Topic: The theme revealed in the novel The moon and sixpence Outline: I. II.

Summary about writer and the novel The moon and sixpence Two themes revealed in the novel The moon and sixpence 1. The revolt of an individual against the well- established conventions of bourgeois society 2. No rooms for trivial and ordinary pleasures of life in Great Art

III. Conclusion Summary about the writer and the novel The moon and sixpence 1. William Somerset Maugham (1874-1965) W.S. Maugham is famous English writer, well-known as a novelist, playwright and short story writer. In his writings he kept to the principles of Realism, but his method of writing was also influenced by Naturalism, Neo-romanticism and Modernism. W.S. Maugham was born in Paris where his father worked as solicitor for the English Embassy. At the age of 10 Maugham was orphaned and sent to England to live with his uncle, the vicar of Whitstable. Before becoming a writer he was educated at King's School, Canterbury, and Heidelberg University, Maugham then studied six years medicine in London. William worked in a hospital of Saint Thomas, which placed in a poor block of London the experience found its reflection in the 1st novel. During World War, Maugham volunteered for the Red Cross, and was stationed in France for a period. There he met Gerald Haxton (1892-1944), an American, who became his companion. Disguising himself as a reporter, Maugham served as an espionage agent for British Secret Intelligence Service in Russia in 1916-17, but his stuttering and poor health hindered his career in this field. In 1917 he married Syrie Barnardo, an interior decorator; they were divorced in 1927-8. On his return from Russia, he spent a year in a sanatorium in Scotland. Maugham then set off with Haxton on a series of travels to eastern Asia, the Pacific Islands, and Mexico. In many novels the surroundings also are international. Maugham's most famous story such as Ashenden: or the British agent Maugham died in Nice, a small French town from pneumonia on December 16, 1965

2. The novel The moon and sixpence Charles Strickland, a good, dull, holiest, plain man who is a conventional stockbroker. He is probably a worthy member of society, a good husband and father, an honest broker, but he

abandoned his wife and two nice looking and healthy children, a boy and a girl. A supposition is put forth: Charles walks out upon his wife to run after some woman. A friend of Strickland is sent to Paris to find out who the woman is and if possible to persuade him to come back to his wife. After a long talk with Strickland, the man understands that the real reason that inspires him to run away is not woman. He decided to be a painter. Living in Paris, Strickland comes into contact with a Dutch painter, Dirk Strove . Strove is presented as an antipode to Strickland. Strove is a kind hearted man but a bad painter. He is the first to discover the real talent of Strickland. When Strickland falls seriously ill, it is Strove who comes to help. Strove persuades his wife to let him bring the artist home to look after him. To his surprise, his wife falls in love with Strickland who she holds in disgust. Later his wife, a housemaid rescued by Strove, kills herself by drinking acid after Strickland leaves her. What Strickland wants from Blanche is not sexual relation but the nude picture of her beautiful figure. Leaving France for Tahiti, Strickland is in search of a world of his own. In Tahiti, he marries a native girl Ata and he has about three years of happiness. He has two children. Strickland contracts leprosy and later becomes blind. He wants to leave the family but Ata doesnt let him do it. His eyesight gets worse but he continues painting. Ata couldnt go to the town and buy canvases; he uses the walls of his house. Strickland gets rid of some strong irresistible obsession imprisoning his soul with the help of those paintings. He has achieved what he longs for on this land. He has painted his masterpiece. Knowing that he is going to die, he makes his wife promise to burn down his masterpiece after his death in fear that it will be contaminated by the commercial world of money. Two themes revealed in the novel The moon and sixpence 1. The revolt of an individual against the well- established conventions of bourgeois society In many of his stories, Maugham reveals to us the unhappy life and the revolt against the set social order. The Moon and Sixpence was written in this line. It is a story of the conflict between the artist and the conventional society based on the life of a painter. The revolt of an individual against the well-established conventions of bourgeois society was shown in the following two aspects: 1.1. Money worship society

The bourgeois society with its vices such as: snobbishness money worship, pretense, selfinterestmade their profit of the frailties of mankind. To them, money was a useful tool to dominate both economics and politics. Money also helped the bourgeois maintain their regal life and it connected the members in family, on the other hand, husband had obligated to support his wife and children for whole his life. Therefore, the last generations of the bourgeois forced the young generation to continue their domination. It was mentioned in the conversation between Strickland and his friend. I rather wanted to be a painter when I was a boy, but my father made me go into business because he said there was no money in art. In this society, art was non-profitable. Therefore, it must be looked down upon. In their point of view, art was nothing more than just a job to earn money. They did not see the beautiful

things that art brings. When Strickland decided to follow in his father's footsteps, his dream and aspiration were hidden on the bottom of his heart. After working hard for ages, he became a prosperous stockbroker. He is probably a worthy member of society. However, there is in streets of the poor quarters a thronging vitality which excites the blood and prepares the soul for the unexpected. It was actually happened in Paris, because Strickland gave up the luxury life and got acquainted with hard life just only wanted to fulfill a long-cherished dream. He had to give up his dream to follow his fathers wishes. I want to paint. Ive got to paint. The brief answer expressed his willingness to get out of ideology ties which were imposed by his father. And his hand and mind would express his big dream by painting masterpieces. I couldnt get what I wanted in London. Perhaps I can here. I tell you Ive got to paint. The author said that I seemed to feel in him some vehement power that was struggling within him, it gave me the sensation of something very strong, overmastering, that held him And Strickland cannot have a comfortable life any more. I havent any money. Ive got about a hundred pounds. We could probably see it through Stricklands appearance when he came to Paris. Sitting there in his old Norfolk jacket and his unnourished bowler, his trousers were baggy, his hands were not clean; and his face, with the red stubble of the unshaved chin, the little eyes, and the large, aggressive nose, was uncouth and coarse. 1.2 Family and social responsibilities Painting is not only a dreamy moon of Strickland but also of many progressive people in bourgeois society. According to bourgeois concepts, all the men have to be responsible for his family and children. Hes forced to have a strong connection with what is considered to belong to him. Stricklands life is tied tightly down to familys contract. However, all that sort of things means nothing at all to him. He doesnt let those reasons impact on his way chasing his passion any longer. It can be obviously proved through the conversation between two men, Strickland and the author, in chapter II of the novel. Hang it all, one cant leave a woman without a bob. Why not? How is she going to live? Ive supported her for seventeen years. Why shouldnt she support herself for a change? Let her try. Dont you care for her anymore? Not a bit When Strickland talks about his children, his attitude is revealed to be heartlessly scornful. Theyve had a good many years of comfort. Its much more than the majority of children have.

Besides, somebody will look after them. When it comes to the point, the Mac Andrews will pay for their schooling. I like them all right when they were kids, but now theyve growing up I havent got any particular feeling for them. He totally gives up on his own family, children and thinks that they could live by themselves without his care. Even if they cant make arrangement for their life, his relatives might come to help. Strickland also doesnt mind what people loathe and despise him. Everyone will think you a perfect swine. Let them. Wont it mean anything to you that people loathe and despise you? No You dont care if people think you an utter black-guard? Not a damn. He really doesnt care any longer. You wont go back to your wife? Never You dont care if she and your children have to beg their bread? Not a damn. He does everything: abandoned wife and children; left his successful career behind just because he totally hates that gloomy society and its old customs. Only by a short conversation between two men, the author already describes the strongly reactive mind of Strickland, a man who dares to stand up and fight over the old customs of that boring society and bourgeois. Regarding to Stricklands point of view, his escape is the only decision; its also the solution to release his imprisoning mind. He doesnt regret or be ashamed of what hes done. He accepts the eyes of society because he doesnt care. Actually, its never ever meant anything to him. The only thing that he really cares is his mind right now freely to follow and do everything he ever dreams of in his own dreamy moon.

2. No rooms for trivial and ordinary pleasures of life in Great Art 2.1 Sacrifice everything to be an artist. At the beginning, the stockbroker Strickland had a stable life with happy family. However, when he started to chase his path as an artist, he had to experience a poor situation. Moreover, he was willing to get rid of everything to be an artist. Great art dont depend on age as long as you have real passion. Even though at the age of forty the chances are a million to one, Strickland still wants to be a painter. I can learn quicker than I could when I was eighteen, said he. He wanted to be a painter when he was a boy but his father didnt allow him. His father consumed that there was money in art. Therefore, he had to give up his passion for such a long time. However, his fire for art wasnt stamped out. And this was the perfect time for him to implement his dream again. On his way chasing that dream, he had to sacrifice everything. He passed by the material and the sensual to fulfill spiritual needs. He got rid of a happy family with a comfortable life to go to Paris and lived in destitute life there.

Although he knew that his family needed him and they had to suffer difficulties in life without him, he didnt intend to change his mind and he accepted to be considered as a selfish man. He understood that his action werent highly appreciated; however, he still wanted to pursue art in his own way. Strickland accepted to live in a bad condition, without money, job, food and at last he found a Shelter at a hotel. Afterward, despite the fact that he got a serious disease and became blinded; he still tried to fulfill his masterpiece on the walls of his house. During the first days staying in Paris, he only found a cheap hotel to live. He appeared with such a miserable, untidy image. He sat there in his old Norfolk jacket and his unnourished bowler, his trousers were baggy, his hands were not clean; and his face, with the red stubble of the unshaved chin, the little eyes, and the large, aggressive nose, was uncouth and coarse. His mouth was large; his lips were heavy and sensual. He desired to paint. He repeated his speech many times when answering his friend. I want to paint. Ive got to paint I tell you I have to paint.

2.2. Strickland protects Beauty and Art. Art is very pure. It can not be measured by the value of money or sexual relation. Strickland struggled to abandon his appetence for art. Let me tell you. I imagine that for months the matter never comes into your head, and youre able to persuade yourself that youve finished with it for good and all. You rejoice in your freedom, and you feel that at last you can call your soul your own. You seem to walk with your head among the stars. And then, all of a sudden you cant stand it any more, and you notice that all the time your feet have been walking in the mud. And you want to roll yourself in it. And you find some woman, coarse and low and vulgar, some beastly creature in whom all the horror of sex is blatant, and you fall upon her like a wild animal. You drink till youre blind with rage. He assumed that as an artist he shouldnt have trivial fun such as desire of women. For Strickland, woman is like an invisible rope tightening his life. It is very hard to escape from them. Therefore, he tried to avoid it. He was willing to give her up as well as his unsatisfactory painting. He did everything to be a true artist even though it made him become a cruel man. Finally, he achieved what he wanted. He created a masterpiece. It was worth what hed spent. He devoted all his life to pursue art. As an artist, he didnt care about fame or wealth. He painted pictures only to satisfy his love to art. He never sold his pictures to get money. He did not to accept his masterpiece to be contaminated by the commercial world of money. His dream was very beautiful.

III. Conclusion Based on the life of Paul Gauguin, The Moon and Sixpence is W. Somerset Maugham's ode to the powerful forces behind creative genius. Charles Strickland is a staid banker, a man of wealth and privilege. He is also a man possessed of an unquenchable desire to create art. As Strickland pursues his artistic vision, he leaves London for Paris and Tahiti, and in his quest makes sacrifices that leave the lives of those closest to him in tatters. Through Maugham's sympathetic eye Strickland's tortured and cruel soul becomes a symbol of the blessing and the curse of transcendent artistic genius, and the cost in humans lives it sometimes demands.

Topic 2: Impression of characteristic I, William Somerset Maugham (1874 1965) William Somerset Maugham was born in Paris on 25th January, 1874, the sixth and youngest son of the solicitor to the British embassy. Maugham learned French as his native tongue. At the age of 10, Maugham was orphaned and sent to England to live with his uncle, the Reverend Henry MacDonald Maugham, in Whitstable, Kent. . Educated at King's School, Canterbury, where he developed a stammer that he never outgrew, and Heidelberg University, Maugham then studied six years medicine in London. He qualified in 1897 as doctor from St. Thomas' medical school, but abandoned medicine after the success of his first novels Liza of Lambeth (1897) The book sold well and he decided to abandon medicine and become a full-time writer. Maugham achieved fame with his play Lady Frederick (1907), a comedy about money and marriage. By 1908 Maugham had four plays running simultaneously in London.

On the outbreak of the First World War, Maugham, now aged forty, joined a Red Cross ambulance unit in France. While serving on the Western Front he met the 22 year old American, Gerald Haxton. The two men became lovers and lived together for the next thirty years. During the war Maugham was invited by Sir John Wallinger, head of Britain's Military Intelligence (MI6) in France, to act as a secret service agent. Maugham agreed and over the next few years acted as a link between MI6 in London and its agents working in Europe.

Maugham had sexual relationships with both men and women and in 1915, Syrie Wellcome, the daughter of Dr. Thomas Barnardo, gave birth to his child. Her husband, Henry Wellcome, cited Maugham as co-respondent in divorce proceedings. After the divorce in 1916, Maugham married Syrie but continued to live with Gerald Haxton. During the war, Maugham's best-known novel, Of Human Bondage (1915) was published. This was followed by another successful book, The Moon and Sixpence (1919). Maugham also developed a reputation as a fine short-story writer, one story, Rain, which appeared in The Trembling of a Leaf (1921), was also turned into a successful feature film. Popular plays written by Maugham include The Circle (1921), East of Suez (1922), The Constant Wife (1926) and the anti-war play, For Services Rendered(1932).

In his later years Maugham wrote his autobiography, Summing Up (1938) and works of fiction such as The Razor's Edge (1945), Catalina (1948) and Quartet (1949). After the 1930s Maugham's reputation abroad was greater than in England. Maugham once said, "Most people cannot see anything, but I can se what is in front of my nose with extreme clearness; the greatest writers can see through a brick wall. My vision is not so penetrating." His literary experiences Maugham collected in The Summing Up, which has been used as a guidebook for creative writing. William Somerset Maugham died in 1965 in a small French town from pneumonia. "I have never pretended to be anything but a story teller. It has amused me to tell stories and I have told a great many. It is a misfortune for me that the telling of a story just for the sake of the story is not an activity that is in favor with the intelligentsia. In endeavor to bear my misfortunes with fortitude." (from Creatures of Circumstance, 1947) II. THE INTRODUCTION OF WRITING The Moon and Sixpence is one of the most important and famous novels of William Somerset Maugham. It was written in 1919, revealing to us the unhappy life and the revolt against the set social order. It is a story of the conflict between the artist and the conventional society based on the life of a French painter, Paul Gauging. Like many other works, The Moon and Sixpence is

characterized by narrative facility, simplicity of style, and a disillusioned and ironic point of view that attract the readers. The principal character is Charles Strickland, a prosperous stockbroker who is a good dull, holiest plain man. He is probably a worthy member of society, a good husband and father, an honest broker, but there was no reason to waste ones time over him. Charless wife is a pleasant hospitable woman and they have two nice looking and healthy children, a boy and a girl. Suddenly, Strickland disappeared leaving his wife and children behind. A supposition is put forth: Charles walks out upon his wife to run after some woman. A friend of Strickland was sent to Paris (where he said to be) to find out who the woman is, and if possible to persuade him to come back to his wife. After a long talk with Strickland, the man understands that the real reason that inspires him to run away is not woman; it is because that he wants to paint! He does not care for his wife and children any longer, they should try to support themselves and his wife can get married again. Strickland has a hard life in Paris where he goes to painting classes. People are surprising at a man of forty like him starting to learn painting without any innate talent for it. He does not care for his hardship of life, nor does he care for people and their opinion about him. As an artist Strickland does not care for fame or wealth. He never sold a single picture and he was never satisfied with what he had done. It seems that he is seeking something new not existing in the world yet in order to satisfy his love for art. Living in Paris, Strickland comes into contact with a Dutch painter, Dirk Strove, another important character of the novel. Strove is presented as an antipode to Strickland. Strove is a kind hearted man but a bad painter. He is the first to discover the real talent of Strickland. He cares for the artist and sees it his responsibility to help him in distress. When Strickland falls seriously ill, it is Strove who comes to help. Strove persuades his wife to let him bring the artist home to look after him. To his surprise, his wife falls in love with Strickland who she holds in disgust. Later his wife, a housemaid rescued by Strove, kills herself by drinking acid after Strickland leaves her. What Strickland wants from Blanche is not sexual relations but the nude picture of her beautiful figure. Leaving France for Tahiti, Strickland is in search of a world of his own. In Tahiti, he married a native girl and he has about three years of happiness. He has two children. Strickland contracts leprosy and later becomes blind. He has achieved what he longs for on this land. He had painted his masterpiece. Knowing that he is going to die, he makes his wife promise to burn down his masterpiece after his death in fear that it will be contaminated by the commercial world of money. The Moon and Sixpence touches upon another problem of bourgeois society: the fate of the intellectual in a society where the values of man are measured in terms of money. As a short story writer W.S. Maugham demonstrates brilliant mastery of the form. He exposes the contemporary

society with is vices such as snobbishness, money worship, pretence, self-interest, complacency and above all, the hypocrisy in the peoples way of life. The extract we studied is Chapter II in the novel. Through the conversation of the two men, Strickland and his friend, the character of Strickland way clearly described, and the bourgeois concepts of happiness, responsibility, art and talent were all well revealed by the author. III, THE ANALYSIS OF STRICKLAND CHARACTER 1. Strickland as an ordinary man 1.1 Strickland is irresponsible inconsiderate toward his wife Strickland used be a good husband to his wife. Actually, he owns a happy family and good economic condition. For many people, Strickland is good businessman and has good status in society. However, he suddenly abandoned his wife and went another place. Strickland leaved his wife and children behind without a word. His leaving makes her very miserable and she had a suspicion that he run away with other women. His wife- Army is a pleasant hospital woman. Strickland cant find any reasons which belong to Arm to leave her. When Army sends him many letters to persuade him to come back, Strickland doesnt read any letters from her. It means that he doesnt concern anything related to his wife. When making conservation with friend sent to persuade him, Strickland expresses a coolly attitude to his wife. I can not describe the extraordinary callousness with which he made this reply Although Strickland acknowledged his action, he still does like that. Has she deserved that you should treat her like that? No Then, isnt it monstrous to leave her in this fashion after seventeen years of married life without a fault to find with her Monstrous Abandoning wonderful wife is faulty. However, letting a woman without a bob is more pitiless. He also knows before that his wife and children will have to suffer difficulties in life without him. But he still leaves them to pursue his aim. Hang it all, one cant leave a woman without a bob Why not? Dont you care for her any more? Not a bit Strickland does not try thinking whether a weak woman can live without support from man; especially she has to nurse two children. They dont know what they should do in order to

support their life and what will wait for them in the future. He supposed that he no longer have any responsibility to his family and all things that he did before be enough. 1.2 Strickland is irresponsible selfish father Strickland does not want to take any responsibility to his children. His children are very young and innocent. They have never done any harm to Strickland. Damn it all. There are your children to think of. Theyve never done you any harm. They did not ask to be bought in to the world. If you chuck everything like this, theyll be thrown on the street. They have had a good many years of comfort. Its much more than the majority of children have. Besides, somebody will look after them. When it comes to the point, the Mac Andrews will pay for their schooling. How can children live without support from their father? He did not care about his children any more, even though they could be thrown out in the street. For many people, rearing children is very holly duty and happiness. For children, father is the material and spiritual favor. It is very poor for children when he entrusts them to the care of Mac Andrews. Especially, Strickland thought that he did not have any special feeling to his children. For many men, children are always very special and take really important part in their emotional life. Strickland only had special feeling to his children when they were small. When they grow up, he no longer loves them. It seems that the nature of a father in Strickland has disappeared. He became an unemotional father. 1. 3 Strickland is ungrateful to his friend Dirk Strove is a very kind- hearted person. Dirk Strove is the person who recognizes the talent of Strickland and helps him everything in bad days. When Strickland falls seriously ill, it is Strove who comes to help. Strove persuades his wife to let him bring the artist home to look after. Strickland must have gratitude all the things that Strove had done for him. On the other hand, Strickland has an adulterous affair with his best friends wife. Moreover, Strickland just wants to take use of her body for the nude picture and causes the death of Strove. 2. Strickland as an artist 2.1 Strickland is a really passionate painter. He compares his passion to paint is like the desire to breath. He abandoned his wife and children to pursuit his dream of painting. He gives up a happy life to go strange place to learn

painting. He gets divorced with his wife without any reasons and lets his children alone to devote for art. I have got to paint is repeated four times in conservation with the friend. It means that the desire to paint is full of in his head all the time. When familys friend is sent to persuade Strickland, he used all the tactics and arguments to change Stricklands decision. However, Strickland still expresses a consistent attitude to all arguments. Strickland believes that his wife could take care of herself and also is ready to provide all necessary background for her to divorce. His children can grow without his support. Strickland reckons that it is the high time for him to realize his dream. For Strickland, painting is the air of life, an interest. The painting is all. He does not concern about all the worst things people can think about him. Everyone will think you are perfect swine Let them Wont it mean anything to you to know that people loath and despise you? No Short answers contain a terrible determination. It seems that the art is the only meaningful thing to him now. The passion of painting is covering all his body and will. Behind the dull appearance, Strickland has the true passion to art. Strickland- a man with old Norfolk jacket, unnourished bowler, his trouser was bagging, his hand were not clean, his face with red stubble of the unsaved chin, little eye, the large aggressive nose, his mount large and his lip were heavy and sensual. On the surface, he was not born for art. The rude and sensual appearance is completely contrary to deep passion on art and artist soul. The narrator feels powerful desire to paint in his voice and vehement power. There is strong struggle between will and passion inside this man. Strickland decides to leave all his family and material values, love and lust behind to scarify for art. Strickland accepts a poor life to devote for art and passion. From a prosperous stockbroker, Strickland became a poor man for only reason of being a painter. He can live in cheap hotel with about hundred pounds to learn painting. When coming Tahiti, Strickland marries with a native girl and lives in forest far away from town. They live in misery. When there was no food to be had, he seemed capable. It seems that he lived a life wholly of the spirit .All the material values do not have any meaning to him. He wants to spend the rest of the life painting. He could suffer the poorest conditions to draw. Strickland decides to paint at the age of 40. Do you think it is likely that a man will do any good when he starts at your age? Most people begin painting when they were eighteen. I can learn quicker than I could when I was eighteen

The age is one of the most important barriers for Strickland to overcome. People mainly paint when they were eighteen. In spite of acknowledging this, Strickland still decides to paint by all means. In fact, there is no limitation of age in art. However, Strickland must have had the truly strong desire to art because it is very difficult and unusual for people to start learning painting at this age. Strickland had dream of painting when he was very small. At his time, the values of man are measured in terms of money. His father said that there was no money in art and obliged him to do business. Obeying his fathers speech, Strickland became a prosperous stockbroker. He owns a happy family and good social status. Strickland does not satisfy with the current life. He feels the life is so boring and not meaningful. After 40 years, the dream of childhood still obsesses him and wins other things. It seems that the man is cut for painting. At the age of 40, after many years of empty soul, he realizes clearly what he wants, what is important to his life. Panting is the job which he really wishes to do and succeed. 2.2 Strickland understands the rotten society and he is very brave man who sacrifices for the real art When Strickland abandons his wife and spends all the rest of life for painting, many people would think he is not usual. His action is different from the normal people in society. In the bourgeois society, money is highly appreciated and most of people live for money. They suppose that there is no money in art and artists are not highly evaluated in social order. In contrary, Strickland can give up everything to pursue art. Strickland wishes to paint because of true passion, but not for money. He never sold a single picture and he was never satisfied with what he had done. In the end, Strickland obliged his wife to burn all his picture and house so that all his products are not survived for commercial purpose. He has the great art concept and is a courageous man who devotes everything to art. With the endowed talent and passion, Strickland creates the wonderful pictures which contain the great content and perfect beauty. Strickland can go anywhere to find inspiration for his picture. He decides to move from London to Paris, after that he came to Tahiti and live in a forest. Strickland is in search of a world of his own. When he contracts leprosy, he still draws. As he becomes blind, he continues painting until he died. Strickland is worth to be great and real artist. 3. Conclusion For Stricklands family, he is a bad father and husband. In term of the normal concepts in the society, Strickland is considered to be a selfish person who can abandon all important things to pursue his own passion. Strickland is a real artist and brave man in bourgeois society. He abandons all the normal things including family, money, social status, moral values to sacrifice for the real art. With deep

enthusiasms, Strickland creates the great product and paints until his the last breaths. He supposes that the true art should not be contaminated by the commercial world of money. He is the typical artist who can scarify for the real art in the bourgeois society. INTERACTION GAME: Crossword We have one key expression including two words. We also have 7 sub crosswords. From these sub- crosswords, you can find out the key expression. Sub- crosswords are used to describe the characteristics of the main character. The sub- crosswords: 1: Becoming a . for many years is so boring and unmeaning to Strickland. (Stockbroker) 2. For children, he is . father. (Selfish) 3. Strickland is ..for real artist who can devote for artist. (Typical) 4. Strickland has deep on painting. (Passion) 5. In . society, values of man is measured in term of money. (Bourgeois) 6. The Moon and Sixpence reflects conflict between the . and conventional society. (Artist) 7. As a normal person, Strickland is considered to his family. (Irresponsible) Key expression: Charles Strickland

Topic 3: Feeling of Theme in the Daffodils I. Biography and works William Wordsworth (1770-1850), British poet, credited with ushering in the English Romantic Movement with the publication of Lyrical Ballads (1798) in collaboration with Samuel Taylor Coleridge. William Wordsworth was born on 7 April 1770 in Cockermouth, Cumberland, in the Lake District, United Kingdom. His father was John Wordsworth, Sir James Lowther's attorney. The magnificent landscape deeply affected Wordsworth's imagination and gave him a love of nature. He lost his mother when he was eight and five years later his father. The domestic problems separated Wordsworth from his beloved and neurotic sister Dorothy, who was a very important person in his life. With the help of his two uncles, Wordsworth entered a local school and continued his studies at Cambridge University. Wordsworth made his debut as a writer in 1787 when he published a sonnet in The European Magazine. In that same year he entered St. John's College, Cambridge, from where he took his B.A. in 1791.

During a summer vacation in 1790 Wordsworth went on a walking tour through revolutionary France and also traveled in Switzerland. On his second journey in France, Wordsworth had an affair with a French girl, Annette Vallon, a daughter of a barber-surgeon, by whom he had an illegitimate daughter Anne Caroline. The affair was basis of the poem "Vaudracour and Julia", but otherwise Wordsworth did his best to hide the affair from posterity. In 1795 he met Coleridge. Wordsworth's financial situation became better in 1795 when he received a legacy and was able to settle at Racedown, Dorset, with his sister Dorothy. Encouraged by Coleridge and stimulated by the close contact with nature, Wordsworth composed his first masterwork, Lyrical Ballads, which opened with Coleridge's "Ancient Mariner." About 1798 he started to write a large and philosophical autobiographical poem, completed in 1805, and published posthumously in 1850 under the title The Prelude. Wordsworth spent the winter of 1798-99 with his sister and Coleridge in Germany, where he wrote several poems, including the enigmatic 'Lucy' poems. After return he moved Dove Cottage, Grasmere, and in 1802 married Mary Hutchinson. They cared for Wordsworth's sister Dorothy for the last 20 years of her life. Wordsworth's second verse collection, Poems, In Two Volumes, appeared in 1807. Wordsworth's central works were produced between 1797 and 1808. His poems written during middle and late years have not gained similar critical approval. Wordsworth's Grasmere period ended in 1813. He was appointed official distributor of stamps for Westmoreland. He moved to Rydal Mount, Ambleside, where he spent the rest of his life. In later life Wordsworth abandoned his radical ideas and became a patriotic, conservative public man. In 1843 he succeeded Robert Southey (1774-1843) as England's poet laureate. Wordsworth died on April 23, 1850. II. Wordsworth on nature and man II.1. Wordsworth on nature: Wordsworth is a nature poet. Wordsworths poetry describes scenes of natural beauty. His poetry charts the effects of this beauty on him. His poetry reveals his deeply spiritual and emotional response to nature. Visual Beauty in Nature Wordsworth portrays natures beauty in his imagery. Nature has a tremendous impact on Wordsworths imagination. Wordsworth is a sensual poet. He delights in depicting the visual beauty of various locations. The impact of Sounds Sounds have a profound effect on Wordsworths moods. He responds to aural beauty in nature. His poetry contains responses to natural and human sounds. A solitary girl singing in a pastoral scene is beautiful. A crowd of people going about daily life makes a depressing din. The Spiritual Quality of Nature

Certain times of the day and year give Wordsworth an exalted feeling. He experiences natures beauty especially at sunset. There is a religious intensity in Wordsworths response to sunsets. Dawn, even in a city, gives Wordsworth a feeling of euphoria. He sees the force of nature as god-like. He also feels a spiritual power in nature in springtime. The Healing Power of Nature Nature can heal depression. Contemplation of remembered scenes of beauty is a form of therapy. For Wordsworth, nature plays a more comforting role. Wordsworth sees nature as an eternal and sublime entity, but rather than threatening the poet, these qualities give Wordsworth comfort. As Wordsworth writes: I have felt A presence that disturbs me with the joy Of elevated thoughts; a sense sublime Of something far more deeply interfused, Whose dwelling is the light of setting sun, And the round ocean and the living air, And the blue sky, and in the mind of man. (Norton 2, p. 154) Wordsworth was a relatively solid and conservative member of the Church of England. Thus, with the faith of religion to back him up, Wordsworth was able to look at nature and see the benevolence of God behind it. For Wordsworth, the world could be a place of sorrow, but it was not cruel. Though suffering surely occurred, Wordsworth comforted himself with the belief that all things happened by the hand of God, manifesting Himself in the ultimately just and divine order of nature. II.2. Wordsworth on man: Wordsworth is perhaps not as good at describing the natural landscape as a number of other poets. As a purely descriptive poet he is highly capable, but his real genius lies in showing what happens when the innate power of Nature meets the power of perception of human mind, it is as if the individuals perception of Nature, its awe, power and capacity to teach, is what matters, rather than nature itself, it is the interaction of Nature and human nature that enlivens and stimulates him. Rather than placing man and nature in opposition, Wordsworth views them as complementary elements of a whole, recognizing man as a part of nature. Hence, Wordsworth looks at the world and sees not an alien force against which he must struggle, but rather a comforting entity of which he is a part. Wordsworths poetry also celebrates the healing influence of nature on the human spirit. Writing poetry became therapy for Wordsworth. -William Wordsworth has chosen the theme of nature to convey the secret longing about a beautiful and glorious world. In that place, man and nature as a harmony with the infinite joy that a life of freedom and peace. Besides the natural poetry Wordsworth is also the world people who love freedom to burning. Thus, the journey to look for spiritual freedom, Wordsworth turned to the theme of Nature and Man as his special style. In the beautiful nature pictures, people appear with love of freedom, love of nature, love of things. They also love life, love freedom as his breathing and are portrayed as symbols of freedom desire of simple people. III. The writing situation of The Daffodils The Daffodils known as I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud is a famous poem written in 1804 by William Wordsworth. The Daffodils is one of the most popular poems of the Romantic

Age, unfolding the poet's excitement, love and praise for a field blossoming with daffodils. It was inspired by an April 15, 1802 event, in which Wordsworth and his sister, Dorothy, came across a long belt of daffodils on a walk near Ullswater Lake in England. This poem was first published in 1807, and a revised version was released in 1815. Just reading the first verses, we can feel the time and space William wrote The Daffodils. The inspiration for this poem may have been drawn from a walk he took with his sister Dorothy around Lake Ullswater. I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high oer vales and hills Beside the lake, beneath the trees His sister Dorothy later wrote in her journal as a reference to this walk: When we were in the woods beyond Gowbarrow Park, we saw a few daffodils close to the water side. We fancied that the lake had floated the seed ashore and that the little colony had so sprung up. But as we went along there were more and more and at last under the boughs of the trees, we saw that there was a long belt of them along the shore, about the breadth of a country turnpike road. I never saw daffodils so beautiful they grew among the mossy stones about and about them, some rested their heads upon these stones as on a pillow for weariness and the rest tossed and reeled and danced and seemed as if they verily laughed with the wind that blew upon them over the lake, they looked so gay ever dancing ever changing. This wind blew directly over the lake to them. There was here and there a little knot and a few stragglers a few yards higher up but they were so few as not to disturb the simplicity and unity and life of that one busy highway. We rested again and again. The Bays were stormy, and we heard the waves at different distances and in the middle of the water like the sea. (Extracted from Dorothy Wordsworth, The Grasmere Journal, Thursday, 15 April 1802). Just the love of nature, especially the love of the beauty of daffodils, and the above notes helped William Wordsworth write the poem The daffodils, which was considered as the most successful work of William Wordsworth and made strong impressions on many generations of readers. IV. The feeling of the poem The Daffodils In this poem, the poet describes his experience of the sight a host of daffodils during a lonely walk, the daffodils delight him with her beauty and their sprightly dance. He also remarks on the beauty of the lake nearby, but adds that even its sparkling waves are not as exuberant as the yellow daffodils dancing in the breeze. Moreover, when he is sad, he thinks of daffodils and then my heart with pleasure fills, and dances with the daffodils, that is to say, when his feelings are depressed, thinking of daffodils cheers him up. Thanks to these glorious daffodils, the emotion of the poet changes from the loneliness to the happiness. In the first stanza, the feeling of loneliness of the poet is expressed opposite to the daffodils. The poet was wandering in the forest and enjoying the fascinating nature around him, when suddenly he saw a crowd of golden daffodils by the lakeside. The daffodils appeared so beautifully that he was compelled to gaze at these flowers playing with pleasure in the wind. How glorious and plentiful these daffodils were! Maybe this was also the first time he had come across such an immense field of daffodils along the shore. I wandered lonely as a cloud That floats on high o'er vales and hills, When all at once I saw a crowd, A host, of golden daffodils; Beside the lake, beneath the trees,

Fluttering and dancing in the breeze. The poet is wandering in the Lake District and he presents us a very huge landscape "over vales and hills", but his thoughts are interrupted by a vision of "a crowd, a host of golden daffodils". He is wandering in a state of loneliness and absent-mindedness as a cloud: is a simile, he compares his lonely to that of a cloud and the cloud symbolizes his integration with the natural world. Suddenly, this state of isolation is interrupted by the appearance of these flowers that present human connotations, the words "crowd" and "host" in apposition to the daffodils is a personification, because they are nouns associated to human beings. I agree with the general thought that the crowd of daffodils can represent the human race, thus the poet is fascinated by them and he watches the flowers, but he has no control over men. Both he and the cloud are floating on high, when he saw a field full of golden daffodils. Both he and the cloud are aspects of the world, which is subjected to the laws of nature but they can still retain their freedom in spite of this. Other images in the poem reinforce this the 'lake' 'trees' 'cloud' and 'waves' are all natural images and the daffodils give the clear focus of the poem which predominately makes nature the most important feature throughout the host of golden daffodils. The poem was inspired by the sight of a field full of golden daffodils waving in the wind. These daffodils are located in the countryside near a lake and trees and are also seen to move continually in a dance. Wordsworth expresses feelings for nature through these symbolic objects. He personifies the daffodils as dancers, dancing gaily as part of the beauty of nature to emphasize on their liveliness. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the Milky Way, They stretched in a never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance. To William Wordsworth, the daffodils appeared to be as continuous as the twinkling stars on the Milky Way galaxy. They were arrayed in a seemingly unending line along the bank of the adjacent bay. To the poet, it seemed as if ten thousand daffodils were bobbing in the gentle breeze and he imagined them to be engaged in a lively dance. Continuous as the stars that shine And twinkle on the Milky Way (Simile) Though the lakes sparkling waves danced beautifully, the daffodils seemed to do much better than them, in its pleasure. The poet emphasizes the point that there are a whole lot of daffodils. More daffodils than he has probably ever seen before. After all, these are flowers that usually grow in scattered groups in the wild or in peoples well-tended gardens. The flowers stretch "continuously," without a break, like the stars in the Milky Way galaxy, each one gleaming like a star. The comparison to stars provides new evidence that the speaker is trying to make us think of angels or other heavenly beings. They stretched in never-ending line Along the margin of a bay: Like the Milky Way galaxy, the flowers are roughly concentrated in a line that seems to stretch as far as the eye can see "never-ending". The flowers line the shore "margin" of a bay of the

lake, which must be a relatively large lake. If youve ever seen the Milky Way, you know that the galaxy appears to be a band that has more stars and a brighter appearance than the night sky around it. Its not a perfectly clear line, but more like a fuzzy approximation of a line. We imagine the same effect with the flowers. Its not as if there are no flowers outside the shore of the lake, but most are concentrated on the shore. Ten thousand saw I at a glance, Tossing their heads in sprightly dance. The speaker takes in "ten thousand" dancing flowers at once. Thats a lot of daffodils. Wow, hes fast at counting if he knows the number after only a quick glance. But, of course, the speaker is not actually counting, but just guessing. The flowers "toss their hands" while dancing to the wind. By "heads" we think he means the part of the flower with the petals, the weight of which causes the rest of the flower to bob. The third stanza describes the effect that the flowers have on the poet, it is the feeling of glee and friendliness between them. The waves beside them danced; but they Out-did the sparkling waves in glee: A poet could not but be gay, In such a jocund company: I gazed and gazed but little thought What wealth the show to me had brought. In this stanza, the poet starts to talk about the waves which are in the lake. The waves, like the daffodils, are dancing. They are happy, therefore, they are moving as if they were dancing in the lake besides the daffodils. The joy of the waves exceeds the joy of the daffodils. The waves and the daffodils are humanized as they feel joy. But, the waves are happier than the daffodils. This scene affects the poet and makes him happy. So, in the company of happy daffodils and waves, the poet should be happy like them. In this contemplation, everything in nature affects him, and makes him happy. In the third stanza, when describing the effect that the flowers have on the poet, there are many words associated with happiness as: "glee", "gay", "jocund company", happiness caused by this experience, which everybody can have. In line "I gazedand gazed" is an act in which the poetic transformation takes place spontaneously, without full consciousness on the poets part of what he is doing and "he little thought" what this show meant to him. Many years later, the images of daffodils came to mind and flashed upon his inner eyes: For oft, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude; And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils. In the final stanza, "the inward eye" reminds him what he has experienced and in the tranquility he can recollect these thoughts in the solitude of his house, moreover he realizes what this show meant and his heart is filled with pleasure. The poet is not able at a first sight to interpret the act, it is only afterwards, that thoughts are understood and described, nonetheless he can

understand this experience, thanks to "the inward eye", which represents feelings of imagination, it is a metaphor, a special way to see things; the poet is able to interpret the secret language of nature and technical poetry made up of emotions. They flash upon that inward eye Which is the bliss of solitude The memory of the daffodils was etched in the author's mind and soul to be cherished forever, when he was feeling lonely, dull or depressed, he thought of the flowers and cheered up. Then his loneliness and sorrow seemed to vanish; and he desire to dance with the daffodils. And then my heart with pleasure fills, And dances with the daffodils. The full impact of the daffodils' beauty did not strike him at the moment of seeing them, when he started blankly at them but much later when he sat alone, sad and lonely and remember them. For off, when on my couch I lie In vacant or in pensive mood, They flash upon that inward eye... We can point out that his state was changing in a slight way. He was not alone any longer, yet he probably thought that he would be stronger if he made a contrast between a lonely traveler and happy daffodils. This simple but effective way seems to take hold on us, and then each time we read this poem, we can see the harmonious beauty of the poet and the long belt of the golden daffodils and enjoy the brightness. The poet presents vocabulary associated to loneliness: lonely, solitude; opposition between nature and society, vocabulary associated with light: sprightly, stars, golden, shine, twinkle, flash, sparkling. Movement is linked to: wandered, floats, fluttering; moreover we have images of earth: vales and hills; images of air: clouds, breeze; images of water: lake, waves. Moreover, there is a choice of tense in the poem in the last stanza, the poet returns to the reality, the present records the memories, it is a process of creative imagination, an outstanding experience. All of these also reveal the feeling of the poem. The lonely feeling of the poet has been changed by his senses of the liveliness, the glee, and the friendliness with the daffodils to the happy feeling when thinking of daffodils V. Conclusion Wordsworth concentrates on nature in all its forms, without using simple descriptions and concentrating on the ways in which he responds and relates to the world; in his view, poetry is a means to look at the relationship between nature and human life and to explore the belief that nature can have an impact on our emotional and spiritual lives. This poem could be seen as what poetry was and how it might be written, that is to say in solitude, with an "inward eye", imagination, immersed in nature, recollecting all the thoughts and impressions in solitude following the power of memory and imagination.

Topic 6: MARK TWAIN writing style OUTLINE I. An introduction about Mark twain and The advantures of Tom Sawyer

II. Mark Tawins writng style revealed in The advantures of Tom Sawyer chapter II. II.1 Humorous II.2 Flexible, Varied, Fluid II.3 The vernacular language II.4 Realism and optimism III. Comparison III.1 Mark Twain and Vu Trong Phung III.2 Mark Twain and Doan Gioi IV. Conclusion I.An introduction about Mark twain and The advantures of Tom Sawyer Samuel Langhorne Clemens (1835 - 1910) well known by his pen name Mark Twain, was an American author and humorist. Twain is noted for his novels Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876), which has been called the Great American Novel. Tom was is a friend to presidents, industrialists and European royalty. Mark Twain was very popular, and his keen wit and incisive satire earned praise from critics and peers. Upon his death he was lauded as the Greatest American humorist of his age, and William Faulkner called Twain the father of American literature. Mark Twain is a mixture of idealism and skepticism, the sentimentality and cynicism. In 1930s, Hemingway said, "All modern American literature comes from a book called Huckleberry Finn." Mark Twain said that he was not only the founder of modern American literature, but also invented a new kind of autobiography, the enhancement of individual and creative. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is going to focus primarily on Tom Sawyer. The young native of St. Petersburg, Missouri has a liking for escapades, exploits, deeds of derring-do, or what you might call adventures. Note that the book is called The Adventures rather than The Adventure of Tom Sawyer. Little Tom gets up to a lot of trouble by book's end, and his various feats are not all related. Although Mark Twain created his characters with harsh racist ideals, these ideals are exactly what made Twain's writing so true to life. Twain used realism in his writing to shock and educate his readers. Before Twains writing, literature was thought to be more of an entertainment rather than an education. People wanted to hear fantasy depicting a perfect world with a fine line between the good and the bad. Twain paid close attention to detail in his writing. With this detail he was able to draw the reader into the book and immerse themselves into the story. This also helped to make the story more realistic. Furthermore, Twain wrote in the vernacular of the time.Although this was not grammatically correct, it gave the characters life and allowed the reader to familiarize themselves with the characters. II. Mark Tawins writng style revealed in The advantures of Tom Sawyer chapter II.

Mark Twains most famous book is The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn so a good place to begin your analysis of Mark Twains writing style is with this book, as it aptly demonstrates his use of humor, satire, irony, and sarcasm. This book also demonstrates a theme that Mark Twain was concerned with during his lifetime abuse of the black man. Mark Twains other famous works such as The Adventures of Tom Sawyer and A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthurs Court also contained these same elements of sarcasm, irony, wit, and satire.Furthermore, an analysis of Mark Twains writing style should focus on Twains upbringing and how this upbringing and the times in which he lived significantly influenced his writing style. Twains writing was controversial and offensive to some because he was so outspoken. He also included slang and regional dialect in

his stories. These techniques should be described in an analysis of Mark Twains writing style as well. 1. Humorous Mark Twain is a famous satiric (tro phng) writer of America. Characters in his products is criticism and humor to those vices, hypocrisy, greed in the West American at that time. His products includes deep ironic. Chapter II of this novel also expresses this writers style: - Irony: But of course youd druther work- wouldnt you? Of course you would! - Comparision and contrast : worldly wealth is marbles, bits of toys and trash: from being a poor poverty-stricken boy in the morning, Tom was literally rolling in wealth - They would make a world of fun for him, the very thought of it burnt him like a fire, this dark and hopeless moment - All gladness left him, life to him seemed hollow, and existence but a burden - Humorous reference to himself as the great and wise philosopher - Use big words: glorious, issue, melancholy, expedition - One of the most impressive aspects of his writing is the dialogue which describe little boys characteristics effectively. Their boyishness was described effectively though the humor. Tom gave up the brush with reluctance in his face, but alacrity in his heart. And while the late steam Big Missouri worked and sweated in the sun, the retired artist sat on a barrel in the shade close by, dangled his legs, munched his apple Or Life to him seemed hollow, and existence but a burden When Tom must do his task, he saw everything through black eyes.

2. Flexible, Varied, Fluid

Twain certainly has a flexible style; he can suit his words quite easily to the situation, whether he is describing the thoughts of Tom or expounding upon some lofty subject. That said, one of the most impressive aspects of his writing is the dialogue. Rather than try to describe it, we'll give you a taste. Tom, having just barely survived an encounter with Injun Joe the night before, goes to talk with Huck: "Hello, Huck!" "Hello, yourself." [Silence, for a minute.] "Tom, if we'd 'a' left the blame tools at the dead tree, we'd 'a' got the money. Oh, ain't it awful!" "'Tain't a dream, then, 'tain't a dream! Somehow I most wish it was. Dog'd if I don't, Huck." The way Mark Twain used humor was very flexible, its not only criticized but also reduced the tense. Mark Twain renders the rhythm of the speech beautifully, using contractions and slang to give life to Tom and Huck's speech. Small touches, like the "we'd 'a'" and "dog'd" go along way toward making them sound like real boys. Even that bracketed pause speaks volumes. Without suitable dialogue, all of Twain's observations and remarks would be like a cake without icing: still delicious, but not quite right. 3. Using the vernacular language. Mark Twain was the first writer to use vernacular language in his own writing, especially in dialogue. Sometimes it is rather hard to understand but it reflects the real life of people there. For examples, when Tom begged Jim to change bringing water for whitewashing the fence, Jim denied: Oh, I dasnt, Mars Tom. Ole missis shed take an tar de head offn me ( i ti khng th cu Tom . B d cu s ti ln u ti) 4. Realism and optimism. - Realism: In his works, Mark Twain always focuses on describing the nature and character of living space. In chapter II: - all the summer world was bright and fresh, and brimming with life. There was a song in every heart; and if the heart was young the music issued at the lips. There was cheer in every face and a spring in every step. The locust-trees were in bloom and the fragrance of the blossoms filled the air Natural scenery is beautiful, but with Tom, he fell life to him seemed hollow, and existence but a burden Here, the author present an ironic laugh again when he describles nature is opposite to the mood of Tom.

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- Optimism: + describe beauty of nature( first paragraph) III.Comparison 1.Mark Tawin and Vu Trong Phung Chapter II of this novel also expresses Mark Twains style: - Irony: But of course youd druther work- wouldnt you? Of course you would! - Comparision and contrast : worldly wealth is marbles, bits of toys and trash: from being a poor poverty-stricken boy in the morning, Tom was literally rolling in wealth - They would make a world of fun for him, the very thought of it burnt him like a fire, this dark and hopeless moment - All gladness left him, life to him seemed hollow, and existence but a burden - Humorous reference to himself as the great and wise philosopher - Use big words: glorious, issue, melancholy, expedition * Vu Trong Phung is also a humor writer of Viet Nam. For a long time, people have considered work Lucky destiny of Vu Trong Phung as a outstanding work of humor nonfiction. Of which is a work of art typical of prose humor in Vietnam. With Lucky destiny, the readers laugh from beginning to end, a gloating smile, comfortable. - Irony: + expressed in the tittle : Happiness of a funeral family + use the ironic words: funeral dresses, call Tuyets dress: innocent, meanwhile it is ridiculous, revealing, romantic sadness on her face. - Constract: funeral is very big, so big that the dead in casket smiles happily Tuyet is a debauchted girl, but half-debauched. - the restpectful descendants are anxious to berry the dead - Tu Tan tell each person how to stand, how to express the face, how to make the posturesto take photos This make the readers fell that it is not a funeral family but a happy family. - In funeral, everyone talk to each other, but not about the funeral; they talk bout the dresses, houses, a new chest they just bought; others scorn, annoy, flirt each other. Different: humor in Vu Trong Phungs works is ironical, bitter about the dark of rotten society at that time. His aim is accusing the uptown person, who greedy for money.

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2. Mark Tawin and Doan Gioi Mark Twain is also famous about autobiography style. In Vietnam, there are some writers who has the same autobiography style such as: To Hoai (The adventures of Cricket), Nguyen Thanh Long (Quite Sapa), Nguyen Minh Chau (The Picture) Comparison The advantures of Tom Sawyer by Mark Twain in 1876 to "Southern forests " (t Rng Phng Nam) by oan Gioi in 1957. Southern Forests is the adventure of a native boy named An in the South of Vietnam when the French invaded this country. He became a homeless boy after the enemies had made an attack on South West. That pushed him in a adventure to looking for his father. An and the local patriotic people fought against the French. Comparison writing style. - Similarity + Simplicity: Like Mark Twain, Doan Gioi used simple language to describe the real life in the Southern area. Especially, the work was written in the local language, maybe its very difficult to understand but that is the effective way to paint the real Southern picture. Both Mark Twain and Doan Gioi loved the nature in their homeland. With Mark Twain, he love Mississippi river and painted it in his work while Doan Gioi described the river, small canal as one distinguishing characteristic of Mekong Delta where he was born and grew up. + Realism and Optimism: Mark Twains writing style express both realism and optimism. There is similarity between Mark Twain and Doan Gioi. The Southern Forests reflected the poor life of the people in the war truthfully. However, the readers still see the optimism of the characters and also of the writer. There are some paragraphs which describe the beautiful nature of Southern area, especially the great and wild scene of U Minh, virgin forest in Vietnam, and the beauty of Southern villages with endless row coconut trees and mangroves. The surface of canal is bright in the lighting. The mangrove and wandering canoes on the other side is appeared with deeper blue. It seems that heaven, ground and trees, and slight ripples on the waves tapping two banks are fluttering in the blue magic + Both Mark Twain and Doan Gioi loved the nature in their homeland. With Mark Twain, he love Mississippi river and painted it in his work while Doan Gioi loved the river, small canal as one distinguishing characteristic of Mekong Delta where he was born and grew up. - Difference: + Purpose of humorous writing style: It is said that Mark Twain succeeded in describing the main character, Tom Sawyer, in chapter II, as a naughty and smart boy by humorous writing style. By this style, Mark Twain eased the tense and gave criticism for society.

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However, Doan Gioi used the laughter to express the peoples optimism. During hardship situation, soldiers still saw the joy of living, the beauty of nature and the happiness during the mission. III. Conclusion Mark Twain is widely known for his use of humor and satire in his works. Through these works, Twain had a great influence on American politics and society. An analysis of Mark Twains writing style examines Mark Twains most famous works and analyzes his use of humor, satire, irony, and sarcasm. If you're the type of person that loves to read. Then you would probably won't miss out beautiful piece of literature like, The Adventure of Tom Sawyer, The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, etc. By the first important American novelist (Pearson), Mark Twain. And as you read them, I bet you'd notice that Twain have a distinguish style of writing compare to all the author that you've known or read before. He is well-known for the use of his "irreverent, biting social satire, and realism of place and languages". Twain have a very distinguish style of writing, and best known for his use of his irreverent, biting social satire, and realism of place and languages. Twain use jokes and get his point across very well during his lectures.

Topic 7: Characteristics of the hero Frederic Henry in chapter IV A Farewell to Arms by Hemingway.

Outline

I. Introduction of the author and the novel 1. 2. The author Earnest Hemingway The novel A Farewell to Arms

II. Characteristics of the hero Frederic Henry 1. 2. General Characteristics of the hero Frederic Henry in the novel Characteristics of the hero Frederic Henry in chapter IV

III. Conclusion Introduction of the author and the novel 1. The author Earnest Hemingway

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 Biography Ernest Hemingway (1899-1961), born in Oak Park, a small town in the state of Illinois, started his career as a writer in a newspaper office in Kansas City at the age of seventeen. After the United States entered the First World War, he joined a volunteer ambulance unit in the Italian army. Serving at the front, he was wounded, was decorated by the Italian Government, and spent considerable time in hospitals. After his return to the United States, he became a reporter for Canadian and American newspapers and was soon sent back to Europe to cover such events as the Greek Revolution. Hemingway began his writing career as a journalist and in the 1920s, while living in Paris, worked as foreign correspondent for the Toronto Star. As a journalist he learned to focus only on events being reported, and to omit superfluous and extraneous matter. The year 1929 was marked by the publishing of his famous novel A Farewell to Arm that stresses the necessity to attain moral courage to live and face the social chaos. From 1928 to 1938 the writer lived in Florida. He traveled a lot to France and Spain. Some his works in this period such as: Men Without Woman (1927), Winner Take Nothing (1933), Death in the Afternoon(1932), Green Hills of Africa (1935), To Have and Have Not (1937) and The Fifth Column (1937). Hemingway used his experiences as a reporter during the civil war in Spain as the background for his most ambitious novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940). Among his later works, the most outstanding is the short novel, The Old Man and the Sea (1952), the story of an old fisherman's journey, his long and lonely struggle with a fish and the sea, and his victory in defeat. This work helped him won the Pulitzer in 1953 and the Nobel Prize for literature. Hemingway is a democrat and humanist. He devoted his whole life to the struggle against fascism and wars. He considered arts and literature as having an important role in the world so he always tried to use his language to convey his message to mankind through simply words.

Writing style

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Hemingways style of writing follows the theory of an iceberg (also known as the "theory of omission") which means that the writer may omit things that he knows he is writing about, and that if he writes truly the reader will have a feeling of those things as the writer has tasted them. The dignity of the movement of an iceberg is due to only one eighth of it being above the water. Hemingway's iceberg theory highlights the symbolic implications of art. He makes use of physical action to provide an interpretation of the nature of man's existence. It can be convincingly proved that, "while representing human life through fictional forms, he has consistently set man against the background of his world and universe to examine the human situation from various points of view. 2. The novel Overview of the novel A Farewell to Arms is an anti - war novel written by Ernest Hemingway in which Hemingway wanted to make the reader see war as a merciless massacre of men and women and the senseless destruction of the values created. The book, which was first published in 1929, is a first-person account of American Frederic Henry, serving as a Lieutenant ("Tenente") in the ambulance corps of the Italian Army. The novel falls into five parts, each describes a different phase in Henrys adventures. A Farewell to Arms works on two literary levels. First, it is a story concerning the drama and passion of a doomed romance between Henry and a British nurse, Catherine Barkley. Second, it also skillfully contrasts the meaning of personal tragedy against the impersonal destruction wrought by the First World War. Hemingway deftly captures the cynicism of soldiers, the futility of war, and the displacement of populations. Although this was Hemingway's bleakest novel, its publication cemented his stature as a modern American writer.

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In 1998, the Modern Library, a publishing company in America ranked A Farewell to Arms on its list of the 100 best English-language novels of the 20th century. It was first adapted to film in 1932, with further versions in the following decades. Summary of Chapter IV A battery of guns in the next garden wakes Henry the next morning. An ambulance driver, he discusses the condition of the ambulances with some mechanics. Back in the room, Rinaldi asks Henry to come with him to meet Catherine. They drink first, then meet Catherine in the British hospital's garden. Rinaldi talks to another nurse, Helen Ferguson. Henry, who is struck by Catherine's beauty and her hair, is unable to explain to her why he has joined the Italian army as an ambulance driver. She carries a leatherbound stick that she says belonged to her fianc of eight years, who was killed last year in the war. Henry admits he has never loved anyone. They discuss her fianc and the war more, then Henry and Rinaldi leave. Rinaldi notes that Catherine prefers Henry to him.

I. 1.

Characteristics of the hero Frederic Henry Characteristics of the hero Frederic Henry in the novel Lieutenant Frederic Henry is the novels narrator and protagonist. Frederic Henry is a former student of architecture. He has dropped his studies and volunteered as an ambulance driver in the Italian army during World War I. In Henry, we can see Hemingway's "Code Hero", a term used to describe a character that follows Hemingway's conception of an internal moral code. Henry is stoic under duress or pain; he modestly deflects praise for his contributions to the war; he is unflappable under fire; he portrays himself as a man of duty. He is a "man's man," in that his thoughts revolve on women and drink. He participates in and seems to enjoy the banal, everyday conversation between the soldiers. He is attracted to the simple goodness of the priest, who, like Henry (who is not religious), sticks to his beliefs despite the war's constant presence. Henry is most characterized throughout the novel by his passionate love and dedication to 28

Catherine Barkley. Against this bleak backdrop, Henrys fondness for Catherine Barkley is rather astonishing. The quality of the language that Henry uses to describe Catherines hair and her appearance testifies to the genuine depth of his feelings for her. Hemingway shows Frederick Henrys progression into a code hero. In the start of the novel, Frederick Henry immersed himself into the sensual pleasures that surrounded him. Henry had drunk much wine, and had aimlessly wondered from woman to woman in Book one of the novel. He could not learn to control himself until he had developed a relationship with Catherine. By receiving the support and confidence from her, he was able to change. Henry finally disciplined himself near the end of his stay at the Ospidale Maggoire. In the end of the novel, Henry was faced with his love's death, Catherine finally passed away due to a hemorrhage. He asked God to save his greatest love but did not receive any answer. Henry never becomes a true code hero until the end when he accepts death as the end of existence. 2. Characteristics of the hero Frederic Henry in chapter IV 2.1. The motive for Henry participation in the war:

Henry is depicted here as one of many who were made to believe when the war broke out that their participation in the war was patriotism and that their sacrifice was not in vain so he dropped his studies and volunteered as an ambulance driver. Henry could not find a reason reasonable explanation why he participated in army. When Barkley asked the reason, he said: I dont know. There isnt always an explanation for everything. It is simply a patriotic action fighting for the welfare of his country. In Chapter III, he explained that the priest "had always known what I did not know and what, when I learned it, I was always able to forget." There seems to be a premium on not knowing things, on remaining ignorant, as if that is some kind of protective armor. Catherine reverses this, wishing she had known that her fianc was going to die: "'He could have had anything he wanted if I would have knownI know all about it now. But then he wanted to go to war and I didn't know. 2.2. Henrys attitude towards the war: Henry has a great sense of duty 29

Henry is a responsible person, a person of duty. This characteristic was expressed through Henry care about the broken machines. He asked the mechanic: Hows everything? Whats the matter with this machine? Or where is the gasoline park now? And then, he checked everything very carefully I looked at the tyres carefully, looking for cuts and stone bruises, and he went back to the house only when he knew everything seemed in good condition. Henry is an optimistic man.

Henry is an optimistic man. Although, Henry lived in the cutthroat front the battery in the next garden woke me up in the morning, the battery fired twice, I couldnt see the guns but they were evidently firing directly over us, he still felt the beauty of the scenery surroundings him, for example: Outside the window, it was a lovely spring morning Or it was hot walking through the town but the sun was starting to go down and it was very pleasant. Besides, he also felt that this is the picturesque front. Henry did not lose his believe in the war. He confirmed: They wont crack here. They did very well last summer. Henry did not lose his believe in the war, did not share Miss Barkleys opinion of the war. When Miss Barkley asked: Do you suppose it will always go on?, Henry said that: Whats to stop it? All of these illustrations in this chapter proved that Henry was still optimistic and believed in the war

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2.3.

Henrys conception of death:

Unlike Barley, Frederic Henry has no experience in the war. He briefly admits to having never loved anyone, while Catherine seems somewhat numbed by her fianc's death. That she carries his stick "like a toy riding-crop" suggests she will treat love mostly as a game-like diversion from her pain. Moreover, he did not experienced and witnesses the butchery of the war, did not see what damages the war caused. Thus, he has little experience of how destructive the war was.

III. Conclusion A Farewell to Arms by Earnest Hemingway is considered one of the great novels of the war I. The novel is a story of initiation in which the growth of the protagonist, Frederic Henry, is recounted. Frederic Henry experiences the disillusionment, the hopelessness and the disaster of the war as well as a passionate love. It is typically that Hemingway did not provide much in the way of physical descriptions of Henry, however, Frederic Henry , Hemingway's "Code Hero" was describer through his deeds and action in the whole novel. Furthermore, because Hemingway allows Henry to narrate the book, Hemingway is able to suffuse the entire novel with the power and pathos of an elegy: A Farewell to Arms, which Henry narrates after Catherines death, confirms his love and his loss. Topic 9: Hemingway Iceberg writing style 1 Earnest hermingway 1.1 Biography of Ernest Hermingway Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 July 2, 1961) was an American author and journalist. Hemingway was born and raised in Oak Park, Illinois. He started his career as a writer in a newspaper office in Kansas City at the age of seventeen. After the United States entered the First World War, he joined a volunteer ambulance unit in the Italian army. Serving at the front, he was wounded, was decorated by the Italian Government,

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and spent considerable time in hospitals. After his return to the United States, he became a reporter for Canadian and American newspapers and was soon sent back to Europe to cover such events as the Greek Revolution. During the twenties, Hemingway became a member of the group of expatriate Americans in Paris, which he described in his first important work, The Sun Also Rises (1926). Equally successful was A Farewell to Arms (1929), the study of an American ambulance officer's disillusionment in the war and his role as a deserter. Hemingway used his experiences as a reporter during the civil war in Spain as the background for his most ambitious novel, For Whom the Bell Tolls (1940). Among his later works, the most outstanding is the short novel, The Old Man and the Sea (1952), the story of an old fisherman's journey, his long and lonely struggle with a fish and the sea, and his victory in defeat. His distinctive writing style, characterized by economy and understatement, influenced 20th-century fiction, as did his life of adventure and his public image. He produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s. He won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. Many of his works are classics of American literature. He published seven novels, six short story collections, and two non-fiction works during his lifetime; a further three novels, four collections of short stories, and three non-fiction works were published posthumously.

1.2 Overview of A farewell to arms A farewell to arms is an anti-war novel in which Hemingway wanted to make the reader see war as a merciless massacre of men and woman and the senseless destruction of the values created. It is the story of an American lieutenant, Frederic Henry, who serves in an Italian ambulance corps during World War I. The novel falls into five parts, each describes a different phase in Henrys adventures. He falls in love with Catherine Barkley, a volunteer nurse from Great Britain. When he is wounded she nurses him at the hospital. His convalescence is over; he returns to the front and finds himself in a

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disorganized retreat. He deserts during the mass retreat, rejoining the girl he loves, and they escape to Switzerland in a small boat over the lake of Maggiore. Their idyll comes to an end when she dies in child-birth. At the end of this novel, Henry was left to return to their hotel in the rain The novel was based on Hemingway's own experiences serving in the Italian campaigns during the First World War. The inspiration for Catherine Barkley was Agnes von Kurowsky, a real nurse who cared for Hemingway in a hospital in Milan after he had been wounded. He had planned to marry her but she spurned his love when he returned to America. Kitty Cannell, a Paris-based fashion correspondent, became Helen Ferguson. The unnamed priest was based on Don Giuseppe Bianchi, the priest of the 69th and 70th regiments of the Brigata Ancona. Although the sources for Rinaldi are unknown, the character had already appeared in In Our Time. The novel is believed to have been written at the home of Hemingway's in-laws in Piggott, Arkansas and at the home of friends of Hemingway's wife Pauline Pfeiffer W. Malcolm and Ruth Lowry home at 6435 Indian Lane, Mission Hills, Kansas while she was awaiting delivery of their baby. His wife Pauline underwent a caesarean section as Hemingway was writing about Catherine Barkley's childbirth. The book was published at the time when many other World War I books were also appearing on the market. These included Frederic Manning's Her Privates We, Erich Maria Remarque's All Quiet on the Western Front, Richard Aldington's Death of a Hero and Goodbye to All That by Robert Graves. It was serialized in Scribner's Magazine from May 1929 to October 1929. The book was published in September 1929 with a first edition print-run of approximately 31,000 copies. The influence of the Hemingway hero can therefore be seen in many of the literary soldiers who followed in Henry's footsteps: for instance, the protagonist of James Salter's The Hunters, an account of the exploits of a Korean War jet pilot squadron. It is even more evident in the archetypal tough-talking detectives of Raymond Chandler (The Big Sleep) and James Ellroy (L.A. Confidential). (Note: Like Frederic Henry, Chandler's

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protagonist Philip Marlowe is a veteran of World War I, as evinced by his trademark trenchcoat the coat worn by Allied officers in the trenches of France and Italy. Nearly every character Humphrey Bogart ever played onscreen was influenced by the Hemingway hero.) The cowboys in Cormac McCarthy's Border Trilogy are essentially Hemingway characters, too. Many storytellers (Salter, Chandler, McCarthy, and others) have attempted to recapitulate Hemingway's themes while mimicking his prose style. During the 1970s and 1980s, however, a group of American writers known as the Minimalists adopted the Hemingway style but rejected "grace under pressure" and so forth as distasteful and perhaps permanently outdated. 2. Methodology of Iceberg principle 2.1 Definition of Icebergs principle: The iceberg theory ( also known asn the theory of Omission) is a term used to describe the writing style of American Ernest Hemingway. Iceberg theory is stated that If a writer of prose knows enough about what he is writing about, he may omit things that he knows and the readers. If the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an iceberg is due to only one eight of it being above the water. A good writer does not need to reveal every detail of a character or action 2.2 Characteristics: 2.2.1 Omission: One of the most important parts of iceberg principle in Hemingway works is theory of omission. Actually, this theory of omission is rather special and complete penetration to all his works. It is true that omitting certain parts of a story actually strengthen that story. However, the writer should know which parts should be omitted. The author said that the things he knew could be omitted and it only made his iceberg stronger. It was dissimulated parts. Certainly, the omission must be depend on his 34

knowledge, experience, etc..., when the author skips the things which he doesnt know, it will make the gaps for the work. And if so, it will not have effect as the writer expect. In other words, the things are mentioned in the work is surface information and the things arent mentioned is the deep meanings which he wanted the readers to sense. And when the reader senses the omitted parts a greater perception and understanding for the story can be achieved. Making the reader has to read and think. It is success of this work. When the reader senses the omitted parts, a greater perception and understanding for the story can be achieved. 2.2.2 Simlicity This Characteristic can be found in many works of Hemingway including A Farewell to Arms. Like many his pieces, the story is more complex than it seem on the surface. The language he used is keeping with the characters he wanted to portray. It is surprising how he reveals the inner world of his personages. The author uses precise words helping the readers imagine the story. This style of simplicity is a trademark of Hemingway and ia what sets him apart from many other writers.

2.2.3 Short declarative sentences Plain words is simple declarative sentences bring out the sensations of the central characters and at the same time make the reader participate in the events of the story. He gives some advice: Use short sentences, use short first paragraphs, use vigorous English, not forgetting ti strive for smoothness, be position, not negative.

2.2.4

Carefully selected words: Hemingways style of writing is striking. His sentences are short, his words are

simple. Yet they are often filled with emotion. A careful reading can show us furthermore that he is master of pause. That is, if we look closely, we see how the action of his stories continues during the silences, during the time his characters say nothing. This action is often full of meaning. There are times when the most powerful effect comes from 35

restraint. Such times occur in Hemingways fiction. He perfected the art of conveying emotions with few words. Hemingway is a classicist in his restraint and understatement. He believes that the strongest effect comes with an economy of means 2.2.5 Realistic dialogues

The language of Hemingways work is bare simplicity; it is in keeping with the characters he wanted to portray. It is surprising how he reveals the inner world of his personages in short dialogues and colloquial phrases. Plain words in simple declarative sentences bring out the sensations of the central characters and at the same time make the reader participate in the events of the story. Dialogues can be one of the most effective techniques in creating believable characters. The key to writing believable dialogue, then, lies in balancing realism and good storytelling. Both of which Hemingway excelled at. Hemingways characters seem most aimless in their conversation, which is when they will be most direct at revealing their anxieties.

Iceberg principle expressed in chapter IV- a farewell to arms

3.1 Omission As is typical in a Hemingway work, Henry's narration is spare, detached, and journalistic. Contrary to what the reader might expect, the effect often heightens emotion. For example, Hemingway ratchets up the connotations of death and violence by omitting explicit mention of blood when it drips on Henry in the ambulance. Hemingway shows his range when he occasionally uses a near "stream-ofconsciousness" narration for Henry. In these few cases, Henry's thoughts are ungrammatical, awkwardly worded, and repetitive - much as the mind works, especially

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under such chaotic circumstances. A notable example is the long second-person narrative passage in Chapter XXXII after Henry has divorced himself from the army. By addressing himself as "you," Henry shows how he has separated from his former self through his "separate peace." Henry is unable to explain why he has joined the Italian army to drive an ambulance. In Chapter III, he explained that the priest "had always known what I did not know and what, when I learned it, I was always able to forget." There seems to be a premium on not knowing things, on remaining ignorant, as if that is some kind of protective armor. Catherine reverses this, wishing she had known that her fianc was going to die: "'He could have had anything he wanted if I would have known...I know all about it now. But then he wanted to go to war and I didn't know.'" Henry's character emerges more here. He briefly admits to having never loved anyone, while Catherine seems somewhat numbed by her fianc's death. That she carries his stick "like a toy riding-crop" suggests she will treat love mostly as a game-like diversion from her pain. The war is coming back to life with the spring. Its still only a nuisance, but it has moved closer, further disturbing the natural rhythms of the town. The dewy garden next door is now the site of an artillery battery. Henry checks his ambulances and finds that while he was gone things went on pretty much as usual. Hes mildly miffed. Maybe hes not as necessary in this war as he thought hed be. He goes to his room. Rinaldi is all shined up, ready to visit Miss Barkley, and he persuades Henry to go along with him. The two officers meet Catherine Barkley and another nurse, Helen Ferguson; Catherine and Henry pair off, Rinaldi talks to Helen. In conversation Catherine lets you in on some of her past when she answers Henrys question about an officers swagger stick she carries. She explains that it belonged to her fianc, who died last year in the Somme. Note the way Hemingway shows you some of the romantic notions held by many people at the start of World War I. Catherine

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volunteers as a nurses aide, half hoping that her boyfriend will come to her hospital with a picturesque wound, looking like somebody out of an old painting, Instead--and she states it with brutal directness--"they blew him all to bits." The memory of the loss loosens her tongue and she tells Henry how she stayed chaste throughout her engagement but now wishes she hadnt. The chapter closes with some banter about the rivalry between the English and the Scots that Rinaldi finds incomprehensible. Then Rinaldi acknowledges that hes lost Catherine to Henry, if indeed he ever had her to lose. 3.2 Simplicity The language of Hemingways work is bare simplicity, it is in keeping with the characters he wanted to portray. It is surprising how he reveals the inner world of his personages through short declarative sentences, carefully selected words, and realistic dialogs. The author uses short declarative sentences often used in daily life so that the readers feel that they also participate in the events of the story. He knows how to perfects the art of conveying emotions with few words; therefore, plain but precise words and worth details standing out the situation are employed. Moreover, realistic dialogs among characters help the readers imagine the story a lot. A combination of these factors strongly reflects simplicity that is a part of Iceberg theory by Hemingway and set him apart from many other writers. The author uses precise words helping the readers imagine the story. He chooses worth details standing out the situation. For example: The battery in the next garden woke me in the morning ... The battery fired twice and the air came each time... I could not see the gun...The sound of the battery is used as the signal opening the background of the story. It is recalled with other descriptions together showing its effect on the things. All of the described details carry the air of the ear. Hemingway doesnt mention the war directly but also imagine the disaster everywhere. This style of simplicity is a trademark of Hemingway and what sets him apart from many other writers. 3.3 Short declarative sentences

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A Farewell to Arms is the unforgettable story of an American ambulance driver on the Italian front and his passion for a beautiful English nurse. Its very clear that iceberg principle is expressed in chapter IV mostly by short declarative sentences. Hemingway was so good at forming the dialogue with full of short and condensed sentences. The meaning that he hide can be understood by readers. The driver and nurse met each other in the scenario of war, firstly by sharing the surprising of the girl: What an odd thing- to be in Italian army. They talked so frankly and very open seems like they know each other and have some similarities. Oh, isnt there? I was brought up to think there was. During the conversation, he found that Barkley so beautiful with tawny skin and gray eyes. Suddenly, Henry touched her big pain of the love with her tenente. It was pretty a strong love in 8 years however because of the war he had to departure her forever. He came to her just like a partner that she can share every things, her feeling of love, her regret, Henrys respond I see showed sympathy on her sadness. They came closer. Now, he could not stop showing his impression on her hair you have beautiful hair and added he like it very much. The readers can understand his feeling, his emotion with very short and effective sentence. The writer did not want to write too much, he wanted to hide the depth of meaning and readers should be on the same heartbeat with him. He shared in the work of Death in the afternoon that: If a writer of prose knows enough of what he is writing about he may omit things that he knows and the reader, if the writer is writing truly enough, will have a feeling of those things as strongly as though the writer had stated them. The dignity of movement of an ice-berg is due to only one-eighth of it being above water. A writer who omits things because he does not know them only makes hollow places in his writing. That trend was stated especially in chapter IV of A farewell to arms. Talking about the front, Henry still said that But its very beautiful, this is the picturesque front. For him, its a chance to meet a beautiful nurse. However, there was another worry about the war in their talks. Henry thought that they wont crack here how can they stop the war and whats to stop it. In contrast, with the strong attitude toward the war, Barkley said they may crack anybody may crack. She seriously made us think that the war only brings us pain, sadness and sorrow. The conversation continued with many strong short sentences no, I think not. They showed us a very clear attitude, clear statement. Hemingway did not need to use a lot of

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words but the main meaning that he wanted to emphasize still comes to readers minds. Youve already heard about Ernest Hemingways "Iceberg Principle" or theory of omission. Its the simple idea that the reader is to be trusted. All the reader needs is the surface information (the part of the iceberg we can see) to understand the situations being discussed (or the water below the visible iceberg). Iceberg Theory was Hemingways idea that most of the story was going on underneath the story he was telling. 3.4 Carefully selected words On the surface, Hemingway was an average writer, un-possessing of flashy vocabulary or vivid descriptions of physical or geographical features. He seldom used extravagant adjectives and kept many important sentences short and to the point. In The Old Man and the Sea, Hemingway created a masterpiece of punctuality, portraying colossal meaning in very few, carefully selected words. In A Farewell to Arms, Hemingway repeats usage of his characteristic punctualities when describing events, people or things. In addition, he eases usage of adjectives and adverbs and focuses on nouns and verbs ("The Hemingway Style"). Very seldom did Hemingway use extravagant adjectives. Hemingway was said to be a master of his craft, carefully selecting the appropriate wordage so that the underlying message would not be deterred. His work was mostly appreciated and accepted by contemporary literary critics who admired his ability to create huge meaning from small sentences. The critic and presenter of the 1954 Nobel Prize, James Nagel, had this to say about Hemingway's literary style: "With masterly skill [Hemingway] reproduces all the nuances of the spoken word, as well as those pauses in which thought stands still and the nervous mechanism is thrown out of gear. It may sometimes sound like small talk, but it is not trivial when one gets to know his method. He prefers to leave the work of psychological reflection to his readers and this freedom is of great benefit to him in spontaneous observation" (The Influence of Ernest Hemingway: Introduction).

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In A Farewell to Arms, Hemingway repeats the usage of adjectives and adverbs and focuses on nouns and verbs ("The Hemingway Style"). The setting of the book details a sad, wartime love affair between a medic and a nurse (The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia). The story, typical of Hemingway's style, depicts the hero as a person with a dangerous job who goes about it without fear and accepts defeat with bravery and brushes off death around him. His short sentences magnificently relay the potent emotions of the characters through well-placed imagery. Here, in A Farewell to Arms, the main character, Frederic, reunites with his love, Catherine, in Milan, Paris: "When I saw her I was in love with her. Everything turned over inside of me. She looked toward the door, saw there was no one, and then she sat on the side of the bed and leaned over and kissed me. I pulled her down and kissed her and felt her heart beating." It can be concluded that Hemingway's writing style is easily spotted due to his regular usage of ambiguous, underlying messages contained in his works. On the surface, his tales were that of a bland nature and lacking true substance. However, according to his critics, Hemingway was a master of his craft, carefully selecting the precise wordage so that the underlying message would not be deterred (Cooper). These underlying messages and themes were described by Hemingway as the "iceberg method;" meaning that 7/8 of the story lay underneath the words. This method was evident in The Old Man and the Sea, where Hemingway attempted to devalue radical religion by inferring that it relied too heavily on luck. Nowhere is Hemingway's uncanny ability to portray character emotion and development more omnipresent than in A Farewell to Arms.

3.5 Realistic dialogs As we know , the language of Hemingways work is bare simplicity. In his worksplots, he often use a lot of dialogs .Yet they are often filled with emotion and in keeping with the characters he wanted to portray. The plot of A farewell to arms described a war, the dialogs are realistic. The chapter 4 describes the first meeting of Frederic Henry with Catherine Barkley, to whom is introduced by an Italian, Rinaldi. The 41

dialogs are mainly used in this chapter. It is the dialogs that disclose the characters in full so that they can be seen eventually in retrospect. In all dialogs, persons communicate together, talk naturally like in their daily life. In orther words, realistic dialogs were expressed obviously. For example, the dialogs is in the chapter such as: Do they ever shell that battery? I asked one of the mechanics. No, Signor Tenente. It is protected by the little hill Here, Hemingway used Signor Tenenteinstead of Signor Lieutenant or Sir, which are Italian speech. Because Hemingway is Italian army so he decied to maintian these words in this plots. Realistic dialogs like the way everybody talk together, yet having the high literature level . In another dialogs : Whats the matter with this machine? Its no good. One thing after another. New rings. In the dialogs, Hemingway used a lot of short anwers such as : New rings, At the same place, No, Very much , Quite , Yes .... These short anwers are both realistic language and full emotion. Thus the realistic dialogs in the chaptet 4 create Hemingway s style of writing and at the same time make the readers partcipate in the events of the story.

Topic: The attitude towards war conveyed in chapter IV Outline I. Introduction

II. Main body

II.1.

Summary of chapter IV and characteristics of main personages II.1.1. Summary of chapter IV 42

II.1.2. Characteristics of Frederic Henry in chapter IV II.1.3. Characteristics of Catherine Barley in chapter IV

II.2.

The attitude towards war conveyed in chapter IV II.2.1. The motives for the participation of Barley and Henry in the war II.2.2. The attitude of Barley and Henry towards the war II.2.3. Barley and Henrys perception of death

III.Conclusion

I.

Introduction

A farewell to arms was written by a famous American author, Earnest Hemingway who devoted his whole life to the struggle against fascism and wars. A farewell to arms is an anti war novel in which Hemingway wanted to make the reader see war as a merciless massacre of men and woman and the senseless destruction of the values created. It is the story of an American lieutenant, Frederic Henry, who serves in an Italian ambulance corps during World War I. The novel falls into five parts, each describes a different phase in Henrys adventures. He falls in love with Catherine Barley, a volunteer nurse from Great Britain. When he is wounded she nurses him in the hospital. His convalescence is over; he returns to the front and finds himself in a disorganized retreat. He deserts during the mass retreat, rejoining the girl he loves, and they escape to

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Switzerland in a small boat over the lake of Maggiore. Their idyll comes to an end when she dies in child-birth. This paper covers the analysis of the attitude towards war conveyed in chapter IV. II. Main body II.1. Summary of chapter IV and characteristics of main personages II.1.1. Summary of chapter IV Chapter IV describes the first meeting of Frederic Henry with Catherine Barley, to whom he is introduced by an Italian, Rinaldi. In the morning one day, a battery of guns wakes Henry. He goes to the garage, where the mechanics are working on a number of ambulances. He chats briefly with the men and then returns to his room, where Rinaldi convinces him to tag along on a visit to Miss Barkley. At the British Hospital, Rinaldi spends his time talking with Helen Ferguson, another nurse, while Henry becomes acquainted with Catherine. Henry is immediately struck by her beauty, especially her long blonde hair. She carries a stick that resembles a "toy riding-crop"; when Henry asks what it is, she confides that it belonged to her fianc, who was killed in the Batter of the Somme. When she, in turn, asks if he has ever loved, Henry says no. On the way home, Rinaldi observes that Catherine prefers Henry to him. The short conversation between Catherine Barley and Frederic Henry clearly reveals their attitude toward war and their motives for participant in that war are somewhat similar. Through these personages attitude toward war, Hemingway emphasizes on a moral advantage in defeat. Man may be trampled by war, man may die, but the proud spirit of man cannot be conquered. II.1.2. Characteristics of Frederic Henry in chapter IV In chapter IV, Frederic Henry proves to be a responsible person in work and sympathetic person toward Catherine Barley. Firstly, Frederic Henry is a responsible person in his work. His responsibility is revealed through his attention to the operation of the machines. At the beginning of the chapter IV, when Henry wakes up, he goes around to check machines, I addressed, went downstairs, had some coffee in the kitchen and went out to the garage. Ten cars were

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lined up side by side under the long shed. They were top-heavy, blunt-nosed ambulances, painted grey and built like moving vans. The mechanics were working on one out in the yard. Three others were up in the mountains at dressing stations , I left them working, the car looking disgraced and empty with the engine open and parts spread on the workbench, and went under the shed and looked at each of the other cats. They were moderately clean, a few freshly washed, other dusty. I looked at these types carefully, looking for cuts and stone bruises. Everything seemed in good condition Secondly, Henry is a very sympathetic person toward Catherine Barley. This characteristic is revealed though the conversation between Henry and Barley in the first meeting. He proves to understand the sad story of Barleys love affair. He listens to Barley attentively and sympathetically when she talks about her fianc, it belonged to a boy who was killed last year, said Barley - Im awfully sorry, Henry said he was a very nice boy. He was going to marry me and he was killed in the Somme, Barley said It was a ghastly show, Henry replied. . I didnt say anything. In the context of chaotic war, it was very precious when a person spends time and emotion listening to another persons life story. In this situation it is more precious because although Henry and Catherine Barley meet each other for the first time, he already sympathizes with Barley. The origin of this sympathy may root from the motives for their participant in the war which are somewhat similar. These motives are clearly analyzed in the part 2.2.1. II.1.3. Characteristics of Catherine Barley in chapter IV Catherine goes to the front with her fianc. She nurses the silly idea that one day the boy might come to the hospital where she works with a sabre cut, or a bandage round his head, or the shot through the shoulder. But he never does. He is killed. She says to Henry; he didnt have the sabre cut. They blew him all to bits. The couple is called by Hemingway is Romeo and Juliet. They are happy. But in a sea of trouble, they are alone and their happiness cannot last long. In chapter IV, Catherine Barley appears beautiful in Henrys eyes when she is in the garden with another nurse, Miss Barley was quite tall. She wore what seemed to me to be a nurses uniform, was blond and had a tawny skin and gray eyes. I thought she was very beautiful. She was carrying a thin rattan stick like a toy ridding-crop, bound in leather. Especially, Henry is strongly impressed by her hair, We sat down on a bench 45

and I looked at her you have beautiful hair, I said. Barleys hair not only appears once in this chapter but also in other part of the novel. Although it is not a recurring symbol, Catherine's hair is an important one. In the early, easy days of their relationship, as Henry and Catherine lie in bed, Catherine takes down her hair and lets it cascade around Henry's head. The tumble of hair reminds Henry of being enclosed inside a tent or behind a waterfall. This lovely description stands as a symbol of the couple's isolation from the world. With a war raging around them, they manage to secure a blissful seclusion (nim hnh phc ring t), believing themselves protected by something as delicate as hair. Later, however, when they are truly isolated from the ravages of war and living in peaceful Switzerland, they learn the harsh lesson that love, in the face of life's cruel reality, is as fragile and ephemeral as hair. In this chapter, Barley is not only a beautiful woman but also a faithful sweetheart towards her fianc. She appears with a thin rattan stick like a toy ridding-crop in her hand. That is the souvenir of her fianc. He died in the battle of the Somme. It reminds her of good memory about love affair with her fianc. She is willing to do anything for him, even cut her hair. I was going to cut it all off when he died. I want to do something for him. You see I didnt care about the other thing and he could have had it all. He could have anything he wanted if I would have known. I would have married him or anything. I know all about it now. But then he wanted to go to the war and I didnt know. In short, Barley leaves Henry a deeply impression in the first meeting by the beauty and the faith toward her fianc. II.2. The attitude towards war conveyed in chapter IV II.2.1. The motives for the participation of Barley and Henry in the war The motives for the participation of Barley and Henry in the war are somewhat similar. Against the backdrop of war, Catherine Barley - an English nurse has an innocent and romantic dream. She dreams of nursing her fianc when he got a picturesque wound, since the end of fifteen. I started when he did. I remember having a silly idea he

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might come to the hospital where I was. With a sabre cut, I suppose, and a bandage around his head. Or shot through the shoulder. Something picturesque. Therefore, Barleys motive is not to fight against enemy but simply meet her fianc. She is very indifferent toward war. Frederic Henry is a former student of architecture. He has dropped his studies and volunteered as an ambulance driver. Henry is one of the many who were made to believe when the war broke out that their participation in the war was patriotism and that their sacrifice was not in vain. He is an American lieutenant who serves in an Italian ambulance corps during World War I. The aim of Henrys participation in the war is the patriotic action fighting for the welfare of his country. He even cannot find a reason or reasonable explanation for his participant: What an odd thing to be in the Italian army. Its not really the army. Its only the ambulance. Its very an odd though. Why did you do it? I dont know, I said. There isnt always an explanation for everything. II.2.2. The attitude of Barley and Henry towards the war As the title of the novel makes clear, A Farewell to Arms concerns itself primarily with war, namely the process by which Frederic Henry removes himself from it and leaves it behind. The novel cannot be said to condemn the war; A Farewell to Arms is hardly the work of a pacifist. War is the inevitable outcome of a cruel, senseless world. Hemingway suggests that war is nothing more than the dark, murderous extension of a world that refuses to acknowledge, protect, or preserve true love. For Catherine Barley, the tragic death of her boy friend makes her understand that war was a butchery; the shock made her a little crazy. She is widowed by the war. Therefore, she hates the war and only wants to stop. People cant realize what France is like. If they did, it couldnt all go on. He didnt have a sabre cut. They blew him all to bits, she said to Henry. Do you suppose it will always go on? Henry does not lose belief in the war. He also does not share Miss Barleys opinion of the war, whats to stop it? and Well crack. Well crack here; They did very well last summer. 47

Both Henry and Barley do not really think that war was theirs, its a silly front. But its very beautiful, this is the picturesque front. In their eyes, front also has soul. Both feel the front beautiful and dreamy. In general, two characters do not have strong feeling about the war. What they discuss about the war is general and partly romantic. II.2.3. Barley and Henrys perception of death Barley knows what death means. Death puts an end to everything but only a silly little rattan stick to remind her of fianc and grief and regret. It reminds her of happy past with her fianc, it belonged to a boy who was killed last year.; he was going to marry me and he was killed in the Somme; There isnt any war of that sort down here. They sent me a little stick. His mother sent it to me. They returned it with his things and Eight years. We grew up together. Unlike Barley, Henry is not as experienced as she is. He doesnt join the battle in the Somme. Moreover, in appearance he joins Italian army but in reality he denies, Its not really the army. Its only the ambulance. Therefore, he has little experience of how destructive the war was. One more thing is that Henry hasnt ever fallen in love with any woman. Hence, he doesnt understand how painful if he lost a lover in the butchery. III. Conclusion

As the title suggests, A Farewell to Arms is in many ways an antiwar novel, but it would not be fair to connect this novel with a literature of pacifism or social protest. In the novel's value system, violence is not necessarily wrong. Furthermore, the novel glorifies discipline, competence, and masculinity and portrays war as a setting in which those qualities are constantly on display. Nevertheless, A Farewell to Arms opposes the thoughtless violence, massive destruction, and sheer senselessness of war. It also criticizes the psychological damage that war inflicts on individuals and populations and its brutal upheaval of the lives of survivors. In the face of such devastation, the novel posits, victory and defeat are meaningless terms. Unlike many novels that glorify courage in battle, A Farewell to Arms attempts to give a realistic portrayal of a terrifying and, at the time of World War I, new kind of war. Never before had men fought with machines and artillery capable of bringing about such annihilation. Still, the aim of the novel is not

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to protest war or encourage peace; it is simply to depict the hostility and violence of a universe in which such a conflict is possible. In chapter IV, the attitude towards the war is clarified clearly through the motives for main personages participation in the war; their attitude towards war and their conception of death. It will be a big shortcoming if we do not mention the artistic method used in the chapter. The most specific art is the authors style of writing. His sentences are short, his words are simple. Yet they are filled with emotion. A careful reading can show us furthermore that he is a master of the pause. Sometimes, his characters say nothing or say simply No/ I dont know Hemingway realized that this lack of specifics would accomplish two things: firstly, allow his readers to fill in the blanks with their own details, making them active participants in the storytelling experience; and secondly, lend a sense of universality to his characters. This style also contributes to portraying the war according to his characters assessment. War is the inevitable outcome of a cruel, senseless world. Hemingway suggests that war is nothing more than the dark, murderous extension of a world that refuses to acknowledge, protect, or preserve true love.

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