v th s c tr thp hn cc gi c bc u tien thp hn Thao tc ni b Mt trm c mt bn tin c kch thc ln hn kch thc gi tin ti a mun truyn qua mng chuyn mch gi. V th n phi b gi tin ra thnh cc mnh v gi cc gi ny theo th gian ti mng . Mt cu hi t ra l mng s chuyn cc chui gi tin ny nh th no trn tuyn qua chng ti ch. C hai cch c s dng trn mng : Bo d liu v mch o Trong kiu bo d liu , mi mt gi c i x mt cch c lp, khng c tham chiu ti gi tin c trc . Chng ta xem li v d trn : Gi s tram A trong hnh 4.1 c 3 gi tin mun truyn ti E . N s truyn theo th t cc gi tin 1-2-3 ti trm 4 . Vi mi mt gi , trm 4 phi xc nh 1 tuyn . Trm 4 s chuyn cc gi tin ny hoc l ti node 5 hoc l node 7 . Trong trng hp trm 4 xc nh rng s xp hng ti tram 5 l ngn hn ti trm 7 do vy gi xp hng c chuyn ti trm 5 . Cng nh vy cho gi th 2 , nhng n gi th 3 , trm 4 pht hin ra rng s xp hng n trn 7 l ngn hn n tram 5 v do vy gi th 3 s i n trm 7 . Do vy cc gi tuy c cng mt a ch ch nhng khng i cng trn 1 tuyn. Gi 3 s gp gi 2 ti tram 6 t chng c chuyn ti trm E theo th t vi th t khi chng c gi. Trm E c trch nhim xp xp li th t cu cc gi tin. Tuy nhin c kh nng 1 gi tin b hng , mt trn ng i, v d nh c mt node b hng 1 lc no , tt c cc gi ang xp hng ti b mt , iu ny v d xy ra trong v d ca ta , trm 6 khng c cch no bit c gi tin no trong th t b mt . Mt ln na , trm E pht hin ra s mt ca gi tin tm cch ly li chng.
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 Trong kiu mch o : mt tuyn d nh ttrc c thit lp trc khi bt k gi tin no c truyn. V d trm A c nhiu gi tin mun truyn ti trm E . Trc ht n gi cc gi tin iu khin c bit c gi l gi yu cu cuc gi ( Call Request ) ti trm 4 yu cu kt ni logic ti E . Node 4 s quyt nh tuyn yu cu v chuyn gi theo th t ti trm 5 . Trm 5 quyt nh tun v chuyn cc gi ti 6 v cui cng gi Call Request c chuyn ti E . Nu E sn sng chp nh kt ni, n gi gi tin Chp nhn cuc gi ( Call Accept ) ti trm 6 . Gi nayg li chuyn qua trm 5 ri trm 4 ti A . Trm A v E by gi bt u c th trao i d liu qua tuyn va c thit lp. Bi v tuyn lun l c nh trong sut thi gian kt ni logic mt cch tng t nh mch ( knh ) trong mng chuyn mch knh v c gi l mch o. V th cc gi d liu t trm A hng ti trm E qua node 4, 5, 6 v ngc li cc gi truyn t trm E ti trm A qua node 6, 5, 4. Cui cng mt trm ngt kt ni bng gi tin yu cu xo ( Clear Request ) . ti bt c lc no , mi mt trm lun c nhiu mch o ni vi nhauv c th c cc mch o ni ti nhiu hn 1 tram. c tnh chnh ca k thut mch o l 1 tuyn gi cc trm phi c khi to trc truyn d liu. Nhng tuyn ny khng phi l ng dnh ring nh chuyn mch knh . Mt gi chng no cn lu li ti mi mt trm , cp hng ch pht i ti ng truyn. Ngc li vi gi tin bo d liu , vi mch o , cc trm khng cn nh tuyn cho mi mt gi m ch lm ( nh tuyn ) mt ln cho tt c cc gi tin. 2 trm c th trao i d liu trong 1 thi gian kh di y chc chn l 1 u im ca mch o . Trc ht mng c th cung cp cc dch v lin quan n mch o , bao gm c xp hng , iu khin li . Sp hng l do tt c cc gi tin c cng 1 tuyn , chng ra i theo th t . iu khin li l dch v c gi nh rng khng ch c cc gi i n ng th t m . Ly v d mt gi truyn t trm 4 n trm 6 mt hoc li khi n trm 6 . Trm 6 c th yu cu trm 4 truyn li gi tn t trm 4 . Mt u im khc l cc gi tin c truyn trong mng vi ttc nhanh hn do khng cn phi nh tuyn cho mi mt gi tn ti mi mt trm Mt u im ca bo d liu l khng phi khi to ng truyn cuc gi . V th nu mt trm mong mun gi ch mt hoc mt vi gi tin th chuyn bi bo d liu s nhanh hn. Mt u im khc na l do n th s nn cng linh hot hn. Ly v d : Nu tc ngn mt phn trn mng , cc bn tn bo d liu s nh tuyn theo ng khc , trnh tc ngn . Nhng vi mch o , do tuyn c thit lp trc v th kh khn cho mng gii quyt tc nghn. u im th 3 ca bo d liu l c tin cy. Vi mch o , khi mt trm b hng , knh i qua trm s b mt nhng vi bo d liu , cc gi c th tm cc tuyn thay th , b qua node .

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Hu ht cc mng chuyn mch gi hin hnh u s dng mch o cho cc vn hnh ni b ca chng. Ti mt mc no , iu ny phn nh ng c thc y xy dng mt mng c nhng dch v tin cy nh mng chuyn mch knh. Tuy nhin mt vi mng chuyn mch gi c nhn s dng vn hnh bo d liu. Theo cch nhn ca ngi s dng, cng kh c th nh gi s s dng ca mch o hay bo d liu Kch thc gi tin C mt mi quan h gia kch thc gi tin v thi gian truyn nh ch ra trong hnh 4.9. trong v d ny gi s rng c mt mch o t trm X qua node a v b ti trm Y . Bn tin c gi c kch thc l 40 byte , mi gi cha 3 byte thng tin iu khin, n c t ti u ca gi tin v c gi l phn tiu ( heaer ) . Nh vy ton b mi bn tin c kch thc l 43 byte ( 3 byte header v 40 byte data ) Gi u tin c gi t X ti trm a ( hnh 4.9a) Khi ton b gi c nhn n c th c truyn tip t tram a ti trm b ri ti trm Y. B qua thi gian chuyn mch tng s thi gian truyn l 129 bytethi gian ( 43 x 3 ) Gi s rng chng ta b bn tin ra thnh 2 gi , mi gi cha 20 byte v tt nhin phi 3 byte tiu cho mi gi cha cc thng tin iu khin cho cc gi ny. Trong trng hp ny , 1 node c th bt u truyn gi u tn du tin n t trm X ngay khi c th khng cn ch gi th 2 n do th gian truyn v nhn ca 1 trm c th lp nhau . Tng s thi gian truyn ton b bn tin l 92 byte-thi gian . Bng cch b bn tin ra thnh 5 gi , mi gi 8 byte + 3 byte tiu th s tit kim thi gian c hn na , tng s thi gian cn truyn cho bn tin t X n Y ch cn 77 byte-thi gian. Tuy nhin nu chng ta b nh hn na bn tin thnh cc gi b hn th s l cc gi tin tng ln ch khng phi l gim i , tng thi gian truyn s ln nh minh ho trong hnh 4.9d. iu ny do mi gi tin phi cha mt s c nh cc tiu , nhiu gi c ngha l nhiu cc tiu . Mc d ti v d khng nu ra qu trnh s l v xp hng do tr ti cc node . S tr ny s cng ln khi cng c nhiu gi cng thuc bn tin . Do vy thit k chuyn mch gi phi xem xt ti cc yu t xc nh kch thc gi ti u 4.6 X25 C l l hiu r nht v giao thc chun c s dng rng ri nht l X25 . Giao thc chun ch giao din gia mt h thng host v mt mng chun mch gi. Chun ny c s dng hon ton ton din ( universally ) cho giao din ti chuyn mch gi v c s dng trong tng i gi ISDN. Cc cuc gi chun c phn ra thnh 3 mc ca giao thc Lp Vt l

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 Lp lin kt Lp gi

Hnh 4.9 Hiu ng thi gian truyn theo kch thc gi

3 lp ny ph hp vi 3 lp thp nht trong m hnh OSI ( xem ch gii B ) Lp Vt l c quan h vi cc giao din Vt l gia cc trm ( my tnh , thit b u cui ) v s lin kt gia cc trm trong node chuyn mch gi. Chun X21 thng c s dng trong mc vt l ca X25, nhng trong nhiu trng hp , mt chun khc , nh l EIA-232 cng c tnh n. Li lin kt m bo cho vic truyn d liu c tin cy qua lp vt l bng cch truyn

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truyn d liu mt cch tun t , tng khung mt ( frame ) . Lp lin kt chun c gi l LAPB ( Link Access Protocol-Balance ) . LAPB l mt tp hp con ca giao thc iu khin lin kt d liu rt ni ting - HDLC ( High-level data link control ) . LAPB rt ging vi giao thc mi ay LAPD m n s c miu t trong chng 8 . Lp gi cung cp cc dch v mch o v c miu t trong phn sau y.

Hnh 4.10 D liu ngi dng v Giao thc iu khin thng tin X25

Hnh 4.10 minh ho mi quan h gia cc mc ( lp ) ca X25 . D liu ngi dng c a xung lp 3 ca X25 v c gn vo cc thng tin iu khin gi l cc tiu ( header ) to thnh gi. Ton b gi c a xung lp di m ti , cc thng tin iu khin gn vo phn trc v phn sau ca gi tin to thnh khung LAPB. Thng tin iu khin trong khung l cn thit cho cc vn hnh ca giao thc LAPB Trc khi kim tra chi tit cc lp gi ca X25, chng ta s phi phn bit r cc khi nim vn hnh bn trong v dc v b xung Vn hnh bn trong v dch v bn ngoi Mt trong cc c tnh quan trng ca mng chuyn mch gi l hoc n s dng bo d liu , hoc s dng mch o. Thc s l , c 2 chiu ca c tnh ny nh c minh ho trong hnh 4.11 v 4.12. ti giao din gia mt trm v mt node mng, mt mng c th cung cp hoc kt ni c lin kt nh hng ( connection-oriented ) hoc kt ni khng lin kt ( connectionless ) . Vi mt dch v kt ni c lin kt nh hng , mt trm thc hin 1 yu cu cuc gi , khi to 1 kt ni logic ti mt trm khc . Tt c cc gi hin ang xem xt ti mng c nhn dng l thuc v 1 c tnh kt ni logc v c nh s tun t . Mt kt ni logic ny thng dc coi l 1 mch o , dch v kt ni nh hng c coi l dch v mch o bn ngoi . ng tic , dich v bn ngoi ny c phn bit t khi nim vn hnh mch o bn trong. Vi cc dch v khng lin kt , mng ch ng vi cc gi c ch huy ( iu khin ) mt cch c lp v c th khng phn pht chng theo 1 th t hoc mt tin cy . y

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l kiu dch v m i khi cn c gi l dch v bo d liu bn ngoi . iu ny l s phn bit vi khi nim vn hnh bo d liu bn trong . Bn trong , mng c th cu trc nn 1 tuyn c nh gia 2 u cui ( mch o ) hoc l khng c nh ( bo d liu ). Thit k bn trong v bn ngoi gii quyt khng cn phi ng thi :

Hnh 4.11 Vn hnh mch o v bo d liu ngoi

Mch o bn ngoi , mch o bn trong : Khi ngi s dng yu cu mch o, mt tuyn qua mng s c xy dng , tt c cc gi ln lt i dc theo cng mt tuyn Mch o bn ngoi, bo d liu bn trong : Mng gi cho mi mt gi c lp . V th cc gi khc nhau cho cng mt mch o bn ngoi c th chim cc tuyn khc nhau. Tuy nhin, mng lu cc gi ti node ch , nu cn thit, sao cho chng c phn pht n trm ch theo mt th t hp l . Bo d liu bn ngoi , bo d liu bn trong : Mi mt gi c c s mt cch c lp t c hai ca ngi s dng v ti cc im ca mng

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 Bo d liu bn ngoi , mch o bn trong : T hp ny t dng v chu gnh nng v gi c chi ph cho 1 mch o m chng c li lc g

Hnh 4.11 Mch o bn ngoi v vn hnh bo d liu

Cu hi a ra la chn : mc o hay l bo d liu, c hai bn trong v bn ngoi . iu ny ph thuc vo cc mc tiu thit k ring cho mng truyn dnc v h s gi c c tnh thuyt phc . Chng ta da ra mt vi ch gii khi nim cc gi tr lin quan s chng i gia vn hnh bo d liu bn trong v vn hnh mach o. Chi tit c th dch v bn ngoa , chng ta c th c cc quan st tip theo. Dich v bo d liu , c khp ( gp ) vi vn hnh bo d liu bn trong cho hiu sut s dng mng : khng cn setup cuc gi , khng cn gi cc gi trong khi cc gi c li , c pht li. Tiu ch sau ny c s dng trong mt vi ng dng c tng thi gian thc ( VoiIP ). Dch v mch o c th cung cp trnh t end-to-end v iu khin li . Dich v ny thu ht tr gip cc ng dng lin kt nh hng nh l truyn files , iu khin u cui truy cp t xa. Trn thc t , cc dch v mch o ni chung l nhiu hn cc dch v bo d liu v s cn c gi cho cc mng chuyn mch gi , lin quan ISDN tin cy v s thun tin ca cc dich v lin kt nh hng c nhn thy hp dn nhiu hn cc dch v bo d liu
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Hnh 4.12 Mch o bn trong v Vn hnh bo d liu

Mc gi X25 Vi mc gi X25, d liu c truyn theo tng gi qua mch o bn ngoi . C rt nhiu loi gi c s dung ( Bng 4.3 ), nhng tt c u s dng cng mt khun dng c bn theo cc loi gi ( Hnh 4.13 ) . Thit b ca ngi s dng c gi l thit b u cui d liu ( DTE Data terminal Equipment ) v ni ti node mng chuyn mch gi , DTE c gn vi thit b mch u cui d liu ( DCE Data Circuit-terminal Equipment ) Dch v mch o ca X25 cho php 2 loi mch o : Mch o v mch o vnh vin . Mch o l mt s thit lp ng mch o , khi dng mt cuc gi khi to v th tc xo cuc gi , c gii thch tip theo . Mt mch o vnh vin l mt s vnh vin mch o mng chp mhn. D liu truyn qua nh vi cuc gi o nhng khng yu cu khi to v xo tuyn a) Cuc gi o : Hnh 4.14 ch ra trnh t in hnh ca cc s kin trong cuc gi o. Phn pha tay tri ca hnh v ch ra cc gi c trao i gia ngi s dng A v
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mt node chuyn mch gi gn vi n. Phn pha tay phi ch ra cc gi c trao i gia ngi s dng B v node ca n. Tuyn ca cc gi l khng th nhn thy vi ngi s dng .
Bng 4.7 Cc kiu gi X25 v cc tham s

Kiu gi DTE/DCE DCE/DTE

Call Request Call Accept Clear Request Incoming Call Call Connected Clear Indication

Dch v VC PVC
X X X

Tham s
a ch DTE gi v b gi, tin ch v d liu ngi dng gi a ch DTE gi v b gi, tin ch v d liu ngi dng gi Gy xo, m chun on, a ch DTE gi v b gi, tin ch v d liu ngi dng xo a ch DTE gi v b gi, tin ch

Clear Confirm

Clear Confirm D liu

x v X X X v X X X X X X X x Ngt X X X Reset X X X X X X X x

Data Interrupt Interrupt Confirm RR RNR REJ Reset Request Reset Confirm Restart Request Restart Confirm Diagnostic

Data Interrupt Interrupt Confirm iu khin lung RR RNR Reset Indication Reset Confirm Restart Restart Indication Restart Confirm Diagnostic

Ngt d liu ngi dng P(R) P(R) P(R) Gy Reset , m chun on Gy Reset , m chun on Gy Reset , m chun on

Trnh t ca cc s kin c tin hnh nh sau : 1. Yu cu thit lp mt mch o vi B thc hin bng cch gi mt gi yu cu cuc gi Call Request ti DCE ca A . Gi s cha a ch ngun v a ch ch cng nh l s mch o c s dng thit lp nn mch o mi. Tt c s vn chuyn n v i s c nhn dng bi s mch o ny Tuyn mng mi cho cuc gi ny c yu cu thit lp ti DCE ca B
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2.

3.

4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

DCE ca B nhn c gi yu cu cuc gi v gi 1 gi cuc gi n Incoming Call ti B . Gi ny c cng khun dng vi gi yu cu cuc gi nhng khc v s mch o c la chn bi DCE ca B t trpng cc s c sn a phng cha s dng Mt ch th chp nhn cuc gi bng cch gi gi chp nhn cuc gi Call Accept theo cng mt s mch o ca gi cuch gi n. Thit b nhn gi cuc gi c kt ni Call Connected trn cng mt s mch o ca gi yu cu cuc gi A v B gi gi d liu v gi iu khin cho nhau khi dng s mch o m chng tho thun A hoc B gi gi yu cu xo Clear Request ti u cui mch o v nhn gi khng nh xo Clear Confirmatin B hoc A nhn gi ch th xo Clear Indication v truyn gi khng nh xo Clear Confirmatin

Hnh 4.13 Khun dng gi X25

b) Khun dng gi : Hnh 4.13 ch cho ta khun dng gi c bn c s dng trong X25. s dng d liu , d liu c b ra thnh tng khi c kch thc ti a v gn vo
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mi khi 24 hay 32 bit tiu to thnh 1 gi tin. Mch o s dng 15 bit nh s th t . Tiu bt u vi 1 byte nhn dng giao thc vi gi tr l 00110000 . Tiu bao gm c 12 bit s mch o ( vi 4 bt ch s nhm v 8 bit ch s knh ) . Trng P(S) v P(R) tr gip chc nng iu khin lung v iu khin li trn mch o c s v din gii trnh t . Bit M , D , Q v X tr gip cc chc nng c bit m chng ta cha khai thc y.

Hnh 4.14 : Trnh t ca cc s kin - Giao thc X25

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Thm na , truyn d liu ngi s dng, X25 phi truyn cc thng tin iu khin lin quan n vic thit lp, duy tr v chp dt mch o . Cc thng tin iu khin dc truyn thnh cc gi iu khin , mi mt gi iu khin bao gm s mch o , kiu gi m n nhn dng chc nng iu khin ring bit, cc thng iu khin thm vo lin quan n cc chc nng . Ly v d : gi Call Request cha a ch DTE ca ngi gi v b gi , cc tin ch c s dng theo yu cu ca dch v mng Ci cch m d liu ngi s dng c tm lc li nh sau : Khi truyn DTE phi b d liu thnh cc n v c di ti a. X25 ch ra rng , mng tr gip di trng d liu ca ngi s dng ti a l 128 byte. Thm na , mng c th cho php la chn mt s trng khc ti a c di trong khong 16 ti 4096 byte . DTE kt cu cc gi iu khin v gi gn d liu ngi dng vo cc gi d liu. Ri chng c truyn ti DCE qua LAPB . V th gi c gi gn trong mt khung lp 2 ( mt gi cho 1 khung ) . Cc DCE ci b cc trng iu khin lp 2 ra , v ri c th gi gn li gi tin ph hp vi giao thc bn trong mng . c) Hp knh : C th l hu ht cc dch v quan trng nht c cung cp bi X25 u c hp knh. Mt DTE cho php thit lp ti 4095 mach o ng thi vi cc DTE khc nhau qua 1 ng vt l kt ni DTE-DCE. DTE c th n nh ni b cc mch ny theo bt k cch no m n a thch. Cc mch o ng nht c th tng ng v cc ng dng, cc s l v cc ngt . V d lin kt DTE-DCE cho hp knh song cng, ngha l bt c lc no , mt gi lin i vi mt mch o cho trc c th c truyn theo c 2 chiu phn loi cc gi thuc v mt mch o , mi mt gi cha s mch o 12-bit (biu dinc 4-bit l s nhm cng vi 8-bit l s knh logic ) . S Zero lun c d tr cho gi t chun on chung cho tt c cc mch o. Th th mt dy lin tc cc s c t cho 4 nhm loi ca cc mch o . Mch o vnh vin c t vi s bt u bng 1 . Nhm tip theo l cc cuc gi o n 1 chiu ( one-way incoming virtual calls ) y c ngha l ch c cc cuc gi n t mng c th c gn cc s ny. Mch o , tt nhin l song cng , khi mt cuc gi yu cu gi n , DCE s la chn mt s cha s dng t trong nhm . Cuc gi i 1 chiu ( one-way goingout virtual calls ) c khi ng bi DTE . Trong trng hp ny DTE la chn mt s cha s dng trong cc s dnh cho nhm cuc gi ny. Vic tch bch ca cc nhm nhm trnh s la chn ng thi cng mt s cho 2 mch o khc nhau bi DTE v DCE

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c) iu khin lung v li iu khin lung v li trong X25 c thi hnh khi dng s trnh t . iu khin lung s dng nguyn tc ca s trt ( slide-windows ) cn iu khin li theo nguyn tc yu cu t ng lp li tr v pha trc N (ARQ go-back-N automatic-repeat-request ) . Nguyn l vn hnh c bn ca cc nguiyn tc ny c gii thc trong phn ch gii A . Thng thng . mc nh th 3 bt s c dng lm s trnh t . Vi tu chn , mt DTE c th yu cu trong khi setup cuc gi ti 7-bit hoc 15-bit lm s trnh t S th t gi P(S) c s dng lm s th t gi tin c coi l duy nht trn mch o c s. Do vy P(S) ca mi gi d liu mi pht ra ln hn 1 n v so vi gi trc y trn cng mt mch o c modele 8 hoc module 128 . S th t thu c P(R) cha s ca gi tip theo se c nhn t pha ng kia trn cng mt mch o. Khi n c s dng trong gi d liu n c coi nh l tr li xc nhn ngc li ( piggybacked acknowledges - xc nhn nh khng tr li ) . Nu mt pha ny khng c d liu gi , n thay th gi cha xc nhn bng gi iu khin nhn c ( Receive Ready RR ) m gi cha s th t ca gi tip theo t pha ng kia. iu khin lung c cung cp bi cc gi iu khin cha sn sng nhn ( Receive not Ready - RNR ) ; gi ny xc nhn nhn c gi trc , nhng bo rng cha sn sng nhn gi thm no na. Khi mt thng bo ny c nhn, tt c tm ngng pht gi d li ; bn bn s thng bo li cho bn ka c th hi phc pht li bng gi RR Khuon dng c bn ca iu khin li l go-back-N ARQ ( xem ch gii A ) . Thng bo khng chp nhn c t trong gi iu khin loi b ( REJ Reject ) . Nu 1 node nhn c thng bo khng chp nhn, n s pht li gi ch v tt c cc gi tip theo Bt u li v t li X25 cung cp 2 tin ch sa li . Tin ch t li c s dng khi ng li mch o . iu ny c ngha rng , s th t trn c hai phi t bng zero. Bt k d liu no hoc l gi ngt ang truyn b mt. N l mt giao thc mc cao ly li cc gi b mt. Mt s t li c triggered ( nhp ?) bi mt s cc iu kin li : bao gm mt gi , sai s th t , tc nghn hoc l mt mch o bn trong ca mng. Trong trng hp sau ny , c 2 DCE phi xy dng li mch o bn trong tr gip mch o bn ngoi DTE-DTE vn cn ang tn ti. C hai DTE hoc DCE c th khi ng mt s t li vi 1 yu cu Reset Request hoc l Reset Indication. Thit b thu p ng li bng mt Reset Confirmation . Bt chp ca ngi khi ng s t li, DCE involved l nguyn nhn thng bo ti u kia.
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Mt iu kin li nghim trng hn gy ra khi ng li. S pht ra mt gi yu cu khi ng li ( Restart Request ) tng ng vi vic gi mt yu cu xo ( Clear Request ) trn tt c cc cuc gi o v mt yu cu khi ng li ( Reset Request ) trn tt c cc mch o vnh vin . Mt ln na , c hai DTE hoc DCE c th khi ng li tc ng . Mt v d ca mt iu kin cho php khi ng li khi tm thi mt truy cp mng 4.7 So snh chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi Mt s so snh n gin ca chuyn mch knh vi 2 dng ca chuyn mch gi c a ra trong hinhf 4.15. Hnh v m t s truyn 1 bn tin qua 4 node t 1 trm ngun ti node 1 ti trm ch qua node 4 . Trong hnh v , chng m t c 3 loi tr :

Hnh 4.15 Thi gian truyn tin trong mng chuyn mch knh v gi

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 Tr do truyn : l thi gian nhn tn hiu truyn t node ny ti node kia. Thi gian ny ni chung l khng ng k . Tc truyn ca sng in t qua mi trng v d dy dn c 2 x 108 m/s Thi gian pht tin : l thi gian truyn i c 1 khi d liu . Ly v d : trong 1 giy c th truyn i 10 000-bit ca khi d liu trn ng truyn 10 Kb/s Tr node : l thi gian cn thit 1 node s l hon ton d liu v nh l n chuyn mch d liu i vi chuyn mch knh , chc chn c mt khong thi gian tr no trc khi bn tin c th gi . u tin, mt bo hiu Call Request c gi qua mng. N thit lp mt kt ni ti trm ch. Nu trm ch khng bn, mt bo hiu Call Accept s c tr li . Ch rng , mt tr khi s l phi chu ti mi mt node trong sut thi gian yu cu cuc gi ; thi gian ny , mi mt node ang khi to 1 tuyn cho kt ni. Ti thi gian gi tr , s l ny khng cn thit bi v kt ni sn sng . Sau khi kt ni c thit lp , bn tin c gi theo tng khi n l , khng c mt thi giam tr no ti node chuyn mch Chuyn mch gi vi mch o xy ra hon ton tng t nh chuyn mch knh . mt mach o c yu cu khi dng gi Call Request . v khi s xy ra tr ti mi mt node. Mch o c chp nhn bng gi Call Accept . Ngc li vi chuyn mch knh , chp nhn cuc gi cng gy tr , d rng ngay c khi tuyn mch o c thit lp. Nguyn nhn l do cc gi ny c xp hng ti mi mt node v phi ch n lt li c truyn i. Mi mt khi mch o c thit lp , bn tin s c truyn thao tng gi . iu r rng l , vn hnh theo ch ny khng c th bao gi nhanh hn chuyn mch knh i vi cng mng tng ng. l do , chuyn mch knh v bn cht s l cuc gi th gi mt tc truyn d liu khng i qua mng . Chuyn mch gi chc c tr , m phin h l tr ny li b thay i v tng khi ti trn mng tng. Chuyn mch gi vi bo d liu khng i hi thi gian thit lp. V vy vi bn tin ngn , n s truyn nhanh hn chuyn mch gi mch o thm ch c vi chuyn mch knh. Tuy nhin , do mi mt gi bo d liu s c nh tuyn c lp , s s l cho mi mt gi bo d liu ti mi mt node s di hn mch o v th vi cc bn tin di , k thut mch o c la chn Hnh 4.15 ch a ra vi gi nh hon thin tng c lin quan ti k thut. Tuy nhin , thc cht l hon thin ph thuc vo mt trm vi cc nhn t nh kch thc ca mng, hnh dng ca mng ( topology ) , cc mu ca ti cng nh cc c tnh ca cc tng i .

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4.8 Cc k thut chuyn mch khc Chuyn mch knh nhiu tc Mt trong cc tr ngi ca chuyn mch knh l km linh hot vi tc d liu. Nu mt trm ni vo mt mng chuyn mch knh thng thng , n vn hnh vi mt tc d liu no . Tc d liu ny c s dng bt chp cc ng dng d cho l ting ni c s ho hay l mt vi ng dng d liu. V th mt ng dng i hi tc truyn d liu thp s lm hiu qu thp ca mng khc phc s km linh hot ny , nng cao dch v , mt chuyn mch knh nhiu tc h c pht trin. K thut ny l s kt hp gia chuyn mch knh vi hp knh. Khi nim c bn ca phng php ny l : Trm lin kt vi mng bi mt lin kt vt l n. Lin kt ny c s dng mang nhiu knh c tc d liu khng i gia trm v mt node mng. Lu lng ti mi mt knh c thr c chuyn mch ph thuc qua mng ti mt lot cc node. Ly v d : c kh nng pht trin 1 kiu m ti tt c cc knh chp nhn vn hnh cng mt tc d liu hoc l kiu , cc knh s dng tc d liu thay i . ISDN nh ngha mt lot cc giao din trm-mng m tt c chng u dng cc chuyn mch a tc . Giao din ISDN n gin nht bao gm 2 knh 64-Kb/s v 1 knh 16-Kb/s Trong khi k thut ny c tnh mm do hn so vi chuyn mch knh, nhng vn cn tn ti nhng hn ch . Ngi s dng , by gi c s la chn tc d liu , nhng mi mt tc d liu li b gi c nh , c th xy lra l khng c kh nng s dng cc knh cn li Frame Relay Chuyn mch gi c pht trin vo lc cc iu kin thun li truyn s ng di phi by mt mi lin quan n tc li cao so vi cc iu kin hin ti. C mt s xem xt cc phn tiu c a vo trong cc chuyn mch gi b tr li. Cc phn tiu ny bao gm cc bit c thm vo mi mt gi nng cao d tha v thm vo cc s l ti cc trm u cui cng nh ti cc node trung gian trong mng pht hin lli v khi phc d liu. Vi h thng vin thng tc cao , hin i , phn tiu ny l khng cn thit v phn tc dng. N khng cn thit bi v tc ca li c gim xung rt thp v nhng li cn li c th d dng tm bt logic khi n vn hnh tI lp trn ca logic chuyn mch gi. N phn tc dng v overhead

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involced soaks-up a significant fraction of the high capacity provided by the network Frame relay c pht trin vi u im c tc truyn dn d liu cao, tc li thp trong mng sn c . Ti cc ni m mng chuyn mch gi gc c thit k vi mt tc truyn d liu l 64-Kb/s ti u cui ngi s dng, mng frame relay c thit k vn hnh ti tc ngi s dng ln ti 2-Mb/s . Cha kho t c tc cao nh th ny l do loi b hu ht cc phn tiu iu khin li Cell relay Cell relay cn c gi l mode truyn khng ng b ( ATM asynchronous transfer mode ) l nh cao ca s pht trin v chuyn mch knh v chuyn mch gi qua 20 nm . Mt cch y xem xt Cell Relay l mt s tin trin t Frame Relay . S khc nhau ng k nht gia Cell Relay v Frame Relay l Frame Relay s dng gi c di thay i cn Cell Relay s dng gi c di c nh do gi l Cell . Nh vi Frame Relay, Cell Relay c phn tiu ti thiu iu khin li ph thuc vo tin cy vn c ca h thng truyn dn v lp cao ca logic tm v hiu chnh cc li cn li. Bng cch s dng di gi c nh, thi gian s l cc tiu ca Cell Relay gim xung so vi Frame Relay. Do vy Cell Relay c thit k lm vic trong di tc 10 Mb/s cho dn 100-Mb/s . Mt kha cnh khc xem xt Cell Relay l pht trin ca chuyn mch knh a tc . Vi chuyn mch knh a tc , ch cc knh c tc d liu khng i mi c kh nng a vo u h thng. Cell Relay cho php xc nh cc knh o vi tc d liu c xc nh mt cch ng ti thi im m knh o c to ra. Bng cch dng cc cell nh, kch thc c nh , Cell Relay c hiu qu do n c th c knh tc d liu khng i d rng n ang s dng k thut chuyn mch gi. Hn na , Cell Relay m rng chuyn mch knh a tc cho php nhiu knh , vi tc d liu ca mi knh c t mt cch ng theo yu cu.

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