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H THNG JUST IN TIME 1.

Khi nim H thng JUST IN TIME (JIT) l h thng sn xut lin tc trong qu trnh x l, dch chuyn nguyn vt liu, hng ho ch xy ra khi cn thit, thng l theo nhng l nh. JIT l phng php qun l cng on sn xut thc thi bng cc bng truyn t thng tin, cc phiu lin lc gia cc cng on. Trong dy chuyn sn xut khng c chi tit thiu hay tha, ton xng sn xut khng c sn phm tn kho, cng nh khng c nguyn vt liu tn kho. 2. Lch s hnh thnh Nhng nm 1930, Henry Ford l ngi pht minh v p dng dng cc dy chuyn lp rp theo phng chm JIT ti cng ty Ford (Hoa K) s khai ca JIT. Nhng nm 1970, quy trnh sn xut theo m hnh JIT ny mi c hon thin v tng kt thnh l thuyt bi Taiichi Ohno ca Toyota (Nht) c xem l cha ca JIT v c p dng ti Toyota. Sau Nht, JIT c 2 chuyn gia TQM (Total Quality Manufacturing) l Deming v Juran pht trin Bc M. 3. Mc tiu ca JIT Sn xut sn phm theo ng s lng cn thit vo thi im cn thit. Gip gim tn kho (thnh phm v tn kho trong sn xut) n mc ti thiu c th. Loi b s ngt qung, ngng tr trong qu trnh sn xut. JIT lm cho h thng sn xut c th hot ng mt cch linh hot. JIT gip gim setup time v leadtime: Setup time: thi gian thc hin cc bc thit lp nn h thng sn xut.

Leadtime: thi gian bt u t lc t hng n khi hng c giao. Loi b s lng ph trong h thng sn xut. C 7 s lng ph sau: 1. Sn phm d tha 2. S di chuyn khng cn thit (thao tc hay my mc) 3. Thi gian ch (thao tc hay my mc) gia cc cng on

4. Cc mnh vn nguyn vt liu trong qu trnh sn xut 5. Tn kho (nguyn vt liu, bn thnh phm v thnh phm 6. Khim khuyt ca sn phm 7. Phng php lm vic khng hiu qu

4. Nguyn l lm vic 4.1 Nguyn l lm vic Gia cng ty m (cng ty s dng h thng JIT) v cc cng ty v tinh (cc nh cung cp nguyn vt liu, ph tng): cc cng ty v tinh trc thuc cng ty m phi lm vic ng vi quy trnh v gi gic m h thng OA (office automation) ca cng ty m iu khin thng qua cc phiu t hng c ch th gi gic, s lng chnh xc. Cng ty m ch cn mua s hng mnh cn v cc cng ty v tinh phi c hng ngay lc . Gia cc cng on trong dy chuyn sn xut: "Ngi mua" trong qun l x nghip chnh l v tr cng on trong dy chuyn sn xut lp rp ch cn mua s hng mnh cn v cc nh cung cp (khu trc ) phi c hng ngay lc nhm tho mn nhu cu ca khu sau. Nguyn vt liu hay bn thnh phm c giao ng s lng v va ng lc khi khu sau cn dng n => duy tr ngun nguyn vt liu, ph tng ti ng v tr, ng a im vo ng thi im to ra ng sn phm.

S chuyn bin trong quan im sn xut

Sn xut c din ra di tc ng ca cc cng on sau, nn mi cng on ch sn xut theo yu cu ca cng on k tip sau v ch sn xut theo nhng l nh nhng m bo cht lng. H thng s dng th Kanban (trong ting Nht, Kanban l tm th) th thng bo hay th bo hiu sn xut nh l mt bng ch dn sn xut. Th Kanban cho bit thng tin v hn ch ti a lng hng d tr ti mi ni sn xut. Hng d tr s mc thp nht, ch va cho sn xut khng gin on. Li ch ca th Kanban: Hn ch ti a li v s chm ch ca nguyn vt liu Cc vn c xc nh ngay lp tc Cc thng hng tiu chun s lm gim sc nng, gim chi ph, trnh lng ph khng gian, v lao ng.

Gi y ngi ta c th s dng nhiu dng tn hiu khc nhau nhng vn gi l Kanban. Vi d tr t trong kho v trn dy chuyn, lm ng ngay t u tr nn v cng quan trng => Gim khng gian v hng d tr. Vi khng gian s dng nh hn => Gim khong cch gia khu sn xut => Gim lng ph t vic di chuyn. Vic kim sot cht lng c thc hin bi cc cng nhn nh mt phn cng vic trong quy trnh sn xut v phi khc phc, sa cha ngay. p dng cho cc sn phm c sn xut t nhiu nguyn vt liu, chi tit v ph tng khc nhau. 4.2 S hp tc gia cng ty m v cc nh cung cp to nn s thnh cng trong h thng JIT th s hp tc gia cng ty m v cc nh cung cp trong h thng c ln hng u. Vic t hng c thc hin thng qua EDI hoc Internet (s dng t giy t). Bn mc tiu ca s hp tc JIT: 1. Loi b cc hnh ng khng cn thit 2. Loi b hng tn trn dy chuyn 3. Loi b hng tn trong khu vn chuyn 4. Nng cao cht lng v tin cy

S hp tc trong JIT: Cng ty m gip nh cung cp: 1. S dng JIT v tp trung vo nng lc ct li ca h; 2. Chia s thng s k thut sn phm; 3. Gim cc yu cu chi tit v sn phm v khuyn khch i mi;

4. H tr i mi v thc hin gi cnh tranh.


4.3 Yu t con ngi i hi s tham gia tch cc ca cng nhn trong qu trnh ci tin lin tc. Nhn vin c o to mt cch bi bn v c th m trch nhiu cng vic, cng nhn khng chuyn mn ha m c hun luyn thc hin nhiu thao tc. Ngi cng nhn khng nhng c trch nhim trong vic kim tra cht lng cng vic ca mnh m cn quan st kim tra cht lng cng vic ca nhng cng nhn khu trc h. 5. Vai tr Tit kim chi ph. Gim cc cp tn kho bn thnh phm, thnh phm v hng ho. Gim lng ph. Gim bin ng trong sn xut. Gim khng gian s dng. Tng cht lng sn phm, gim ph liu v sn phm li. Gim sa cha, lm li. Gim tng thi gian sn xut. Linh hot hn trong vic thay i phc h sn xut. Tn dng s tham gia ca nhn cng trong gii quyt vn . Tng nng sut v s dng thit b. Gim nhu cu v lao ng gin tip.

p ng nhanh hn nhu cu ca khch hng vi cht lng cao hn. To ra li th cnh tranh cho doanh nghip.

6. Tnh trng Cc li ch ca JIT li cun s ch ca cc nh sn xut t vi thp nin tr li y v ang c p dng ngy cng rng ri ti cc cng ty sn xut hng u trn ton th gii, dn u l cc nh sn xut t ln v cc nh cung cp thit b cho cc cng ty ny. JIT tr thnh ti ngy cng c quan tm ti cc cng ty sn xut cc nc pht trin khi cc cng ty ny ang tm cch cnh tranh hiu qu hn i vi khu vc chu . Mt s cng ty p dng thnh cng: Toyota, Xerox Europe, Ford, Genaral Motors, Textron, Whirlpool, Ring ti Vit Nam, vic p dng h thng JIT trong cc doanh nghip nc ta l bin php khng th thiu c nhm tng kh nng cnh tranh ca cc doanh nghip hin nay. 7. Xu hng Trong nn kinh t th trng nh hin nay, cnh tranh l mt yu t tt yu khng th trnh khi. tn ti mi doanh nghip phi nng cao kh nng cnh tranh ca mnh v mi mt. Trong yu t gim chi ph, nng cao cht lng sn phm c xem l quan trng nht. lm c iu ny, cc doanh nghip phi ci tin h thng sn xut cng nh cc quy trnh lm vic ca mnh sao cho c hiu qu nht. Loi b khi dy chuyn sn xut nhng cng on khng hp l, nhng cng on tha t s gip tit kim chi ph sn xut to iu kin gim gi thnh sn phm nng cao nng lc cnh tranh. Trit l JIT ngy cng c quan tm v a vo thc tin. 8. Case study 8.1 Gii thiu v Toyota

Toyota Motor Corporation H thng sn xut Toyota (Toyota Production System) l m hnh sn xut u tin c hai nh lnh o tin bi ca Tp on Toyota l Eiji Toyoda v Taiichi Ohno a ra sau Th chin th 2. H thng sn xut Toyota l s phi hp gia h thng qun tr chui TPS, h thng JIT v HEJUNKA.

Quy trnh sn xut Toyota Toyota Production System

8.2 S lin kt thng tin gia thng tin v n t hng v dy chuyn sn xut

8.3 Sn xut ng lc

8.4 Vic thay th cc thit b trong b phn dng

8.5 Qu trnh b sung vt t sn xut:

Kt lun: Qu tht chui cung ng ca Toyota l mt chui cung ng nhanh nhy c th nm bt v p ng nhng thay i v cu mt cch nhanh chng, d dng, trong tm d on v vi cht lng cao. Toyota rt thnh cng vi m hnh qun tr chui cung ng ca mnh nh phi hp gia h thng qun tr chui TPS, h thng JIT v HEJUNKA. Gc r thnh cng chnh l ch Toyota bit cch bin cng vic thnh mt chui cc thc nghim an xen nhau. Hin ti Toyota c v th trn th trng, khng nh c v th ca mnh l mt trong nhng hng t hng u th gii. Tuy nhin, hm nay dn u khng c ngha ngy hm sau cng vy. Bi th Toyota lun cn t duy i mi v c bit l khng ngng cng c h thng qun tr chui ca mnh.

Ti liu tham kho: Production Operations Management, William J.Stevenson, Richard D.Irwin, Inc, USA, 1990

Cn bi ny ngn c nhiu ti liu ri nh my, gp li theo hiu, ko bit ngun no m a Hk trc lm bi tn kho, Hng c gi cho Ngn bi vit v JIT v Toyota, my hnh trong bi ny ly t ra, Ngn tm m ko bit ngun, ko bit link, hng bit th a v nha

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