HD ArcView

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V Minh Tun BM GeoMatics - Khoa Mi Trng & Ti Nguyn - H Nng Lm Tp. HCM
PHN II ARCVIEW 3.3a
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CHNG I GII THIU PHN MM ARCVIEW
1.1 Cc thnh phn ca ArcView ArcView GIS l mt trong s cc phn mm GIS hng u th gii, ArcView GIS khng ch cho php ngi s dng trnh by d liu a l trn mn hnh my tnh hoc in ra giy m cn cho php ngi s dng thc hin cc thao tc to d liu, tm kim d liu, x l d liu v t bit l phn tch d liu. Mt h thng thng tin a l (GIS) l h thng vi c s d liu v v tr ca cc s vt hin tng vi d liu v s vt hin tng. Vi GIS, ngi s dng c th xem v phn tch d liu theo nhiu cch mi. Di y l mt n n gin ca ArcView. Bn , bng d liu v biu biu din s phn b din tch ca cc loi hnh s dng t ca lu vc sng NAN, thuc vng ng Bc Thi Lan.
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Giao din ca ArcView bao gm cc ca s, mi ca s s trnh by d liu theo cc cch khc nhau. Cc thanh menu, thanh cng c, thanh nt lnh ca cc ca s cho php bn xem d liu v thc hin cc php phn tch d liu trong c s d liu theo nhiu cch khc nhau. 1.2 Cc i tng a l (Geographic Features) Cc i tng ca th gii thc, c th l i tng t nhin hay i tng do con ngi to ra, c gi l i tng a l khi c biu din trn bn . Trong cc bn , cc i tng a l c v tr, hnh dng v k hiu biu din mt hay nhiu c tnh ca n. Cc i tng c th biu din trn bn nh l im (point), ng (Line) hay a gic (Polygon). Cc i tng ngoi th gii thc c kch thc nh hoc l cc im c biu din l cc im, chng hn ct in, trm xng, im hnh chnh, Cc i tng ngoi th gii thc c chiu di hoc qu hp hoc cc ng c biu din l cc ng (Line), chng hn ng giao thng, ng ng nc, ong dy in, ng ranh gii hnh chnh, Cc i tng l cc vng khng gian ng nht ngoi th gii thc c biu din l cc a gic (Polygon), chng hn cng vin, ao, h, x, huyn, tnh, 1.3 Thuc tnh ca i tng (Feature Attribute) Trong ArcView, cc i tng c lu trong c s d liu cng vi cc thng tin m t i tng. Cc thng tin m t c lu cng vi i tng c gi l thuc tnh ca i tng (Feature Attribute). Chng hn cc thuc tnh ca i tng ng giao thng c th l tn ng, chiu di ng, loi ng, cp ng, vt liu lm ng. Trong GIS ni chung v trong ArcView ni ring, i tng v cc thuc tnh ca i tng c lin kt vi nhau do c th d dng truy xut cc thuc tnh ca cc i tng hay xc nh v tr ca i tng t cc thuc tnh ca i tng. Cc thuc tnh ca i tng c trnh by trong ca s c dng bng c gi l bng d liu. 1.4 Cc Theme ca ArcView D liu ca h thng thng tin a l trong ArcView lin kt cc i tng vi cc thuc tnh ca n li vi nhau v c t chc quan l trong mt theme. Mt theme bao gm tp hp cc i tng a l (chng hn ng giao thng, sng h, . . .) v cc thuc tnh ca cc i tng . Hnh di y l ti liu View t mt n ca ArcView. View l mt bn m trnh by cc i tng v mt khng gian.
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Mt bn trnh by tp hp d liu mt cch trc quan bng cch ny c gi l bn chuyn . 1.5 Lm vic vi d liu Tri tim ca mi h thng thng tin ni chung v h thng thng tin a l ni ring l d liu. c bit, trong h thng thng tin a l, d liu gm c d liu khng gian (saptial data) v d liu thuc tnh (attribute data). Lm vic vi d liu gm c thm d liu vo n, trnh by d liu, phn tch, trnh din, . . .Khun dng d liu (data format) Trong ArcView, d liu khng gian cho cc theme c th c t ba ngun d liu sau: ngun d liu a l (feature data source) - d liu v v tr, hnh dng ca i tng; ngun d liu nh (image data source) - d liu th di dng nh my bay, nh v tinh, - v ngun d liu li (ARC GRID data source). Cc ngun d liu c gi l cc lp d liu. 1.6 Cc lp d liu a l (feature data source) Shapefile l nh dng d liu a l chun ca ArcView bao gm i tng a l v d liu thuc tnh. Thng thng shapefile c v nhanh hn cc loi d liu khc, v c th hiu chnh c d liu c nh dng shapefile (di chuyn i tng, thm, xo, thay i hnh dng v thay di cc gi tr thuc tnh) cho ph hp vi s bin ng ca i tng ngoi th gii thc. Mi ngun d liu a l m ArcView s dng c u c th chuyn i sang khun dng shapefile. Arc/Info (mt sn phm GIS ni ting khc ca ESRI) lu tr tp hp cc i tng a l v cc thuc tnh vi mt khun dng khc, c gi l coverage. Mt coverage c th c biu din nh l mt theme trong ArcView. Mt s coverage bao gm nhiu kiu biu din i tng khc nhau; Nhng trong ArcView mi mt kiu biu din i tng phi c t chc trong cc theme khc nhau.
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Ni cch khc, trong mi mt lp ca ArcView, ch c mt kiu biu din cc i tng. ArcView c th c d liu a l c c lu theo cc khun dng sau: shapefiel, coverage, dbf (tp tin dBASE lu cc ta x, y), txt (tp tin vn bn lu cc ta x, y), DXF (tp tin bn v CAD) c tp tin dxf, trc tin cn phi np phn m rng (extension) CAD Reader ca ArcView.
1.7 Lp d liu nh (Image Data Source) ArcView c th c nhiu khun dng nh khc nhau chng hn d liu raster ca Arc/Info, c gi l li (GRID). Theme nh khng c bng thuc tnh, v ch c th dng Image Legend Editor thay i cch hin th ca theme.
Cc khun dng (format) nh c th c c bng ArcView: TIFF, TIFF/LZW, ERDAS, BSQ, BIL, BIP, RLC. Cc ngun d liu nh c th l nh v tinh, nh my bay, hoc l nh qut ca bn nn. 1.8 Cc kiu d liu a l (Feature types) Trong ArcView, d liu a l c nhm trong cc theme m c hin th trong view. Mt theme l s tp hp cc i tng c biu din nh l im (point), ng (line), a gic polygon) mt cch phn bit. 1.8.1 Cc i tng kiu im (Point features)
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Cc i tng kiu im biu din cc d liu khng gian ti mt v tr, chng hn ct in, trm in thoi, trung tm thnh ph, ging nc,. im dng biu din cc i tng ngoi th gii thc m c v tr ri rc v qu nh khng th m t nh mt vng c. Cc im c lu di dng cc cp to (x, y).
Mt im bao gm hai gi tr (x, y) biu din to trong mt phng hay im trong mt cn (kinh v ).
1.8.2 Cc i tng kiu ng (Line Features)
Cc ng (line) biu din cc i tng c dng ng, chng hn ng ng cp nc, ng dy in, ng giao thng. Cc ng c dng biu din cc i tng c chiu di, nhng li qu hp m t nh l vng. Mt ng l mt tp hp cc cp to (x,y) c th t, khi cc im ny c ni li vi nhau s biu din hnh dng ca ng.
1.8.3 Cc i tng a gic (polygon features)
Cc a gic biu din cc i tng mt vng ng nht khp kn. Mt a gic l mt dy lin tip cc on thng c ni vi nhau to thnh mt vng khp kn. Chng hn cc a gic biu din mt ta nh, mt vng t, mt x, huyn,
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hay tnh. Cc a gic c dng biu din cc i tng ln hay khng th biu din nh l ng hoc im c.
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CHNG II THANH MENU V THANH CNG C
2.1 Thanh Menu 2.1.1 File
- Close: ng ca s ang c kch hot. - Close All: ng tt c ca s ang m. - Set Working Directory: Thit lp th mc lm vic. Khi cc tp tin c to ra trong qu trnh lm vic s cha trong th vin . y l bc quan trng trong ng gi d liu. - Save Project: Lu li project. Phn ny lu v qun l cc tp tin ca chng trnh. - Save Project As: Lu li project vi tn khc. - Extensions: Chy chng trnh m rng ca Arcview. - Print: In i tng ha hay dng bng ca ca s ang kch hot. - Print Set up: t li ch in v trang in. - Export: Xut ca s hin hnh ra di dng nh. Phn ny thng c s dng trong vic xut cc bn c bin tp hon chnh trong trang in (layout) sau c xut sang dng nh.
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- Manage Data Sources: Qun l ngun d liu. Phn ny cho php ngi s dng copy, xa hay thay i tn ca mt lp d liu. - Import Data Source : Nhp cc nh dng tp tin khc vo. Thng l t nh dng bng sau s chuyn sang tp tin dng Raster. - Export Data Source : Xut cc nh dng tp tin dng Raster sang dng bng. Khi mi pixel trn bn tng ng vi mt trong bng . - Exit: ng chng trnh ArcView. 2.1.2 Edit
- Cut Themes: Cut mt hoc nhiu lp d liu. Phn ny cho php dn d liu t cc ca s (view) lm vic. - Copy Themes: Copy mt hoc nhiu lp d liu. - Delete Themes: Xa mt hoc nhiu lp d liu. Phn ny ch xa lp d liu ra khi TOC, khng xa lp d liu ra khi a cng. - Undo Graphics Edit: Quay li lnh trc sau khi to, chnh sa d liu. - Cut Graphics: Cut mt hay nhiu i tng graphics. - Copy Graphics: Copy mt hay nhiu i tng graphics. - Delete Graphics: Xa mt hay nhiu i tng graphics. - Combine Graphics: Kt hp nhiu i tng graphic thnh mt i tng graphic. - Union Graphics: Hp nht nhiu i tng graphic thnh mt i tng graphic duy nht.
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- Subtract Graphics: Loi b phn chng lp ca mt i tng graphic t mt i tng graphic khc. - Intersect Graphics: To mt i tng graphic giao gia hai vng. - Paste : Dn i tng graphic hoc theme. - Select All Graphics: Chn tt c i tng graphic c trong ca s. 2.1.3 View
- Properties: Hin th hp thoi v thuc tnh ca ca s hin hnh cho php thay i cc thng tin trn ca s nh n v bn , khong cch, h quy chiu, tn ca s, - Add Theme: Thm mt hay nhiu lp d liu vo trong ca s. - Geocode Addresses: M ha a ch. - Add Event Theme: Thm mt lp d liu dng im mi t mt bng. - New theme: To mt lp d liu mi. - Themes On: Hin th ton b cc lp d liu c trong ca s. - Themes Off: Tt ton b cc lp d liu c trong ca s. - Layout: To trang layout t ca s ang c kch hot bin tp bn trc khi in.
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- TOC Style: nh dng li cho Table of Content (TOC). Cho php chnh font ch hin th trong TOC, cch hin th i tng dng im, ng v vng. - Full Extent: Hin th ton b cc i tng c trong ca s kch hot. - Zoom In: Phng ln. - Zoom Out: Thu nh. - Zoom To Themes: Hin th cc lp d liu c kch hot. - Zoom To Selected: Hin th i tng c chn trong lp d liu c kch hot. - Zoom Previous: Quay li trng thi hin th trc . - Find: Tm i tng trong ca s theo thuc tnh ca i tng. Nu c nhiu i tng ging nhau th s tm thuc tnh ca i tng u tin da theo v tr ca i tng trong bng thuc tnh. - Locate Adress: Xc nh v tr mt a ch trn ca s. 2.1.4 Theme
- Properties: Hin th hp thoi thuc tnh ca theme

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- Start/Stop Editing: M /tt ch bin tp theme, ng thi lu li lp d liu . - Save Edits: Lu li d liu sau khi bin tp cc i tng trn lp d liu c kch hot. - Save Edits As: Lu li cc bin tp cho lp d liu vi tn khc. - Convert to Shapefile: Chuyn d liu sang nh dng shapefile. - Convert to DXF file: Chuyn sang nh dng dxf ca chng trnh AutoCAD. - Convert to Grid: Chuyn sng nh dng Raster. Ch hin khi chng ta kch hot phn m rng Spcetial Analyst. - Edit Legend: M hp thoi to bng ch thch hay bin tp bn theo ch . - Hide/Show Legend: n/ hin bng ch thch. - Re-match Addresses: Gn li a ch. - Auto-label: Gn nhn t ng cho i tng. - Remove Labels: Xa ton b cc nhn c gn trc . - Remove Overlapping Labels: Xa cc nhn b trng lp. - Convert Overlapping Labels: Chuyn cc nhn trng lp thnh cc nhn khng trng lp. - Table: M bng thuc tnh ca lp d liu ang c kch hot. - Query: Truy vn cc i tng trong lp d liu ang c kch hot. - Select By Theme: Chn i tng ca lp c kch hot theo mt lp d liu khc. - Create Buffers: To vng m cho i tng c chn. - Clear Selected Features: B chn cc i tng c chn trc ca lp c kch hot. 2.1.5 Graphic
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- Properties: M hp thoi thuc tnh ca graphic. - Text and Label Defaults: Thit lp cc thuc tnh mc nh cho cc cng c text v nhn. - Size and Position: M hp thoi th hin cc thuc tnh v kch thc v v tr. - Align: Canh thng cc i tng graphic vi nhau. - Bring to Front: c i tng ha c chn ln trc. - Send to Back: c i tng ha c chn ra sau. - Group: Nhm cc i tng ha thnh mt. - Ungroup: Tch cc i tng ha trong nhm ra thnh cc i tng ha ring l. - Attach Graphics: Gn i tng ha c chn vi mt theme ang c kch hot. - Detach Graphics: B qua lnh Attach Graphics trc . 2.1.6 Window
- Tile: Sp xp cc ca s hin th ln y ca s ln mn hnh. - Cascade: Sp xp cc ca s theo tng. - Arrange Icons: Sp xp cc ca s theo biu tng. - Show Symbol Window: Hin th ca s chnh sa thng tin cho cc i tng trn ca s gm chnh font, mu sc, biu tng,
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2.2 Thanh cng c
ArcView GIS 3.3 phn bit r rng cc nt (Buttons) v cc cng c (Tools), khi click vo cc nt trn thanh cng c, ngay lp tc chc nng ca nt s c thc hin. Cn khi click vo mt nt cng c trn thanh Tools, chc nng ca cng c s khng c thc hin ngay m phi ch khi c yu cu thc hin tip theo. Chc nng cc nt cng c v nt Tools bng. Promote: a phn d liu c chn trong bng thuc tnh ln u Create Chart: To biu
Find: Tm kim mt i tng ring bit trn ch ang kch hot (Editing). Swich Select: Chuyn i quan li gia hai phn d liu c chn khng chn trong bng thuc tnh. Select All: Chn tt c cc i tng. Select None: B chn i tng.
Sort Ascending: Sp xp li tt c cc mu tin trong bng theo th t tng ca mt trng c chn. Sort Descending:Sp xp li tt c cc mu tin trong bng theo th t gim ca mt trng c chn. Add Theme: M mt Theme mi trong ca s View (mt lp d liu bn ). Theme Properties: Cha nhiu chc nng khc nhau mh: xc nh ch , chn v tr t nhn cho ch , t mi trng hin th, lin kt cho ch .. . Ct, tch theo tng mng trong bn s, chnh sa d liu ca mt Theme Open Theme Table: M mt bng d liu gn vi mt lp d liu khng gian trong ca s View.
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Zoom to Full Extent: Nu bn ang c phng to hay thu nh mt ch hin th no , kch vo nt ny a tt c cc ch trong View v ch hin th ton b trn mn hnh. Zoom to Active Theme(s): a mt ch ang c kch hot v ch hin th ton b trn mn hnh. Ch ang c kch hot l ch c hnh ch nht ni bao quanh tn v ch gii ca ch trong TOC. Identify: Xem y cc thng tin v tng chi tit, thnh phn trong mt i tng t chn trn bn . Pointer: S dng chut ch n tng i tng hay la chn i tng trn ch . Vertex Edit: Chnh sa i tng bn (thng thng s dng khi gp li chng vng hay khong trng do s xut trong thao tc s ha bn ). Select Feature: Chn i tng trn bn c th khoanh vng chn nhiu i tng cng mt lc. Zoom in: Phng to i tng. Zoom out: Thu nh i tng. Label: Hin th tn ca i tng c chn. Text: To mi trng nhp vn bn trong Arcview.
Draw point: Cng c dng v im, ng, vng trong thao tc s ha bn . Pan: Di chuyn trc tip cc ch . Edit: Nhp d liu thuc tnh cho bng thuc tnh.
Query builder: Tm kim i tng trn bn bng cch s dng biu thc truy vn. Zoom out: Dng thu nh dn tt c cc ch ang hin th trn mn hnh tnh t tm mn hnh hin th ca ca s View. Zoom in: Phng to dn tt c cc ch ang hin th trn mn hnh tnh t tm mn hnh hin th ca ca s View. 2.3 Giao din chnh ca chng trnh
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2.3.1 n ca ArcView (Project) Mi mt khi bt u lm vic vi ArcView, chng s thy mt ca s nh hnh di y. C s ca ng dng ArcView c mt ca s n cha c t tn (untitled). Ct bn tri ca ca s n l nhm cc biu tng (icon) tng ng vi mi mt loi ti liu (document). Cc ti liu trong ArcView cung cp cng c thao tc vi d liu, v ng vi mi loi ti liu s c cch hin th, cc cng c v cch thc thao tc vi d liu khc nhau. Ca s n ca ArcView c dng thm ti liu mi vo n v dng qun l cc ti liu c sn. Thanh menu, thanh nt lnh v thanh cng c trong ca s ArcView thay i ty theo loi ca s ti liu c kch hot (active). Chng hn, trong hnh di, ca s n ang c kch hot nn c 4 menu trn thanh menu v 2 nt lnh trong thanh nt lnh.
a. Giao din ha vi ngi dng ca ArcView
Giao din ha vi ngi dng ca ArcView c t pha trn ca ca s. Giao din ha vi ngi dng bao gm thanh menu, thanh nt lnh v thanh cng c. Cc thanh menu, thanh cng c v nt lnh gip cho ngi d dng thc hin cc thao tc vi d liu mt cch d dng v nhanh chng. Mi mt loi ti liu c tp hp cc menu, nt lnh v cng c khc nhau. Mi khi thay i loi ti liu lm vic cn phi ch n s thay i ca thanh menu, thanh cng c v thanh nt lnh. b. Ca s n
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Trong ArcView, tt c cc n c lu trong tp tin vi phn m rng l .apr. Ct bn tri ca ca s n, mi mt biu tng ng vi cc loi ti liu ang c s dng trong n.
2.3.2 Cc loi ti liu ca n
Cc n ca ArcView khng lu c s d liu. AcrView lu vic s dng cc loi d liu trong tp tin n (tp tin n c phn m rng l .apr), cc thng tin v Khung nhn (Views), Bng (Tables), Biu (Charts), B cc trang in (Layouts) v cc on chng trnh (Scripts).
a. Khung nhn (Views) Views dng hin th d liu a l c t chc thnh cc theme. Mt theme l tp hp cc i tng c lin quan vi nhau, chng hn cc quc gia, cc qun, huyn, thnh ph, ung x, cng vi cc thuc tnh ca cc i tng. Mt View bao gm vng hin th bn v ct bn tr1i ca View l bng danh mc (Table Of Contents TOC), hay ch gii. Bng danh mc cho bit danh sch cc theme c trong view v theme no ang c hin th trong View. Tn ca View c hin th trn thanh tiu ca ca s view.
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Mi mt theme trong bng danh mc c hp kim tra bn cnh tn. Nu hp kim tra c nh du chn th theme c hin th. Nu hp kim tra khng c nh du chn th theme khng c hin th. Bng danh mc cn cho bit hin ti theme no ang c kch hot, theme ang lm vic. kch hot hay chn mt theme lm vic, kch ln tn ca theme (khng phi kch ln hp kim tra). Khi theme c kch hot, tn ca theme cng vi ch gii c ni ln. Ngoi ra, th t ca theme t trn xung cng ng vi th t trong vng hin th. Cc theme s c v ln lt t theme nm di trong bng danh mc ln trn. Ngha l theme nm trn s che khut theme nm di. b. Bng (Tables) Bng trnh by cc d liu thnh hng (record) v ct (column). Trong bng m c lin kt vi d liu a l, gi l bng thuc tnh, mi mt hng ca bng l mt mc tin (record) ng vi mt i tng v mt ct (trng) biu din mt tnh cht ca i tng.
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c. Biu (Chart) Biu dng biu din d liu bng di dng ha. Trong ArcView, biu c tch hp hon ton vi bng (tables) v khung nhn (view). iu ny c ngha l, c th chn cc mc tin trong bng (ng vi cc i tng) m cn trnh by trong biu bng cch kch chn i tng trong theme. C th ly thng tin t biu . Trong ArcView c th s dng 6 loi biu vng (area), dng (bar), dt (column), trn (pie) v im (x, y scatter). Biu c th c iu chnh cho ph hp vi nhu cu trnh din, v c th a biu vo b cc trang in.
d. B cc trang in (Layouts) B cc trang in l cc ti liu dng sp xp cc thnh phn nh l Views, Table, Chart, hnh nh, ch gii, tiu nh l cc thnh phn ha. Sau khi b cc xong th c th in ra giy in hay xut sang cc dng khc dng cho cc cng vic trnh din, bo co.
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e. on chng trnh (Scripts) Avenue l ngn ng lp trnh hng i tng ca ArcView. C th ti u ha hu ht cc mt ca AcrView vi Avuenue bng cc chng trnh (program) hay cc kch bn (script). Avenue cho php vit cc on lnh thm mt nt lnh vo giao din hay loi b cc menu khng cn thit. Cc on lnh ca Avenue c vit trong cc ca s ti liu Scripts. Cc ti liu Script cho php thc hin cc thao tc son tho, sa cha, bin dch v thc thi cc script.
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CHNG III
TO D LIU TRONG ARCVIEW

3.1 To d liu khng gian Trong qu trnh lm vic cn phi to th vin lm vin cho chng trnh trc nhm mc ch cc tp tin to ra s cha trong th vin , trch tht lc cc tp tin ng thi th vin cng chnh l gi sn phm ca qu trnh lm vic. Trn thanh Menu chn File/ Set Working Directory, xut hin hp thoi sau
Nhp ng dn vo th vin lm vic ca chng trnh. Ngoi ra chng ta c th dn ng dn vo bng cch nhn Ctrl+V. Ch : Cn phi to mt th vin (folder) trc trong a cng. Ngoi ra chng ta cn hiu r cc biu tng trong qu trnh lm vic vi cc lp d liu. hin th lp d liu trong TOC ln ca s hin th nh du chn pha trc tn lp d liu . kch hot lp d liu trong TOC bng cch kch ln tn ca lp d liu trong TOC, khi lp c kch hot s ni ln v c vin m bao xung quanh. bc mi trng chnh sa ca lp kch hot, trn thanh Menu chn Theme/ Start Editing, khi du chn pha trc ca lp c bc mi trng chnh sa s c nt t . Khi khng c lp d liu no c bc mi trng chnh sa, thanh cng c dng v vn hin ln nhng khi s dng cng c ny v th cc i tng c v chnh l cc Graphic, ch c d liu ha v khng c d liu thuc tnh, mt nh c mu en v i tng dng vng s khng c mu nn. xa cc i tng ny th khng c bc mi trng chnh sa ln, s dng cng c Pointer chn cc i tng ha ri nhn phm Delete. 3.1.1 To theme dng im D liu im dung biu din cho cc i tng khng gian qu nh, khng th m phng thnh mt ng hoc mt Polygon. im c i din xc nh v tr ca cc i tng, v d nh nh my, x nghip, trng hc, . . . to d liu dng im trong ArcView GIS , cn tin hnh cc bc sau: - To mt view mi, kch vo biu tng click vo nt New. trong ca s Project , sau
- T thanh cng c View chn New Theme, hp thoi xut hin nh sau:
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- Chn i tng l Point, sau click OK, v hp thoi tip theo s xut hin nh sau:
- Trong hp thoi ny, ArcView yu cu t tn v ch ng dn lu tp tin mi ny. Tn file mi to ra s c lu tr di nh dng shapefile, c phn m rng l *.shp. Sau click OK, mt lp d liu c to ra v ang dng chnh sa. - Kch vo nt cng c Draw Point to cc i tng dng im. , sau click chut n cc v tr mun
- Sau khi hon thnh vic to im cho lp d liu chn lnh Theme/ Stop Editing lu d liu v dng ch chnh sa, cn nu chn Theme/ Save Edit th ch lu li d liu cn mi trng chnh sa vn c kch hot. Ngoi ra chng ta c th to lp d liu dng im t mt bng d liu cha ta ca cc im . u tin cn phi m bng d liu ln, trong ca s Project, chn th Table sau nhn vo nt Add
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Nhn nt Add xut hin hp thoi m tp tin dng bng
Cc nh dng h tr l dBASE (*.dbf) , INFO v Delimited (*.txt).
T ca s View, trn thanh Menu chn Theme/ Add Event Theme, xut hin hp thoi sau
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Table: Lp d liu cn to. X field: Ta X. Y field: Ta Y.
Lp d liu a vo ch cho php hin th d liu khng cho php chnh sa, do mun lm vic trn lp ny th chuyn chng v nh dng ca Arcview l Shapefile bng cch lu chng li nh dng *.shp bng lnh Theme/ Convert to Shapefile.
3.1.2 To theme dng ng
Nu nh d liu ca l cc i tng qu hp v thnh Polygon, chng hn nh con ng, tuyn ng ng, th khi nn to theme dng ng (line) trong ArcView. V d nh to theme biu din cc ng ph trong mt khu vc mi. Trn thanh Menu chn View/New Theme, xut hin hp thoi New Theme, chn Line trong khung chn Feature type
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Gi s ti lu tp tin ny c tn l duong.shp. Nhn OK, mt lp d liu mi c to ra. To i tng dng ng, trn thanh Draw chn cng c Draw Line , tin hnh v cc i tng dng ng.
a. X l d liu khng gian Ct ng Trong theme ng x ca, cn v mt ng mi m ct ngang mt ng hin c. cn phi to mt giao im (intersection) ni m hai ng cho nhau bng cch ct cc ng ny. Nu nh khng ct cc ng ny th ng mi s khng ni vi ng hin c v iu ny c ngha l biu din ng vt (overpass). Trong ArcView, c th s dng cng c ct ng (Split) to ng mi c ct vi ng ang c ti ch n i ngang qua, v cng ct tt c cc ng m i ngang qua, v chnh bn thn n cng b ct. Gi s hin ti, trong theme ca ang c hai ng nm ngang, dng cng c ct ng (Line Split) thm mt ng mi, cch s dng cng tng t cch dng vi cng c v ng (Line), nhng ng hin c v ng mi b ct thnh hai ng ri nhau ti im chng cho nhau. By gi trn theme ca c bn ng, c th thy nh trong hnh di y, bi v bng thuc tnh by gi c bn record.
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Ghi ch: Vi mi i tng ng mi m thm vo bng cng c ct ng (Line Split) phi ct ngang t nht mt ng khc. X l d liu thuc tnh Khi to mt theme dng ng mi, mt bng thuc tnh s c to mt cch t ng cho theme ny. Khi thm mt ng mi vo theme ny, ArcView s thm mt record biu din i tng vo bng thuc tnh ca theme. C th thm trng mi v bng ny cha thm cc d liu thuc tnh ca theme. C th tham kho li phn Nhp d liu thuc tnh cho i tng im. Chng hn mun thm mt trng thuc tnh lu gi tr chiu di ca ng. - M bng thuc tnh ca theme cha cc i tng mun tnh chiu di. V d theme Duong. - Trong menu Edit, chn Start Editing (ngoi tr trng hp bng ang trang thi hiu chnh). - Thm trng d liu kiu s v bng. Trong v d ny, t tn trng l Chieudai. Trong bng, kch tn ca trng chn trng. - Kch nt tnh ton (Calculate) [Shape].ReturnLength v kch OK. hin th hp thoi tnh ton cho trng. - Trong hp c nhn [ChieuDai]=, nhp:
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Cc gi tr ca trng chiu di trong bng thuc tnh ca theme s c tnh.
S thay i ca d liu thuc tnh c th t lut cp nht thuc tnh xc nh cch thc cp nht cc gi tr ca cc thuc tnh trong bng thuc tnh sau khi ct ng bng cng c ct (Line Split) hoc ghp bng chc nng Union Feature. Chng hn sau khi ct mt ong, c th xc lp cch thc gn gi tr cho hai ng mi t ng ban u. i vi cc theme dng ng c cc cch t cc lut cp nht d liu cho cc trung n hay l khong cc trng. Cp nht thuc tnh vi trng n Bt k mt trng no trong bng thuc tnh l trng n. Chng hn cc trng n trong bng thuc tnh ca theme ng c th l Ten_duong, Chieu_dai, cap. i vi mi mt trng n trong bng thuc tnh, c th chn mt trong cc lut ct sau: Blank: cc gi tr ca hai ng mi s trng.
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Copy: gi tr gc ca i tng trc khi ct s c gn cho c hai c hai ng mi. (La chn ny uc t mc nh). Proportion: Gi tr gc ca i tng trc khi ct s c chi theo t l cho hai ng mi. Shape Length: gi tr ca cc ng mi s l chiu di ca ng. (La chn ny l mc nh i vi trng c tn l Length). i vi mi mt trng n trong bng thuc tnh, c th chn mt trong cc lut ghp sau: Blank: gi tr ca ng mi sau khi ghp s trng. Copy: gi tr ca mi ca i tng c ly t gi tr ca hng u tin theo th t ban u ca bng(La chn ny uc t mc nh) Proportion: Gi tr ca i tng mi s c tnh l gi tr trung bnh theo t l ca cc i tng gc. Add: Gi tr mi l tng gi tr ca cc i tng gc. Average: Gi tr thuc tnh ca i tng mi l gi tr trung bnh ca cc i tng ban u. Shape Length: gi tr ca cc ng mi s l chiu di ca ng. (La chn ny l mc nh i vi trng c tn l Length). t lut cp nht gi tr thuc tnh cho cc trng n trong bng thuc tnh ca theme - Kch hot theme, m menu Theme, chn chc nng Theme Properties - Trong hp thoi theme properties, kch biu tong Editing xem cc thuc tnh hiu chnh theme. Trong khung Attribute Update, chn tn cc trng ca bng thuc tnh trong hp thoi tha Field. - Kch chn hp kim tra Filed Type l Single. - Chn cc lut cp nht khi ghp cc i tng trong hp thoi th Union rule s p dng cho tng trng. - Chn cc lut cp nht khi ct cc i tng trong hp thoi th Split rule s p dng cho tng trng. - Kch nt OK.
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Cp nht thuc tnh vi trng khong Trng kiu khong l trng m c ghp cp vi trng khc trong bng thuc tnh. Chng hn, trong bng thuc tnh ca theme ng giao thng c dng nh l theme tham chiu trong geocode, thng c thng tin v khong s nh ca hai bn ng, to thnh cc cp trng, t s nh bt u n s nh kt thc. V d trong bng thuc tnh c trng BatDauT cha gi tr l s nh u tin bn tri ca on ng v KTTrai cha s nh cui cng bn tri ca on ng. Khi thc hin cc thao tc ct ng bng cng c Line Split hoc ghp cc ng bng la chn Union Feature, th ArcView s t ng duy tr khong s nh trong cc cp trng.
3.1.3 To theme dng vng
Nu nh d liu ca l cc i tng ln v thnh Polygon hoc khng th v dng im hoc ng, cn phi to mt theme c dng Polygon. Cc i tng dng Polygon biu din cc Polygon ng nht hoc tng i ng nht chng hn nh cc Polygon x, khu cng nghip, mnh t, khu vc rng, Trong v d ny, gi s ta xy dng bn cc Polygon ng vt hoang d, - M view m mun thm theme mi hot to view mi. - Trong menu View, chn New Theme. Trong hp thoi, chn kiu cc i tng ca theme l Polygon, v nhn OK.
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- Trong hp thoi tip theo t tn cho tp tin m ArcView dng lu cc d liu m thm vo theme. to mt Polygon c hnh dng bt k, kch chn cng c v Polygon (Polygon) . Kch im u tin ca Polygon, ln lt kch tng nh ca ranh gii ca Polygon, v kch i ti nh cui cng. to Polygon c hnh trn, kch chn cng c hnh trn (Cirlce) , a con tr n tm ca hnh trn, nhn v gi chut, ko cho n khi hnh trn c kch thuc cn thit, th nt chut kt thc. To mt Polygon hnh ch nht, chn cng c v hnh ch nht (Rectangle) , a con tr chut n ni mun l mt gc ca hnh ch nht, ko con chut cho n khi hnh ch nht c kch thc cn thit, th nt chut.
a. X l d liu khng gian to mt Polygon S dng cng c t ng hon chnh (AutoComplete) mi khi Polygon dng chung mt phn ranh gii ca cc Polygon c. Bng cch ny, s khng phi v phn ranh gii ca Polygon m c biu din trong theme. Cc bc tin hnh nh sau: - Kch nt bng cng c v hnh , trong danh sch cc cng c c th (nu nt ny b xung, kch chn cng c t ng hon chnh (AutoComplete)
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m tc l theme ca hin khng trng thi hiu chnh. Chn Start Editing trong menu Theme) - V mt ng m c im u v im cui nm bt k v tr no trong Polygon gn vi Polygon mi ang c to. v ng, ln lt kch cc nh ca ng, kch i ti im cui cng. Trong khi v, c th v vt qua cc ranh gii ca cc Polygon ang c.
- Sau khi v ng xong, ArcView s t ng hon chnh Polygon mi, v loi b cc im vut qu ca ng c v.
Ct cc Polygon v Trong khi hiu chnh cc Polygon, c th s dng cng c ct (Split) mt ng ct ngang mt Polygon m mun chia n ra thnh 2 phn ri nhau. Chng hn mun to mt theme vi 10 Polygon lin k nhau th c th to mt
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Polygon ln bao ph 10 Polygon ny v dng cng c ct Polygon (split) v cc ng bin gia cc Polygon ct thnh 10 Polygon lin k.
Kch hot theme vung.shp, chn Start Editing trong menu Theme. Kch nt m hp cng c v, chn cng c ct . bng cng c V mt ng ngang qua Polygon cn ct. v ng Click ti im u ca ng, kch ti cc nh ca ng v kch i ti nh cui cng, cn phi v ng i ngang qua Polygon cn ct, v ng ct c th i ngang qua nhiu Polygon.
Sau khi v xong, ArcView s t ng ct cc Polygon theo ng ct va v.
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Ghp cc Polygon Chng ta c cc polygon v mun ghp li thnh mt i tng th dng chc nng Union Feature. Php hp cc i tng s to mt i tng c hp t cc i tng c chn, nu cc Polygon c chn c ng bin chung th ng bin ny s b loi b. Nu cc Polygon c chn c phn b chng ln nhau, th cc ng bin ca phn chung s b loi b to mt Polygon. Nu cc Polygon khng k nhau hay khng c phn chung, th sau khi hp ta s c mt i tng vi nhiu phn. Dng cng c Pointer chn cc ng m mun ghp li vi nhau.
Trong menu Edit, chn Union Features. ng bin chung ca cc Polygon ny s b loi b v cc Polygon ny s tr thnh mt Polygon.
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b. X l d liu thuc tnh Khi to mt theme dng Polygon mi, mt bng thuc tnh s c to mt cch t ng cho theme ny. Khi thm mt Polygon mi vo theme ny, ArcView s thm mt record biu din i tng vo bng thuc tnh ca theme. C th thm trng mi v bng ny cha thm cc d liu thuc tnh ca theme. C th tham kho li phn Nhp d liu thuc tnh cho i tng im. Thm trng chu vi v din tch ca Polygon vo bng thuc tnh ca theme - M bng thuc tnh ca theme cha cc i tng mun tnh chu vi, din tch. - Trong menu Edit, chn Start Editing (ngoi tr trng hp bng ang trang thi hiu chnh). - T menu Edit, chn Add Field, Thm trng d liu kiu s vo bng (ChuVi, Dientich).
Trong bng, kch tn ca trng chn trng.
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- Kch nt tnh ton (Calculate) - Trong hp biu thc, nhp: [Shape].ReturnLength
hin th hp thoi tnh ton cho trng.
tnh chu vi ca Polygon, hoc nhp [Shape].ReturnArea tnh din tch ca Polygon
- Sau , Click OK. S thay i ca d liu thuc tnh sau khi ct, ghp cc i tng dng Polygon C th t lut cp nht thuc tnh xc nh cch thc cp nht cc gi tr ca cc thuc tnh trong bng thuc tnh sau khi ct ng bng cng c ct (Polygon Split) hoc ghp bng chc nng Union Feature (chc nng Combine feature cng ghp cc Polygon, nhng cc lut cp nht s khng c tc dng khi s dng chc nng ny). Sau khi ct mt Polygon thnh hai Polygon, c th xc lp cch gn gi tr cho cc thuc tnh ca hai Polygon mi t gi tr ca Polygon ban u. Khi hp cc Polygon li thnh mt Polygon, cng c th xc lp cch gn gi tr ca cc thuc tnh cho Polygon mi t gi tr ca cc Polygon ban u. Cp nht gi tr thuc tnh sau khi ct, ghp Polygon i vi mi mt trng n trong bng thuc tnh, c th chn mt trong cc lut ct sau: Blank: cc gi tr ca hai Polygon mi s trng. Copy: gi tr gc ca i tng trc khi ct s c gn cho c hai Polygon mi. (La chn ny c t mc nh) Proportion: Gi tr gc ca i tng trc khi ct s c chia theo t l din tch cho hai Polygon mi.
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Shape Area: Gi tr ca cc Polygon mi s l din tch ca Polygon. (La chn ny l mc nh i vi trng c tn l Area). Shape Perimeter: Gi tr ca cc Polygon mi s l chu vi ca Polygon. (La chn ny l mc nh i vi trng c tn l Perimeter). i vi mi mt trng trong bng thuc tnh, c th chn mt trong cc lut ghp sau: Blank: Gi tr ca Polygon mi sau khi ghp s trng. Copy: Gi tr ca mi ca i tng c ly t gi tr ca hng u tin theo th t ban u ca bng (La chn ny uc t mc nh). Proportion: Gi tr ca i tng mi s c tnh l gi tr trung bnh theo t l din tch ca cc i tng gc. Add: Gi tr mi l tng gi tr ca cc i tng gc. Average: Gi tr thuc tnh ca i tng mi l gi tr trung bnh ca cc i tng ban u. Shape Area: Gi tr ca cc Polygon mi s l din tch ca Polygon. (La chn ny l mc nh i vi trng c tn l Area). Shape Perimeter: Gi tr ca cc Polygon mi s l chu vi ca Polygon. (La chn ny l mc nh i vi trng c tn l Perimeter). t lut cp nht gi tr thuc tnh cho cc trng trong bng thuc tnh ca theme dng Polygon - Kch hot theme, m menu Theme, chn chc nng Theme Properties - Trong hp thoi theme properties, kch biu tong Editing xem cc thuc tnh hiu chnh theme. Trong khung Attribute Update, chn tn cc trng ca bng thuc tnh trong hp thoi Field. - Chn cc lut cp nht khi ghp cc i tng trong hp thoi Union rule s p dng cho tng trng. - Chn cc lut cp nht khi ct cc i tng trong hp thoi Split rule s p dng cho tng trng. - Kch nt OK.
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3.1.4 t mi trng bt dnh (snap)
Trc khi bt u v cc ng, phi quyt nh cc i tng ny phi gp nhau v c sp xp mt cch hon chnh. Nu nh iu ny quan trng cho tt c cc ng cng hng n mt im chung v cng s dng chung im u (endpoint) khng b vt qu hay cha n, khi cn phi ci t mi trng bt dnh. Khi dng mi trng bt dnh, ArcView s di chuyn cc nh (vertex) hoc cc on thng (line segment) ca i tng m va thm vo canh cho ngay (align) vi nh hay on thng m nm trong mt khong cch xc nh, gi l khong dung sai bt dnh (snap tolerance). Trong hai hnh sau minh ha hiu qu ca dng snap.
Cc ng trong view ca hnh bn tri c v khi m cha t mi trng bt dnh. Cc ng ca view trong hnh bn phi c v khi t mi trng bt dnh. Nu nh mun cc i tng dng ng ca s t ng bt dnh vo cc ng khc khi n nm trong mt khong cch nht nh, th t mi trng bt dnh tng qut (general snapping). Bt dnh tng qut l bt dnh i tng i tng m s thc hin ngay khi thm i tng mi. a. t mi trng bt dnh tng qut bng cch nhp khong dung sai - Kch hot theme m mun hiu chnh bng cch kch ln tn ca theme trong TOC ca view.
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- Trn thanh Menu chn Theme/ Properties hay kch nt Theme Properties
- Trong hp thoi, kch biu tng Editing hin th cc tnh cht ca vic hiu chnh theme. Trong khung snap, kch vo hp kim tra General bt chc nng snap. Nhp gi tr ca khong dung sai vo hp vn bn Tolerance. Nhn OK.
b. t mi trng bt dnh tng qut bng chut - Trong menu view, nhn v gi nt phi chut hin th popup menu, v chn Enable General Snapping trong menu ny.
- Kch nt bng cng c snap , trong danh sch cng c c th xung, chn cng c General Snap . Trong view, kch nt chut v ko ra mt hnh trn biu din khong cch ca khong dung sai. Bn knh ca hnh trn c hin
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th trn thnh trng thi ca view. Bn knh ny chnh l khong dung sai tng qut. kim sot vic bt dnh cc i tng c tt hn th dng bt dnh tng tc (interactive snapping). Vi bt dnh tng tc (interactive snapping), c th p dng cc quy lut bt dnh khc nhau cho mi nh khi thm i tng ng mi. Bng cch ny s kim sot c vic bt dnh ca cc nh nh ca ng m thm vo vi cc ng ang c trn theme. - Kch nt bng cng c snap , trong danh sch cng c c th xung, chn cng c Interactive Snap . Trong view, kch nt chut v ko ra mt hnh trn biu din khong cch ca khong dung sai. Bn knh ca hnh trn c hin th trn thnh trng thi ca view. Bn knh ny chnh l khong dung sai tng tc. Nu nh t mi trng bt dnh tng tc nh nu trn, th trong khi thm ng, c th nhn v gi nt phi chut hin th popup menu, v c th chn mt trong cc cch bt dnh trong menu kim sot cch thm nh mi ca ng s c bt dnh vo ng c sn trong view. Snap to Vertex: nh kt tip s c bt dnh vo nh gn nht ca ng hin c trong theme nm trong khong dung sai. Snap to Boundary: nh kt tip s c bt dnh vo on (line segment) gn nht nm trong khong dung sai. Snap to Endpoint: nh k tip s c bt dnh vo im cui gn nht ca ng hin c trong theme. Snap to Intersection: nh k tip s c bt dnh vo im chung gn nht ca hai hai nhiu ng. 3.2 Hiu chnh i tng S dng cng c hiu chnh nh (Vertex Edit) thay i hnh dng (shape) ca ng bng cch di chuyn cc nh, thm nh mi hoc xo nh. Trong khi hiu chnh ng, c th chn bo ton topology hoc khng, bng cch chn cc i tng: - Khi chn mt ng, mi s hiu chnh cc nh s ch nh hng n ng ny. - Khi chn mt on ng chung ca hai ng, mi s hiu chnh ca u nh hng n c hai ng. - Khi chn node chung ca hai hay nhiu ng th s hiu chnh ca s nh hng n cc ng cha node ny.
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3.2.1 Di chuyn nh bng cng c hiu chnh nh a con tr chut ln trn nh m mun di chuyn. Khi m con tr chut c dng du ch thp, nhn v gi nt chut, ko nh n ni mi v th nt chut. 3.2.2 Thm nh bng cng c hiu chnh nh a con tr chut n v tr m mun thm nh trn ng. Khi m con tr chut c dng vng trn vi ch thp bn trong, kch nt tri chut. 3.2.3 Xa nh bng cng c hiu chnh nh a con tr chut kn trn nh cn xa. Khi m con tr chut c dng ch thp th nhn phm DELETE trn bn phm. 3.2.4 Thay i hnh dng ca mt ng - Kch cng c hiu chnh nh (Vertex Edit) . - Kch chn ng. Khi ny s xut hin cc hnh vung rng bao quanh mi nh ca ng. - By gi c th di chuyn, thm, xa cc nh, ch c ng ny thay i.
3.2.5 Thay i on chung ca hai i tng - Kch chn cng c hiu chnh nh (Vertex Edit) . - Kch ln nh ca on chung m mun hiu chnh. Cc khung hnh vung s bao quanh nh chn, cc vng trn s bao quanh cc nh b neo. - Di chuyn nh chung c khung hnh vung bao quanh
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3.2.6 Di chuyn node chung ca cc i tng - Kch chn cng c hiu chnh nh (Vertex Edit) . - Kch ln node chung ca cc ng m mun hiu chnh. Cc khung hnh vung s bao quanh nh chn, cc vng trn s bao quanh cc nh b neo. - Di chuyn node chung, tt c cc ng c node chung ny u thay i.
3.2.7 Thm, xa Node S dng cng c Vertex trn thanh Main xc nh cc Node ca i tng bng cch kch vo i tng . - Thm Node Dng cng c vertex kch ln i tng mun thm node. - Di chuyn mt node, dng chut kch v gi chut tri ko r chut n v tr mi - Xa node, kch phi v gi chut chut Shape Properties xut hin hp thoi sau.
Chn Node cn xa bn hp thoi bn tri ri nhn nt Delete. - Ngoi ra nu mun chnh sa li v tr ca mt node bng cch kch chn nt Edit sau kch chn ln v tr mi ca node trn ca s ri nhn OK
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Trong ca s ny nu mun thm Node cho i tng th i tng s to thm node mi tnh t node c chn ca i tng .
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CHNG IV LM VIC VI D LIU
4.1 Chnh sa cc i tng khng gian Mun chnh sa cc i tng khng gian cn phi bc mi trng chnh sa i tng, trn thanh Menu chn Theme/ Start Editing 4.1.1 Combine Lnh ny dng hp cc i tng v loi b phn chung gia cc i tng . Chn cc i tng cn mun hp li, trn thanh Menu chn Edit/ Combine Features
4.1.2 Union Features Lnh ny dng kt hp cc i tng li vi nhau v phn chung ca cc i tng vn c gi li. Chn cc i tng cn mun kt hp li vi nhau, trn thanh Menu chn Edit/ Union Features
4.1.3 Subtract Features Lnh ny dng ct phn chung gia cc i tng. Trn thanh Menu chn Edit/ Subtract Features. Trong qu trnh ct cn xc nh r i tng no cn ct, nu mun ct i tng nm trn th trong qu trnh thi hnh lnh nhn nt Shift, cn nu mun ct i tng nm di th nguyn.
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4.1.4 Intersect Features Lnh ny dng ct v gi li phn chung gia cc i tng. Trn thanh Menu chn Edit/ Intersect Features.
4.1.5 Hin th d liu ca cu truy vn Arcview cho php ta truy vn d liu v ch hin th phn d liu c truy vn. Thng c s dng khi chng ta mun hin th mt vi huyn trong mt tnh no . u tin cn kch hot lp d liu, trn thanh Menu chn Theme/ Properties, xut hin hp thoi
Kch chn nt Query
, xut hin hp thoi sau
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Gi s ti mun hin th hai huyn l Tp. Bin Ha v Thng Nht
Nh vy ch cn hai i tng c chn hin th. Tng ng nh vy trong bng thuc tnh ch cn hai i tng ny. Nu mun to lp d liu ch cha hai i trn thanh Menu chn Theme/ Convert to Shapefile lu li. 4.2 Tm kim quan h khng gian Phn ny cho php chng ta tm kim cc i tng theo mt iu kin no vi cc i tng ca mt lp d liu khc. Trong hnh di chng ta s tm kim cc i tng trong lp Qhe.shp vi cc i tng ca lp Thamchieu.shp.
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Kch hot lp d liu mun tm kim quan h khng gian (Qhe.shp), trn thanh Menu chn Theme/ Select by Feature, xut hin hp thoi sau
- Select features of active themes that: Chn cc i tng trong lp c kch hot c quan h khng gian vi lp khc hay lp tham chiu(the select features of). C cc kiu quan h khng gian sau: Are Completely Within: Cc i tng ca lp kch hot nm hon ton trong cc i tng ca lp tham chiu.
Completely Contain: Cc i tng ca lp c kch hot cha hon ton cc i tng ca lp tham chiu.
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Have their Center In: Tm ca cc i tng kch hot nm trong cc i tng tham chiu.
Contain the Center of: Cc i tng ca lp c kch hot cha tm ca cc i tng tham chiu.
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Intersect: Cc i tng kch hot nm chng ln cc i tng tham chiu. Lnh ny thng c s dng khi mun xc nh cc vng c ng giao thng chy qua, xc nh cc khu vc cn quy hoch,
Are Within Distance of: Chn cc i tng ca lp kch hot nm trong ng trn c bn knh c nh sn (Select Distance) ca cc i tng tham chiu. Thng c s dng xc nh cc vng c cc i tng nh: im nhim, im chy rng, Phn ny chng ta s tm kim quan h khng gian vi lp im
Ngoi ra chng ta c th tm kim quan h khng gian kiu Interset thng qua lp d liu Graphic. u tin v cc lp d liu dng graphic bng cng c Draw, sau kch chn lp cn tm quan h khng gian, trn thanh cng c kch chn nt lnh select features using grahic , khi cc i tng ca lp c kch hot s c mu vng sng (mu biu th cc i tng c chn).
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4.3 To vng m Thng c s dng khi mun m rng ng giao thng, vng m cho cc khu vc bo v nh vn quc gia. Trn thanh Menu chn Theme/ Create Buffer, xut hin hp thoi sau
- The graphics in your view: To vng m cho cc i tng dng ha trn ca s hin th. - The features of a theme: To vng m cho cc i tng trong lp c chn bn nt lnh bn di. - Use only the selected features: Ch to vng m cho cc i tng c chn trong lp c chn.
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- At a specified distance: Khong to vng m do ngi s dng nhp vo. Cc i tng s to ra cc vng m ging nhau. - At a distance from an attribute field: Ly gi tr to vng m t mt trng thuc tnh. Cc i tng to vng m theo gi tr ca trng thuc tnh . - As multiple rings: To theo nhiu vng m quanh tm i tng. + Number of rings: S vng m cn to ra. + Distance between rings: Khong cch gia cc vng m. - Distance units are: n v ca gi tr to vng m
- Dissolve barriers between buffer: To phn giao gia cc vng m ca cc i tng. Nu ch mun to mt vng m t cc i tng th chn Yes (phn giao gia cc vng m cc cc i tng s mt), cn mun to cc vng m t cc i tng th chn No. - Create buffer so they are: Phn ny ch hin th khi to vng m cho cc i tng dng ng.
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+ Inside and Outsidethe polygon(s): To vng m bn trong v bn ngoi i tng. + Only outside the polygon(s): Ch to vng m bn ngoi i tng. + Only inside the polygon(s): Ch to vng m bn trong i tng. - Where do you want the buffer to be saved: ni lu tr cc i tng vng m. + As graphics in the view: Lu dng d liu ha trn ca s hin th. + In an existing theme: Lu vo mt lp d liu ang hin hnh. + In a new theme: Lu vo mt lp d liu mi.
4.4 Lm vic vi d liu thuc tnh 4.4.1 Xem thng tin ca i tng xem thng tin cc thuc tnh ca mt i tng ring l trn bn , trn thanh cng c kch chn cng c Identify sau click vo i tng cn xem
Khi mun xem thuc tnh i tng bng cng c Identify phi ch rng ch cha i tng cn xem phi ang c kch hot. Nu mun s dng cng c ny xem d liu ca nhiu ch cng mt lc th phi kch hot nhiu ch bng cch n gia phm Shift khi kch hot ch . Khi s dng cng c Identify, ArcView GIS s tm kim nhng i tng trn ch ang kch hot ti v tr m ta va click vo v hin th nhng thuc tnh ca i tng ti v tr . Ngoi ra mun xem i tng khng gian chng ta c th kch p vo thuc tnh ca chng nm bn tri ca hp thoi Identify Results.
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4.4.2 Lm vic vi cu trc bng thuc tnh Mun m bng thuc tnh ca lp d liu, trong ca s View kch hot lp d liu cn m bng thuc tnh, trn thanh Menu chn Theme/ Table hoc kch vo nt Open Theme Table .
Trong trng thuc tnh Shape l trng mt nh. Trng ny c tc dng m t kiu i tng ca lp d liu nn trng ny khng th xa c. Nu thuc tnh ca trng Shape l Polygon th cc i tng dng vng, cn Polyline th cc i tng dng ng v Point th cc i tng dng im. Mun sp xp thuc tnh ca mt trng no , kch chn trng cn sp xp (kch ln tn trng) sau kch chn nt lnh nu mun sp tng dn, cn nu mun sp gim dn. nt lnh Bc mi trng chnh sa bng thuc tnh, trn thanh Menu chn Table/ Start Editing. Thm mt trng thuc tnh, trn thanh Menu chn Edit/ Add Field, xut hin hp thoi sau
Name: Tn trng thuc tnh. Type: Kiu thuc tnh ca trng. Width: rng hay s k t. Decimal Places: S k t sau du phy nu kiu d liu dng s.
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Mun thm mt i tng thuc tnh (Record) trn thanh Menu chn Edit/ Add Record. Khi mt dng thuc tnh s xut hin cui bng v khi thm i tng khng gian vo th i tng s c gn thuc tnh ny. Mun xa mt trng thuc tnh cn phi chn trng cn xa sau trn thanh Menu chn Edit/ Delete Field. Mun xa cc thuc tnh c chn (Record), trn thanh Menu chn Edit/ Delete Record. Mun thay i tn cc trng thuc tnh bng cc chui khc, trn thanh Menu chn Table/ Properties, xut hin hp thoi sau
Trong ct Alias cho php thay th cc trng tng ng (Field) bng cc chui thay th. Ch : Phn ny ch l nhn ca tn trng, cn tn trng vn c gi nguyn. Ngoi ra nu trng thuc tnh no khng cn hin th c th b chn trong ct Visible. Mun nhp thuc tnh bng tay, cho tng thuc tnh ca i tng kch chn nt lnh Edit sau kch chn vo vo thuc tnh cn nhp (nt lnh Edit ch hin th khi bng thuc tnh c trong mi trng chnh sa).
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4.4.3 Truy vn d liu thun tin cho qu trnh truy vn d liu th bng thuc tnh ca lp d liu c truy vn phi ch chnh sa (Table/ Start Editing). truy vn d liu trn thanh Menu chn Table/ Query hay kch vo nt lnh Query Builder , xut hin hp thoi sau
u tin kch p vo trng cn truy vn d liu (Field), sau s dng cc ton t bn cnh truy vn d liu thuc tnh (Value). - New Set: Chn cc i tng c truy vn. - Add to Set: Thm cc i tng c chn vo chung vi cc i tng c chn trc . - Select From Set: Chn cc i tng t cc i tng c chn trc . Ngoi ra chng ta c th s dng cc ton t OR, AND, NOT truy vn d liu phc tp hn. Cp nht d liu cho i tng c chn bng cch chn trng cn cp nht (kch chn tn trng ), trn thanh Menu chn Field/ Calculate hay kch chn nt Calculate trn thanh cng c, xut hin hp thoi sau
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Khi chng trnh s nhn ct chn lm ct cn cp nht. Nu cp nht d liu t cc trng thuc tnh c sn trong bng thuc tnh th ch cn kch p ln trng trn hp thoi Field, cn nu nhp bng tay th nh vo hp thoi bn di. Thng k i tng theo mt trng thuc tnh. Chn trng thuc tnh cn thng k theo chng, trn thanh Menu chn Field/Summarize hay kch chn nt , xut hin hp thoi sau
- Field: Chn trng cn tnh thng k theo thuc tnh c chn trc . - Summarize by: Cch thng k: Trung bnh, tng, lch chun, gi tr ln nht, nh nht,
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Mun thng k trng thuc tnh. Chn trng cn thng k, trn thanh Menu chn Field/ Statistics, xut hin hp thoi sau
Sum: Tng. Count: S i tng. Mean: Gi tr trung bnh. Maximum: Gi tr ln nht. Minimum: Gi tr thp nht. Range: Hiu s gia gi tr ln nht v thp nht. Variance: Phng sai. Standard Deviation: lch chun.
4.4.4 Cp nht d liu t mt bng d liu khc iu kin cp nht d liu loi ny l gia hai bng cn phi c mt trng lin kt. Chn trng lin kt gia hai bng d liu, kch hot bng d liu cn cp nht, trn thanh Menu chn Table/ Join hay kch chn nt lnh , khi cc trng thuc tnh ca bng d liu s chuyn vo bng d liu cn c cp nht
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Khi chng ta chn lnh Table/ Remove Join th cc trng s mt i, do mun cp nht cho bng thuc tnh chng ta cn phi to cc trng cha cc thuc tnh ca bng d liu cho bng thuc tnh. Gi s ti s cp nht trng thuc tnh loaidat cho trng thuc tnh Ghi_chu ca bng thuc tnh bng cch chn trng Ghi_chu sau kch chn nt lnh Calculate Ghi_chu = loaidat , ri chn ct
Nh vy khi Remove Join d liu c cp nht cho bng thuc tnh. Xut d liu dng bng trn thanh Menu chn File/ Export, xut hin hp thoi chn la nh dng cn xut sang. Ngoi ra chng ta c th tm kim d liu thuc tnh, phn ny ch cho php tm kim c mt i tng, nn khi nhiu i tng c chung thuc tnh th ch tm ra i tng u tin cha trong bng thuc tnh. thc hin lnh tm kim trn thanh Menu chn Table/ Find hay kch chn nt . Cng c th chn i sau kch chn ln thuc tnh cn chn, nu tng bng cch chn nt lnh mun chn nhiu i tng th nhn phm Shift trong qu trn thc hin. Ngoi ra chn ht tt c cc i tng trn thanh Menu chn Edit/ Select All hay nt lnh , b lnh chn i tng th chn Edit/ Select None hay nt lnh , cn chn ngc lai cc i tng cha c chn th chn Edit/ Switch Selection hay nt lnh . 4.4.5 Lin kt d liu
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Chng ta c th lin kt d liu gia cc bng thuc tnh vi nhau. Phn ny tng t nh xc nh m s sinh vin chng ta c th xc nh c thng tin ca sinh vin . u tin c lin kt d liu chng ta cn phi to ct lin kt gia hai bng. chn ct cn to lin kt, trn thanh Menu chn Field/ Create Index. Sau khi to lin kt gia hai bng ri tin hnh to lin kt gia hai bng, trn thanh Menu chn Table/ Link.
Xut d liu: Phn ny cho php chng ta xut d liu sang mt nh dng khc. Trn thanh Menu chn File/ Export, xut hin hp thoi sau
Chn nh dng cn xut. Thng chn nh dng dBASE (dbf), Deliminted Text (txt). Sau c tn cho tp tin ri lu li.
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CHNG V TO BN THEO CH
Trong chng ny s gip chng ta hin th d liu theo mt thuc tnh no ca bn , ng thi s gip chng ta to nhn cho cc i tng trn bn . 5.1 To bn theo ch Mun to bn theo ch cn phi xc nh r bn ny mun m t nhng vn sau mi tin hnh xy dng ch cho bn u tin kch p vo lp d liu cn to bn theo ch trong khung TOC nm bn tri ca s, xut hin hp thoi sau
Theme: Lp d liu cn to bn ch . Legend Type: Kiu bn ch . Values Field: Trng thuc tnh to bn ch . Symbol: Biu tng hin th ca i tng .
- Value: Cc gi tr ca trng cn to. Cc gi tr ny khng c thay i nu l dng ch, cn dng s c th thay i c. - Label: Nhn ca cc gi tr trong trng c to, chng ta c th thay i nhn ny. Count: S lng i tng ng vi gi tr trong ct Value. : Thm mi mt i tng.
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: Xa mt i tng chn. : Sp xp theo chiu tng dn. : Sp xp theo chiu gim dn. : Thay th cc gi tr NoData. : Thay i bng mu gia cc i tng. : Thay i cc bng mu cho cc i tng. : thay i cc mu hin th cho i tng. Color Schemes: Cc bng mu xy dng sn.
5.2 Cc kiu bn ch Phn ny nm trong lnh Legend Type a. Single Symbol: Ch hin th mt mu cho tt c cc i tng trn bn , y l phn mt nh ca chng trnh.
b. Graduated Value: Hin th mu thng qua khong gii hn gia gi tr im u v im cui ca mt khong hay cn gi l phn lp. Phn ny c th hin th hai trng thuc tnh trong lp d liu. Thng c s dng m t mt dn s ca mt khu vc no .
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- Classification Field: Trng c chn phn lp (gi tr trn t). - Normalize by: Phn di mu s. phn Ny c th khng cn chn. - Classify: Phn lp li cc khong cho ph hp vi ngi s dng. Kch vo nt chn Classify, xut hin hp thoi sau
- Type: Kiu phn b khong. C nhiu cch phn khong nhng theo ti phn ny khng nht thit phi chn, chng ta c th nh li khong ty trong ct Value. - Number of classes: S lp cn phn khong. - Round values at: Kiu gi tr phn khong s nguyn hay s thp phn.
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c. Unique Value: Mi i tng s l mt c trng. Thng c s dng m t bn hin trng.
d. Dot: M t i tng theo mc dy c ca mt biu tng no . Thng c s dng m t mc phn b dn s.
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- Density Field: Trng thuc tnh th hin mc dy c ca i tng. - Normalize by: Trng c chn lm mu s tnh ton. Phn ny c th khng chn. - Dot Legend 1 dot = : c gi tr tng ng vi mt biu tng. Mun hin th s ny chng ta c th nhn nt Calculate chng trnh t ng tnh ton hoc c th nhp bng tay. - Dot Symbol: Biu tng c chn. - Background Symbol: Mu nn ca i tng. - Null Symbol: Mu nn cho cc i tng NoData.
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e. Chart: Hin th i tng thng qua biu . Thng c s dng m t t l nam/n ca mt khu vc no .
Ngoi ra mun hin th font ch cng nh cc biu tng trong TOC th trn thanh Menu chn View/ TOC Style, xut hin hp thoi sau
- Line flatness: Hin th cho cc i tng ng. Nu mun cc i tng c hin th dng gp khc ln th chn Strong zigzag, va phi th chn Moderate zigzag, cn biu din dng ng thng th chn flat. - Symbol length: Hin th cc biu tng gm cc chn la sau: bnh thng (normal), ngn (short), di (long), rt di (very long). - Font: Chnh font ch hin th. Theo font ch thuc tnh ca i tng. - Style: Kiu ch. - Size (pts): Kch thc ch. 5.3 Gn nhn thuc tnh cho i tng
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Kch hot lp d liu cn to nhn, trn thanh Menu chn Theme/ Auto Label, xut hin hp thoi sau
- Label field: Trng thuc tnh ly nhn. - Use Themes Text Label Placement Property: S dng thuc tnh to nhn m khng quan tm n chng. Khi la chn phn ny th cc nhn to ra s c lp, do khi thay i font ch ch thay i c font ch ca nhn c chn. - Find Best Label Placement: Tm v tr tt nht c nhn. + Allow Overlapping Labels: Cho php gn cc i tng c nhn chng ln nhau. + Remove Duplicates: Xa cc nhn ging nhau. + Line Label Position Options: Ch s dng cho cc lp d liu dng ng. o Above: Nm trn i tng. o Below: Nm di i tng. o On: Nm ln i tng. - Scale Labels: nh v nhn. - Label Only Feature in View Extent: Ch gn nhn cc i tng trong phm vi hin th trong ca s view.
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Ngoi ra chng ta c th nh v cho v tr ca nhn cho cc i tng bng cch vo Theme/ Properties chn th Text Labels nh v v tr nhn sau chng mi tin hnh gn nhn cho i tng.
Mun chnh Font cho nhn ca cc i tng bng cch chn mt nhn bc k sau trn thanh Menu chn Window/ Show Symbol Window chnh Font v mu ch cho nhn.
Kch chn th chnh Font, kch chn th Color chn nh dng l Text).
chnh mu ch (phn
Ngoi ra chng ta c th to cc nhn th cng bng cch kch vo biu tng , sau kch chn v tr cn gn nhn
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Horizontal Alignment: Canh l gm canh tri, canh gia v canh phi. Vertical Spacing: Gin dng. Rotation Angle: Gc xoay nhn.
- Scale Text with View: Phng t l nhn theo t l ca ca s Ngoi ra chng ta c th chnh s font cho cc nhn chun b a vo ca s, trn thanh Menu chn Graphics/ Text and Label Default, xut hin hp thoi
- Click on the tool icon to set its default values: Chn cc nh dng, kiu nhn a vo ca s theo cc biu tng bn hp thoi bn di. - Defaults for text tool: Khung chnh sa kiu hin th nhn trn ca s.
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+ Use Symbol Window settings for text: S dng th vin font chnh font cho nhn. Nu nh du chn vo y th font mt nh theo nh dng c nh ngha t lnh Window/ Show Symbol Window. + Font: Chn font ch cho nhn. o Color: Mu nhn. o Size (pts): Kch thc nhn. o Style: Kiu nhn. + Use Outline: Kiu vin cho cc nhn c khung bao ngoi. o Width (pts): rng ng bao. o Outline color: Mu khung bao. + Use drop-shadow: Bng ca nhn. o Shadow color: Mu bng nhn. 5.4 To lin kt Chng trnh cho php to lin kt vi mt on Script, Text, nh, hay mt tp tin dng Project. u tin cn to lin kt gia trng thuc tnh ca i tng vi mt a ch nh sn. Gi s ti s lin kt mt i tng vi mt nh trong my tnh. Phi chc chn rng trong bng thuc tnh ca lp d liu cn to lin kt c trng cha sn on link lin kt, Kch hot lp d liu trn thanh Menu chn Theme/ Properties, xut hin hp thoi sau
Trn thanh bn tri ca ca s chn Tab Hot Link Bn phi ca s: - Field: Chn trng cha on m lin kt. - Predefined Action: Chn kiu lin kt. C cc kiu lin kt sau: Link to User Script (Lin kt n on m Script c to trong chng trnh), Link to Text
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File (lin kt n ca s text), Link to Image File (lin kt n nh dng nh), Link to Document (lin kt n mt vn bn), Link to project (lin kt n mt tp tin n ca chng trnh). Script: on m c link. tin hnh lin kt i tng vi a ch nh sn, trn thanh cng c chn Hot Link sau kch chn i tng c lin kt, chng trnh s c a ch c lin kt
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CHNG VI CHNG XP D LIU GIA CC LP D LIU
6.1 Cc thao tc x l d liu Cc thao tc x l d liu trong ArcView c t trong phn m rng Extension Geoprocessing, do cn phi kch hot phn m rng ny. Trong trng hp ang s dng ArcView th m ca s Window, chn tn ca s n kch hot ca s n, Nu mi khi ng ArcView, th m menu File ca ca s n, chn Extension. Trong hp thoi Extensions, nh du chn vo phn m rng Geoprocessing.
Sau khi kch phn m rng Extensions, th ArcView s cung cp mt cng c tr gip cc bc thc hin cc thao tc x l d liu a l. Trong menu View ca ca s View, s thy xut hin cc chc nng Geoprocessing Wizard
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Trong ca s ny cho php bn chn cc thao tc x l d liu: - Dissolve feature based on an attribute: Hp nht cc i tng da trn mt thuc tnh. - Merge themes together: Ghp cc theme li vi nhau thnh mt theme - Clip one theme base on another: Ct mt theme da vo theme khc - Intersect two theme: Tm phn chung ca hai theme. - Union two theme: Hp hai theme. - Asign data by location: Gn gi tr theo vi tr. GeoProcessing l cch to d liu mi da trn cc theme trong View. Trong phn ln cc trng hp th cc thao tc x l d liu s lm thay i hnh dng ca i tng v cng lm thay i cc d liu thuc tnh ca cc i tng.
6.1.1 PHP HP NHT CC I TNG (DISSOLVE)
Php hp nht (Dissolve) c s dng khi mun b ng ranh gii gia hai polygon k nhau hay node gia hai ng lin nhau m c cng gi tr ca thuc tnh. Chng hn, c theme phn polygon s dng t, trong theme ny c cc polygon k nhau m c cng mc ch s dng. Nu cc polygon k nhau hoc chng lp nhau, sau khi dissolve th ng ranh gii chung ca cc polygon s b loi b tr thnh mt polygon. Nu hai polygon ri nhau th sau khi dissolve ta s c mt i tng gm nhiu phn. - M ArcView v chn Extensions phn m rng geoprocessing. - To View mi, np cc theme landuse.shp v soils.shp
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- M menu View, chn GeoProcessing Wizard, trong hp thoi ny kch chn nt Dissolve based on an attribute, kch nt Next sang bc k tip
- Chn theme cn thc hin php hp nht cc i tng trong hp lit k (drop list box) Select theme to dissolve; chn thuc tnh hp nht cc i tng trong hp Select an attribute to dissolve; phi xc nh th mc cha theme kt qu v t tn cho theme. Kch nt Next sang bc k tip.
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- Select theme to dissolve: Chn lp d liu cn hp nht. - Select an attribute to dissolve: Trng thuc tnh cn hp nht. - Specify the output file: Lu li tp tin sau khi xut kt qu. thay i th iu chnh. vin lu tp tin kch vo nt Nhn Next, xut hin hp thoai cho php hp nht cc trng thuc tnh theo cc c tnh ca chng. Trong bc ny c th chn thm mt hoc nhiu trng cho theme kt qu vi gi tr c tnh t theme gc. chn nhiu trng, nhn v gi phm SHIFT trong khi kch chn cc trng.
- Kch nt Finish kt thc, s c mt theme mi tn l lu_dissolve.shp trn cng ca TOC. Bt hin th ca theme, kch hot theme v m bng thuc tnh.
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Theme Tong_tanlap.shp hin ch cn 12 i tng v cc i tng ny c hp nht t nhiu i tng. Phn ny thng c s dng thng k din tch ca bn v xc nh tng s tha t ca tng loi i tng cng nh ca bn (Count). Xt v mt k thut, php hp nht cng tng t vi cc php tng hp d liu theo tng thuc tnh. Php tng hp thng c thc hin vi cc bng d liu c s phn nhm theo thuc tnh, ngha l trong bng c nhng hng m gi tr ca thuc tnh c lp li. Php tng hp thng s dng cc hm nh: SUM: Tnh tng theo nhm. MAX, MIN: Tnh gi tr ln nht, nh nht trong nhm. AVG: Tnh gi tr trung bnh trong nhm. COUNT: n s hng trong nhm.
6.1.2 Ghp hai lp d liu (Merge) Phn ny cho php ghp cc lp d liu li vi nhau v mt khng gian ln thuc tnh. Khi thc hin lnh ny, chng trnh s to ra mt tp tin mi cha c d liu ca cc lp c ghp. Thng c s dng khi ghp cc bn a chnh ca mt khu vc no .
nh du chn vo Merge themes together, sau nhn Next xut hin hp thoi sau cho php chn hai lp d liu cn ghp li.
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- Select at least two themes to merge: Chn cc lp d liu cn ghp li vi nhau. Use field from: S dng thuc tnh ca lp d liu no.
6.1.3 Ct lp d liu (Clip) Phn ny cho php chng ta ct lp d liu theo mt lp d liu khc v thuc tnh ca n c gi nguyn. Thng c s dng khi mun tch mt phn bn cn thit t mt bn ln nghin cu.
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nh du chn vo Clip one theme based on another, nhn Next xut hin hp thoi
Select input theme to clip: Chn lp b ct. Select a polygon overlay theme: Chn lp ct.
6.1.4 Ct v gi li phn chung (Intersect) Phn ny tng t nh phn trn nhng thuc tnh ca hai lp s c nhp chung li. nh du chn vo Intersect two themes, thc hin thao tc ging bc trn.
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6.1.5 Hp chung hai lp d liu (Union) Phn ny cho php chng ta ghp hai lp d liu li vi nhau v thuc tnh chung gia hai lp d liu s ghp li. Thng c s dng xay dng bn chuyn t nhiu bn ph.
nh du chn vo Union two theme, nhn Next
Select input theme to union: Chn lp d liu cn mun kt hp.
- Select polygon overlay theme to union: Chn lp d liu chng lp ln lp d liu cn kt hp.
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6.1.6 Lin kt d liu (Join) Phn ny cho php chng ta ly d liu thuc tnh ca mt lp d liu khc gn cho lp d liu c chn. Phn ny ch s dng c khi hai lp d liu ny chng ln nhau, khi chng trnh cn c vo thuc tnh ca lp d liu gn thuc tnh cho lp d liu cn gn. nh du chn vo Assign data by Lacation
Select a theme to assign data to: Chn lp d liu cn gn.
- Select a theme to assign data from: Chn lp d liu ly thuc tnh gn cho lp chn. Phn ny tng t nh phn Join ca bng thuc tnh, nhng y l Join theo khng gian ca i tng.
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CHNG VII TO TRANG IN

7.1 Font ch cho khung d liu Chnh Font ch cho cc khung d liu, trn thanh Menu chn Window/ Show Symbol Window, xut hin hp thoi sau
Chn khung cn thay i font ch, sau chn font ch cn i (ch yu l bng ch thch v tiu ca bn cn in). Ngoi ra chng ta c th thay i kch thc ch (Size) hay kiu ch (Style). 7.2 Lm vic vi bn ch thch Ph v cu trc ca bng ch thch, chn bng ch thch, trn thanh Menu chn Grapic/Simplify. Lnh ny tng t nh lnh Ungroup. Nh vy chng ta mi thay i tng thnh phn trong bng ch thch.
Tin hnh thay i tiu cho bng ch thch. V d trong trng hp ny ti s thay i Tanlap.shp bng on text Ch Thch bng cch kch p vo Tanlap.shp, xut hin hp thoi sau
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- Horizontal Alignment: Canh dng: canh tri, canh gia v canh phi. - Vertical Spacing: Gin dng. - Rotation Angle: Gc xoay nhn. Sau khi chnh sa bng ch thch xong cn phi nhm chng li to cu trc v tt c cc thnh phn ny s to nn bng ch thch. Trn thanh Menu chn Graphic/ Group
Ngoi ra to mt bng ch gii chng ta c th s dng cng c Custom (ch hin th khi kch chn nt lnh Legend Tool trong Legend Tool Extension) kch chn ln v tr cn c bng ch gii, xut hin hp thoi sau Custom Legend, nhn Next to bng ch thch cho tng Theme, gm 5 bc Bc 1
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Choose a view: Ca s cn to bng ch gii. Choose the themes to show in your custom legend: Chn lp d liu cn , hay loi b lp d liu th nhn nt
to bng ch thch bng cch nhn nt .
- Choose the number of label and symbol columns to display your legend: Chn la s ct trong bng ch gii. Bc 2
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- Enter an optional title for your legend: Tn bng ch gii. Mt nh l tn ca lp d liu hoc tn ca ca s cha lp d liu . Chng ta c th thay th tn nhn ny. Title font: Font nhn tiu bng ch thch. Title size: Kch thc tiu . Title style: Kiu tiu . Title positioning options: V tr tiu so vi bng ch thch. Bc 3
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- Choose setting for your legends border: Khung vin bng ch thch. + Border style: Kiu khung vin. + Border width: rng khung vin. + Border color: Mu sc khung. + Background color: Mu nn bng ch thch. - Sepecial Effects: Kiu bng ch thch bao gm bng (Drop-shadow), bo trn bn gc ca khung (Round corners). Bc 4
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- Show area symbols as: Kiu i tng dng vng. + Rectangles: Kiu hnh ch nht. + Squares: Hnh vung. + Ovals: Hinh bu dc, elip. - Show line symbols as: Kiu i tng dng ng. + Horizontal lines: Dng nm ngang. + Zig Zag lines: Dng gp khc. + S curves: Dng cong hnh ch S. Bc 5
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Bc ny m t khong khng gia cc yu t cha trong bng ch thch. Khi thc hin xong nm bc trn nhn nt Preview xem trc, nu cha va c th nhn nt Remove lm li.
7.3 Lm vic vi hng Mun thay kiu hng kch p vo hng mt nh trn trang Layout, xut hin hp thoi sau
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Hp thoi ny c mt s kiu hng cho ngi s dng la chn, ng thi cho php xoay chng (phn ny khng nn s dng). 7.4 Chnh t l bn Kch p vo khung ca s cn chnh t l, xut hin hp thoi sau
- Scale: Chn User Specified Scale chnh t l v nhp t l bn vo khung bn di. 7.5 Lm vic vi thc t l Thay i thc t l, kch p vo thc t l mt nh
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- View Frame: Chn khung bn cn to thc t l - Preserve Interval: Gi li nh dng ny. - Style: Chn kiu thc t l. - Units: n v ca thc t l. - Interval: Khong cch n v. - Intervals: S on c khong cch l n v trn. - Left Divisions: S on bn tri s 0 nm trong khong cch n v .
7.6 Thm khung d liu vo ca s Layout
View Frame: Thm mt View vo trang layout. Legend Frame: Thm mt bng ch thch vo trang layout. Scale Bar Frame: Thm mt thc t l vo trang layout. North Arrow: Thm mt hng vo trang layout. Chart Frame: Thm mt biu vo trang layout. Table Frame: Thm mt d liu dng bng vo trang layout. Picture Frame: Thm mt nh vo trang layout.
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to khung vin bao quanh trang i tng trong trang Layout bng cch chn i tng , trn thanh Menu chn Layout/ Add Neatline, xut hin hp thoi sau
- Place around the selected graphics: Khung bao quanh i tng c chn. - Place around all graphics: Khung bao tt c cc i tng trn trang Layout. - Inset from margins: Khung bao t mp khung cha cc i tng nm gn nht so vi mp trang Layout. - Group neatline with graphics: Nhm cc khung li. - Offset equally from all sides: To khung vin song song t tt c cc mt phng trn trang Layout. - Appearance settings: Khung vin + Click on a border style: Kiu khung vin. + Round the corners: Bo trn bn gc xung quanh khung. + Width: rng vin khung. + Fill Color: Kiu mu nn khung + Drop-shadow: Bng vin khung. + Shadow color: Mu bng vin khung.
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7.7 To li Phn ny ny trong Extension ca Arcview do to li cn phi bc cng c ny. Trn thanh Menu chn File/ Extension, nh du chn vo Graticules and Measured Grid. Sau kch chn vo biu tng Graticules and Grids trn thanh Standard, xut hin hp thoi sau
- Choose the view frame that you want to place a grid or graticule on: Chn ca s cn to li ta . - Create a graticule: To li theo ta a l. - Create a measured grid: To li theo ta phng.
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- Enter a grid interval: Khong cch gia hai ng thng to li. - Display grid as: - Tic marks: Hin th im giao nhau gia cc ng thng to li. - Lines: Hin th ng thng to li. - Grid line width (pts): rng ca ng thng to li. - Grid and label color: Mu ca ng thng to li. - Label font: Font ch nhn ta li. - Label size (pts): Kch thc nhn ta . - Label text style: Kiu ch ca nhn ta gm: ch bnh thng (Normal), ch in m (Bold), ch in m v nghing (Bold Italic), ch in nghing (Italic)
Choose options for your border:
+ Border around the viewframe: Khung bao quay trang cha bn , c ly theo khung cha d liu khng gian.
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+ Border around the graticule/grid: Khung bao quanh h ta . Viewframe border options: + Align labels to border: Nhn ta s bo theo khung cha d liu khng gian. + Line color: Mu sc khung bao cha d liu khng gian. + Line Style: Kiu khung bao cha d liu khng gian. Graticule/grid border options + Line color: Mu sc khung bao ta . + Line Style: Kiu khung bao ta . Sau khi chnh sa xong nhn nt Preview xem th khung li tha mn ngi dng cha. Nu c ri th nhn Finish hon tt, cn nu b li nhn Remove lm li. Ch : Bn ch in nhng d liu cha trong khung mu xanh quanh trang layout, do phi a tt c d liu vo trong khung mu xanh. Xut trang in ny thnh nh dng nh, trn thanh Menu chn File/ Export, xut hin hp thoi sau
List Files of Type: Cc nh dng nh chng trnh h tr. Option: Chnh phn gii ca nh, mc nh phn gii l 96 DPI.
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CHNG VIII PHN M RNG
Phn m rng ca chng trnh ArcView nm trong th vin Extension. Do mun gi mt chng trnh m rng ca ArcView trn thanh Menu chn File/ Extension, nh du chn vo Extension cn s dng. 8.1 3D Analyst Phn ny tp trung ch yu m phng d liu a hnh. To m hnh TIN t bn a hnh. Trn thanh Menu chn Surface/ Create TIN from features, xut hin hp thoi sau
- Height source: Trng thuc tnh ly gi tr cao to m hnh TIN - Input as: Kiu i tng b mt s c a vo. Nu i tng dng im th chn Mass Point, cn i tng dng ng v dng vng th chn Mass Point, Hard v Soft Breakline - Value field: Cung cp gi tr ti cc node hay cc nh ca tam gic trong qu trnh to m hnh TIN. Phn ny ch s dng khi m to m hnh t lp d liu dng im hay mt kiu dng vng. Nu m hnh to ra dng im th l cc node, cn m hnh to ra dng vng th l cc nh ca tam gic. Phn ny cha trong m hnh TIN nhm mc ch hin th, truy vn v to m hnh.
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Chnh sa hin th cho m hnh TIN Kch p vo lp TIN , xut hin hp thoi sau
Gm cc phn hin th sau - Points: Hin th dng im. - Lines: Hin th dng ng. - Faces: Hin th dng b mt ca m hnh. Mun hin th dng cao th chn Elevation Range, dng d dc chn Slope, dng din mo chn Aspect. Xem m hnh TIN di dng 3D trn thanh Menu chn View/ 3D Scence
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To bn a hnh t m hnh TIN, chn m hnh TIN trn thanh Menu chn Surface/ Create Contour, xut hin hp thoi sau
- Contour interval: Khong cch gia cc ng ng mc. - Base contour: Gi tr thp nht ca ng ng mc nu c. To bn t m hnh TIN dng Raster Mun to d liu dng Raster v dc tnh bng trn thanh Menu chn Surface/ Derive Slope, xut hin hp thoi sau
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- Ouput Grid Extent: u ra ca dng lp d liu li. - Output Grid Cell Size: Kch thc ca mt li. - Number of Rows: S dng. - Number of Columns: S ct.
Mun to din mo theo cc hng ca m hnh TIN trn thanh Menu chn Surface/ Derive Aspect
To bng cc i ni trn thanh Menu chn Surface/ Compute Hillshade
- Azimuth: Gc phng v. - Altitude: cao. 8.2 Spatial Analyst Phn ny ch yu tp trung phn tch d liu dng Raster. Chuyn t Raster sang Vector: Trn thanh Menu chn Theme/ Convert to Grid, xut hin hp thoi lu li tp tin di dng Raster, hp thoi k tip cho php chn cellsize ca lp d liu li
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Nhn OK mn hnh chn gi tr c cho mi cellsize
Phn ny nn chn trng mang gi tr s c m ha t cc i tng dng chui. Khi cc gi tr s s c hiu t cc chui c m ha
Vector Cay cong nghiep Dan cu Lam nghiep Mat nuoc Nong nghiep
Raster 3 5 1 4 2
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Nh vy theo bng trn th cc gi tr bn ct vector s c hin th bng cc gi tr trong lp d liu dng Raster. Khi cc i tng tng ng s biu din bng cc li tng ng v mang cng gi tr.
Khi chuyn mt lp d liu khc sang d liu dng Raster m trn thanh TOC c sn cc lp Raster th khi chn Cellsize cho lp Raster ny chng ta c th chn theo cellsize ca lp c sn trong dng lnh Output Grid Cellsize th t ng dng lnh Cellsize s ly theo lp c chn
Chuyn t Raster sang Vector, kch hot lp d liu dng Raster trn thanh Menu chn Theme/ Convert to Shapefile. Khi thuc tnh ca lp Vector ch l cc gi tr c ly t Raster, v vy cn phi thm trng thuc tnh vo m ha cc gi tr thnh cc chui thng tin tng ng. Tnh ton khong cch n cc i tng trong lp d liu trn thanh Menu chn Analysis/ Find Distance Truy vn d liu dng Raster, trn thanh Menu chn Analysis/ Map Query, ca s truy vn d liu tng t nh ca s truy vn d liu dng Raster. Phn tch gi tr gia hai lp d liu vi nhau trn thanh Menu chn Analysis/ Tabulate Area
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- Row Theme: Lp d liu ly trng lm dng hng ngang cho bng phn tch. - Row Field: Trng d liu phn tch phn b vng gia hai lp d liu. - Column Theme: Lp d liu ly trng lm ct cho bng phn tch. - Column Field: Trng d liu phn tch phn b vng gia hai lp d liu. Khi chng trnh s chuyn d liu sang dng Raster phn tch (nu hai lp d liu dng Vector)
Nhn OK chng trnh s phn tch cc li dng Raster xem phn no s c chuyn i hay nhn li. Kt qu ch l dng bng d liu
Phn tch, tnh ton gia cc lp d liu dng Raster, trn thanh Menu chn Analysis/ Map Calculator, xut hin hp thoi sau
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S dng cc cng thc ton hc, cc php ton tnh ton, phn tch gia cc lp d liu vi nhau. Sau khi nhp hm, biu thc tinh ton xong nhn nt Evaluate xy dng lp d liu mi t cc biu thc hay hm xy dng trc . Tn mt nh ca cc lp kt qu l Map Calculation, do cn phi chuyn cc lp d liu ny sang dng Raster d qun l sau ny. Phn li gi tr cho cc lp d liu, trn thanh Menu chn Analysis/ Reclassify
- Old Values: Cc gi tr mt nh ca lp d liu. - New Value: Gi tr c c li thng qua lp gi tr c ca lp d liu. to s lp theo ngi s dng th nhn nt Classify phn lp
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- Type: Kiu phn lp. - Number of classes: S lp - Round values at: Kiu gi tr ca lp. 8.3 CAD Reader Phn ny cho php c cc nh dng CAD nh AutoCAD, Microstation, a mt lp d liu dng CAD chn New Theme
Hp thoi bn tri kch chn vo nt pha trc tn tp tin chn nh dng cn m, v mi lp d liu trong Arcview ch cha mt loi i tng, cn trong d liu dng dgn cha c nhiu i tng. Khi cc lp d liu trong lp dgn c cng loi i tng s nm chung trong mt lp Mun n mt i tng no , cn phi xc nh i tng nm trong lp no sau vo Theme/ Properties kch chn th Drawing bn tri
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Chn lp d liu khng cn m bng cch nhn phm Shift
Ngoi ra chng ta cng c th lm vic vi nh dng Dxf ca chng trnh AutoCAD
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CHNG IX BIU V BNG BO CO
9.1 To biu Mun to biu trn thanh Menu chn Table/ Chart hay kch vo nt lnh , xut hin hp thoi sau
Name: Tn ca s biu . Table: Lp d liu s dng lm biu . Fields: Trng thuc tnh trong lp d liu (trc Y). Group: Trng thuc tnh s dng lm ct hin th trong biu . Label series using: Tn trng s dng lm trc X. Comments: Li ch gii v biu . Thay i thng tin ca cc i tng trn ca s biu , sau
Mun thay i thng tin kch chn nt Chart Element Properties kch chn cc i tng cn thay i. a. Tiu biu Kch chn vo ch Title, xut hin hp thoi
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- Title position: V tr tiu biu . Kch chut vo hnh chn v tr c tiu ca biu . b. Trc Y
- Axis: Hin th trc Y. - Axis Label: Hin th nhn text trc Y. - Tick mark labels: Hin th nhn gi tr ca trc Y. - Major grid: Li ca biu . - Minor grid: Li gia cc khong trong trc Y. - Scale min: Gi tr thp nht ca trc Y. - Scale max: Gi tr cao nht ca trc Y. - Major unit: n v cho mt khong ca trc Y. - Minor unit: n v gia mt khong nm trong trc Y. - Axis label: Tn nhn ca trc Y. c. Trc X
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- Axis: Hin th trc X - Axis Label: Hin th nhn ca trc X - Tick mark labels: Hin th tn trng thuc tnh lm biu . C th thay i tn trng ny bng cch kch vo tn trng bn hp thoi Group Labels. - Axis label: Tn nhn ca trc X. d. Bng ch thch
- Series Lables: Cho php hay i nhn ca cc i tng trn biu . - Legend position: V tr ca bng ch thch so vi biu , mun thay i v tr ca bng ch gii ti mt v tr no bng cch kch chut ti v tr cn c . Mun xem thng tin thuc tnh ca cc ct hin th bng cch chn nt lnh Indentify trn thanh cng c sau chn ct cn xem. sau Mun xa mt ct no trong biu , kch chn nt lnh Erase kch chn ln ct cn xa. phc hi lnh xa va ri, trn thanh Menu chn Edit/ Undo Erase hoc kch vo nt lnh . Ch lnh ny ch cho undo mt ln duy nht do cn phi thn trng khi xa cc ct trong biu . Mun thay i mu sc ca cc i trn biu bng cch kch chut vo cng c Chart Color , xut hin hp thoi sau
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Chn mu cn thay i trong hp thoi Color Palette sau kch chn i tng cn thay mu tng ng trong hp thoi ny. Chng ta c th thy i mu sc ca tiu v bng ch gii ca biu .
Ngoi ra cn mt s nh dng biu khc nh Dng hnh trn (Pie chart gallery)
Dng ng (Line chart gallry)
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Dng thanh nm ngang (Bar chart gallery)
Dng vng (Area chart gallery)
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9.2 To bng bo co y cng l mt phn m rng ca chng trnh do mun to trang bo co cn phi kch hot chng trnh m rng Report Writer nm trong File/Extension
Kch hot lp d liu cn to bng bo co, trn thanh Menu chn Theme/ Create a Report, xut hin hp thoi sau
Chn nh dng ca trang bo co sau nhn Next, xut hin hp thoi sau
- All Records: Chn tt c cc thuc tnh to bng bo co
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- Only the selected records: S dng cc thuc tnh c chn to bng bo co. Nhn Finish, phn to trang bo co s xut hin. a. Tab Page Layout
nh du chn vo cc trng thuc tnh cn xut sang bng bo co, mun chn tt c cc trng th nhn nt , cn b chn tt c th nhn nt . thay i v tr gia cc trng c xut, chn trng cn thay i v tr sau nhn nt thay i v tr ca chng. Mun chnh font ch nhn vo nt Change Font, thay i mu sc ca trang th nhn nt Report Back Color. Ch trong qu trnh thay i font v mu trang bo co cn xc nh phn thuc tnh hay tiu cn thay i bng cch nhn vo phn Body (phn thuc tnh) hay Header (tiu ). b. Tab Column Layout
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Phn ny ch yu tp trung vo chnh sa rng ca cc ct trong bng bo co bng cch chn ct (Field) cn chnh rng sau chn rng tng ng (Width). Ngoi ra chng ta c th ko ct rng ty thch bng cch kch vo ng bin gia hai ct ko chng ra. Nu hon tt nhn vo nt Preview xem kt qu ca bng bo co trc khi in.
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TI LIU THAM KHO

PHN MAPINFO Bi Hu Mnh, 2007. Hng dn s dng MapInfo Professional V 7. NXB KHKT, 405 trang. H S phm H Ni, 2006. Gio trnh bn hc i cng. L Ngc Lm, 2006. Bi ging mn hc tin hc ng dng. T sch H Nng Lm Tp. HCM. L Vn nh, 2006. Gio trnh trc a. H Bch Khoa Nng Nguyn c Bnh, 2007. Hng dn s dng MapInfo Professional 7.5. NXB Nng Nghip, 95 trang. Pitney Bowes MapInfo Corporation, 2007. MapInfo Professional Help. Pitney Bowes MapInfo Corporation, 2007. MapInfo Professional v 9.0 User Guide (Abridged), 568 paper. Mt s Website: Cc Cng Ngh Thng Tin B Ti Nguyn v Mi Trng http://ciren.gov.vn/ Din n GIT4YOU http://git4you.com VNGEOMATICS http://groups.google.com/group/vngeomatics PHN ARCVIEW Scott Hutchinson & Larry Daniel, 2000. Inside Arcview GIS. NXB OnWord, 488 pages.
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PHN II ARCVIEW 3.3a

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CHNG I GII THIU PHN MM ARCVIEW

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1.8.3 Cc i tng a gic (polygon features)

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CHNG II THANH MENU V THANH CNG C

2.1 Thanh Menu 2.1.1 File

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- Properties: Hin th hp thoi thuc tnh ca theme

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2.2 Thanh cng c

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a. Giao din ha vi ngi dng ca ArcView

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TO D LIU TRONG ARCVIEW

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Nhn nt Add xut hin hp thoi m tp tin dng bng

Cc nh dng h tr l dBASE (*.dbf) , INFO v Delimited (*.txt).

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Table: Lp d liu cn to. X field: Ta X. Y field: Ta Y.

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Cc gi tr ca trng chiu di trong bng thuc tnh ca theme s c tnh.

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Sau khi v xong, ArcView s t ng ct cc Polygon theo ng ct va v.

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Trong bng, kch tn ca trng chn trng.

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- Kch nt tnh ton (Calculate) - Trong hp biu thc, nhp: [Shape].ReturnLength

hin th hp thoi tnh ton cho trng.

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3.1.4 t mi trng bt dnh (snap)

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CHNG IV LM VIC VI D LIU

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Kch chn nt Query

Cc nh dng h tr l dBASE (.dbf) , INFO v Delimited (.txt).