Chuyn Hnh hc 11 - Thy Trn Vit Knh Quan h vung gc

Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12

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I. Vect trong khng gian:
1. nh ngha: Vect l on thng c hng.
C di : | |,| |,| | ... x y AB


c trng Gi (ng thng cha vect) Phng
Chiu: im u im cui.
2. Hai vecto cng phng: cng gi hoc c gi song song
, a b

cng phng a

= k. b

( b

0)
3. nh l:
Trong mp cho 3 vecto a

, b

, c

. a

, b

khng cng phng th c

= m. a

+ n. b

. B s m,n duy nht.

4. Quy tc ba im (Xem im)
AB

= AC

+CB

AB

= AC

+ CD

+ DE

+ EB

5. Ba vecto ng phng:
a. nh ngha: 3 vecto a

, b

, c

c gi l ng phng nu chng c gi song song hoc cng

thuc 1 mt phng.
b. nh l 1: Cho 3 vecto a

, b

, c

nu vecto a

=m. b

+n. c

th a

, b

, c

ng phng.
c. nh l 2: Cho a

, b

, c

khng ng phng. u

bt k. Khi duy nht (m,n,p) u

=
m. a

+ n. b

+ p. c

Nhn xt: Khi gii ton ta chn sn 3 vecto a

, b

, c

khng ng phng. Biu din cc vecto trong bi ton

theo 3 vecto a

, b

, c

. Vic gii ton(chng minh, tnh ton..) lc ny chuyn v lm trn 3 vecto a

, b

, c

II. Bi tp:
Xem video bi ging.

Ngun : Hocmai.vn
BI GING 01.
VECT TRONG KHNG GIAN. QUAN H VUNG GC
TI LIU BI GING
Chuyn Hnh hc 11 - Thy Trn Vit Knh Quan h vung gc

Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12
- Trang | 1 -




Bi 1:
Cho hnh hp ABCD.ABCD
1. Chng minh rng c mt im O sao cho:

' ' ' ' 0 OA OB OC OD OA OB OC OD


2. Chng minh rng vi mi im M trong khng gian ta u c:


1
' ' ' '
8
MO MA MB MC MD MA MB MC MD


Suy ra im O ni trn l duy nht.
Bi 2:
Cho bn im phn bit A, B, C, D. Hai im M , N ln lt chia on AC v BD theo cng t s .
Chng minh rng ba vect , , AB CD MN

ng phng. Hy biu th vect MN theo AB v CD

.
Bi 3:
Cho t din ABCD. Gi M v N ln lt l trung im ca AB v CD; P v Q ln lt l cc im chia
on AC v BD theo t s k 1. Chng minh bn im M, N, P, Q ng phng.
Bi 4:
Cho t din ABCD:
1. Chng minh: . . . 0 AB DC BC DA CADB


2. Suy ra rng nu 2 cp cnh i trong t din vung gc nhau th cp cnh i th 3 cng vung
gc nhau.

Ngun : Hocmai.vn
BI GING 01.
VECT TRONG KHNG GIAN. QUAN H VUNG GC
BI TP T LUYN
Chuyn Hnh hc 11 - Thy Trn Vit Knh Quan h vung gc

Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12
- Trang | 1 -




Bi 1:
Cho hnh hp ABCD.ABCD
1. Chng minh rng c mt im O sao cho:

' ' ' ' 0 OA OB OC OD OA OB OC OD + + + + + + + =


2. Chng minh rng vi mi im M trong khng gian ta u c:

( )
1
' ' ' '
8
MO MA MB MC MD MA MB MC MD = + + + + + + +


Suy ra im O ni trn l duy nht.
Gii:
1. Tn ti im O sao cho:
' ' ' ' 0 OA OB OC OD OA OB OC OD + + + + + + + =

(1)
t
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
' ' ' ' v OA OC OB OD OC OA OD OB = + + + + + + +


Ta c th chn O l tm ca hnh hp, tc l trung im ca cc ng cho AC, BD, CA v DB. Ta
c: ' OA OC +

= 0

; ' OB OD +

= 0

; ' OC OA +

= 0

; ' OD OB +

= 0

Do 0 v =

.
2. Chng minh:
( )
1
' ' ' '
8
MO MA MB MC MD MA MB MC MD = + + + + + + +

(2)

( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1
8
' ' ' '
MO OA MO OB MO OC MO OD
MO OA MO OB MO OC MO OD

= + + + + + + +

(
+ + + + + + + +




( )
1
8 ' ' ' '
8
MO OA OB OC OD OA OB OC OD MO
(
= + + + + + + + + =



BI GING 01.
VECT TRONG KHNG GIAN. QUAN H VUNG GC
P N BI TP T LUYN
Chuyn Hnh hc 11 - Thy Trn Vit Knh Quan h vung gc

Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12
- Trang | 2 -


Chng minh O l im duy nht tha mn (1). V (2) c gi tr vi mi im M nn khi (1) ng vi im
O th (2) cho ta:
( )
1
' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' ' '
8
OO O A O B O C O D O A O B O C O D = + + + + + + +

= 0

Bi 2:
Cho bn im phn bit A, B, C, D. Hai im M , N ln lt chia on AC v BD theo cng t s .
Chng minh rng ba vect , , AB CD MN

ng phng. Hy biu th vect MN theo AB v CD

.
Gii:
Theo gi thit ta c: ; . MA MC NB ND = =


Vy: ; MN MA AB BN MN MC CD DN = + + = + +


Hay:

( ) ( ) ( )
MN MN MA AB BN MC CD DN
MA MC AB CD NB ND


= + +
= +


( )
1
1
1 1
MN AB CD MN AB CD

= =



iu ny chng t ba vect , , AB CD MN

ng phng.
Bi 3:
Cho t din ABCD. Gi M v N ln lt l trung im ca AB v CD; P v Q ln lt l cc im chia
on AC v BD theo t s k 1. Chng minh bn im M, N, P, Q ng phng.
Gii:
Ta s chng minh tn ti hai s thc h, k sao cho: MN hMP kMQ = +


t: ; ; AB a AC b AD c = = =


Ta c:
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
1 1
2 2
1 1
(1)
2 2
MN MC MD MA AC MA AD
MA b c a b c
= + = + + +
= + + = + +



T gi thit P chia on AC theo t s k ta c:
( )
.
1
k
PA kPC k AC AP AP b
k
= = =

Tng t Q chia on BD theo t s k nn:
Chuyn Hnh hc 11 - Thy Trn Vit Knh Quan h vung gc

Hocmai.vn Ngi trng chung ca hc tr Vit Tng i t vn: 1900 58-58-12
- Trang | 3 -


( ) ( )
. . .
1 1 1
k k k
BQ BD AD AB c a
k k k
= = =


.
T ta c:
( )
1
. ;
2 1
1
.
2 1
k
MP AP AM a b
k
k
MQ BQ DBM a c a
k
= = +

= = +

Suy ra:
( )
.
1
k
MP MQ a b c
k
+ = + +

(2)
T (1) v (2) cho ta:
( )
.
2( 1)
k
MN MP MQ
k
= +

. H thc ny chng t , , MN MP MQ

ng phng nn
bn im M, N, P, Q ng phng.
Bi 4:
Cho t din ABCD:
1. Chng minh: . . . 0 AB DC BC DA CADB + + =


2. Suy ra rng nu 2 cp cnh i trong t din vung gc nhau th cp cnh i th 3 cng vung
gc nhau.
Gii:
1. Chng minh: . . . 0 AB DC BC DA CADB + + =


( )
. . . . . . AB DC BC DA CADB AB DC BC DA CA AB AD + + = + +


( ) ( )
( . . ) ( . .
. . . . 0
AB DC ABCA BC DA CADA
AB DC CA DA BC CA ADDA DABA
= + + +
= + + + = + =


2. Gi s ta c: , AB DC v BC DA ta suy ra: CA DB . Ta c, theo gi thit:
. 0; . 0 AB DC AB DC BC DA BC DA = =


Theo cu 1: ta suy ra: . 0 CADB CA BD =

.

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