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ng 3/2, khu 2, Tp. Cn Th. E-mail: tvhai@ctu.edu.vn, Cell phone: 0913 675 024
Nm 2009
THNG TIN V TC GI PHM VI V I TNG S DNG CA GIO TRNH HA BO V THC VT I.THNG TIN V TC GI H v tn: TRN VN HAI Sinh nm: 02-03-1955 C quan cng tc: B Mn Bo V Thc Vt, Khoa Nng Nghip v Sinh Hc ng Dng, Trng i Hc Cn Th E-mail: tvhai@ctu.edu.vn II.PHM VI V I TNG S DNG -Gio trnh c th s dng cho cc ngnh: Nng hc, Trng trt, Bo v thc vt, Kinh t nng nghip, K thut nng nghip v S phm ha. -C th dng cho cc trng: Trung hc k thut, i hc nng nghip, S phm -Cc t kha: cn trng, bnh cy, c di, thuc tr dch hi, bo v thc vt, c cht, th nghim, hu hiu, d lng. hot cht -Yu cu kin thc trc khi hc mn ny: cn trng, bnh cy, c di v ha hc hu c. - in thnh gio trnh ti th vin i hc Cn Th
MC LC
CHNG M U ...................................................................................................................... 1 I. V TR v VAI TR CA MN HC .................................................................................. 1 1. Dch hi v mc tc hi ................................................................................................. 1 2. Cc bin php bo v thc vt ............................................................................................ 1 3. u im, nhc im v v tr ca ngnh Ha BVTV hin nay ........................................ 2 II. Lch s php trin ngnh Ha BVTV .................................................................................... 3 III. C s mc ch v i tng mn hc ................................................................................. 4 Cu hi n tp ............................................................................................................................. 4
CHNG 1: C CHT HC NNG NGHIP ........................................................................ 5 1.1 CC KHI NIM V CHT C v S NHIM C.................................................. 5 1.1.1 Cc khi nim c bn..................................................................................................... 5 1.1.2 Nhng yu cu i vi mt ha cht dng trong bo v thc vt ................................. 6 1.1.3 Phn loi thuc tr dch hi ........................................................................................... 7 1.2 S XM NHP CA CHT C VO C TH SINH VT........................................ 9 1.2.1 S xm nhp ca cht c vo t bo .......................................................................... 10 1.2.2 S xm nhp ca cht c vo c th cn trng.......................................................... 10 1.2.3 S xm nhp ca cht c v c th loi gm nhm ................................................... 11 1.3.2 S bin i ca cht c trong t bo sinh vt ............................................................ 12 1.3.3 Cc hnh thc tc ng ca cht c ........................................................................... 13 1.3.4 Tc ng ca cht c n dch hi ............................................................................. 14 1.4 NHNG NHN T NH HNG N TNH C CA CHT C...................... 15 1.4.1 S lin quan gia tnh cht ca cht c v tnh c ca cht c.............................. 15 1.4.2 S lin quan gia c im ca sinh vt vi tnh c ca cht c ............................ 16 1.4.3 nh hng ca mt s ngoi cnh n tnh c ca cht c..................................... 19 1.5 THUC BO V THC VT V S BIN I CU TRC QUN TH SINH VT ................................................................................................................................................... 20 1.5.1 Thuc BVTV vi qun th dch hi............................................................................. 21 1.5.2 Thuc bo v thc vt vi nhng sinh vt c ch ........................................................ 21 1.5.3 Thuc bo v thc vt i vi cy trng ..................................................................... 21 Cu hi n tp ........................................................................................................................... 22
CHNG 2: CC PHNG PHP S DNG v TH NGHIM THUC TR DCH HI ....................................................................................................................................................... 23 2.1 CC DNG CH PHM DNG TRONG BO V THC VT.................................. 23 2.1.1 Nhng ch phm cn ha long trc khi s dng ..................................................... 24 2.2.2 Nhng ch phm khng ha long trc khi p dng ................................................. 24 2.2.3 Cht ph gia ................................................................................................................. 25 2.2 CC PHNG PHP S DNG THUC TR DCH HI ......................................... 26 2.2.1 Phun thuc ................................................................................................................... 26 2.2.2 Rc ht ......................................................................................................................... 30 2.2.3 Ni liu php thc vt.................................................................................................. 30 2.2.4 Xng hi ...................................................................................................................... 31 2.2.5 X l ging .................................................................................................................. 32 2.2.6 Lm b c................................................................................................................... 33 2.3 CC PHNG PHP XC NH TNH C V HIU LC CA THUC TR DCH HI................................................................................................................................. 33 A. CC PHNG PHP XC NH TNH C CA THUC TR DCH HI TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM ............................................................................................................ 34 2.3.1 Nguyn tc th nghim ................................................................................................. 34 2.3.2 Phng php xc nh tnh c ca thuc tr su ....................................................... 34 2.3.3 Phng php xc nh tnh c ca thuc tr nm...................................................... 35 2.3.4 Phng php xc nh tnh c ca thuc tr c......................................................... 36 B. CC PHNG PHP XC NH HIU LC CA THUC TR DCH HI TRN NG RUNG........................................................................................................................ 37 2.3.5 B tr th nghim .......................................................................................................... 37 2.3.6 Xc nh hiu qu ca vic dng thuc tr dch hi.................................................... 38 C. CC PHNG PHP TNH TON HIU QU DNG THUC .................................. 39 2.3.7 hiu ca thuc tr su ............................................................................................ 39 2.3.8 Ch tiu nh gi thuc tr nm................................................................................... 42 2.3.9 Ch tiu nh gi thuc tr c...................................................................................... 42 D. SO SNH TNH C CA CC LOI THUC TR DCH HI ............................... 43 Cu hi n tp ........................................................................................................................... 44
CHNG 3: THUC TR DCH HI ...................................................................................... 44 A. THUC TR SU.............................................................................................................. 44 3.1 THUC TR SU CLO HU C ................................................................................... 44 3.1.1 U IM ............................................................................................................................ 44 3.1.2 NHC IM.................................................................................................................... 44 3.1.3 MT S C IM KHC.............................................................................................. 44 3.1.4 DDT (Dichlodiphenyl trichloetan)....................................................................................... 45 3.1.5 BHC ..................................................................................................................................... 46 3.1.6 THUC TR SU TECPEN CLO HA........................................................................... 47 3.1.7 THUC TR SU CYCLODIEN ..................................................................................... 47 3.2 THUC TR SU GC LN HU C ......................................................................... 49 3.2.1 METHYL PARATHION (MP) (Metaphos, Wofatox, Folidon M, Metacid, Bladan - M).. 50 3.2.2 SUMITHION (Fenitrothion, Metathion, Methylnitrophos, Folithion)................................ 51 3.2.3 LEBAYCID (Fenthion, Mertophos, Baycid, Baytex) ......................................................... 51 3.2.4 BASUDIN (Diazinon) ......................................................................................................... 52 3.2.5 DDVP (Dichlorovos, Nuvan, Vapona, Nogos, Desvap...)................................................... 52 3.2.6 NALED ................................................................................................................................ 53 3.2.7 DIPTEREX (Clorophos, Trichlorfon, Diloc, Tugon, Nevugon...) ...................................... 53 3.2.8 MOCAP (Enthorophos, Ethoprop, Prophos) ....................................................................... 54 3.2.9 METHIDATHION............................................................................................................... 54 3.2.10 BIAN, BI58 (Dimethoate, Phosphamid, Rogor, Phostion, Rostion, Thimetion) .............. 55 3.2.11 PHOSPHAMIDON (Dimecron, Cibac-570, Dixion, OR-1191, Apamidon)..................... 56 3.2.12 AZODRIN (Monocrotophos, Nuvacron, Monocron, Bilobran) ........................................ 57 3.2.13 ZOLONE (Benzophos, Rubitox) ....................................................................................... 57 3.3 THUC TR SU CARBAMATE .................................................................................. 58 3.3.1 SEVIN.................................................................................................................................. 59 3.3.2 MIPCIN................................................................................................................................ 59 3.3.3 BASSA................................................................................................................................. 60 3.3.4 FURADAN .......................................................................................................................... 61 3.3.5 Cc loi thuc Carbamate khc......................................................................................... 61 3.4 THUC TR SU GC PYRETHROIT (GC CC TNG HP)............................... 63 3.4.1 CYPERMETHRIN .............................................................................................................. 63 3.4.2 ALPHA CYPERMETHRIN ................................................................................................ 64 3.4.3 DELTAMETHRIN .............................................................................................................. 65 3.4.4 CYHALOTHRIN................................................................................................................. 65 3.4.5 FENPROPATHRIN............................................................................................................. 66 3.4.6 FENVALERAT ................................................................................................................... 66 3.4.7 PERMETHRIN .................................................................................................................... 67 3.4.8 CC LOI THUC PYRETHROIT KHC...................................................................... 68 3.5 THUC TR SU SINH HC......................................................................................... 68 3.5.1 HORMON (Hc mn) ......................................................................................................... 68 3.5.2 PHEROMON (Cht dn d gii tnh) ................................................................................. 69 3.5.3 MT S CH PHM SINH HC TR SU PH BIN................................................ 69 3.5.4 THUC TR SU VI SINH BACTERIN ......................................................................... 74 3.6 THUC TR NHN ......................................................................................................... 75 3.6.1 ACRINATHRIN .................................................................................................................. 75 3.6.2 AMITRAZ ........................................................................................................................... 76 3.6.3 BINAPACRYL .................................................................................................................... 76 3.6.4 PROPARGITE..................................................................................................................... 77 3.6.5 CC LOI THUC TR NHN KHC ......................................................................... 78 3.7 THUC TR CHUT....................................................................................................... 79 3.7.1 BRODIFACOUM (Klerat, Talon) ....................................................................................... 79
3.7.2 PHOSPHUA KM (Zinc phosphide) .................................................................................. 79 3.7.3 WARFARIN (Coumafne) .................................................................................................. 80 3.7.4 WARFARIN SODIUM + SALMONELLA var. I7F - 4 ..................................................... 80 B. THUC TR BNH CY................................................................................................. 81 3.8 PHN LOI THEO KIU TC NG ........................................................................... 81 3.9 PHN LOI THEO NGUN GC HA HC ............................................................... 81 3.9.1 THUC TR NM CHA NG ................................................................................... 81 3.9.2 THUC TR NM GC LU HUNH.......................................................................... 84 3.9.3 THUC TR NM GC THY NGN .......................................................................... 89 3.9.4 THUC TR NM DICACBOXIN .................................................................................. 89 3.9.5 THUC TR NM HU C NI HP........................................................................... 90 3.9.6 Thuc tr nm tng hp hu c khc .................................................................................. 97 3.10. THUC KHNG SINH .................................................................................................. 99 C. THUC TR C .............................................................................................................. 102 3.11.1 nh ngha........................................................................................................................ 102 3.11.2 c im c di ............................................................................................................... 102 3.11.3 Kh nng cnh tranh vi la ............................................................................................ 102 3.11.4 Phn loi c di................................................................................................................ 102 3.11.5 Thuc tr c ..................................................................................................................... 104 Cu hi n tp ......................................................................................................................... 107 TI LIU THAM KHO ............................................................................................... 108
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I. V TR v VAI TR CA MN HC 1. Dch hi v mc tc hi
Dch hi trong nng nghip (pests): l nhng loi sinh vt v vi sinh vt gy hi cho cy trng v nng sn, lm tht thu nng sut hoc lm gim phm cht nng sn, thc phm. Cc loi dch hi thng thy l su hi, bnh cy, c di, chut, nhn , tuyn trng... Tht thu hng nm do cc loi dch hi gy ra chim khong 35% kh nng sn lng ma mng (khong 75 t la); trong thit hi do su l 13,8% (29,7 t la); do bnh cy l 11,6% (24,8 t la); do c di l 9,5% (20,4 t la) (theo Cramer H. H., 1967). Nu tnh cho din tch nng nghip ca th gii l 1,5 t hcta, khng k ng c v bi hoang th thit hi bnh qun l 47- 60 la trn mt hcta. trnh tht thu, hin nay c nhiu bin php c p dng phng tr cc loi dch hi.
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bin php phng tr dch hi k trn, hin nay bin php ha BVTV vn cn chim u th, mc d ngi ta ch ra nhiu nhc im ca vic dng ha cht c trong phng tr dch hi.
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- T th k XVIII tr v trc: Cng tc BVTV ni chung v bin php Ha BVTV ni ring ch c tin hnh l t, t pht, cha c c s khoa hc v khng c ngha thc tin. Ch yu con ngi s dng nhng cht c c sn trong t nhin nh lu hunh c trong tro ni la, cy c c cha cht c... phng tr dch hi. - T th k XVIII n trc nm 1939: khi sn xut nng nghip mang tnh cht tp trung hn th thng xy ra cc trn dch su bnh, i khi lan trn t nc ny sang nc khc, cho nn i hi v cng tc BVTV tr nn cp bch hn. Nh cc khoa hc v cn trng, bnh cy v nhng ngnh khoa hc t nhin c lin quan khc bc vo giai on hin i, cc bin php phng tr dch hi khoa hc, tin b mi dn dn c p dng vo sn xut nng nghip. Nm 1807, Benedict Prevot chng minh c rng nu nc si trong ni ng c tnh c i vi bao t nm bnh than en, tip sau , Millardet nghin cu s hn hp gia ng sulphate v vi to ra hn hp Bordeaux phng tr bnh sng mai trn nho (1882 1887). Nm 1889, Aceto asenate ng- hp cht cha Asen khng tan u tin c dng phng tr su Leptinotasa decemlineata Say hi khoai ty nhiu nc Chu u. Nm 1897 Rabate s dng H2SO4 v Martin dng st sunfate tr c cho ng cc.... Nhn chung t gia th k XIX tr i, bin php Ha BVTV ngy cng c ch trng v bc u pht huy c tc dng trong sn xut. Tuy nhin vn cn nhiu hn ch do nhng hp cht ha hc dng trong giai on ny - ch yu l cc cht v c - cn mang nhiu nhc im: d gy c cho ngi v gia sc, km an ton i vi cy trng. - T nm 1939 n nay: T khi ng Muller cng b cng trnh nghin cu ca ng v thuc tr su DDT th bin php ha hc phng tr su hi c mt chuyn bin cn bn. Sau hng lot cc hp cht Clo hu c v cc hp cht tng hp hu c khc (ln hu c, Cc-bamat, Pyrethroid tng hp...) ra i v c s dng ngy cng rng ri phng tr su hi. i vi nm bnh, bt u bng cc thuc tr nm cha ng, ngy nay ngi ta dng nhiu hp cht hu c tng hp nh cc thiocarbamate, cc hp cht thy ngn hu c, cc hp cht benzimidazol, cc thuc khng sinh... phng tr nm v vi khun. n nm 1945, khi nhng thuc tr c Phenoxy (2,4-D, MCPA...) ra i th bin php ha hc phng tr c di mi tht s c ngha trong sn xut nng nghip. Trong nhng nm gn y, bin php Ha BVTV c nhng bc tin mnh m, xut hin nhiu loi nng dc vi bn cht ha hc hon ton mi, c nhiu u im so vi cc hp cht so vi cc hp cht dng trc y nh: an ton hn vi ngi v ng vt mu nng, cy trng, dit c nhng loi dch hi khng vi cc loi thuc s dng trc y...
III. C s mc ch v i tng mn hc
C s khoa hc ca bin php Ha hc BVTV l c cht hc nng nghip. + c cht hc: (Toxicology) l mn khoa hc chuyn nghin cu cc cht c v tc ng ca chng n c th sng; cch phng v chng tc dng c hi ca chng. + c cht hc nng nghip: l mt ngnh ca c cht hc, chuyn nghin cu cc cht c dng trong nng nghip nhng cht tr dch hi; tm hiu nhng bin i xy ra trong c th sinh vt di tc ng ca cc cht c ; tm hiu s pht sinh, pht trin ca nhng bin i trong c th sinh vt. Nh vy i tng ca c cht hc nng nghip l thuc tr dch hi v c ch ca s tc ng .
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai
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+ Tnh c ca mt cht c i vi sinh vt ph thuc vo 3 yu t sau: c im ca cht c (tnh cht ha hc, tnh cht vt l, kh nng tc ng sinh l, liu lng...). c im ca sinh vt b thuc tc ng: cc c im di truyn nh cu to hnh thi gii phu, h thng men, hot tnh sinh l v cc c im khc nh th trng, tui tc, tnh trng sc kho... iu kin ngoi cnh khi cht c tc ng ln c th dch hi, cc yu t thng gy nh hng l nhit , m , gi, ma... cc yu t ny mt mt tc ng ln dch hi lm nh hng n tnh mm cm ca n; mt khc nh hng n tnh cht l, ha hc ca thuc, t lm tng hay gim hiu qu dng thuc.
Mc ch ca ngnh c cht hc nng nghip l nghin cu s tc ng ca thuc ln c th sinh vt trong mi quan h gia 3 yu t nu trn t : + ra nhng yu cu ca sn xut nng nghip i vi mt loi thuc tr dch hi m ngnh ha hc cn gii quyt. + ra cc bin php dng thuc hp l nht, nhm pht huy n mc ti a hiu lc tr dch hi v hn ch n mc ti thiu tc hi ca thuc trn ngi, gia sc, cy trng, mi trng v cn bng sinh thi.
Cu hi n tp
Cu 1: Hy cho bit v tr v vai tr ca ngnh Ha Bo V Thc Vt trong nng nghip? Cu 2: Hy cho bit u v khuyt im ca ngnh Ha Bo V Thc Vt trong nng nghip?
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* Liu lng c: L liu cht c lm cho c th lm vo tnh trng xu nh gy ht hi, chng mt, nhc u... nhng cha a n t vong. * Liu lng gy cht: l liu cht c nh nht c th gy cho c th nhng bin i khng th hi phc c, dn n t vong. Ngoi ra ngi ta cn a ra mt s khi nim khc v liu lng c nh sau: * Liu lng di liu gy cht: L liu cht c c th gy ra s hy hoi vi chc nng ca c th nhng cha dn n t vong. * Liu lng gy cht ti thiu: l liu cht c nh nht trong nhng iu kin nht nh c th gy cht cho c th. * Liu lng gy cht tuyt i: L liu cht c thp nht trong nhng iu kin nht nh c th lm cht ton b s c th dng trong nghin cu. d. Mc dng (liu dng, liu lng p dng) L lng hot cht hoc ch phm ca n dng trn mt n v th tch, din tch hoc khi lng cn x l bo v cy trng v nng sn, nhm thu c hiu qu k thut v hiu qu kinh t cao nht. Mc dng c tnh bng n v trng lng ca vt cht hoc ch phm trn mt n v trng lng, th tch hoc din tch ca i tng cn x l. n v mc thng dng l kg(lt) hot cht/ha. i khi ngi ta ch khuyn co nng s dng cng vi yu cu l thuc phi c phun u khp b mt cn x l.
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g. Cc ch phm phi khng c qu t tin, phi em li hiu qu kinh t cao khi s dng chng. Ngy nay cng nghip ha cht v ang c nhiu n lc ch to ra nhng hp cht p ng ngy cng tt hn nhng yu cu ni trn. Tuy nhin cn phi thy rng cha c ha cht no p ng tht y tt c nhng yu cu trn. Vi k thut dng thuc ng n, trn c s hiu bit tht y v c cht hc nng nghip s gp phn khc phc nhng mt hn ch v nng cao gi tr s dng ca cc ha cht c trong lnh vc phng tr dch hi. Nu chng ta coi thuc BVTV nh mt v kh chng li nhng sinh vt gy hi cho cy trng th kt qu thng li hay tht bi ca trn nh u phi ch ph thuc vo v kh? R rng ngi s dng v kh ng vai tr quyt nh.
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- Thuc lu dn v thuc khng lu dn: Thuc lu dn l nhng thuc khi c p dng trn b phn ca thc vt (nh l hoc r) th n c kh nng xm nhp vo bn trong v dn truyn theo mch nha n cc b phn khc lm cho c th thc vt tr nn c i vi dch hi (thuc tr su, bnh); hoc ton b c th thc vt b gy hi (thuc tr c). Thuc khng lu dn l tt c nhng thuc khng c c tnh trn, cc thuc c c tnh lu dn thng c a chung hn do t b ma ra tri, t gy hi n thin ch. - Thuc c tc ng chn lc v khng chn lc: Thuc c tc ng chn lc l nhng thuc ch c tc dng trn mt s loi dch hi v khng nh hng xu n cc loi thin ch (cn trng bt mi v k sinh) hay nhng sinh vt c ch khc (gia sc, c, th, thin ch (cn trng k sinh) hay nhng sinh vt c ch khc (gia sc, c, th rng...). i vi thuc tr c, tnh chn lc ca thuc biu hin kh nng khng gy hi i vi thc vt. Thuc Bo V Thc Vt dng trong nng nghip cn c phn nhm theo cc ch tiu c hi i vi ngi v ng vt mu nng, cng nh theo tnh bn vng ca chng trong mi sinh. c tnh ca thuc i vi VMN c tnh qua mt ln a thuc qua d dy (qua ming), bi thuc ln da (tip xc qua da) v khi ht hi thuc, v s tch ly ca thuc trong c th ng vt. (Trch theo Kinh t v t chc Bo V Thc Vt; trang 205 phn Phn loi v sinh thuc Bo v Thc vt. A.F. Chenkin, theo Vin Nghin cu Khoa hc Ton Lin Bang v V Sinh v c hi ca Thuc BVTV), NXB Nng nghip - H Ni, 1988. d. Phn loi theo mc bay hi - Cht rt nguy him: Nng bo ha nng c hi. - Cht nguy him: Nng bo ha > nng bc chy. - Cht t nguy him: Nng bo ha < nng bc chy. e. Phn loi theo c s y hc *Theo c cp tnh qua da: LD50 (mg/kg) < 300 300< LD50 <1000 1000< H s da 1-2 3 >3 Mc c (c tnh) c tnh mnh c tnh trung bnh c tnh yu
*Theo c cp tnh qua ming hay ng rut (biu th bng LD50, th nghim trn chut), cc loi thuc tr dch hi c chia thnh cc nhm nh sau: Bng phn chia nhm c qua ming theo qui nh ca B Nng Nghip & PTNT v Cng Ngh Thc Phm, 1995. Phn nhm v k hiu nhm c I Rt c ch en trn bng mu II c cao Biu tng nhm c u lu xng cho c cp tnh LD50 (mg/kg)
qua ming
Th rn <50
Th lng <200
Ch thp en
50-500
200-2000 8
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ch en trn bng mu vng III Nguy him ch en trn bng mu xanh nc bin
>500
>2000
f. Phn loi theo dng tch ly Thuc tr dch hi c kh nng tch ly trong c th sinh vt di cc dng sau: +Tch ly ha hc: xy ra khi cht c ha hc c hp thu vo c th vi tc nhanh hn l bi tit ra ngoi. Mi ln cht c ha hc xm nhp vo c th u khng thi ra ngoi hon ton, s tch t ca cht c xy ra khin c th dn dn b ng c v cht. + Tch ly ng thi (tch ly chc nng): mi ln cht c xm nhp vo c th u b thi ra hon ton, tuy nhin hu qu ca s tc ng ca liu cht c vn cn v c tng thm do qua cc ln xm nhp sau. Kh nng tch ly trong c th ca mt cht c biu th qua cc h s tch ly: LD50 (MN TNH) H s tch ly K = ....................................... LD50 (CP TNH) K<1 : Cht c tch ly rt ln (siu tch ly) ln (tch ly r rt) trung bnh (tch ly va phi) yu (tch ly khng r rt)
Ngoi ra y hc cn da vo mc to khi u ngi v ng vt, phn loi cc cht c theo mc gy c theo mc gy t bin gen, gy qui thai... g. Phn loi theo kh nng phn hy Da vo chu k bn hy (DT50: Disappearance Time) ca ha cht l thi gian phn hy phn na lng cht c. - DT50 < 1 thng - DT50 = 1- 6 thng : bn vng thp : bn vng trung bnh.
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xm nhp vo c th bng con ng no i na, cc cht c mun gy ra mt tc ng no ln c th sinh vt u phi xm nhp c vo bn trong t bo ca sinh vt .
10
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t dng khng ha tan sang dng ha tan. Khi n rut gia, qu trnh ng ha cht c xy ra mnh m. Bng cch thm thu hoc ph hyvch rut gia, cht c t rut chuyn vo huyt dch. Cng vi huyt dch, cht c vn chuyn i khp c th, xm nhp v tc ng vo cc trung tm sng quan trng (nh h thn kinh, h men), hoc gi trong cc m (nh m m). - S bi tit cht c: trong qu trnh tiu ha thng khng phi ton b s lng cht c u c c th hp thu v ng ha. Mt phn cht c khng kp hoc khng c chuyn ha thnh trng thi ha tan s b thi ra ngoi bng con ng bi tit qua rut sau v l hu mn. Nh vy i qua rut vi tc cng nhanh, cht c b bi tit i ra ngoi cng nhiu, v do cng t tc ng n c th dch hi. Mt s cht nh Asen gy ra s co bp rut gia khin cho cht c mt phn b tng ra khi c th cn trng. b. Tc ng tip xc - Biu b cn trng c cu to ch yu bi 3 lp: biu b trn, biu b ngoi v biu b trong. Lp biu b trn ngoi cng c dy khong 0,2 - 0,8 cu to t mt hn hp acid bo, cholesterin v protein. Biu b, ch yu l lp biu b trn l vt chng ngi quan trng nht trn con ng xm nhp ca nhng cht khng tan trong sp v lipit. Thng biu b chn v m chn ca cn trng tng i mng nn cht c xm nhp qua nhng ni ny tng i d dng. mt s cn trng, biu b cn c bao bc bi mt lp sp bn ngoi (nh rp sp). - Thng thng ch c nhng cht hu c ha tan c trong lipoit v lipoprotein mi xm nhp c qua biu b. Sau khi qua c bu b, cht c s lan vo huyt dch v truyn i khp c v tc ng nh trong trng hp cc cht v c. - Mt s thuc tr su nht l cc loi du, tinh du c th to thnh mt lp mng bn vng bao ph c th cn trng lm cn tr qu trnh h hp ca chng, v do cc cht ny c th git cn trng ngay c khi cha xm nhp c vo c th. V d nh du khong DC Trons Plus do hng Caltex sn xut, du khong SK do Hn quc sn xut. c. Tc ng xng hi Bng dng hi, cht c xm nhp vo c th cn trng qua h thng kh qun. Chng khuych tn qua vch kh qun v vi kh qun vo huyt dch, lan truyn trong thn v gy ng c cho cn trng. Khi tip xc vi cc cht c xng hi, cn trng thng phn ng t v bng cch ng cc l th li. Nh c lng oxy cha trong kh qun, chng c th chu ng c mt thi gian nht nh. Cho n khi ht lng oxy d tr, chng mi buc phi m cc l th ra; do tiu dit c dch hi, ta phi gi cho khng kh chung quanh dch hi lun cha kh c nng gy cht trong mt thi gian tng i di th mi c hiu qu. Chnh v vy m cht c xng hi ch pht huy tc dng khi c p dng nhng ni c khong khng gian c nh nh kho, khoang tu, nh knh...
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Chng 1
v c mu truyn i khp ni trong c th. Cc loi gm nhm c khu gic v v gic rt pht trin li rt a nghi nn chng c th phn ng t v bng cch ln trnh, khng n b c hoc bng cch nn ma b c ra ngoi. - Cht c xng hi xm nhp d dng vo phi ca loi gm nhm v t c mu vn chuyn i khp c th. Ngoi kh nng theo huyt dch n cc c quan khc v gy tc ng, cht c xng hi cn c kh nng tc ng ln chnh huyt dch, lm mt kh nng vn chuyn kh oxy, kh carbonic v cc cht khc lm nh hng n ton b c th.
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Chng 1
c. Bin i l hc Mi loi cht c u c kiu tc ng c trng i vi t bo do cc cht c bn cht khc nhau s tc ng ln nhng thnh phn khc nhau ca t bo, nhng nhn chung tt c nhng tc ng ny u dn n s bin i trng thi keo, nht v kh nng nhum mu ca nguyn sinh cht. S thay i trng thi keo biu hin bng s kt t cc phn t keo trong t bo to thnh nhng phn t ln hn, km theo l phn tn b gim st v c xy ra s kh nc khin cho i lc ca cc phn t nc b gim. Cng vi s kt ng nguyn sinh cht, thng din ra s to thnh nhiu khng bo, chng t s thay i quan h gia cc phn t keo ca t bo i vi nc. Do s kt t keo, nht ca cht nguyn sinh lc u b gim i; nhng sau li tng ln, c th l do s gel ca keo nguyn sinh, hoc do s thay i v hnh dng phn t. Trong t bo bnh thng, cc cht nhum mu nh xanh methylen, trung tnh... khng nhum mu nguyn sinh cht v nhn m thng kt ng li thnh nhng ht nh hoc lin kt vi mt vi thnh phn ca t bo (i vi t bo ng vt). Lc t bo b tn thng, cc cht ny nhm mu u c nguyn sinh cht v nhn. Vi nhng bin i l ha hc ni trn, t bo khng hon thnh c chc nng sinh l bnh thng ca mnh na v c th cht. Ngoi biu hin ph hy t bo, c khi ngi ta cn quan st thy nhng biu hin kch thch ca ha cht c i vi t bo. Naxonop v Alexendrop a ra thuyt bin cht gii thch hin tng ny. Thuyt ny da trn c s l cc protein nguyn th, thnh phn quan trng v ph bin nht trong nguyn sinh cht, c tnh khng n nh v rt nhy cm vi tc ng ca nhiu tc nhn khc nhau. Phn ng thng dn n s bin i cu hnh bnh thng ca protid. Khi ch c mt lng nh cht c tc ng n t bo th cht c mi ch tc ng n mt s thnh phn ca nguyn sinh cht v c th thc y cc phn ng trong t bo xy ra nhanh hn lm tng cng s trao i cht trong t bo. Nhng khi lng cht c tng ln th s bin cht s xy ra su sc v bao trm ln ton khi nguyn sinh cht, lm cho t bo b tn thng. Trng thi tn thng ny lc u c tnh thun nghch, ngha l nu tch t bo ra khi tc ng ca cht c th cht nguyn sinh c th phc hi li trng thi bnh thng. Trng thi ny gi l trng thi cht hoi gi (paranecrosis). Nu b tn thng mc su sc hn, s bin cht khng cn mang tnh cht thun nghch na, m chuyn sang trng thi cht hoi tht (necrosis). Nh vy vi cng mt cht, nu cht c xm nhp vo t bo ch vi mt lng nh th c th gy kch thch, thng vi lng ln th li gy ng c cho c th.
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Chng 1
c. Trng c cp tnh v mn tnh - Trng c cp tnh (Acute toxicity): Thng xy ra khi cht c thm nhp vo c th ngay mt ln vi lng ln, ph hy mnh m cc chc nng ca c th, biu hin bng nhng triu chng rt r rng, c trng cho mi loi hay mi nhm ha hc. Thuc tr su gc ln hu c th hin r nht. - Trng c mn tnh (Chronic toxicity): Xy ra khi cht c xm nhp vo c th vi lng nh, trong nhiu ln v trong mt thi gian di. Cc cht c kh nng tch ly trong c th nh nhng thuc tr su Clo hu c thng gy ng c mn tnh. Tuy nhin cng c nhng trng hp cht c khng c c tnh tch ly vn c kh nng gy c mn tnh. d. Tnh c d hu Mt s cht c khi xm nhp vo c th th khng gy cht cho c th m ch ph hoi nhng chc nng sinh l ca cc c quan ring bit, lm cho chng khng pht trin bnh thng c na, v sau ny gy thoi ha hoc c khi gy cht cho th h con ci.
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Chng 1
- Tc ng n h sn sinh nng lng ca t bo hoc lm cho nng lng d tr b phng thch ba bi. Cht c c th gy cht cho t bo vi sinh vt (fungicide - cht dit nm, batericide - cht dit vi khun), nhng cng khi ch lm ngng tr s sinh trng v sinh sn ca t bo, nhng cht ny gi l cht nm tnh ha (fungistate - cht nh ch hot ng ca nm), vi khun tnh ha (bacteriostate - cht nh ch hot ng ca vi khun), dc tnh ha (genostat, cht ngn cn s to thnh bo t). Tuy nhin ngi vn gi chung nhng cht ny l thuc tr nm. c. Tc ng ca cht c n c di Nhiu loi thuc tr c gy ra cho c di nhng triu chng rt in hnh. Nhng triu chng thng thy l: l c b trng ra tng mng hoc c nhng m b chy; l c th b xon, ho vng ton b ri li, rng i. Nhng thuc tr c phenoxy lm cho ngn b xon, l mc d dng, thn cong v c nhiu r trn thn... Cc cht c c nhng tc ng rt khc nhau n hot ng sng ca c di: gy ri lon sinh trng, ngn cn s phn chia t bo, ph hy dip lc, c ch hot ng quang hp, thc y hot ng h hp, lm mt cn i trong hot ng trao i cht ca c di, ngn tr s vn chuyn in t, ngn tr s tng hp cc acid amin, cc cht lipid... Cui cng lm cho c di thiu nng lng, cy di b cht.
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Chng 1
C2H 5O C2H 5O
O P O NO 2 CH 3O CH 3O
S P O NO 2
CH 3O CH 3O
S P O NO 2 CH 3
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Chng 1
- Do cc c th ny khng tip xc vi thuc hoc thuc ch xm nhp vo c th chng liu lng di liu gy cht. - Do chng tr thnh chng chu i vi thuc. Trong cc l do trn, l do th ba l quan trng nht. Chng ta thng ch quan tm n s dch hi b tiu dit (t l su, c di, chut b dit l bao nhiu? Ch s bnh, t l bnh gim bao nhiu?). Tt nhin s quan st ny l cn thit l mi quan tm trn l ng n. Tuy nhin c mt s iu quan trng khc ng c quam tm l cc c th cn sng st sau khi p dng thuc, s c th ny c th s pht trin thnh nhng trn dch, tai ho tht s i vi sn xut. Khi p dng mt loai thuc tr dch hi, cc c th cn trng hay cc tc nhn gy hi khc mn cm vi loi thuc s b tiu dit. C th mt s c th s khng b tiu dit nh c kh nng chng chu c vi thuc liu lng, nng p dng. Ni chung, tnh chng chu thuc ca dch hi ph thuc vo thnh phn loi, tui, tnh trng sinh l, cu to hnh thi, thnh phn men trong t bo... tu thuc vo bn cht ca thuc v iu kin p dng thuc. Do cn trng v nhn l nhng dch hi c kh nng khng thuc mnh nht, nn di y, ch yu chng ta cp n tnh mn cm v tnh chng thuc ca cc loi ny. * Tnh mn cm thuc ca dch hi: - Tnh mn cm thuc ca dch hi thay i theo tng loi thuc. Mt loi dch hi c th mn cm vi loi thuc ny nhng li chng chu c vi loi thuc khc. BHC c hiu lc cao trn nhiu loi su n l nhng li km tc dng i vi b ry, trong khi cc thuc carbamat nh: Mipcin, Bassa li c hiu lc cao i vi cc loi b ry. - Tnh mn cm thay i theo qu trnh pht trin ca c th. Thng thng th vi cng mt loi thuc, giai on trng v nhng, cn trng c sc chng chu cao hn so vi cc giai on khc (u trng, thnh trng). i vi u trng th tnh chng chu ca chng thng tng theo tui, trc khi lt xc cn trng chng chu kho hn l sau khi lt xc. Cn trng thi k nh dc qua ng c kh nng chng chu rt cao i vi thuc. Gia con c v con ci cng c s sai khc v tnh chng chu, ni chung con c thng mn cm vi thuc hn con ci. - Tnh mn cm ph thuc vo tnh trng sinh l v hot tnh sinh l ca sinh vt. Khi hot tnh sinh l ca cn trng tng ln th kh nng ng ha cht c cu n cng tng ln, lm cho cht c c hp thu v chuyn ha cng nhiu. Ngi ta cn phn bit cc c th chng chu thuc ra thnh nhng c th c kh nng chu ng c thuc v nhng c th c tnh khng thuc. * Thut ng chu ng c dng ch nhng c th dch hi c kh nng chu ng c mt lng cht c cao hn so vi liu lng thng dng ch trong vng i ca c th . Tnh chu ng thuc ca dch hi thng thay i theo tng c th, tnh trng sinh l ca c th. * Thut ng khng thuc (cn gi l tnh quen thuc hay tnh min dch) dng ch nhng c th dch hi c kh nng chu ng c cht c liu lng, nng bnh thng hoc cao hn v c tnh ny c th di truyn li cho th h sau. Hin tng dch hi khng thuc l mt qu trnh chn lc t nhin trn c s bin d v di truyn. Trn thc t, y l mt trong nhng v d in hnh v s tin ha theo hc thuyt Darwin, nhng ch khc l din ra vi mt nhp ht sc nhanh chng. S bin d thng
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Chng 1
xuyn xy ra trong qun th dch hi- ngay c khi khng b thuc c tc ng, v c tnh khng thuc cng ch xut hin mt cch ngu nhin. Cc c th c c c tnh ny s khng b dit bi thuc c sau khi p dng thuc v do chng s dng lun phn thc n ca nhng c th khng c c tnh khng thuc b tiu dit, iu ny lm cho mt s cc c th khng thuc tng ln rt nhanh. Mt s dch hi tng theo cp s nhn, nn lc u mt s thng tng chm nhng sau tng nhanh mt cch t ngt, gy ra nhng trn dch c sc tn ph rt ln. Hin nay hin tng dch hi khng thuc kh ph bin v ng lo ngi, nht l i vi su hi v nhn. nc ta, su t hi bp ci Plutella xylostella nhiu vng trng rau khng rt mnh thuc nh DDT, Wofatox, Dipterex... Ngoi ra kh nng khng thuc ca rp Myzus persicae hi rau h ch thp H Ni, ca ry nu Nilaparvata lugens hi la ng Bng Sng Cu Long cng kh quan trng. Ngi ta phn bit hai kiu khng thuc ca dch hi: khng chuyn bit v khng cho. + Khng chuyn bit (hay tnh chng chu chuyn bit, specific resistance): Dch hi ch khng thuc thng xuyn c p dng phng tr n ti mt vng nht nh. + Khng cho (tnh chng chu bt cho, cross resistance): L hin tng khi mt loi dch hi hnh thnh tnh khng i vi mt loai thuc ny th ng thi n c kh nng khng c nhng loi thuc khc m n cha h tip xc. Nhng loi thuc m mt loi dch hi khng c s hp thnh ph chng chu (resistance spectra) (hay ph khng cho - cross resistance spectra) ca loi dch hi . Nhng thuc ny c th c nhng c im nh thnh phn, cu trc v tc ng tng t vi thuc, thm ch i khi khc hn vi thuc m dch hi quen. + Trng hp ngc li, tc l khi dch hi quen vi mt loi thuc no th li tr nn rt mn cm vi mt loi thuc khc, c gi l hin tng chng chu bt cho m. V d nh b ry xanh ui en N. cinticeps v b ry nu Laodelphax striatellus khi quen vi Malathion th tr nn rt mn cm vi DDT v Lindane. Kh nng chng chu thuc ca cn trng thng do cc nguyn nhn sau: - Nh cc phn ng t v ca cn trng: nn ma, tiu chy, ng l th... - Nh cc c trng cu to hnh thi gii phu ca sinh vt, (cu to biu b, lng bn ngoi biu b...). - Nh cc phn ng ha hc, phn ng sinh ha phn gii cht c xy ra d dy, huyt dch, trong t bo. b. C ch hnh thnh tnh chng chu thuc ca cn trng Cc loi cn trng c th chng chu c vi thuc c th do: + Thay i v cu to hnh thi ca c th. Nhiu tc gi chng minh rng cc loi rui nh khng DDT c t bn chn dy hn, kh thm thuc hn so vi rui mn cm vi thuc ny. Otto D. (1976) cng nu ln nhng thay i v cu to ca lipoit, sp v protein trong cutin, hoc s gia tng kt cng biu b ca cn trng lm gim kh nng xm nhp ca thuc tr su vo c th cn trng.
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Chng 1
+ Tnh chng thuc ca cn trng c trng hp do kt qu ca s hnh thnh nhng tp tnh c bit, c tc dng ngn chn hoc hn ch s tip xc ca cn trng vi thuc tr su. Nhng cn trng thng gy hi vo ban m v tr n ban ngy nh su xm, nu p dng thuc vo ban ngy th n t c kh nng b nhim c thuc. + S gim st nhy cm ca nhng v tr tc ng ca thuc. Nhiu tc gi cho rng nhng qun th su chng thuc to thnh mt lp lipit c tc dng ngn cn s xm nhp nhanh chng ca cht c vo cu trc tinh t ca h thn kinh, v dn dn lm cho thuc mt tc dng. C nhiu loi cn trng v nhn chng c cc thuc tr su ln hu c v carbamat do men nhy cm cholinesteraza tr nn tr (km mn cm) i vi cc thuc ny. + C ch chng thuc quan trng nht, ph bin nht l tnh chng chu sinh l. Cn trng tng cng s gii c thuc hoc lm gim hot tnh ca thuc bng cc qu trnh chuyn ha. Trong c th cn trng chng thuc DDT, men DDT- aza c kh nng kh Hydrocarbon ca DDT di s hin din ca men DDT- aza lm cho hp cht ny b thoi bin. Trong c th cn trng chng cc thuc Cyclodien, thuc b c lp bi cc th protein... Trong s cc c ch trn, hai c ch sau quyt nh kh nng khng thuc ca cn trng. S hnh thnh tnh khng thuc ca dch hi th hin kh nng thch nghi tn ti ca sinh gii trn c s bin d v di truyn theo qui lut tin ha ca sinh vt, v vy ta ch c th lm gim tc ch khng th ngn chn s hnh thnh khng thuc ca dch hi. Trn c s l lun v c trong thc tin cho thy rng nu ch da vo bin php ha hc phng khc phc tnh khng thuc th sm mun g cng tht bi. Trn thc t, c nhiu ngi tng liu lng, tng nng thuc, tng nhp phun thuc u khng lm gim bt tc quen thuc ca ch hi, thm ch dch hi cn hnh thnh tnh khng thuc nhanh hn. Cch tt nht c th kim hm tc quen thuc ca dch hi l xy dng h thng cc bin php phng tr tng hp. Trong cn ch trng mt s bin php sau: - Xy dng mt ch lun canh cy trng hp l. Tuy nhin cc cy trng lun canh phi khng nm trong ph k ch ca loi ch hi tng gy hi trc y. - Thc hin kim tra cht ch v x l kp thi ngun su u v, tp trung cc vn m cy con thnh mt khu kp thi pht hin su mi n v phun thuc tr. - Thc hin cc bin php khc ngoi bin php ha hc lm gim mt s su trn ng rung nh xen canh vi nhng cy trng c tc dng xua ui su (nh c mc, c chua xen vi bp ci...). - Khi cn thit phi phun thuc, phi tun th nguyn tc 4 ng: dng ng thuc, dng ng lc, ng liu lng (hay nng ) v ng cch.
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Chng 1
bo tng ln r rt. Khi nhit tng n im ti thch, hot ng sng (h hp, trao i cht...) ca cn trng v cc loi dch hi tng ln mnh m, km theo l s tng tc hp thu cc cht, a n kt qu l tng kh nng ng c ca dch hi. Tuy nhin trong mt s trng hp, s tng nhit mi trng lm tng tnh chng chu ca dch hi. S tng nhit trong mt gii hn nht nh lm tng hot tnh phn gii ca men DDT- aza,lm cho kh nng phn gii DDT ca cc loi rui nh c cha men ny tng ln. m trong t v trong khng kh cng nh hng n qu trnh sinh l ca dch hi, t nh hng n mc mn cm thuc ca chng. b. Cc yu t ngoi cnh i vi thuc tr dch hi - Nhit i khi cng nh hng rt ln n tnh c ca thuc tr dch hi; nht l i vi cc loi thuc c tnh xng hi, khi nhit tng, cc thuc ny bay hi cng mnh, lm tng nng tc ng v do tng kh nng tr dch hi. - m khng kh v m t thng c nh hng nhiu n s ha tan v thy phn ca cht c. m khng kh gip cho bordeaux ha tan thnh dng c th gy tc ng ln nm bnh. Cc thuc tr c thng ch pht huy tc dng khi t m. - Lng ma va phi lm tng m t, do lm tng tnh ha tan ca thuc trong t. Sau khi ma, nu phun thuc bt th thuc s bm dnh trn l tt hn. Tuy nhin, lng ma qu ln thng lm cho thuc phun trn l b ra tri, thuc phun trn t b cun i theo nc hoc lng xung nhng lp t su, va khng c tc dng tr dch hi, va gy nhim mi trng. Do cc keo t c kh nng hp ph cc cht, trong c c cc cht c dng lm thuc tr dch hi, nn nhng ni t c nhiu st, nhiu cht hu c th kh nng hp ph cht c cng cao. Nhiu khi thuc dit dch hi tt, cn phi tng liu lng ln cao hn so vi khi dng trn nhng t ngho cht hu c, thnh phn c gii nh. iu ny c bit quan trng i vi nhng thuc tr c c tc ng chn lc km, cho nn cn ch khi s dng va t hiu qu cao va khng nh hng n cy trng. Mt trong nhng tc nhn quan trng phn hy thuc trong t l cc vi sinh vt sng trong t, nu iu kin t ai cng thun li cho s pht trin ca nhng vi sinh vt ny th cht c b phn gii cng nhanh chng.pH trn cy trng v trong t cng nh hng rt ln n tnh c ca thuc, nhng ni c pH t cao, khi s dng nhng thuc k kim nh Kitazin 10H, chc chn hiu qu ca n s b gim. Mt khc pH t cng nh hng kh nng phn gii thuc.
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Chng 1
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Chng 1
Ni chung, tc hi ca thuc BVTV ph thuc vo nhiu yu t: Bn cht ca thuc, loi cy trng, iu kin ngoi cnh. an ton ca thuc BVTV i vi cy trng c th biu th bng ch s ha tr liu: c K= ........... t K: Ch s ha tr liu c: Liu gy cht ti thiu ca thuc i vi dch hi t: Liu ti a ca thuc m cy chu ng c (toxic tolerant) Tr s K cng nh, thuc cng an ton i vi cy trng, thng nhng thuc c tr s k 1 ch c dng lm b c hoc x l trn nhng khu t khng c cy trng pht trin. C th thuc ch gy hi cho mt s cy trng. DDT, BHC t ra an ton i vi nhiu loi cy trng, nhng cy thuc h bu b li rt mn cm vi cc loi thuc ny. Thuc tr c DCPA c th gy hi cho nhiu loi cy trng, nhng c dng tr c cho la do la c kh nng chu ng thuc ny rt tt. iu kin mi trng i khi cng h tr cho iu kin gy hi cy trng ca thuc. Thuc tr nm lu hunh bt khi s dng trong iu kin nhit mi trng cao c th gy chy l. Nhng thuc BVTV c bn vng ln, c th tch t li trong t v gy hi cho cy trng cc v sau. Trn t ct pha ven sng y H Ni, khi dng Simazin v Triazin phun cho ng vi lng 4-5kg/ha c tc dng tr c cao. Tuy nhin sau khi thu hoch ng, lm t gieo tip u hoc la m cc cy trng ny s b gy hi nng (pht trin km, cht cy con, nng sut thp). Bn cnh nhng yu cu thng c t ra i vi thuc BVTV nh kh nng dit dch hi cao, an ton i vi con ngi, cc sinh vt c ch, thin ch, cy trng...cng cn c nhng lu thch ng n tc ng ca thuc ln cn bng sinh thi, s tn d v gy nhim mi trng ca thuc. Hin nay ngi ta ch s dng nhng thuc c tc dng dit dch hi cao nhng bn va phi ( c th phn hy trong mt thi gian ngn sau khi tiu dit dch hi); nhng thuc c tnh chn lc cao, nhng thuc c kh nng lu dn. -------oOo--------
Cu hi n tp
Cu 1: Phn loi thuc tr dch hi theo phng php thm thu v c tnh tc dng? Cu 2: Hiu th no v s xm nhp ca cht c vo c th cn trng?
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Chng 2
b. Nh du (ND: thuc sa, thuc sa m c; EC: Emulsive concentrate): dng ch phm nay thng cha 30-50% hot cht, khi ha vo nc s to ra nh tng kh n nh. Ch phm thng c thm vo cc cht hot ng b mt khng ion ha hoc anion lm cht nh ha. c. Thuc lng tan trong nc (SS: soluble, DD: dung dch hay L- Liquid, SC: suspension concentrate, FL: flowable Liquid): Khi ha vo nc, thuc s tan hon ton trong dung dch. --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 23
PGs.Ts. Trn Vn Hai
Chng 2
Chng 2
b. Cht to huyn ph (suspensible agent): L nhng cht to nn s tng hp gia nc v cc ht thuc rn, qua to iu kin hnh thnh mt huyn ph bn ca thuc trong nc. Thuc BTN thng cha khong mt vi phn trm cht to huyn ph nh bt kh du, bt b hng, bt b kt. c. Cht nh tng ha (emulsible agent): L nhng cht to nn s tng hp gia nc v cc git cht c th lng thuc nh du, lm bn nh tng to thnh. V d nh cc cht nh tng ha. d. Cht tm t (wetting agent), cht loang (cht tri rng - spreader): C tc dng lm t mt phun v lm cho cc git thuc (huyn ph, nh tng, dung dch) loang u trn mt vt phun. e. Cht kh ng t: lm tng tnh bn ca huyn ph bng cch ngn cn cc ht thuc lin kt li vi nhau thnh nhng phn t ln hn. f. Cht dnh (sticker): gip thuc gn cht vo b mt phun, gp phn to nn mt lp thuc bo v bn cht trn b mt vt phun. Cht dnh thng dng l nhng loi du, nhng glixerit khan, canxi sunphat, nhm hydroxyt v.v. g. Cht trung ha (cht bo v cy): C tc dng kh nhng cht c hi cho cy cn ln trong ch phm. h. Cht ho ha: ni chung nhng cht ny c tc dng ci thin cc tnh cht vt l ca ch phm. V d trong thuc bt, nu ta thm vo 3 - 5% du khong (du xola, du nng, du bi trn my). Du s gip cho cc ht nh kt t li, khng b gi cun i xa v lm tng tnh bm dnh ca thuc . Trong nhiu trng hp, mt cht ph gia c th tc dng nhiu mt: nh ha, tm t, n nh, bm dnh... c bit l nhng cht hot ng b mt nh x phng, b ru - sunphit m c. Cc cht hot ng b mt c th phn ly thnh ion trong nc thnh cc ion, cng c cht hot ng b mt khng phn ly. Trong nng nghip thng s dng nhng cht hot ng b mt mang in tch m hoc khng mang in tch. * Nhng cht hot ng b mt thng dng l: - X phng lng, x phng rn, x phng naptenic. Cc loi x phng c dng lm cht n nh, cht nh ha, cht dnh, cht hot ha. - B ru - sunfit m c, l sn phm ph ca ngnh sn xut giy xellulose, c thnh phn ha hc l mui canxi ca axit licnosunphonic hn hp vi cht kh v cht khong v c. Trong nng nghip, b ru sunfit m c c sn xut di dng lng, rn, bt. Cc sn phm ny c hot tnh b mt cao v c dng rng ri lm cht n nh. Ngoi ra cn c nhiu ch phm tng hp khc c dng lm cht tm t, cht long nh casein, canxi cazeinat, saponin, cc axid sunfonic thm v bo, ru v..v.
Chng 2
vai thng thng, my bm eo vai, my bm gn trn my cy, trn my bay. C nhiu kiu phun thuc khc nhau, chng c phn bit ty theo trng thi vt l (rn, lng, kh), theo ln ca cc phn t thuc (git thuc, ht thuc) v lng dng trn mt hecta. Phun thuc lng l phng php c dng ph bin nht hin nay. a. Phun dng lng Cc dng thuc tr dch hi di dng BHN, ND, DD, c ha vo dung mi (thng l nc) to thnh cc dung dch phun (nc phun). Thuc phn tn vo nc thnh cc dng huyn ph, nh tng hay dung dch tht. Dng phun lng thng c a chung hn thuc bt phun kh do thuc phun u hn, thuc bm dnh trn b mt x l tt hn. Trong cc dng thuc phun lng, thuc dng huyn ph t xm nhp vo cy, tri hn so vi dng nh du nn t lu b c hn. Yu cu: hot cht phi bn vng trong nc thuc, khng b phn hy khi pha long. H phn tn phi tng i bn vng, lu lng t. Nc thuc phi c tnh thm, tnh loang tt v bm dnh bn lu trn b mt vt phun (Khi ri ln b mt vt phun, trc tin git thuc phi dnh vo b mt vt phun, tm t c b mt ny ri mi loang ra; khi kh nc, thuc vn cn bm cht trn b mt vt phun. m bo c yu cu trn, git thuc phi c sc cng b mt nh. C th lm gim sc cng b mt ca git thuc bng cch thm vo thuc cc cht hot ng b mt. Ngoi ra, ngi ta cn thm vo thuc cht bm dnh gip cho thuc bm cht vo b mt vt phun, to nn mt lp thuc bo v khi nc bay hi ht. Khi phun thuc, p sut phun phi ln thuc c phun ra u v ht thuc c ng nng dnh vo b mt x l). Vi cc thuc to thnh huyn ph trong nc phun: tc lng ca ht cht rn trong huyn ph ph thuc vo trng lng ring ca thuc v nht ca mi trng. Trng lng ring ca thuc c tnh bng khi lng thuc (tnh bng g) trn mt n v th tch (tnh bng g/m3) thng trng lng ring ca thuc nm trong khong 0.5 - 0,8 kch thc phn t nh hn 3 l tt. Khi thuc chm kt lng hoc ni ln, thuc phun ra u, t b nght vi phun, bo m kh nng tr dch hi cao. C th lm tng nht ca thuc bng cch thm vo ch phm cc cht n nh. Vi dng thuc nh du, kch thc phn t i hi phi nh hn 0,1. Ngi ta thng ngn nga s phn lp gia hot cht v dung mi, s hp nht cc git nh thnh cc git ln hn v lm cho thuc phn tn u hn trn b mt vt phun bng cch thm vo ch phm cc cht n nh, cht nh ha. C nhiu loi bm phun khc nhau c th dng phun thuc lng, tu theo yu cu v tu theo thit b s dng, kch thc phun c th rt khc nhau. Tu theo kch thc git thuc c phun ra, c nhiu kiu phun c p dng: Phng php ln git thuc (m) Phun nc (1) >150 Lng nc phun (lt/ha) Cy hng nm >200 (200 - 800) Phun ma bi (2) Phun ma bi mn (3) 50 - 250 25 - 125 (80 - 160) Phun m (4) <30 50 3 - 20 (1 - 6) 3-6 Cy lu nm >600 (600 - 1000) 200 3 - 20 (1 - 6) 3-6
Chng 2
(80 - 120)
(< 0,5)
(< 0,5)
(1): Phun th tch trung bnh v cao. (2): Phun th tch thp. (3): Phun th tch cc thp (ULV). (4): Phun th tch cc cc thp (UULV) + Kiu phun nc vi th tch cao thng c thc hin bng cc bnh 10 lt, 20 lt eo vai bm tay, hoc c gn ng c. + Xn kh (aerosol, phun khi - vi thuc rn, phun m - vi thuc lng): bng nhng dng c c bit, c th phun thuc dng lng hay rn vi kch thc phn t rt nh, gi l nhng xn kh. Cc ht thuc ny s l lng trong khng kh trong mt khong thi gian nht nh v gy c cho dch hi. Phng php ny thng c dng tr su, nhn, nm bnh trong cc phng kn (kho, nh knh, toa tu...) v tr nhng cn trng bay nhy nhiu trn ng rung. Do kch thc ht rt nh nn phng php ny c mt s u im sau: Hot tnh cao do thuc c phn tn cao, xm nhp vo vt phun d dng. Tnh bm dnh tt. c vi dch hi cao hn do nng thuc cao. Lng nc cn dng nh (khong 20 lt ). Vi nhng phng php phun vi th tch cc thp (ULV) v th tch cc cc thp (UULV), th tch dung mi dng ch khong 1 - 4,6 lt/ha.
Tuy nhin thuc cng c nhng nhc im nh l lng rt lu trong khng kh, rt lu lng ng, d b gi cun i. c hot tnh vt l cao m khng b gi cun i xa, kch thc ht thng c yu cu phi nm trong khong 0,5 - 100 .). Thnh phn ca thuc gm c: hot cht ha tan vo du khong c nhit si tng i cao nh du xola, du my bin p, du diezen...; c th dng cc dung mi d bay hi nh CCl4... to thnh nhng git m, c th phun thuc di p sut hng trm atmosphere bng nhng thit b c tc vng quay hng vn vng/pht; hoc bng cch un ha nhit dung dch du ca thuc trong ni hi hoc qua nhng ng rut g lm ht thuc c bn ra khi my di p sut 7 - 8 atmotphe, ha vo khng kh lnh bn ngoi v ngng t thnh m c phn tn cao (ng knh git thuc nh hn 1). trnh dng p sut qu cao v trnh s phn hy thuc mt phn do nhit, ngi ta c th phi hp c hai phng php trn bng cch cho mt dng hi nng i qua dung dch thuc bc u to ra nhng git thuc c kch thc nh, nhng git thc ny khi n ming vi phun mi c un nng v bay hi, hoc phi hp c hai cch. b. Phng php ti t dit tr nhng dch hi sng trong t hoc vi nhng thuc ni hp c th ha thuc vo nc n nng bng nng phun v ti vo t. C th ti vo lc trc hoc sau khi ht ny mm, bng nhng bnh ti hoc bnh phun. Lng nc thuc phi c tnh ton sao cho thuc c th ngm n su khong 10 - 15 cm. Thuc cng c dng ti vo gc cy vi lng nc khong 50 200 ml/gc. c. Phun bt kh
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 27 PGs.Ts. Trn Vn Hai
Chng 2
Thuc bo v thc vt hin din dng bt, bt ht, bt th, ht mn pha ch sn sng phun ln cy hoc ln mt t bng cc my phun bt vi lng ch phm dng cho mi hecta khong 20 - 40 kg. Thuc ht ch yu dng phun hoc rc vo t vi lng ch phm khong 20 - 30 kg/ha. Yu cu: Bt phun ra phi bao ph u khp b mt x l, khng b gi cun i qu xa, bm dnh v gi li tt trn b mt x l. Cht lng bt phun ph thuc nhiu vo c tnh vt l v ha hc ca thuc bt, vo c im b mt vt phun. * Tc ri ca cc phn t thuc bt c tnh theo cng thc:
V =
2 gr 2 (D a) Y
Vi: v = tc ri t do ca cc phn t (cm/s). g = gia tc trng trng (981 cm/s2). r = bn knh ca cc phn t (cm). Y = ln ca kh quyn ( 10 - 30oC vo khong 0.00076 - 0.00086). D = t trng ca thuc bt. a = t trng khng kh (0.0001225). g, Y, a: xem nh hng s, v vy tc ri ca ht thuc ph thuc ch yu vo ln v t trng ca ht thuc bt. Thi gian ri ca cc phn t t cao h c tnh theo cng thc sau: t: thi gian ri ca cc phn t.
t = h vt
T hai cng thc trn ta thy rng khi phun thuc bt c c ht to, t trng ln th tc ri t do s ln, thuc khng bay ra xa ni phun thuc. Tuy nhin nu c ht qu to, t trng qu ln th thuc li kh bm gi trn b mt vt phun. V kch thc, nhng ht c hnh cu d b ri khi mt l cy hn so vi nhng ht hnh a din. Hin tng bm dnh ca ht thuc ln b mt vt phun cn c gii thch nh sau: trong qu trnh chuyn ng, cc ht thuc bt c th nhim in do ma st; du v cng in tch ph thuc vo bn cht thuc v vn tc di chuyn ca ht. Khi ht thuc n gn b mt vt phun th theo qui tc cm ng in t s xut hin trn b mt vt phun in tch tri du a n kt qu l ht thuc bm gi cht vo b mt vt phun.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28 PGs.Ts. Trn Vn Hai
Chng 2
tng tnh bm dnh ca thuc, ngi ta thng trn thm cht ho ha, cht bm dnh... Hoc gn cc hot cht ln nhng cht mang. Kh nng bm dnh v gi li ca thuc cn ph thuc vo tnh cht b mt vt phun, thuc bt bm dnh v gi li tt hn trn nhng l nm ngang, c np nhn nheo, c lng hoc trn l m t do sng hay ma; kh bm gi li trn nhng l thng ng, mt l phng, lng, trn l kh. * u nhc im ca phng php phun bt so vi phng php phun lng: + u dim: n gin, thit b nh nhng, r tin hn v c th s dng trong nhng iu kin a hnh bt li. Thch hp vi nhng ni khng c sn ngun nc v cn phun trn din tch ln. + Nhc im: Phi dng mt lng thuc nhiu hn so vi phun lng trn mt n v din tch. Trn mi ha cy trng, lng ch phm thng dng l 30 - 50 kg/ha. Lng thuc hao ph ln do b cun tri bi ma, gi. Lng d tha ny d lm nhim mi trng.
2.2.2 Rc ht
Thuc tr dch hi dng ht thng dng rc vo t tr cc loi dch hi sng trong t, cc loi thuc lu dn khi rc vo t c r hp thu v dn truyn ln cc b phn pha trn mt t dit tr su hi (rp, b phn trng Bemisia trn rau, c chua...) hoc cc loi nm bnh trong mt thi gian kh di. Cc thuc ny cn c dng rc ln cy nhm dit tr su c thn, su c ngn (Nh cc thuc tr su clo hu c, ln hu c thng c dng rc ln non ng tr cc su n l sng trong loa kn). Thuc c th c rc u trn ton b din tch x l bng tay hay bng my phun ht, my bay... hoc c th ch ri theo lung, theo tng gc cy. Yu cu: Thuc phi c rn chc nht nh, khng b v vn trc khi rc, khng b phn r qu nhanh khi p dng ln cy hoc ln t. Ht thuc rc vo t phi tan c dn vo nc t t cung cp cht c tiu dit cn trng, nm bnh, c di. thuc c rn chc, trong qu trnh ch bin ngi ta thng thm vo cc cht kt dnh. m ca t nh hng rt ln n ha tan ca thuc vo t, nhng thuc ht c tnh lu dn s khng pht huy c tc dng trong iu kin kh hn. Nhng thuc c tnh xng hi t chu nh hng ca m , c nhiu trng hp phi trn lp t mt hn ch s bay hi ca thuc vo khng kh v gi thuc nng cao trong t, lm tng hiu qu dit dch hi. Ngoi tc dng bo v cy lu di, thuc ht rc bng my bay hoc my phun thuc ln t t lm chy l cy, t gy nhim khng kh trong vng rc thuc. Phng php rc thuc ht tr c ngy cng c s dng rng ri.
Chng 2
+ Lm thay i thnh phn ca dch t bo ca cy, v bin i c im ca qua trnh sinh l, sinh ha ca cy, khin cho cy tr thnh khng cn ph hp vi dinh dng cc loi gy hi na. Trong trng hp ny, thng thuc ch c tc dng bo v cy chng li nhng loi dch hi chuyn tnh hp, v d nh nhng cc loi su n thc, nm v vi khun ch chuyn tnh cao. + Lm cho cy tr nn min dch i vi mt loi dch hi (min dch nhn to). + Cc yu cu khi thc hin bin php thc vt: nhng thuc lu dn ny phi xm nhp vo c bn trong cy, vi mt nng nht nh no gy hi cho dch hi, nhng thuc phi khng c cho cy v c kh nng phn hy trong cy trng sau mt thi gian nht nh tr thnh v hi i vi ngi v gia sc s dng nng sn, thc phm vng phun thuc. + Ni liu php bo v thc vt c th thc hin bng nhiu cch khc nhau vi nhng thuc lu dn: trn ht ging vi thuc, bn thuc vo gc cy, co lp v ngoi ca thn cy ri buc vng vi tm thuc, phun thuc lng ln cy. + Tc xm nhp ca thuc vo trong cy, s lan truyn, s tn ti ca thuc trong cy ph thuc vo c im ca thuc, loi cy, thi k sinh trng ca cy, iu kin ngoi cnh.
2.2.4 Xng hi
Dng nhng thuc c kh nng bay hi lm khng kh xung quanh dch hi b nhim cht c, nhm u c dch hi qua ng h hp. Phng php xng hi t ra c hiu qu cao khi c dng tr nhng sinh vt gy hi n nu nhng ni kn o nh k tng, trong cc kho hng, kho lng thc, khoang tu ch nng sn, trong nh knh, trong t. Phng php ny c dng tr chut, su hi, nhn, tuyn trng, nm, vi khun... Thuc dng xng hi c th dng rn, lng c p sut hi ln hoc dng kh nn. Cc thuc ny c th khuych tn trong khng kh trng thi kh hoc hi, i khi cn dng thng hoa. * Cc yu t sau y c nh hng n hiu qu s dng thuc xng hi: + Khng gian: Phi m bo duy tr khong khng gian dng thuc kn trong mt khong thi gian nht nh. Phng php xng hi thng ch c thc hin nhng ni kn o, do thuc c th kh hoc hi c kh nng khuych tn mnh, nn nu khng tin hnh trong mt khng gian c nh th hi c, kh c b ha long vo khng kh, khng duy tr c nng thuc tiu dit dch hi. + Cc c im vt l, ha hc ca thuc: nhng c im c nh hng mnh m n hiu qu dng thuc nh: bay hi, t trng hi, tc bay hi, kh nng khuych tn vo khng kh, kh nng b hp ph bi b mt vt c x l. + bay hi: L khi lng ti a ca cht c trong mt n v th tch khng kh mt nhit v p sut nht nh. n v tnh: g/m3. bay hi ca mt cht t l thun vi nhit mi trng, t l nghch vi p sut v nhit si ca cht xng hi. D nhin cht xng hi ch c tc dng khi bay hi ca thuc cao hn nng gy c cho dch hi. + Tc bay hi: c xc nh bng khi lng hi bay ln t 1cm2 b mt rn hoc lng ca cht xng hi trong thi gian mt giy. Tc bay hi t l thun vi nhit xng hi v t l nghch vi nhit si v p sut. Nhit khng kh v din tch b mt cao lm tng tc bay hi.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 30 PGs.Ts. Trn Vn Hai
Chng 2
+ Tnh khuych tn ca thuc vo khng kh: Cht xng hi c kh nng khuych tn cng mnh cng d xm nhp vo cc khe h trong ng hng ha, thc phm. Tnh khuych tn ny c lin quan n nhit ni x l thuc v cc cht hng ha. + Kh nng b hp ph hay hp thu bi vt x l: Cht c c th b hp ph hay hp thu vo vt x l. Khi nng thuc trong khng kh s b gim, lm gim hiu qu s dng thuc. Ngoi ra s hp thu cn khin cho vic kh kh c trong hng ha xng hi xong (s gii hp) gp nhiu kh khn. Nhng nng sn, hng ha c b mt tip xc ln hay c xp cao thng ht cht xng hi nhiu, cho nn d xng hi c hiu qu thng phi tng nng x dng thuc. + T trng hi: T trng hi ca thuc c lin quan nhiu n k thut dng thuc. Nu cht xng hi c t trng ln hn 1 (nng hn khng kh) th khi s dng phi t thuc v tr cao v ngc li. + Tnh d bt la, d bc chy: Cc cht d bt la, d bc chy thng t c dng xng hi. i khi c th s dng nhng cht ny bng cch trn thm nhng cht chng chy, n. + Tnh d nhn bit: nhng cht c mi c bit thng d nhn bit ngay c khi nng thp, v do c th d dng pht hin tnh trng r r, v c bin php i ph kp thi, bo m an ton lao ng. khc phc tnh trng ny, i khi ngi ta trn thm cc cht c mi hoc lm chy nc mt vo thuc xng hi lm cht bo hiu. Khi dng cc cht xng hi, cn phi lu n kh nng thuc lm han r kim loi, lm hng cc dng bng vi, da, t si.v.v. Phng php xng hi thng c dng ty trng cho hng ha, nng sn trong kho, khoang ch hng trn tu, xe la, cho cc ng hng ha c che ph bng cc tm bt trng cao su, trong nh knh, trong t. Mun xng hi kho hng ha th cc kho ny phi c chun b chu o: dn kn trn v tng, dn cc khe h li, sp xp hng ha sao cho thuc c th xm nhp d dng t mi pha, di chuyn nhng th c th b thuc lm h hi. Thi gian xng hi tu thuc vo c im ca thuc v vt x l. Sau khi xng hi, nu thuc b hng ha, nng sn hp thu, phi tin hnh gii hp. xng hi trong t, c th o rnh nh u nhau trn mt rung hoc nhng h nh, thuc vo v lp t li. Cng c th ti thuc vo t v xi ln cho thuc trn u vo t. Phng php xng hi cng c dng tr chut bng cch tm thuc xng hi dng lng vo gi, nht vo hang chut v lp t li.
2.2.5 X l ging
Ging cy trng (ht ging, c, hom...) trc khi gieo trng c th c trn hoc ngm vi cc loi thuc tr cc mm su, bnh, tuyn trng... Lu tn trong ht c kh nng gy hi cho ht hoc cy con (thi ht, ho r cy con); c khi thuc cn gip cho cy trng sau ny c kh nng chng li cc loi dch hi cc giai on sau (cc thuc lu dn). Yu cu i vi bin php x l ging l thuc phi bm dnh tt, c kh nng kh c cao m khng gy hi cho s ny mm ca ht ging v s pht trin ca cy con. Ht ging c th c x l bng cc bin php vt l nh dng nhit, nc nng, nh nng mt tri, hoc bng bin php ha hc: s dng cc ha cht, hoc kt hp c hai bin php trn. Khi x l ht ging bng ha cht, tu theo trng thi vt l ca thuc x l, c im sinh hc ca sinh vt gy hi, cu to v c im ca ht ging, c th chn mt trong ba phng php x l ging sau:
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31 PGs.Ts. Trn Vn Hai
Chng 2
+ X l kh ( trn ging ): Dng thuc dng bt kh trn vi ging, to nn mt lp thuc bao bc bn ngoi ht. Sau khi trn ging vi cc thuc ny phi trong nhng thng kn khong mt vi tun trc khi gieo trng. Phi xc nh thi gian hp l sao cho thuc dit c mm bnh m khng gy hi ging. x l nhng ht ging c kch thc nh thng phi dng mt lng thuc nhiu hn so vi khi x l nhng ht to. Phng php trn ging c u im l k thut n gin, sau khi trn xong, c th gieo ht ngay hay chm mt thi gian. Tuy nhin trong qu trnh trn, thuc ht c th bay ra xung quanh gy c cho ngi, lm nhim mi trng. + X l t (ngm ging): Dng thuc dng BHN hay ND ha vo nc theo nng nh ri ging vo ngm theo mt khong thi gian nht nh. Trong trng hp nm hay vi khun gy bnh xm nhp su vo trong ht, c th kt hp vi phng php dng nhit. Ta c th ngm ging trong nc nng trc khi ngm vo thuc, hoc c th ha thuc vo nc nng ngm ging. Phng php ny c u im l thuc d dng tip xc vi tc nhn gy bnh ngoi v ht v c bn trong v ht. Nhng ging ngm thuc xong phi gieo ngay, khng th v mt l do no (nh ma nhiu lm t t) m tr hon c. + X l na kh (na t, h nho): Thuc thng c pha nng cao hn so vi ngm ging. Ging c tri ra sn gch hay ximng, dng nc thuc phun u ln, c th xo trn ging cho thuc ngm u hn. Lng nc thuc dng thng l t (khong 3 lt/t ging), do sau khi x l m ca ht ging thng tng ln khng qu 0,5%, sau khi x l c th cho ngay ht ging vo my gieo m khng cn phi hong kh. Ngy nay, ngi ta hay dng phng php na kh x l ging. Ht ging c bao bc mt lp thuc dng nho trong nhng my x l ht quay lin tc. i khi ngi ta trn ht ging vi thuc ngay trong cc my gieo ht, bin php ny cho php loi tr trng hp ngu nhin d tha mt lng ht ging x l thuc. X l ging l mt phng php dng thuc c nhiu u im: lng thuc tiu dng t, kh nng dit dch hi cao, chi ph s dng thp, ngn chn tt s pht sinh v ly lan ca dch hi. V vy phng php ny ngy cng c a chung v c xem nh mt th tc cn c tun th khi gieo trng.
2.2.6 Lm b c
B c l mt hn hp gm thuc c v mi. Mi thng l nhng thc n m dch hi a thch. B c ch yu dng tr chut v i khi cng dng by bm, bt su. t hiu qu cao, khng nhng thuc phi c tnh c cao i vi cn trng hay cc loi gm nhm gy hi m mi dng by cng phi tht hp dn, thu ht c dch hi. Mi loi dch hi li a thch nhng loi mi khc nhau. Tu theo loi dch hi m c th dng cc mi nh cm, ht ng cc, cc loi bt, cht chua, cht tanh... * C nhiu phng php lm b c: + B kh: lm bng cch trn thuc vi mi dng kh. i khi ngi ta thm nhng cht dnh nh du tho mc, h... + B t: mi c tm bng huyn ph hay dung dch thuc. + B lng: mi l cht lng c pha thm cht c, thng vo nhng a nh t b nhng cn trng n thc n lng (rui, bm...).
Chng 2
Lm b c dit dch hi c u im l lng cht c tiu ph t hn so vi phun lng hay phun bt. Nu tm c loi mi c sc hp dn dch hi mnh th phng php ny s t hiu qu kinh t rt cao.
A. CC PHNG PHP XC NH TNH C CA THUC TR DCH HI TRONG PHNG TH NGHIM 2.3.1 Nguyn tc th nghim
c kt qu chnh xc, ng tin cy, cc th nghim v thuc c tin hnh da trn nhng nguyn tc sau y: + Thuc th nghim khng qu c, c bo qun tt. Phi bit r tnh cht l hc, ha hc v tc ng sinh hc ca thuc. + i tng dng th thuc: Thng ngi ta chn nhng dch hi quan trng trong sn xut, hoc nhng dch hi c sc sinh sn nhanh, vng i ngn, k thut nui cy, nhn mt s khng qu phc tp. Cc c th em th nghim thuc phi tng i ng u v kch thc, tui, thi gian sinh trng. Thng m bo yu cu ny, ngi ta phi nhn ging su, bnh, c di trong phng th nghim. + Dng c th nghim: Phi m bo chch xc, cc dng c phun thuc phi c kh nng tri mt lng thuc nh u khp trn b mt vt phun. + iu kin mi trng phi ng nht v n nh trong sut qu trnh th nghim. + B tr th nghim: Phi c i chng so snh kt qu vi cc nghim thc dng thuc. C trng hp cn so snh tnh c ca mt loi thuc mi vi nhng loi thuc thng dng hay mt thuc chun. Cc nghim thc phai c t nht 3 ln lp li (thng t 3-5 ln lp li). C th quan st v m t thm triu chng ng c ca dch hi.
Chng 2
vo cc a petri mt s lng nht nh su v khoanh l tm thuc, mi a thng cha khong 25 con su v vi chc khoanh l, sp xp theo tng nghim thc ring bit. a tt c cc a petri trn vo phng c nhit , m n nh. Quan st s su sng, cht, lng l b su n sau mt thi gian nht nh. Nu su khng n ht cc bnh l, c th t nhng mu bnh l su n cn tha ln mt t giy k ly, t tnh ra lng thuc su n. C th cn trng lng tng con su ring r trc v sau khi n bnh nhn c tnh ra lng thuc gy cht su. * Ngoi ra c th s dng mt s phng php khc nh: nh mt lng thuc nht nh vo ming su, cho su ht b c dng lng (i vi su chch ht, lim ht). b. Phng php xc nh tnh c tip xc ca thuc xc nh tnh c tip xc ca thuc tr su, c th dng cc phng php sau: + Phun bt, phun lng trc tip ln mnh su. + Nhng su vo dung dch thuc lng. + Cho su tip xc vi thuc trn giy lc, trn knh, nh thuc ln c th su. Phng php phun thuc bt hay lng ln mnh su: Cho su th nghim vo cc lng hoc chu nh c np li, t cc lng ny vo thng phun thuc, phun cho thuc bao ph u khp c lng, chu ln su hi. Sau mt gi, chuyn su sang lng hoc chu sch, cho su n v ghi nhn s su sng, cht sau tng khong thi gian nht nh. Phng php ngm: Cho su vo nhng ti vi mng, nhng ngp vo dung dch thuc trong 2-3 pht ri nht ln, t ln giy lc thm bt thuc, sau chuyn sang hp nui su c thc n v quan st tnh trng ng c ca su. i chng thay dung dch thuc bng nc l. Phng php nh thuc ln c th su: Dng thuc dng lng cho vo ng tim c gn vi my nh git vi lng ri nh thuc ln mnh lng, ngc hoc vo bng ca tng c th cn trng. Phng php ny phi x l tng con mt, tn nhiu thi gian. Nu i tng th thuc l cn trng hay bay nhy, c th t chng vo t lnh mt thi gian trc khi th thuc.
c. Phng php xc nh tnh c ca thuc tr su ni hp Gieo ht ging cy cn th nghim (u, la...) trong nhng chu nh c kch thc bng nhau, cha mt lng t bng nhau. Khi cy c 2 - 3 l tht th c th cy rp hoc nhn vo tng cy, vi ngy sau c rp non trn cy, dit nhng con qu ln hoc qu nh, mi cy ch gi li khong 25 - 30 con tng i ng u. Pha thuc theo nng nh v ti vo mi chu mt lng nc thuc bng nhau. Trng hp loi thuc th nghim ngoi tc ng ni hp cn c tc ng xng hi, nu mun loi tr tc ng xng hi ca thuc, c th t chu th nghim vo nhng thng g che kn chu t, ch h cy ra ngoi, trong thng g c b tr my ht hi thuc c khng bc ln pha trn. Ngi ta c th dng phng php thuc vo dung dch dinh dng v trng cy trn . d. Phng php xc nh tnh c ca tnh xng hi Dng mt bnh thy tinh c dung tch khong 20 lt, ming y nt cao su tht kht vi thnh bnh, gia nt cao su c hai ng thy tinh c kho xuyn qua. Cho su vo cc ng nghim hai u bt li thp, t vo trong bnh ri y nt cao su li. M kho A v dng bm ht bt
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34 PGs.Ts. Trn Vn Hai
Chng 2
khng kh trong bnh ra. Sau , ng kho A li v m kho B thuc vo trong bnh. Cui cng ng kho B li ngn hi c thot ra khi bnh. Nu thuc th rn, c th m nt cao su cho thuc vo.
Chng 2
Ngoi ra, cn c th xc nh hot tnh dit c bng cch dng mi trng cha: 5g MgSO4; 5g K2HPO4; 1g Ca3(PO4)2; 0,2 g FeSO4; 5 lt nc ct v 40g thch agar. vo mi hp a petri 50 ml mi trng trn v 2 - 3 ml nc thuc tr c nh th nghim cc nng khc nhau v trn u vo mi trng thch. Khi mi trng thch ng li th gieo ht ln trn. Ch tiu ghi nhn: t l ht mc, t l cy cht, chiu di r, mm, trng lng cy con.
HIU
LC
CA
THUC
thu c kt qu chnh xc, khi b tr th nghim kho st thuc tr dch hi cn lu cc im sau y khi a ra k hoch th nghim: - Tham kho ti liu: Trc khi lp th nghim, cn c nhng hiu bit chnh xc v: + Loi dch hi em th nghim (c im sinh hc, c im gy hi, mc tc hi...). + Loi thuc th nghim (c tnh l hc, ha hc, c ch tc ng... + nh hng cc yu t mi trng n hiu qu thuc. Cc phng php s dng thuc tr dch hi. - Cc yu t nn phi ng nht (phng hng, k thut canh tc, phn bn, nc, gi mt dch hi...). Ch s dng mt loi bnh phun, mt cch phun, mt ngi phun thuc, phun mt thi im nht nh, khng th x l mt nghim thc vo bui sng, khi tri mt, t gi, v nghim thc kia vo bui tra nng, gi mnh. - Kch thc l th nghim phi ln v phi c cha nhng hng cy bo v xung quanh trnh hin tng ly lan ca dch hi v trnh tnh trng thuc ca l ny tc sang l kia. Thng ngi ta b tr l hnh vung vi din tch khong t 25m2 (5m x 5m) n 100m2 (10m x 10m); nu l th nghim trn nhng cy lu nm (cam, c ph, ch...) th mi l bao gm ti thiu 5 cy tr ln. S ln lp li mi nghim thc c th t 3-5 tr ln. - K thut dng thuc phi ng n; thi im dng thuc phi hp l (thuc pht huy c tc dng cao nht, khng gy hi n cy trng); khi pha long thuc phi ch khng cho thuc b vn cc, lng ng; phi phun thuc u trn khp b mt x l (2 hai mt l, thn, cnh...). - Ghi nhn ch tiu: Ch nn mt ngi ly ch tiu t u n cui tt c cc nghim thc. i vi bnh hi hay loi su hi t di chuyn c th ly mu trn tng ; i vi nhng sinh vt qu nh nh nhn c th ngt mt s l v m s lng di kinh hin vi. Vi nhng loi su bay nhy nhiu nh ry, b xt, th dng phng php vt: va i va vt (10-15 ci) v m s lng trong tng l th nghim trong mi ln ly ch tiu. Vi su b n np trong thn, tri ta thu thp ngu nhin mt s thn l mi l, em v ch ra v m s lng su. - Trng hp su hi sng thnh tp on vi s lng qu ln, c th nh gi mt s su bng cch c chng s lng hoc phn theo cp bc, v d nh: + Cp 0: khng c rp trn l. + Cp 1: c bit vi im trn l c tp on nh su hi.
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Chng 2
+ Cp 2: trn mt di l c tp on gy hi kh ln. + Cp 3: cc l u c tp on su hi kh ln. - Nn ly ch tiu trc khi phun thuc v vi ln sau khi phun thuc. m s lng su trong t, c th dng nhng khung tre kch thc 0,5m x 0,5m t im ly ch tiu ri bi tm su trong phm vi khung. Hoc c th ly mu t em v cho vo chu nc, khuy u cho cn trng ni ln trn mt nc v m s lng. Cng c th nh gi hiu lc ca thuc qua mc thit hi ca l, cy trc v sau khi phun thuc. nh gi hiu lc ca thuc i vi b xt mui hi ch, hay i vi su c thn la, c th kim tra s bp ch b hi, bng la b bc cc im iu tra. - nh gi hiu lc ca thuc tr c, thng da trn 2 ch tiu l s cy c v trng lng c ti cc im ly ch tiu trong l th nghim. Tu theo mt c, c th tng hay gim din tch ly ch tiu. Khi c lng bng mt, nu thy c khong 100 - 150 cy c/m2 th din tch ly ch tiu l mt 1m2, nu mt c khong 150 - 500 cy/m2 th din tch ly ch tiu l 0,5m2, nu mt trn 500 cy/m2 th ch cn ly ch tiu l 0,25m2 mi im. Khi xc nh din tch ca im, c th lm nhng khung bng tre hoc g mng c kch thc thch hp mi khi ly ch tiu th t khung ny vo im ly ch tiu v quan st c trong khung. Thng khung c hnh vung, hoc hnh ch nht. Ngoi vic m s lng c, c th ly ch tiu trng lng c ti bng cch ct c im ly mu em v ngm trong nc cho c ti u, vy cho ro nc ri em cn. C th sy c cho n khi kh v em cn trng lng kh. Cc loi c khc nhau c th ly ch tiu ring hoc chung ty theo yu cu ca tng th nghim. Ch cc ln ly ch tiu sau khng nn ly ch tiu im c, thng phi cch im c khong 0,5m. Nu trc nghim thuc tr c hu ny mm th trc khi phun thuc phi ly ch tiu trc khi phun thuc mt ln, sau khi phun thuc cn phi ly ch tiu vi ln khong cch 7 - 10 ngy. Ngoi cc nghim thc dng thuc v i chng khng dng thuc, i khi ngi ta thm vo cc nghim thc thuc thng dng v nghim thc lm c bng tay so snh ng thi c tc dng gip cho vic pht c nh hng ca thuc (kch thch hoc kim hm) ca thuc i s sinh trng, pht trin v nng sut ca cy trng. Ngoi nhng ch tiu nghi nhn nh gi hiu lc ca thuc tr dch hi, cn c nhng ghi nhn thm v nhng tc ng ca thuc n cy trng, n nhng sinh vt c ch, con ngi; nh hng ca yu t ngoi cnh n tnh c ca thuc i vi dch hi cy trng v gia sc.
Chng 2
+ Hiu qu kinh t c tnh bng cch so snh chi ph dng thuc (tin thuc, tin cng phun thuc, tin khu hao thit b...) vi s tng thu nhp do hiu qu tng sn em li. Hiu qu tng sn cng cao, chi ph dng thuc cng thp (thuc r, my mc tt, c cng sut cao...) th hiu qu kinh t cng cao. Hiu qu ny c biu th bng: Hiu qu bin t (MRR = Marginal Rate of Return)
Mc tng li nhun MRR (%) = ---------------------------- x 100 Mc tng chi ph + Mc tng li nhun: Tng thu l c x l thuc - Tng thu l kim chng. + Mc tng chi ph: Tng chi ph l c x l thuc - Tng chi ph l kim chng.
Vi C : T l % su sng nghim thc i chng. T : T l % su sng nghim thc c x l thuc. Ngoi ra cn c mt s cng thc khc cng c th dng tnh hu hiu ca thuc, cc cng thc ny nhn chung u thu c kt qu tnh ton tng t nh cng thc Abbott: --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38
PGs.Ts. Trn Vn Hai
Chng 2
Vi b : T l % su cht cng thc x l thuc. K: T l % su cht cng thc i chng. Cc cng thc trn cng c dng cho th nghim trn ng rung di dng:
Khi p dng cng thc Abbott hay cng thc Schneider-Orelli ch cn ly ch tiu mt ln sau khi x l thuc; v trong ln quan st ny phi quan st c c s su hay c di sng ln vi s su, c cht, hoc mt s l b hi ln khng b hi. Trong nhng th nghim nu ch quan st c s c th sng v c th quan st c hai ln: trc v sau khi lm th nghim, c th p dng mt trong ba cng thc sau y tnh hu hiu ca thuc:
Vi A : S c th sng nghim thc phun thuc trc khi th nghim. b: S c th sng nghim thc i chng sau khi th nghim. B: S c th sng nghim thc phun thuc sau khi th nghim . a: S c th sng nghim thc i chng trc khi th nghim.
Chng 2
Tb x Ca Vi Ta: S c th sng nghim thc phun thuc sau khi th nghim. Tb: S c th sng nghim thc phun thuc trc khi th nghim. Ca: S c th sng nghim thc i chng sau khi th nghim. Cb: S c th sng nghim thc i chng trc khi th nghim.
- Cng thc Sun - Shepard m2 Pt = 100 ----------Pt + Pck hu hiu (%) = -------------- x 100 100 + Pck n2 - n1 Pck = --------------- x100 n1 Vi m1: S c th sng nghim thc phun thuc trc khi th nghim. m2: S c th sng nghim thc phun thuc sau khi th nghim. n1 : S c th sng nghim thc i chng trc khi th nghim n2 : S c th sng nghim thc i chng sau khi th nghim. m1
Ba cng thc trn a li nhng kt qu tnh ton ging nhau v thc ra l ba dng khc nhau ca mt cng thc. Ngoi ra cc cng thc trn, Swingle v Snapp cn a ra mt cng thc p dng trong nhng th nghim quan st c c s c th sng v s c th cht trc v sau khi th nghim. ( ax - z ) hu hiu (%) = ................... x 100 ax Vi: % s c th sng i chng sau khi th nghim a = -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40 PGs.Ts. Trn Vn Hai
Chng 2
x: % s c th sng nghim thc phun thuc trc khi th nghim. z: % c th sng nghim thc phun thuc sau khi th nghim.
S cy (cnh, l) b bnh TLB trn cnh, l (%) = ------------------------------------------ x 100 Tng s cy (cnh, l) quan st (ai x ni) CSB (%) = ------------- x 100 AxN
Vi ai: S l b bnh cp i. A: Tng s l quan st. ni: Cp bnh (t 0 n N) N: Cp bnh cao nht. Cp bnh thng c tnh da vo phn trm l b bnh. V d nh bnh chy l la c th c nh gi nh sau: Cp 0: khng c vt bnh. Cp 1: vt bnh chim di 5% din tch l. Cp 2: vt bnh chim 5 - 20 % din tch l. Cp 3: vt bnh chim 20 - 50 % din tch l. Cp 4: vt bnh chim trn 50 % din tch l.
Chng 2
Chng 2
biu din trn mt th trong tung biu th phn trm c th cht, honh biu th thi gian (tnh bng pht) ng vi mi t l cht khc nhau, t tnh ra LT50. - - - - - o0o - - - - -
Cu hi n tp
Cu 1: Cho bit cc phng php x l ging bng thuc ha hc? Cu 2: Cch xc nh hiu qu ca vic dng thuc tr dch hi?
Chng 3
3.1.1 U IM
- Qui trnh sn xut tng i n gin, gi thnh ca ch phm thp, d ch bin hot cht thnh nhiu dng ch phm khc nhau (BTN, ND, BR, H...). Do d s dng trn nhiu loi cy trng v nhng iu kin ng rung khc nhau. - Cc thuc ny thng c ph tc ng rng, hiu lc kh cao, thi gian hiu lc di thch hp cho vic phng tr ngoi ng, nht l i vi cc loi cy cng nghip. bn ha hc ln trong nhng iu kin thng thng nn d bo qun tn tr.
3.1.2 NHC IM
- Do bn ha hc ln nn thuc d lu b trong t ai, cy trng, nng sn, thc phm. Chng lm cho mi trng b nhim trong mt thi gian lu di. Thi gian phn gii 95% hot cht trong iu kin t nhin ca DDT l 10 nm; Lindane l 6,5 nm; Diendrin l 8 nm; Clodan l 3,5 nm. B thuc lu tn khng nhng lm cho phm cht, hnh thc ca nng sn b xu i m cn gy c cho ngi hay gia sc s dng nng sn , nh BHC thng li mi kh chu trn nng sn nh khoai ty, rau u... - C kh nng gy trng c tch ly mnh. Qua s tip xc vi thuc nhiu ln hay qua chui thc n hm lng thuc trong c th, ch yu trong m m tng ln rt nhiu; n mt lng no n biu hin cc triu chng ng c rt him ngho nh ung th, qui thai... - c i vi c v thin ch ln. - Khi s dng mt loi thuc Clo hu c ti mt a phng trong nhiu nm d gy ra hin tng cn trng khng thuc. Do nhng nhc im trn, ngy nay nhiu thuc tr su gc Clo hu c b cm hoc hn ch s dng nhiu nc.
3.1.3 MT S C IM KHC
- Cu to ha hc: Trong phn t ca cc hp cht ny u c cha nguyn t Clo v cc vng Benzen hay d vng. - Tnh cht vt l: Thuc k ngh u dng rn, khng tan hoc t tan trong nc, tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c, v thng c mi hi kh chu. - Dng ch phm thng gp l ND, BTN, H, bt phun cc hm lng khc nhau.
PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai 44
Chng 3
- Tnh cht ha hc: Cc thuc Clo hu c thng c bn ha hc ln, tn ti lu di ngay c iu kin ngoi ng, phn ln u b phn hy trong mi trng kim. - Tnh c: c thuc i vi ng vt mu nng u t trung bnh n cao, trong cc hp cht nhm DDT, BHC, nhm Cyclodien c kh nng tch ly trong c th ngi v ng vt (tr thiodan). Cc thuc Clo hu c thng c tc dng v c v tip xc ln cn trng, mt s cn c c tnh xng hi. Cc thuc ny thng tc ng ln h thn kinh bng cch c ch men cholinesteraza (ChE.) v tc ng ln mt s c quan khc lm ri lon hot ng ca c th cn trng dn n cht. - Cng dng v cch dng: Cc thuc ny u c ph phng tr rng, dit c nhiu loi su hi c kiu ming nhai gm v mt s t cn trng chch ht. - Tuy nhin thuc khng c c tnh chn lc nn d gy hi cho cc loi thin ch v cc sinh vt c ch. MT S THUC TR SU CLO HU C THNG DNG TRC Y
- Tnh cht vt l: DDT k ngh l mt hn hp nhiu ng phn, trong ng phn para c c cao nht i vi cn trng. Sn phm cng nghip th rn, mu trng ng c mi hi. - Tnh cht ha hc: Thuc rt bn iu kin thng nhng d b kim phn hy to thnh DDE, nht l khi hin din cc mui st. B tia cc tm phn hy. - c tnh: LD50 (chut) = 113mg/kg; thuc c kh nng tch ly trong c th ngi v ng vt, nht l cc m m, m sa, n khi lng gy c th thuc s gy ra cc bnh him ngho nh ung th, sinh qui thai. DDT c mnh vi c v ong mt. DDT an ton i vi cy trng, tr nhng cy thuc h bu b. Thuc b cm s dng. - Ph phng tr: Rng vi tc dng v c v tip xc, thuc tr c rt nhiu loi su hi sng khng n nu, nht l cc loi nhai gm trn nhiu loi cy trng khc nhau. Vi cng dng: Trn LA: Dng tr cc loi su n l (su keo, su eo, su cn gi, su phao...). Vi thuc DDT 30ND dng 2,5 - 3 lt/ha nng 1:200-300; Vi DDT 75BHN dng 1,5 - 2 lt/ha nng 1: 400 - 500. Cn phun tht u vo thn, l, nch l (nhng ni su thng tr n) lc su non va xut hin.
PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai 45
Chng 3
Thuc cn c dng tr nhiu loi su n l, su c thn, su c ngn, su c n, su c qu, ry trn bng vi, ay... Trn bng vi c th dng hn hp thuc gm 1 lt Wofatox 50ND + 3-5 lt DDT 30ND (hay 1,5-2 kg DDT 75BHN) + 1500 lt nc/ha. Trn ay: liu lng 2,5 - 3,5 lt DDT 30ND/ha, nng 1: 300. X l t: dng 2,5 - 3,5 lt DDT 30ND pha nng 1:200-300 phun u trn mt t trc khi cy xi ln cui tr c su xm, sng trng, sng ba ci, d, kin. Hn hp thuc: tng hiu lc s dng DDT, c th trn thuc ny vi cc thuc nh BHC, Toxapen, cc thuc ln hu c khng c tnh kim mnh (Thiophos, Wofatox, DDVP, Bi 58...). Lu : khng dng DDT tr rp v nhn do DDT do c kh nng dit thin ch rt ln. Trnh dng thi k ra hoa do thuc c th gy hi cho ong mt v cn trng c ch khc. Trn mt s loi cn trng, DDT dng nhit thp c hiu qu cao hn dng nhit cao do kh nng phn gii DDT ca cn trng tng theo nhit . Khng ng thuc trong bnh st. Thi gian cch ly: 30 ngy.
3.1.5 BHC
- Tn gi: LINDAFOR 90, lindane, BHC, HCH... - Tn ha hc: Benzen hexa chlorit. - Cng thc ha hc: C6H6Cl6 - Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- Tnh cht vt l: BHC nguyn cht dng kt tinh mu trng, gm nhiu ng phn khng gian, trong c ng phn gammar c kh nng thng hoa nhit cao. - Tnh cht ha hc: BHC rt bn vng trong iu kin bnh thng, bn vi tc ng ca nh sng, cht oxy ha, mi trng axit nhng b phn hy trong mi trng kim, nht l trong cc dung mi ca BHC. - Tnh c: LD50 = 125mg/kg. Thuc c kh nng tch ly trong c th ngi v ng vt. Thuc b cm s dng. Hm lng gammar BHC trong thuc cng cao th thuc cng t lu b trong nng sn, cng t tch ly trong c th ngi v ng vt, t gy hi cho cy trng, tr mt s cy thuc h bu b v cy thuc l con. Nu thuc c nhiu tp cht, n c th nh hng n hng v ca thuc l, khoai ty v mt s loi rau, u. - Cng dng: Vi tc ng tip xc, v c, xng hi, ni hp nh, thuc c ph tc dng rng v c th s dng trong nhiu lnh vc khc nhau: x l t, x l ht, phun ln cy, kh trng kho, x l g. BHC c hiu lc cao i vi cn trng thuc b cnh u (nh mi), b cnh khng u (nh ry xanh, ry bng vi), b cnh cng, b cnh mng v mt s b khc. Trc y thuc cn c dng trong y t v th y phng tr hu ht cc loi cn trng ph hoi cy trng v k sinh trn gia sc nh gh, ve. Sau y l mt s ng dng ca Lindane 90BTN:
PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai 46
Chng 3
+ X l ht: bo v ht ging u phng, c ci, i mch, bp, thu du, la... khi b su xm v cc loi cn trng khc trong t tn cng. Dng 50 gram thuc/kg ht. + X l t: Dng 0,75 - 2 kg thuc/ha hoc 1g/gc c ph, tiu phng tr mi. Trn thuc su n 10 - 12 cm. + Phun ln cy trng: Dng 300 gram thuc/ha phng tr nhiu loi su hi trn la, rau u, hoa mu, cy cng nghip, cy rng. + X l kho: Phun thuc vi nng 50 - 100g/100 lt nc. + X l g: nga mi, c th tin hnh bng nhiu cch: xng khi, phun thuc, nhng, qut, thm su di chn khng... Lu : Khng hn hp thuc vi thuc c tnh kim. Thi gian cch ly: 30 ngy. Trnh dng trong nh hoc trn gia sc. Thuc c th gy c mn tnh. Thuc c hm lng gammar BHC cao t c cho ngi v gy hi cho cy trng hn. nng cao hiu lc tr dch hi, ngi ta cn dng mt s loi thuc ha hn hp gia BHC v DDT.
Chng 3
+ An ton i vi cy trng, c nhiu trng hp cn kch thch cy sinh trng v pht trin tt. + Do c tnh c cao i vi ngi v ng vt mu nng, li c bn ln nn mc d c hiu lc tr su cao, cc thuc ny ngy nay b hn ch s dng nhiu nc. Thuc v nhm ny c cc thuc nh: CLORINDAN (CLODAN), HEPTACLO, ANDRIN, DIENDRIN, ENDRIN, IZODRIN, THIODAN, ALODAN. 3.1.7.1 ANDRIN - Tn ha hc: 1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexaclo-1,4,4a,5,8-hexahydro exo-1,4 endo 5,8 dimetylen naptalin. - bn ha hc ln, khng b nh sng, kim v acid phn hy. Tc dng tip xc, v c v c xng hi, trong t v trong cy thuc chuyn ha thnh Diendrin. Khi phun thuc ln cy, thuc dit su tng i nhanh nhng khng lu di; khi phun ln t tc dng tr su ko di nhiu ngy. - Tnh c: LD50 (chut) = 40 - 70mg/kg. Thuc c kh nng tch ly trong c th ng vt; rt c i vi c. - Cng dng: X l ht ging vi lng 100 - 200g ai/ha hoc phun tr cc cn trng sng trong t (su xm, d nhi, b hung hi r ma, di c thn u...) vi liu lng 2 - 4kg ai/ha 3.1.7.2 DIENDRIN - Tn ha hc: 1,2,3,4,10,10-Hexaclo-6,7-epoxi-1,4,4a,5,6,7,8,8a- octahydro 1,4 endo 5,8 dimetylen naptalin. - Cng thc cu trc ha hc: exo-
- c im ha hc rt ging Andrin. - c cp tnh cao hn Andrin, LD50 (chut) = 25 - 30mg/kg. - Thuc c tc ng tip xc v v c. Khi phun ln cy hiu lc ca thuc c th ko di n 2 tun. Thuc Diendrin 18,5ND c dng nng 0,1 - 0,5% phun tr su n l, su c thn, su hi thuc l, bng, ay. 3.1.7.3 ENDRIN - ENDRIN l mt ng phn khng gian ca Diendrin, c c tnh l, ha hc tng t Diendrin. Tnh c ca Endrin kh cao, LD50 (chut) = 7- 35mg/kg. Endrin c dng tr su hi bng, ma, thuc l, ng... vi dng ch phm 19,5% dng nng 0,2 - 0,5%. - Cng thc cu trc ha hc ENDRIN:
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3.1.7.4 HEPTACLO - Tn ha hc: 1,4,5,6,7,8,8 - Heptaclo - 3a,4,7,7a - tetrahydro - 4,7- metyleninden. - Thuc t b kim phn hy hn DDT. Heptaclo c LD50 (chut) vo khong 90mg/kg. Vi tc ng tip xc, v c, heptaclo c dng tr cc loi su sng trong t hi ng, bng v cc loi hoa mu khc v c coi l c hiu lc tt hn BHC. Lng thuc c dng bn vo t l 2 - 3kg ai/ha. 3.1.7.5 THIODAN - Tn ha hc: 1,2,3,7,7 - hexaclo - bicyclo - (2,2,1) - 2 - hepten - 5,6 - bis -oximetylen sunfit. - Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- Sn phm cng nghip l nhng tinh th nh, mu hung, d b kim phn hy thnh nhng cht khng c. Thiodan c mt s u im so vi nhng thuc khc nh: + t c i vi ong mt v mt s loi cn trng c ch khc n tht hoc k sinh trn su hi. + Tuy c c cp tnh cao LD50 (chut) l 40-100mg/kg nhng Thiodan khng c tnh tch ly, trong c th ng vt hot cht nhanh chng b phn hy thnh nhng cht khng c v c thi ra ngoi. Thiodan l loi thuc tr su tip xc v v c c ph phng tr rt rng. Thuc dng nh ND, BTN, bt phun thng c dng phun tr su trn la, ng, u , bng hay thuc l, c ph vi liu lng 350-700g ai/ha. Thiodan thuc nhm c I, nm trong danh sch hn ch, nay c chuyn sang danh mc cm s dng ti Vit Nam.
3.2 THUC TR SU GC LN HU C
* Mt s tnh cht chung
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- Cng thc ha hc c cha: C, H, O, S... P - Ph rng, dit c nhiu loi su hi (thuc cc b chnh nh: Coleopterra, Lepidoptera, Hemynoptera, Hemiptera...) - Tc ng rt nhanh: tip xc, v c, xng hi (rt mnh). - Khng tn ti lu trong mi trng, hiu lc dit su nhanh. - Gy c cp tnh rt cao do tc ng h thn kinh rt mnh, tch ly nhanh. - Thi ra ngoi qua ng nc tiu, cht gii c l Atropine. - Rt c i vi ng vt mu nng v thin ch. - D phn hy bi acid v mi trng kim. - t tan trong nc nhng d tan trong dung mi hu c.
- Tnh cht vt l: Hot cht tinh khit khng mu, nng chy 35 - 360C, d bay hi nht l khi nhit mi trng cao, t tan trong nc, tan tt trong nhiu dung mi hu c (DMHC). - Tnh cht ha hc: Thy phn yu trong mi trng acid v trung tnh, thy phn mnh trong mi trng kim. Sn phm cui cng ca s thy phn l H3PO4 v H2S. D b nh sng v nhit phn hy. - Tnh c: LD50 (chut) = 25-50mg/kg, c cp tnh cao (nhm c I) nhng khng tch ly trong c th ngi v ng vt. An ton i vi cy trng liu lng khuyn co. Thuc b cm s dng. - Cng dng v cch dng: thuc c tc ng tip xc, v c, xng hi v thm su, ph tc dng rng, c kh nng dit trng ch yu phng tr su nhai gm v mt s cn trng chch ht. MP cn c hiu lc trn mt s loi nhn gy hi cy trng (cam, qut). Tc ng dit dch hi nhanh, nht l khi nhit mi trng cao. Thi gian c hiu lc tr su iu kin
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ngoi ng khong 2-3 ngy. Trong c th su MP b oxy ha thnh Paraoxon c c cao hn, tc ng mnh hn ln men cholinesteraza. + Trn LA: Tr su n l, su cun l, su c thn mi n b, ry non, b xt hi, b xt en, b tr, b gai... vi liu lng 1-1,5 lt MP 50ND/ha, pha nng 1:800 - 1000. + Trn BP, MA: Tr su khoang, su cn l, rp, su c thn, c qu. + Trn RAU, U: Tr su xanh, su o, su khoang, rp dnh, di c thn, di c l. Liu lng v nng ging nh trn la. + Trn TR, C PH, CA CAO, THUC L: Tr ry xanh, b xt mui, su cn l, ry mm, rp dnh, b cnh cng, mt c qu vi liu lng 1,5 - 2,5 lt MP 50ND, nng 1:600 800. + Trn BNG VI: Hn hp 1 lt MP 50ND vi 3,5 lt DDT 30ND v 1500 lt nc/ha tr ry xanh, su c ngn, n, qu. Ch : Phun thuc giai on su mi n, cn non, phun k vo nhng ni su thng n np nh b l. MP rt c vi ngi, gia sc, c v ong mt, nht l khi tri nng, nn phi rt cn thn khi s dng, vn chuyn, bo qun. Khng hn hp thuc vi nhng cht c tnh kim mnh. Thuc tng hiu lc khi hn hp vi Bassa, DDT, Toxaphen... Khng dng thuc vi nng qu cao, d gy chy l, nht l khi tri nng. Bo qun ni kn o, kh, mt.
- Tnh cht l - ha hc: Rt ging MP. Tuy nhin trong nc v mi trng kim, sumithion thy phn chm hn so vi MP. - Tnh c v hot tnh tr su: t c hn i vi ngi v VMN (LD50 (CT, V, C) = 142-1000mg/kg. Mt s ging to, o mn cm vi thuc ny. - Cng dng v cch dng: cng ging nh MP.
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- Tnh c: LD50 (CT, V, C) = 215-245mg/kg. - Cng dng v cch dng: ging nh MP. Ch phm Lebaycid 50ND thng c dng nng 0,05-0,2%.
- Tnh cht ha hc: Thy phn trong c mi trng axit ln mi trng kim. - Cng dng v cch dng: Diazinon 10H c dng bn vo t vi lng 1020kg/ha tr su c thn, su nng hi la, b phn truyn bnh xon l c chua... Diazinon 20-60ND c dng nng 0,05-0,1% tr cc loi su nh MP.
- Tnh cht vt l: DDVP l mt cht lng khng mu, mi tng i d chu, tan tt trong hu ht cc DMHC nhng t tan trong nc (khong 1% nhit thng), bay hi cao thch hp cho vic xng hi. - Tnh cht ha hc: DDVP l cht k m, kim, b thy phn chm trong mi trng axit v trung tnh, nhanh hn trong mi trng kim. DDVP kt hp vi cc Halogien to thnh nhng hp cht khc c tnh c i vi dch hi, nh khi kt hp DDVP vi hn hp C12Br2 s thu c hp cht Dibrom. - Tnh c: LD50 (chut cng c)= 80mg/kg. Trnh dng trn cc loi da, bu b c l mng, dy yu. Thuc rt c nn c xp vo danh mc hn ch s dng. - Cng dng v cch dng: DDVP tc ng rt nhanh chng trn nhiu loi su nhai gm v chch ht, c dng rng ri trong BVTV v trong v sinh phng dch. Thuc dit c nhiu loi su, ry ph hoi rau, ci, cy n tri, ng cc, cy cng nghip... nh ry la, b gai, rui c qu, su keo, su cn gi, ry mm, b lch... thuc cn dit c c nhn . Liu dng: 1-2 lt ch phm 50ND/ha, nng 0,1-0,2%, thng pha 600 lt nc cho 1 ha la, 800
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lt/ha u; phun ngay khi thy su ry xut hin. Thuc cn c dng xng hi tr rn, rp, rui, mui, mi, mt trong nh. Lu : Thuc pha xong nn phun lin, khng lu. Thi gian cch ly 10-15 ngy. Thng phm Demon 50 EC ch c s dng trn cy lm nghip, cy cng nghip (tr Tr) v cy n qu trc thi k ra hoa. Khng c s dng ni nui tm, c, nng sn hoc hng ha d tr.
3.2.6 NALED
- Tn gi khc: Dibrom, Flibol, Bromchlophos. - Tn ha hc: 1,2-Dibrom-2,2-di cloetyl-di metylphotphat. - Cng thc ha hc: C4H7Br2Cl2O4P. - Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- Phn t lng: 380,8. - c tnh: Thuc k thut (93%) th lng mu vng, khng tan trong nc, tan trong dung mi hu c l cc hp cht thm v Clohidrocacbon, thy phn nhanh trong mi trng nc v kim, phn hy di tc ng ca nh sng mt tri, bn nu bo qun trong l thy tinh mu, ng trong dng c kim loi b tch brm hnh thnh DDVP; thuc nhm c I, LD50 per os: 430mg/kg, LD50 dermal (th): 1100mg/kg, MRL: rau qu 0,2, ng cc, khoai ty, ht c du 0,1, sn phm t bt m 0,05, sn phm khc 0,02mg/kg, PHI: 4 ngy. Thuc c i vi ong mt, t c i vi c. S dng: Naled c tc dng tip xc, ng rut, thm su v xng hi, dng ch yu tr rp, di hi thc vt v tr mui, rui. Naled c gia cng thnh dng sa 96%, dng phun bt 4% dng phun ln mt nc tr b gy, tr mui v phun ln cy trng tr rui c l, qu. Loi Naled 96% cn c dng pha vo b nh rui c qu c cht dn d Metyl-Eugenol. Naled khng lm nh hng n cht lng dn d ca Metyl- Eugenol. Liu s dng: Pha 5-7% Naled (loi 96%) vo Metyl- Eugenol. Pha Naled vi cht dn d phi tin hnh trong iu kin kh, khng dng dng c pha ch bng kim loi, gi nhng hn hp dn d phi kh.
- Dng ch phm: 50L, 50WP, 2,5-5 Bt - ht. - Tnh cht vt l: Dipterex l cht kt tinh mu trng, mi d chu, nhit nng chy 83-840C, ha tan c trong nhiu DMHC , tan kh trong nc (12,3g/100g nc 200C), bay hi 200C l 0,11mg/m3.
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- Tnh cht ha hc: Rt bn nhit phng. B phn hy trong mi trng kim, ni chung pH > 5,5 n chuyn ha chm thnh DDVP; dung dch cha nc ca dipterex nu lu s c tnh axit. - Tnh c: t c i vi VMN, LD50 (CT, V, chut cng c) = 630mg/kg. Kh nng c ch men cholinesterza ph thuc nhiu vo pH ca mi trng; trong dung dch axit khng xy ra c ch ny. - Cng dng v cch dng: tc ng v c, tip xc, thm su. Thuc dit c nhiu loi cn trng nhai gm v lim ht. Thuc rt c i vi cn trng nht l su ming nhai. Tc ng v c i vi rui th hin rt nhanh. Cn tc ng thm su, dipterex cng dit c nhng su k sinh trn l. Thi gian c hiu lc trn cy tng i ngn sau khi phun ln cy, khi thuc kh th khng gy hi cho ong mt. Cc dng 80BHT, 90 SP, 50ND thng c dng nng 0,1% CP phun tr su hi rau, cy n qu, bng, ch, ng... Dipterex cn c dng trong y t tr rui. Lu y: Khi tn tr, Dipterex b chy nc, mt phn b thy phn v c tnh axit i vi c cha HCl, H3PO4, (CH3)2HPO4. Khi pha long trong nc v a ra nh sng thuc b phn hy nhanh chng.
- c im: Tan t trong nc, tan nhiu trong cc DMHC, d phn hy trong mi trng kim. Cc dng thng mi chnh: MOCAP 10%G, 72%ND, 6EC. - Cng dng v cch dng: MOCAP 10H c th ngn chn hon ton s tn cng ca tuyn trng v cn trng trong t. Mc dng dit tuyn trng trn din tch i tr l 50100kg ai/ha. Theo Quc Vit (1982), MOCAP 10H v FURADAN 3H c hiu qu tng ng nhau i vi tuyn trng gy bnh tim t sn.
3.2.9 METHIDATHION
- Tn gi khc: Ultracid, Supracide, Suprathion -Tn ha hc: S-2, 3-Dihydro-5-methoxi-2-oxo-1, 3, 4-thiadiazol-3-yl-metyl-O, Odimetylphotphorodithioat. - Cng thc ha hc: C6H11N2O4PS3 - Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
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- Phn t lng: 302,3 - c tnh: Thuc nguyn cht (tinh khit) dng tinh th khng mu, khng tan trong nc, tan trong hu ht cc loi dung mi hu c nh ru metylic, axeton, xilen, benzen, khng n mn kim loi, tng i bn trong mi trng trung tnh v axit nh, thy phn nhanh trong mi trng kim; thuc nhm c I, LD50 per os: 25-54mg/kg, LD50 dermal: 1546-1663mg/kg, ADI: 0,005mg/kg, MRL: cam, cy gia v, ch, c ph 2,0; nho 0,5; cam khng v 0,1; sn phm khc 0,02mg/kg; PHI: 21-28 ngy, c chua 7 ngy. Thuc c i vi c v ong mt. S dng: l loi thuc tr cn trng v nhn c tc dng tip xc v v c, tr c nhiu loi su ming nhai v chch ht, c bit c hiu lc cao i vi rp sp, lng dng 3060g a.i/100 lt nc i vi cy n qu v 250-800g a.i/ha i vi cy hng nm. Methidiathion c gia cng thnh dng sa 20 v 40% (Supracid 20EC v 40EC), bt thm nc 20% v 40% (Supracid 20 v 40WP), dng ULV 25% (Supracid, Ultracid UlVair 250UL). Supracid 40EC cha 420g a.i/lt, dng pha nc 0,1-0,15% tr rp sp, di, su n l, nhn , b phn trng hi cy n qu. Dng lng ch phm 0,8-2,0 l/ha tr ry, rp, b phn trng, nhn hi bng; 1,02,5 l/ha tr su xanh, su hng hi bng, su t, su bm trng hi rau ci; 0,5-1,0 l/ha tr b nhy, rp, b tr hi rau. THUC TR SU NI HP LN HU C
- Tnh cht vt l: Dng tinh khit l nhng tinh th mu trng, dng k ngh l mt cht d tan trong DMHC, tan kh nhiu trong nc 39g/lt. bay hi khng ng k (0,107mg/m3 200C). Nhit phn s to thnh O,S-Dimethyl-S-(N-methyl carbamidomethyl) dithiophosphat. - Tnh cht ha hc: kh bn trong mi trng axit, phn hy nhanh trong mi trng kim, b nhit phn thnh ng phn khc c c cao hn Rogor. Trong gan ng vt v trn l xanh, Rogor b Oxy ha thnh O-rogor vi c i vi su tng ln ng k, nhng c i vi VMN tng ln rt nhiu. (O-rogor = O,O- Dimethyl-S-(N-methylcarbamidomethyl) thiophosphat) - Tnh c: LD50 (chut cng) = 250-285mg/kg. Trong t bo thc vt thuc b chuyn ha cui cng to thnh H3PO4. - Cng dng v cch dng: Tc ng ni hp, tip xc v xng hi, dit c nhng loi chch ht nha cy, su nhai gm, c nhn v tuyn trng Rotylenchus similis Coll hi chui. Rogor tr hu hiu rp, b xt, b cnh t, nhn trn bng, ch, cam, u, lc, ng... Nng thng dng: 0,05-0,075% ch phm 50ND. Dng nng cao hn (0,1-0,15%) thuc dit
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c cc loi su c l nh di c l u, su v ba hi cam... nhit cao (>180C) thuc tc ng ln cn trng nhanh hn v mnh hn. Hiu lc tr su ca thuc ko di khong 2-3 tun. Cy sinh trng cng mnh hot ng sng cng cao, thuc cng chng phn hy trong cy thnh nhng cht khng c. Ngoi ra thuc cn c dng trong chn nui th y. Lu : Khng nn cha Rogor trong nhng bnh bng st, thp i vi thuc c th b phn hy nhanh chng v lm cho bnh b han r. Nhng dn xut sau y ca acide thiophosphoric c tnh cht l ha hc v hot tnh dit su tng t nh Bi 58.
- Tnh cht vt l: Phosphamidon tinh khit khng mu, c mi hi kh chu, pha trn vi nc theo mi t l, ha tan c trong ru, aceton, hydrocarbon, khng tan trong eter, du ha. Ch phm thng c mu tm ti i vi trn vi phm nhum. - Tnh cht ha hc: Kh bn trong mi trng axit yu hay trung tnh, phn gii nhanh trong mi trng kim. C th n mn cc dng c bng kim loi (st, nhm, st l trng thic). - Tnh c: Rt c i vi ngi v VMN, LD50 (chut) = 7,5-15mg/kg. Tng i t c i vi c. - Cng dng v cch dng: tc ng ni hp, tip xc, v c. Thuc c ph tc ng kh rng tr c nhiu loi cn trng chch ht v nhai gm. Thuc xm nhp vo cy kh nhanh v tr hu hiu su nch la, ry mm, b xt, b nhy, ry lng trng, b lch, rui tri cy, mng, su c l, su c thn, cc loi cn trng cnh cng, bm, ngi, su c tri, co co, nhn ... Dng trn nhiu loi cy n qu nh: chanh, chui, ma, bng vi, thuc l, tr, cy trng cao, hoa, c ci ng, khoai ty. Ni chung thuc tr c nhiu loi su thuc b cnh t, b cnh thng, b cnh u, b cnh na cng, b cnh cng, b cnh vy, b 2 cnh, b cnh mng, thuc cng tr c mt s loi nhn . Hiu lc ca thuc c th ko di 10 - 14 ngy. Vi ch phm 50BHN, nng thng dng i vi cn trng chch ht l 0,04%, vi cn trng ming nhai l 0,06% tr nhiu loi su hi cy lng thc v cy cng nghip, cy n qu. Lu : Thuc c th hn hp c vi nhiu loi thuc khc. Cha thuc trong nhng bnh bng thy tinh hoc bng polyetylen, trong mt.
* Cc thuc c c tnh tng t nh Phosphamidon l: 3.2.12 AZODRIN (Monocrotophos, Nuvacron, Monocron, Bilobran)
- Tn ha hc: O,O - dimethyl - O - (2 - methylcarbamoyl - 1- metylvinyl) -phosphat
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- Tnh cht vt l: Thuc dng lng mu nu en, mi hi, tan trong nc, aceton, cn, t tan trong cc DMHC, du ha. - Tnh cht ha hc: Thuc d b kim, nh sng phn hy, c th n mn cc kim loi nh ng, thau. - Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- Tnh c: LD50 (chut) = 20mg/kg, thuc thuc nhm c I, cm s dng. - Cng dng v cch dng: Tc ng ni hp, tip xc, v c, thm su. Ch phm 40ND c dng vi lng 0,6-1,2 lt/ha tr cc su ming chich ht v vi lng 1-2 lt/ha tr cc su ming nhai hi la, bng thuc l... Ch phm 60ND dng nng 0,1-0,15% phun cho bng tr nhiu loi su hi khc nhau (su khoang, su xanh, b xt, cc loi rp...); trn thuc l, u tng (tr di c l, rp...). Thuc cng c dng tr cc loi rp, su t... hi rau nng 0,05-0,1%. Trn LA: Tr su c thn, su n l (su keo, su gai, su cn gi, su phao), cc loi ry(ry nu, ry xanh ui en, ry lng trng), b xt hi, b xt en. Trn CAM, QUT, BI: Tr cc loi rp, su n l. Liu dng: 1,5-2 lt/ha, nng 1:1000. Lu : Khng phun thuc vo thi k ra hoa, khng hn hp vi cc thuc c tnh kim, khng cha trong cc bnh bng kim loi. Thi gian cch ly: 25 ngy.
- Tnh cht vt l: Dng tinh khit l nhng tinh th mu trng khng ht m, mi ti nh. Nguyn liu k thut c mu nu v kt tinh tng phn. Hu nh khng tan trong nc: 1,7ppm; tan trong hu ht cc DMHC, p sut hi khng ng k. Nhit nng chy: 45-480C. - Tnh cht ha hc: bn ha hc ln, k kim mnh v cht oxy ha. Phn hy nhanh trong iu kin ng rung.
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- Tnh c: LD50 (chut) = 180mg/kg. C c thp i vi ong mt v cn trng th phn, t gy hi cho thin ch. Khng gy c cho cy. - Cng dng v cch dng: Tc ng tip xc, v c, thm su, thuc c hiu lc ln trn nhiu loi cn trng chnh v nhn trn cy n tri v nhiu loi cy trng khc nh: bng vi, ng cc, khoai ty, rau u, cy cnh, nho. Tr nhiu loi su nhai gm v chch ht trn nhiu loi cy trng khc nhau nh ry mm v cc loi su trn cy n tri (dng 150 200cc thuc/100 lt nc). C th phun trong thi k ra hoa. Trn bng vi: tr ry mm, b tr, su hng, su loang dng 2,5-3,5 lt/ha. Trn ng cc: tr ry mm, b cnh cng dng 1,5-3,5 lt/ha. Trn rau ci: tr ry mm, su xanh, b nhy, su t, bm phn, nhn dng 150-200cc thuc/100 lt nc. Trn tr: Tr nhn , ry dng 100cc/100 lt nc. Trn nho: Zolone c dng phun l, pha vi 200-1000 lt nc. Ch phun u khp 2 mt l. C th s dng dng ULV. Lu : Khng hn hp thuc vi nhng thuc c tnh kim nh Bordeaux, lu hunh vi, thuc tm.
3.3.1 SEVIN
Tn gi khc: Naptincarbamat, Cacpolin... Tn ha hc: N-methylnaphthyl carbamat. Tn thng thng: Carbaryl Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- Tnh cht vt l: sevin nguyn chtt tinh th mu trng, c mi nh, ha tan trong nc 200C l di 0,1%, nhng ha tan trong nhiu DMHC. - Tnh cht ha hc: Bn vng di tc ng ca tia t ngoi, ca nhit v oxy khng kh, phn hy trong mi trng kim. - Tnh c: LD50 (chut) = 560mg/kg. Khng c c tnh tch ly trong c th ng vt. Sevin c c cao i vi ong, t c i vi c nhng n tiu dit nhng phiu sinh vt sng
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trong nc m c c th n c, do gin tip gy hi n c. An ton i vi cy liu lng khuyn co. - Cng dng v cch dng: Sevin l loi thuc c tc ng tip xc v v c, ging nh DDT, thuc Sevin c ph phng tr rng, hiu lc lu di v khng c kh nng dit nhn . Tnh c ca thuc i vi su hi tng ln khi nhit mi trng tng cao. Khi hn hp sevin vi piperonyl butoxi, tnh c ca sevin i vi su hi tng ln mnh m do c s c ch hot tnh men phn gii sevin trong c th cn trng. Sevin thng c c dng tr nhiu loi su hi la (ry xanh, ry nu), hi cy n qu (su cun l, rp vi, rp...), su hi cy cng nghip (bng, thuc l...), b ry da... Ch phm 15ND thng c dng nng 0,1250,33%; ch phm 50BHN dng nng 0,05-0,2%; thuc bt, thuc ht hm lng 2% c phun vi lng 20-25 kg/ha.
3.3.2 MIPCIN
- Tn gi khc: IPMC, Etrofolan, Bayron, PHC, Bayer 39007 - Tn ha hc: 2-isopropyl phenyl-N-metylcarbamate. - Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- Tnh cht vt l: thuc 20ND c dng lng, mu vng, mi hi, khng tan trong nc, t tan trong cc DMHC, ngoi tr aceton, methanol, ethyl, acetate. - Tnh cht ha hc: Mipcin d b phn hy bi kim, t bn iu kin ng rung nn thuc ch c hiu lc trong vi ngy. - Tnh c: LD50 (chut) = 483mg/kg. c i vi c. - Cng dng v cch dng: Ngoi tc ng tip xc v v c, c bit Mipcin cn c tc ng ni hp v mt phn xng hi. Khi p dng ln cy, thuc c cy hp thu nhanh. Thuc dit tr c cc loi b, ry la rt mnh, nhng li t hay khng gy hi n thin ch. Trn LA: ch yu thuc c dng tr cc loi ry la (ry nu, ry xanh ui en, ry lng trng)...; tr b xt, b tr, b gai, su nng, cc loi su n l. Vi Mipcin 20ND liu dng 2-2,5 lt/ha nng 1:300, Mipcin 4H ri 30-50kg/ha. Trn cy n qu, rau, cy cng nghip nh: xoi, thuc l, ca cao, tr, bng vi... Thuc tr c mt s loi ry, b xt. Dng mipcin 20ND liu lng 2-2,5 lt/ha, nng 1:300. Cn phun k nhng ni cn trng n np ngay t lc su cn non. Lu : thi gian cch ly 5 ngy. Khng hn hp thuc vi nhng thuc c tnh kim. Trc v sau khi dng mipcin 10 ngy, khng dng thuc tr c Propanil.
3.3.3 BASSA
- Tn gi khc: Osbac, Bassan, BPMC... - Tn ha hc: 2-Sec-butylphenyl-N-metylcarbamate.
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- Tnh cht vt l: Thuc dng lng, mi hi, mu vng hoc lt, khng tan trong nc, tan trong acetone v chloroform. - Tnh cht ha hc: Thuc d b phn hy trong mi trng kim. - Tnh c: LD50 (cp tnh, ng rut, chut) = 340-410mg/kg; Thuc t c i vi c. - Cng dng v cch dng: Thuc c tc dng tip xc, v c, ni hp. Hiu lc ca thuc ko di trong 3 - 4 ngy. Thuc khng gy hi cho mt s loi thin ch nh: b ra, nhn nc. Trn LA: ging nh Mipcin, liu dng 1,5-2 lt Bassa 50ND hay 50BHN/ha nng 1:400-600. Nn phun vo lc ry non n r, phun thuc vo lc tri mt v phun k vo gc la ni ry thng tr n. Trn cc cy trng khc: tr cc loi su c l, c qu, ry xanh hi bng, su khoang, ry xanh thuc l, liu dng 2-2,5 lt/ha cc ch phm trn, nng 1:500700, phun vo thi k u trng mi n xut hin. Lu : Khng dng Bassa chung vi nhng thuc c tnh kim. Thi gian cch ly: 5-7 ngy.
3.3.4 FURADAN
- Tn gi khc: Carbofuran - Tn ha hc: 3,3 - dihydro - 2,2 - dimethyl - 7 - benzofuranyl - N -metyl carbamate. - Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- Tnh cht vt l: thuc dng ht c mu tm hay trng xm, mi nng nh, t tan trong nc, tan nhiu trong cc DMHC. - Tnh cht ha hc: thuc d b phn hy nhit cao v trong mi trng kim. - Tnh c: Thuc rt c i vi ngi v VMN, LD50 (chut) = 11mg/kg, thuc thuc nhm c I, cm s dng. Thuc an ton i vi cy trng.
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- Cng dng v cch dng: thuc c tc ng tip xc, v c, ni hp, c dng phun, x l t nhm dit tr nhiu loi su hi khc nhau. Thuc cn tr c mt s loi tuyn trng. Thi gian hiu lc khong 1 tun. Trn LA: phng tr cc loi ry nh: ry nu, ry lng trng, ry xanh; b tr, b gai; su c thn, rui c l, su cun l, su n l... v mt s tuyn trng hi r. Liu lng: 15-20kg Furadan 3H/ha khi ri phi gi mc nc rung 5-7cm trong 7 ngy thuc c th phn tn trong nc v c cy hp thu. C th ri nh k nh sau: t 1 ri 15 kg ch phm/ha vo ngy th 25 sau khi cy. t 2 v t 3 ri 20kg/ha vo ngy th 45 v 65 sau khi cy (vi ging 120 ngy). Trn bp, ma, cao lng: phng tr su c thn, su c ngn, ri 5-7 ht thuc trn ngn, 3 ln trong mt v vo ngy th 30, 45 v 60 sau khi trng, hoc ch x l khi thy su xut hin. X l t: tr su xm, d, kin, sng trng, ba ci... dng 30kg Furadan 3H/ha, ri vo t trc khi cy xi ln cui, cch mt tun trc khi gieo trng. Ngoi ra thuc cn c dng tr nhng cn trng chch ht nha cy khc, l nhng mi gii lan truyn bnh i vi virus (b phn, rp o...) hi c chua, da chut, khoai ty. Lu : Thi gian cch ly: 14 ngy. Do Furadan rt c nn cn phi ht sc thn trng trong khi s dng v bo qun.
Chng 3
- Dioxacarb (Elocron) 2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl-)phenylmetylcacbamat. C tc dng tip xc, v c, dng tr su n l, su chch ht, tr cn trng hi kho, cn trng y t. Thuc nhm c II, LD50 per os: 60-80mg/kg; LD50 dermal: 3000mg/kg. - Ethiofencarb (Croneton): - etylthio - 0-tolylmetylcacbamat, c tc dng ni hp, tip xc v v c, hiu lc cao i vi rp hi thc vt. Thuc nhm c II, LD50 per os: 411499mg/kg; LD50 dermal: >1000mg/kg; ADI: 0,1mg/kg. - Furathiocarb (Deltanet, Promet): Butyl 2,3 - dihidro - 2,2 - dimetyl benzopuran- 7 - yl NN - dimetyl - N, N - thiodicacbamat, c tc dng ni hp, dng tm ht ging, hiu lc ko di 40 ngy. Thuc nhm c II, LD50 per os: 137mg/kg, LD50 dermal: >200mg/kg. - Landrin: 3, 4, 5 - trimetylphenylmetylcacbamat - 2, 3, 5 - trimetyl phenylmetyl cacbamat. L loi thuc tr su x l t. Thuc nhm c II, LD50 per os: 208mg/kg, LD50 dermal: >2500mg/kg. - Larvin - thiodicarb: Dimetyl N, N - ( thiolis (metylimino ) cacbomyloxi ) bis ( etan imidothioat ), l loi thuc tr su, c hiu lc mnh i vi trng su, tr c nhiu loi su hi. Thuc nhm c II, LD50 per os: 166mg/kg, LD50 dermal: >2000mg/kg. - Methomyl (Lanate): S-metyl N-(metylcacbanoyl) oxithioaxetimidat, c tc dng ni hp v tip xc. Dng tr rp, su xanh, su keo, nhn . Thuc nhm c I, LD50 per os: 1724mg/kg. Thuc hn ch s dng. - Metolcarb (MTMC, metacrate, Tsumacide): m-tolylmetylcacbamat, dng tr su hi la. Thuc nhm c I, LD50 per os: 109-268mg/kg, LD50 dermal: 6000mg/kg. - Mexacarbate (Zectran) 4-dimetylamino-3,5-xylyl N-metylcacbamat, l loi thuc tr su, tr nhn v c sn. Thuc nhm c I, LD50 per os: 22- 24mg/kg. - Oxamyl (Vydate): N,N - dimetyl - 2 metyl cacbamoyl oximino - 2 - (metylthio) acetamid, c tc dng ni hp, tip xc, dng tr cn trng, nhn v tuyn trng. Lng dng 0,28-1,12kg a.i/ha. Thuc nhm c I, LD50 per os: 5,4- 8,9mg/kg; ADI 0,03mg/kg. - Promecarb (Carbamult): 5-metyl-m-cumenylmetylcacbamat, c tc dng tip xc, v c, xng hi, dng tr su hi cy lm nghip, tr rui hi cy nng nghip. Thuc nhm c II, LD50 per os: 74-118mg/kg, LD50 dermal: 1000mg/kg. - Thiofanox (Dacamox): 1-(2, 2-dimetyl-1-metyl - thiometylpropyliden amino oxi) - Nmetylfomamit, c tc dng ni hp, dng tr cn trng v nhn hi cy trng. Thuc nhm c I, LD50 per os: 8,5mg/kg. - Xylylcarb (Meobal) 3,4-Xylylmetylcacbamat, c tc dng ni hp, tip xc v v c, hiu lc cao i vi ry hi la v ch. Thuc nhm c II, LD50 per os: 325-380mg/kg, LD50 dermal: >1000mg/kg. - Xylylmetylcacbamat (Macbat): 3,5-Xylylmetylcacbamat, c tc dng ni hp, dng tr ry hi la. Thuc nhm c II, LD50 per os: 245-542mg/kg.
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Ph tc dng rng, chuyn bit vi cn trng chch ht v cn trng ming nhai, c bit l u trng b cnh vy. Tc ng nhanh: tip xc, v c, xng hi yu v khng c tnh ni hp. Khng tn ti lu trong mi trng, d phn hy bi nh sng v nhit . S dng liu rt thp so vi thuc gc clo, ln v cc ba mt. Gy c cp tnh yu. Tc ng h thn kinh, gy thiu oxy; ngoi ra cn tc ng ln h thn kinh ngc lm cn trng mt thng bng khi bay. Cht c thi ra ngoi qua ng nc tiu, gii c ging nh nhm thuc gc ln v cc ba mt. t c i vi mi trng v ng vt mu nng, gy tnh khng nhanh khi s dng nhiu. t tan trong nc, d tan trong m v dung mi hu c.
3.4.1 CYPERMETHRIN
Tn gi khc: Sherpa, Ambush C, Cymbush, Peran, Cyperan. Tn ha hc: (RS)--cyano-3-phenoxibenzyl(1RS,3RS;1RS,3RS)-3-(2,2-diclo vinyl 2,2-dimetylxiclopropancacboxylat. Cng thc ha hc: C22H19Cl2NO3 Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
Phn t lng:
416,3
- c tnh: Thuc k thut dng c st ( 60oC chuyn thnh dng dung dch lng), hu nh khng tan trong nc, tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c, tng i bn trong mi trng trung tnh v axit nh, thy phn trong mi trng kim, quang gii yu; khng n mn kim loi; thuc nhm c II, LD50 per os: 215mg/kg, LD50 dermal: 1600mg/kg, ADI: 0,05mg/kg, MRL: sa 0,01 3-4 ngy, ch kh 20mg/kg, PHI: rau n l 7-14 ngy, rau n qu 3-4 ngy, bp ci 14 ngy, rau n c (nu ti gc), hnh 21 ngy. Thuc c i vi ong mt.
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S dng: Cypermethrin tc dng tip xc v v c, c ph tc ng rt rng, tr c nhiu loi su v nhn hi, c bit l cn trng thuc b cnh vy. Lng dng t 25-200g a.i/ha tu thuc vo loi cy trng ngoi ng. Cypermethrin cn c dng tr ve, bt, chy, rn cho vt nui (100-150mg a.i/lt nc tm cho vt nui), tr rui, mui trong nh (50-75mg a.i/m2, hiu lc ko di 42- 72 ngy). Cypermethrin c gia cng thnh dng sa 10-400g a.i/lt (Cymbus 10EC, Sherpa 10-25EC) dng ULV (5- 50g a.i/lt), dng hn hp vi Ln hu c (nh Polytrin-P440). Ch phm Sherpa25EC cha 250g Cypermethrin/lt c dng 28- 30g a.i/ha tr su xanh, su t, rp hi rau, su xanh hi u ; liu lng 40-50g a.i/ha tr su khoang, nhn hi rau; liu lng 50-100g a.i/ha tr c su xanh, su hng, rp, ry, nhn hi bng. Thuc c pha vi nc nng 0,05% phun tr rp sp hi cam; nng 0,0250,03% phun tr b xt mui, ry xanh, b cnh t hi ch, su v ba hi cam. Thuc Polytrin-P 440EC cha 40g Cypermethrin v 400g Profenofos/lt ch phm, c dng 0,5 lt/ha tr su xanh v rp hi rau, 1 lt/ha tr su t, su khoang, nhn hi rau, rp bng ma. Thuc c pha vi nc nng 0,1% phun tr rp sp, nhn , su v ba hi cy n qu, su xanh, su hng, nhn , ry hi bng, ry xanh, b cnh t, b xt mui, su chm hi ch, rp, su xanh hi thuc l. Thuc Cymbus 10EC, cha 100g Cypermethrin/lt ch phm c dng 28 - 150g a.i/ha tr cc loi su nh thuc Sherpa. Cypermethrin c th hn hp c vi nhiu loi thuc Clo, Cacbamat v Ln hu c s dng.
3.4.3 DELTAMETHRIN
- Tn gi khc: Decis, Decamethrin, K-Obiol, K-Othrin. - Tn ha hc: (S) - - Cyano - 3 - phenoxibenzyl (1R, 3R) - 3 - (2,2 - dibromovinyl) 2,2 - dimetylxiclopropancacnoxylat. - Cng thc ha hc: C22H19Br2NO3 - Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
Chng 3
- c tnh: Thuc k thut (>98% Deltamethrin) dng bt, khng tan trong nc, tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c nh axeton (500g/l), benzen (450g/l), dioxan (250g/l); bn vng trong mi trng axit hn mi trng kim, tng i bn di tc ng ca khng kh, nhng di tc ng ca nh nng mt tri hoc tia t ngoi b phn hu, khng n mn kim loi. LD50 per os: 128,5-5000mg/kg (tu thuc vo dung mi), LD50 dermal: >2000mg/kg, ADI: 0,01mg/kg, MRL: chui, nho, cam 0,05mg/kg, rau, ng cc 0,1mg/kg, khoai ty 0,2mg/kg, ch en 10mg/kg; PHI: rau n l 14 ngy, cy lm thuc 28 ngy, rau nu ti thuc 21-28 ngy. Thuc c i vi ong mt. S dng: Deltamethrin tc dng v c v tip xc, tr c nhiu loi cn trng v nhn hi rau mu, cy cng nghip (Decis); tr c nhiu loi su mt hi nng sn bo qun (K-Obiol) v nhiu loi cn trng y t (K-Othrine), tr c ve, bt, chy, rn hi vt nui. Deltamethrin c ch bin thnh dng sa 2,5% (Decis 2,5EC ); dng bt thm nc, dng ht, dng hn hp vi Heptenophos (25g Deltamethrin + 400g Heptenophos/lt ch phm), hn hp vi DDVP t l 16% DDVP + 2% Decis c tc dng tng hiu. Thuc Decis 2,5EC cha 25g Deltamethrin/ lt ch phm, dng 8-10g a.i/ha tr su t, su xanh, su khoang, rp, nhn hi rau, pha nc nng 0,025-0,03% ch phm phun tr b xt hi cy n qu, su v ba, nhn hi cam, chanh, tr ba ba hi rau mung, su c qu, u , rp bng hi ma. Deltamethrin d gy tnh khng i vi cn trng chch ht nh ry nu hi la.
3.4.4 CYHALOTHRIN
- Tn gi khc: Karate, PP 321. - Tn ha hc: ( RS ) - - Cyano-3-phenoxibenzyl ( Z ) - (1RS,3RS)-(2-clo-3,3,3triflopropenyl)-2,2-dimetylxiclopropalcacboxylat. - Cng thc ha hc: C23H19ClF3NO3 - Phn t lng: 449,9. - c tnh: Thuc k thut (90%) th du nu, khng tan trong nc, tan trong axeton v nhiu dung mi hu c; thy phn mnh PH > 9. LD50 per os: 56-79mg/kg, LD50 dermal: 632-696mg/kg, ADI: 0.02mg/kg, MRL: rau 0,03mg/kg, qu 0,02mg/kg, cc sn phm khc 0,01mg/kg, PHI: 4-11 ngy. Thuc c i vi ong mt. S dng: Cyhalothrin c tc dng tip xc, v c, c dng tr su cho rau, mu, cy cng nghip, tr k sinh trng cho vt nui (ve, bt, rui, mui, chy, rn). Thuc c ch bin thnh dng sa 2,5% (Karate 2,5EC), 20% (Grenada 20EC). Karate 2,5EC cha 25g a.i/lt ch phm c dng 5-10g a.i/ha tr su t, su xanh, su khoang, rp, nhn hi rau, su v ba hi cam. Thuc c pha nc nng 0,05-0,07% phun tr nhn , b xt mui, ry xanh hi ch.
3.4.5 FENPROPATHRIN
- Tn gi khc: Danitol, Rody. - Tn ha hc: (ES)-- Cyano-3-phenoxibenzyl -2,2, 3-3-tetrametyl xiclo propanm cacboxylat. - Cng thc ha hc: C22H23NO3 - Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
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- Phn t lng: 394,4 - c tnh: Thuc k thut th rn, khng tan trong nc, tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c nh xilen, xiclohexan (1 kg/kg); d b phn hu trong khng kh v nh sng. Thuc nhm c II, LD50 per os: 66,7-70,6mg/kg, LD50 dermal: 870-1000mg/kg. Thuc c i vi ong mt. S dng: Fenpropathrin tc dng tip xc v thm su, dng tr cn trng v nhn . Lng s dng t 50-200g a.i/ha. Fenpropathrin c gia cng thnh cc dng sa 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, (Danitol 5EC, 10EC, 20EC, 30EC), dng hn hp vi Fenitrothion (Danitol-S). Thuc Danitol 10EC (cha 10g Fenpropathrin/lt) dng 100g a.i/ha tr rp, nhn hi rau, cam, ch, bng, thuc l; tr su t, su xanh, su khoang, b nhy hi rau.
3.4.6 FENVALERAT
- Tn gi khc: Sumicidin, Pydrin. - Tn ha hc: (RS)--Cyano-3-phenoxibenzyl (RS)-2-(4-clophenyl)-3-metylbu - tyrat. - Cng thc ha hc: C25H22ClNO3. - Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- Phn t lng: 419,9. - c tnh: Thuc k thut th lng, khng tan trong nc, tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c nh axeton, xilen, tng i bn vng di tc ng ca nhit v nh nng mt tri, bn vng trong axit hn trong kim (bn vng pH = 4); khng n mn kim loi, thuc nhm c II, LD50 per os: 451mg/kg, LD50 dermal: 5000mg/kg, ADI: 0,02mg/kg, MRL: sa, lc nhn 0,1mg/kg, bt m 0,2mg/kg, m mn 0,5mg/kg, tht, rau, nho 1mg/kg, ng cc, qu 2mg/kg, sn phm khc 0,05mg/kg, PHI: rau n qu 34 ngy, rau n l, bp ci 14 ngy, ng cc, khoai ty, cy c du, cy n qu 21 ngy, khng dng cho cy lm thuc. Thuc c i vi ong mt. S dng: Thuc tc dng tip xc v v c, tr c nhiu loi cn trng v nhn, lng dng t 25-250g a.i/ha, tr ve, bt cho vt nui (200-300g a.i/lt). Fenvalerat c gia cng thnh dng sa 25-300g a.i/lt, dng ULV, dng hn hp vi Dimethoat (Mikantop), vi Fenitrothion (Sumicombi). Thuc Sumicidin 10EC v 20EC cha 100g v 200g Fenvalerat/lt, dng t 80-120g a.i/ha, tr su t, su khoang, su xanh, rp, b nhy, nhn hi rau, ry xanh, b xt mui, b cnh t, nhn hi ch, nhn , su v ba hi cam v tr rp ng.
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3.4.7 PERMETHRIN
- Tn gi khc: Ambush, Peran. - Tn ha hc: 3-Phenoxibenzyl (1RS, 3RS, 1RS, 3RS)-3-(2,2-diclovinyl)-2,2dimetylxiclopropancacboxylat. - Cng thc ha hc: C21H20Cl2O3 - Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- Phn t lng:
391,3
- c tnh: Thuc k thut th lng v c chiu hng kt tinh nhit trong phng, hu nh khng tan trong nc, tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c nh hexan (1kg/kg), xilen (1kg/kg); bn trong mi trng axit, thy phn trong mi trng kim; khng n mn nhm; thuc nhm c III, (i vi ch phm dng bt), nhm c II (ch phm Ambush dng sa), LD50 per os: 430-4000mg/kg, LD50 dermal: 4000mg/kg, ADI: 0,05mg/kg, PHI: bp ci 7 ngy, c chua, da chut 4 ngy, khoai ty, cy n qu 14 ngy, ng 28 ngy, cy c du 56 ngy. Thuc c i vi ong mt. S dng: Thuc k thut tc dng tip xc v v c, tr c trng ca cn trng, c ph tc ng rt rng, c dng tr su hi bng (100-150g a.i/ha), su hi cy n qu (2550g a.i/ha), su hi nho, thuc l (50-200g a.i/ha), su hi rau (40-70g a.i/ha), tr rui, mui, k sinh trng gia sc (200mg a.i/m2 tng), tr gin (100mg a.i/m2, hiu lc ko di 120 ngy) v kh trng kho tng. Permethrin c gia cng thnh nhiu dng ch phm khc nhau nh Ambush 10EC, 25EC, Ambush bt thm nc (400-500g a.i/kg), dng ULV (50-100g/lt), dng phun bt (2,5-10g/kg), dng hn hp vi Dimethoat, vi thiram... Thng phm Copex Tobaccoguard dng ULV gm 5% Permethrin v 95% cht ph tr dng phun tr mt hi thuc l kh bo qun trong kho (200ml/1000 m3 kho).
Chng 3
- Tetramethrin (Phthalthrin): Cyclohex-1-ene-1,2-dicacboximidometyl (1RS) -cis-trans2,2-dimetyl-3-(2-metyl(prop-1-eny)xiclopropancacboxylat, c tc ng tip xc, gy hin tng chong c rt nhanh i vi rui, mui, gin v cc loi kho tng. Thuc nhm c IV, LD50 per os: 5000mg/kg, LD50 dermal: 5000mg/kg. - Ngoi nhng hp cht nu trn cc hp cht Pyrethroit khc nh Barthrin, Biopermethrin, Bioresmethrin, Cismethrin, Cyclethrin, Dimethrin, Esbiol, Fenpro-panat, Furethrin, Furemethrin, Indothrin, Kadethrin, Triclomethrin... ang c nghin cu kho st c tnh v hiu qu sinh hc.
Chng 3
nc ta, c nhng ng dng dng Methyl eugenol c trong tinh du ca s, inh hng, hng nhu thu ht rui Dacus dorsalis hi tri cy, tp trung chng li mt ch v tiu dit bng thuc ha hc thu c hiu qu cao. Cht Methyl eugenol cng c tng hp, sau phi hp vi cht ln hu c Dibrom c tnh xng hi mnh t trong by dit rui hi tri cy. Thng phm ph bin l Ruvacon 90 L v Vizubon D. ng dng: - Lm by bng cht dn d sinh dc v cht dnh d bo dch hi hoc phng tr chng. - Ri u cht dn d sinh dc ln ng rung nh lc hng cn trng, cn tr s tm nhau v giao phi gia chng. - Kt hp vi thuc tr su ha hc tiu dit mt gii tnh ca qun th cn trng gy hi, to ra tnh trng chn khng c. u im ca bin php ny l: tnh chn lc cao, t gy nhim mi trng v hn ch s hnh thnh tnh khng cn trng.
- Phn t lng: 305,4 c tnh: Thuc nguyn cht dng tinh th, hu nh khng tan trong nc, tan nhiu trong dung mi hu c, bn vng trong dung dch axit v kim; thuc nhm c III, LD50 per os: >2198-2355mg/kg, LD50 dermal: >5000mg/kg. PHI: la m, da chut, c chua, c 1 ngy, la, ch (thuc sa) 7 ngy, cam, chanh, bi 14 ngy, la (thuc ht) 21 ngy. Thuc c i vi c, khng c i vi ong mt. S dng: Buprofezin tr c nhiu loi su hi nh ry nu hi lu (0,05-0,25kg a.i/ha), ry lng trng hi la (0,6-0,8kg a.i/ha), ry xanh ui en hi la (0,125-0,5kg a.i/ha), ry xanh hi ch, u (0,25-0,5kg a.i/ha), rui hi rau (0,125-025kg a.i/ha), b xt hi cy n qu (1kg a.i/ha), b xt hi la (0,05kg a.i/ha), cc loi rp hi cy n qu (0,5-1kg a.i/ha), Buprofezin c gia cng thnh dng bt thm nc 25% (Applaud 25WP), dng dung dch huyn ph m c 45% (Applaud 40SC), dng ht 2% (Applaud 2G), dng hn hp vi thuc Mipcin (Applaud + Mipcin 25WP). Loi Applaud 2G cha 2% Buprofezin c dng 30-40kg ch phm/ha tr ry nu hi la. Khi ri thuc cn gi nc trong rung lin tc trong 3 ngy vi mc nc khong 3cm. Loi Applaud 25WP cha 25% Buprofezin c dng pha vi nc nng 0,1% tr ry xanh hi ch, su v rp hi u (thuc rt t c i vi tm), tr rui v nhn hi c. Thuc c pha vi nc nng 0,05-0,1 % tr rp v rui hi da chut, c chua, ry xanh ui en hi la.
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Loi thuc Applaud + Mipcin 25WP cha 5% Applaud v 20% Mipcin c dng vi lng 250-500g a.i/ha, tr ry nu v b xt hi la, ry xanh hi lc, ry xanh v b xt mui hi ch, ry bng trng hi c ph. Thuc Applaud tc ng n su hi chm. Thuc khng dit c ry trng thnh (nu khng hn hp c vi Mipcin) v sau 3-7 ngy tc dng dit ry non ca thuc mi th hin r v hiu lc ca thuc ko di t 21-25 ngy. 3.5.3.2 Applaud-Mipc: (hn hp applaud + mipcin) Dng ch phm: hn hp applaud v mipcin 25BHN c tr: Ry Cng dng v cch dng: Tr ry nu, ry lng trng, ry xanh ui en trn la. Ngoi ra cn tr hu hiu whitefly, teagreen leafthopper, white peach scale. Dng liu lng 1,1 kg/ha. Cch dng nh applaud.
3.5.3.3 Telubenzuron - Tn gi khc: Nomolt - Hot cht: 1-(3,5-dichloro-2,4-diflurophenyl)3-2(2,6-diflurobenzoyl)urea. - c tnh: Tng di an ton cho ngi, gia sc, t lm nhim mi trng, LD50 (chut) >500mg/kg. Ch yu tc ng tip xc ln cn trng. Thuc c ch s hnh thnh Kitin trong qu trnh lt xc, lm cn trng b cn cht. - Cng dng v cch dng: Ph dit rng, hiu lc cao trn su non B cnh phn (Lepidoptera), B cnh cng (Coleoptera). Thuc c tc dng tt i vi di c ph trn rau, qu. Thng c s dng trn cc loi cy: cam, bng vi, c chua, rau, u, hoa, king. Liu lng dng: 0,05-0,06% ch phm 5SC (0,4-0,5 lt/ha). Phun vo lc sng sm hoc chiu ti. 3.5.3.4 Chlorfluazuron - Tn gi khc: Atabron. - Tn ha hc: diflobenzoyl)rue. 1[3,5-Diclo-4-(3-clo-5-triflometyl-2-pyridyloxi)-phenyl]-3-(2,6-
- Phn t lng: 540,66 - c tnh: Thuc nguyn cht dng tinh th, khng tan trong nc, tan t trong mt s dung mi hu c nh axeton (52g/l), clorofom (30g/l), bn vng di tc ng ca nhit v nh sng; thuc nhm c III, LD50 per os: >8500mg/kg, LD50 dermal: 1000mg/kg. Thuc khng c i vi c v ong mt. S dng: Thuc gy c qua ng rut v tip xc, dng tr u trng, cn i vi su trng thnh thuc c kh nng lm cho trng ra b ung. Thuc c gia cng thnh dng
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sa 50g a.i/lt (Atabron 5EC). tr su xanh, su khoang, su hng hi bng dng 50-250g a.i/ha; tr b u di hi bng (Anthonomus) dng 50-150g a.i/ha; tr su c thn ng dng 25-100g a.i/ha; tr su khoang hi rau pha Atabron 5 EC vi nc nng 0,05-0,1% ri phun t u ln l rau. 3.5.3.5 Diflubenzuron - Tn gi khc: Dimilin. - Tn ha hc: 1-(4-Clophenyl)-3(2,6-diflobenzoyl)ure. - Cng thc ha hc: C14H9ClF2N2O2 - Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- Phn t lng: 310,7 - c tnh: Thuc k thut (>95%) th rn, khng tan trong nc, tan t trong dung mi hu c phn cc v t tan trong dung mi hu c khng phn cc; bn trong mi trng axit v trung tnh; thy phn trong mi trng kim; dng ha tan thuc mn cm vi nh sng. Thuc khng n mn kim loi; thuc nhm c III; LD50 per os: >4640mg/kg, LD50 dermal (th): >10000mg/kg; ADI: 0,02mg/kg, MRL: sn phm cy trng 1,0mg/kg, nm n 0,2mg/kg, PHI: rau 14 ngy, nm n 7 ngy, cy n qu 28 ngy. Thuc c i vi c, khng c i vi ong mt. S dng: Diflubenzuron c dng tr u trng b cnh vy hi cy lm nghip, hi rau qu; tr mt ht u , tr cn trng hi nm n. Nng s dng l 15-30g a.i/100 lt nc. tr b gy dng 20-25g a.i/ha phun ln din tch b mt nc. tr rui trong chung tri chn nui dng 0,5-1g a.i/m2. Diflubenzuron c gia cng thnh dng bt thm nc 25% (Dimilin 25WP), dng ht, dng ULV... thuc Dimilin 25WP cha 250g Diflubenzuron/kg, khi s dng pha vi nc nng 0,2- 0,3%. 3.5.3.6 Flufenoxuron - Tn gi khc: Cascade. - Tn ha hc: 1-[4-(2-Clo-, , benzoyl)ure. - Cng thc ha hc: C21H11ClF6N2O3 - Cng thc cu trc ha hc: -triflo-p-tolyloxi)-2-flophenyl]-3-(2,6-diflo-
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- Phn t lng: 488,5 - c tnh: Thuc nguyn cht dng tinh th khng mu, mi, tan rt t trong nc (3 x 10-6g/l, 22oC), tan trong xilen (6g/l), hexan (0,023g/l); Thuc nhm c III, LD50 per os: >3000mg/kg, LD50 dermal: >2000mg/kg, t c i vi c v ong mt. S dng: Flufenoxuron c s dng tr u trng su t, su xanh, su xm, nhn hi rau liu 20-50g a.i/ha (nhn liu 5-15g a.i/100 lt nc), tr su hi ng, c ph, ch, thuc l, cy n qu (20-100g a.i/ha hoc 2-25g a.i/100 lt nc). 3.5.3.7 Triflumuron - Tn gi khc: Alsystin. - Tn ha hc: 2-Clo-4(triflomethoxi)-phenylbenzoylure. - Cng thc ha hc: C15H10ClF3N2O3. - Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- Phn t lng: 358,71. - c tnh: Thuc nhm c IV, LD50 per os: >5000mg/kg, LD50 dermal: 5000mg/kg. Thuc t c i vi c v ong mt. S dng: Dng tr u trng b cnh vy hi bng, rau v c ph; lng dng t 10-100g a.i/ha. Ngoi Atabron Dimilin, Cascade, Alsystin cn c Nomolt (Teflubenzuron) c s dng nh Atabron. 3.5.3.8 Shachong shuang v Shachongdan - Tn ha hc: 2 - N, N - Dimetylamino - 1 - sodium thio sulfonate - 3 - thiosulfonic acid propan (shachong shuang) v 2 - N, N - Dimetylamino - 1, 1 - disodium thiosulfonate propan (Shachongdan). - Phn t lng: 351,4 v 333,4 - c tnh: Thuc nguyn cht dng tinh th mu trng ging nh Padan (nhng khng nhm ln vi Padan) tan tt trong nc, bn vng trong mi trng trung tnh, yu hn trong mi trng acid, n nh trong dung dch dung mi hu c. LD50 per os: 126-147mg/kg. S dng: Shachongdan v Shachong Shuang l dn xut ca Nereistoxin nhng c mt s c tnh khc Padan (Padan khng n nh trong dung dch dung mi hu c nn khng th gia cng dng sa hoc dung dch).
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Shachongdan v Shachong Shuang c gia cng thnh dng bt tan trong nc 90-98%, dng dung dch 18-25%, dng 0,7-0,75kg a.i/ha tr su n l, chch ht, c nn, c l rau, qu, ch, ma, tr su c thn la. Hai loi thuc ny l sn phm ca Trung Quc v cha c ng k s dng nc ngoi. 3.5.3.9 Thiocyclam - Tn gi khc: Evisect - Tn ha hc: 5-Dimetylamino-1,2,3-trithiane hidrogenoxalat - Cng thc ha hc: C7H13NO4S3 - Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- Phn t lng: 271,4 - c tnh: Thuc nguyn cht th rn, tan trong nc v trong mt s dung mi hu c; mn cm vi nh sng nhng bn vng khi bo qun trong ti. Thuc thuc nhm c II, LD50 per os: 310mg/kg, LD50 dermal: 1000mg/kg; PHI: la 14 ngy ( dng phun bt ) v 45 ngy (dng ht ), rau, ch 7-14 ngy. Thuc c i vi c v ong mt. S dng: Thiocyclam l loi thuc tip xc, v c v c tc dng ni hp yu.Thuc c ch bin thnh dng bt thm nc 50%, dng ht 4%, dng phun bt 2%, dng hn hp vi Disulfon. Loi Evisect bt 2% c dng 30-40kg phun ln l, loi ht 4% dng rc ln rung vi lng 30 n 40kg/ha tr su c thn la v su cun l la. Loi Evisect bt thm nc 50% dng pha nc nng 0,1-0,2% phun tr tuyn trng hi l la, tr b tr, ry hi ch v su t hi rau.
Chng 3
S dng: Bacillus thuringiensis l loi thuc v c, khng c hiu lc tip xc v xng hi. Tinh th c t tan trong dch rut, gy tn thng mng rut u trng v gy cc tc ng sinh l khc lm cho u trng chn n v ngng n, cui cng t vong. Do tuy hiu lc git su ca thuc biu hin chm nhng ngay sau khi phun thuc su ngng ph hoi. C hai loi thuc BT, loi cha tinh th c t v bo t (khong 107 bo t/mg) v loi thuc BT ch cha tinh th c t. Sau khi phun, tinh th c t gy hiu lc ngay v sau phn hy gii c, cn bo t th c th tn ti lu (mt nm hoc lu hn). V u trng tm rt mn cm vi thuc BT nn nhng nc trng nhiu du nui tm ch s dng loi BT khng cha bo t. Ty thuc vo chng vi khun BT m qu trnh ln men c th thu c cc loi tinh th c t khc nhau nh - exotoxin, - exotoxin, -exotoxin v - endotoxin. -Exotoxin ( ngoi c t) c hiu lc cao i vi u trng b cnh vy, b cnh cng, b cnh mng v b cnh thng. - Exotoxin ( - ngoi c t ) c hiu lc cao i vi su thuc b hai cnh v - endotoxin (-ni c t) c hiu lc cao i vi u trng b cnh vy. Thuc BT loi cha bo t v tinh th c t c gia cng thnh thuc bt thm nc (16.000 i.u./mg, i.u. = international unit = n v quc t), dung dch c ( 4000 i.u./mg), thuc phun bt ( 160-800 i.u./mg ). Thuc BT bt thm nc c dng t 300-2000g/ha tr su t hi rau (bao gm c chng chng thuc ha hc); su xanh hi rau, ng, bng; su o hi ay; su m hi thng; b gy. Thuc BT hn hp c vi hu ht cc loi thuc tr su khc. Ch phm khng cha bo t c th hn hp vi nhiu loi thuc tr nm bnh song khng hn hp c vi cc loi thuc c kim tnh mnh nh thuc vi + lu hunh, vi + phn xanh (Boc) v phn bn ha hc. Thuc Bacillus thuringiensis rt mn cm vi nhit cao v tia cc tm, do cn bo qun ni mt. C nhiu loi thuc Bacillus thuringiensis trn th trng th gii nh: - Bacilus thuringiensis var aizawai kiu serotype, hot cht dng bo t v tinh th, ch bin thnh dung dch c, dng tr u trng mt hi kho tng. - Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis(tn khc: Teknar) hot cht dng tinh th endotoxin to thnh qua ln men Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner var. israelensis, Serotype (H 14). Thuc c gia cng nhiu dng nh dung dch, bt thm nc... dng tr mui, u trng rui. - Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki (tn khc Bakthane, Agritol, Bactospeine plus, Biotrol...), hot cht dng bo t v tinh th - endotoxin c to thnh qua ln men Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, var. Kurstaki, Serotype H-3a 3b. Thuc c gia cng thnh nhiu dng nh bt thm nc, sa huyn ph, dung dch c... dng tr u trng b cnh vy nh su khoang, su t, su xanh v nhiu loi su khc hi rau, mu v cy n qu. - Bacillus thuringiensis var. morrisoni, hot cht dng bo t v tinh th -endotoxin c to thnh qua ln men Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner, var morrisoni, serotype 8a 8b. Thuc c gia cng thnh dng bt kh tan trong nc v bt thm nc, dng tr u trng b cnh vy hi rau, mu, cy n qu, cy cnh, cy cng nghip. - Bacillus thuringiensis var. San Diego (tn khc: Myx 1850), dng tr b cnh cng cho khoai ty, c chua, cy xanh.
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- c tnh: Thuc nguyn cht dng tinh th khng mu, mi, rt t tan trong nc (< 0,02ppm, 25oC), ha tan trong aceton, dimetylfomamid v clorofom. Thuc thuc nhm c IV, LD50 per os: >5000mg/kg, LD50 dermal: >5000mg/kg, ADI: 0,02, MRL: rau, qu 0,1-0,2, nho 0,5mg/kg, PHI: rau 3 ngy, nho 14-21 ngy, cy n qu 7-14 ngy. S dng: Acrinathrin l loi thuc tr nhn thuc nhm Pyrethroit. Thuc c dng tip xc, v c v hiu lc khi im rt nhanh. Thuc tr c nhn trng thnh v u trng. Acrinathrin c gia cng dng sa, huyn ph m c, bt thm nc... Thuc sa Rufast 150g/l dng 0,25-0,5l/ha tr nhn hi cam, chanh, bi, nho, bng v rau.
3.6.2 AMITRAZ
- Tn gi khc: Mitac, Triatox, Acarac. - Tn ha hc: N, N [(Metylimino) dimetyllidyne] di - 2,4 - xylidine. - Cng thc ha hc: C19H21N3 - Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- Phn t lng:
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293,4
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Chng 3
- c tnh: Thuc nguyn cht dng tinh th, hu nh khng tan trong nc, tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c; khng bn trong dung dch chua, khng n mn kim loi. Thuc thuc nhm c III, LD50 per os: 800mg/kg, LD50 dermal: >1600mg/kg; ADI: 0,003mg/kg; MRL: 0,1mg/kg; PHI: 3 tun. Thuc c i vi c v ong mt. S dng: L loi thuc tr nhn hi thc vt, c tc dng tip xc v v c, tr c nhiu loi nhn mi pha pht trin ca chng. Ngoi ra thuc cn tr c nhiu loi su nh b phn trng hi thuc l, rp sp, b xt, rp l; tr c trng su xanh, su khoang, su hng hi bng. Thuc t c i vi k sinh c ch. Thuc c dng tr nhn v su hi cam, chanh, bi, bng; tr ve, bt cho vt nui. Thuc c gia cng thnh dng sa 20%, bt thm nc 50%.
3.6.3 BINAPACRYL
- Tn gi khc: Acricid, Morocid(e) ... - Tn ha hc: 2 - sec - Butyl - 4,6 - dinitrophenyl 3 - metylbut - 2 - enoate. - Cng thc ha hc: C15H18N2O6 - Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- Phn t lng: 322,3 - c tnh: Thuc nguyn cht dng tinh th, hu nh khng tan trong nc, tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c; khng n mn kim loi; LD50 per os: 150-225mg/kg, LD50 dermal: 750mg/kg, MRL: 0,3mg/kg i vi rau, qu; PHI: 21 ngy. Thuc khng c i vi ong mt, c i vi c. S dng: Binapacryl l lai thuc tr nhn tc dng tip xc v c hiu lc i vi bnh phn trng , c s dng tr nhn (tt c cc pha pht trin) v tr bnh phn trng cho cam, chanh, bi, bng ... Nng s dng: 25-50g a.i/100 lt nc. Binapacryl c gia cng thnh dng sa (348g a.i/l), dung dch c (500g a.i/l). Thuc gy chy cy nu dng hn hp vi mt s thuc gc ln hu c.
3.6.4 PROPARGITE
- Tn gi khc: Comite 73EC, Uniroyal DO14, Fenpropar. - Tn ha hc: 2-[4-(1,1-Dimetyl) phenoxi] xiclohexyl 2-propynyl sulfite.
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- Phn t lng: 350 - c tnh: Thuc k thut th du lng mu nu sng, hi mi kh sunfua, tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c nh aceton, benzen, etanol, metanol, heptan, hu nh khng tan trong nc. Thuc thuc nhm c III, LD50 per os: 4029mg/kg, LD50 dermal: 2940mg/kg, LC50 (qua ng h hp): 0,05ppm, c i vi c, khng c i vi ong mt. S dng: L loi thuc tr nhn hi thc vt c ph tc dng rng, tr c nhiu pha trng thnh, trng u trng. Ngoi tip xc thuc c c tc dng xng hi, thi gian tc dng ko di. Thuc c gia cng thnh dng sa, bt thm nc, dng t 300-500g a.i/ha.
Chng 3
cy cnh, nho. Nng s dng l 20-50g a.i/100 lt nc; thuc thuc nhm c III, LD50 per os: 2631mg/kg, LD50 dermal (th): >2000mg/kg, ADI: 0,03mg/kg. - Fenson (Murvesco, CPBS, PCPBS): 4 - Clophenylbenzenesulfonat. Thuc c hiu lc i vi tt cc pha pht trin ca nhn, thng c dng hn hp vi cc thuc tr nhn khc; thuc nhm c III, LD50 per os: 1560-1740mg/kg, LD50 dermal: >2000mg/kg. - Flubenzimin (Croptotex): N - [3 - Phenyl - 4,5 bis [(triflometyl) imino] - 2 thiazolidinyllidene] - benzenamine. L loi thuc tr nhn v mt s nm bnh. Flubenzimin c th tr c hu ht cc loi nhn hi thc vt v tr c bnh hi m l ch, m l c ph, bnh m l cam, chanh, bi. Nng s dng 50g a.i/100 lt nc; thuc nhm c IV, LD50 per os: >5000mg/kg, LD50 dermal: > 5000mg/kg. - Formetanat (Carzol, Formetanat hidroclorit): 3 - Dimetyllaminometylen aminophenylmetylcacbamat. L loi thuc tr nhn v rui, b xt, b tr. Dng tr nhn hi rau, cy n qu liu lng l 420g a.i/ha hoc nng 19-20g/100 lt nc; thuc nhm c I, LD50 per os: 20mg/kg, LD50 dermal: 560mg/kg. - Hexythiazox (Acariflor, Cesar, Zeldox, Savey): Trans - 5 - (4 - Clophenyl) - Nxiclohexyl - 4 - metyl - 2 - oxothiazolidine - 3 - cacboxamid. Thuc c hiu lc cao i vi nhiu loi nhn hi thc vt, c tc dng dit trng, u trng v nhn trng thnh. Nng s dng 25-50g/100 lt nc; thuc nhm c IV, LD50 per os: >5000mg/kg, LD50 dermal: >5000mg/kg. - Tetrasul (Animert): 4 - Clophenyl 2, 4, 5 - triclophenyl - sulphit. Thuc c hiu lc i vi nhiu loi nhn hi thc vt, tr c tt c cc pha pht trin; thng c dng tr nhn cho da chut, nho (36g a.i/100 lt nc); thuc nhm c IV, LD50 per os: 6810-12600mg/kg, LD50 dermal: 10800mg/kg.
Chng 3
- c tnh: l loi bt mu xm, khng tan trong nc v ru etylic, tan trong benzen. Trong mi trng m nht l trong mi trng axit, phosphua km phn gii hnh thnh kh c Hydro phosphua (PH3). Tng phm cha 80-90% phosphua km. LD50 qua ming = 45,7 mg/kg, thuc nhm c I, rt c i vi c v vt nui. Cha c thuc gii c. Fokeba tc ng ln thn kinh chut, lm cho chut ry ra v cht trong vng 2-9 ngy. Chut n cha liu gy cht s trnh b, khng n li b . Chun b b: Cm, c, cua, thc n tha (20 phn) trn vi thuc (1phn), t b ni chut hay qua li vo chiu ti sau khi nht ht gia sc li. Hm sau thu nht xc chut, khng cho ch mo n phi xc chut v em chn xa nh. Bo qun thuc xa tr em. Fokeba l thuc b hn ch s dng ti Vit Nam. - S dng: Thuc gy c cp tnh, chut n phi b s cht ngay. Thc n lm b phi kh ro, t ni ch chut hay i li, trnh xa tr em. S dng phosphua km phi tht thn trng, theo ng qui trnh v an ton lao ng.
Chng 3
gi khng s dng gi li dng hm sau. Khng dng tay bc thuc v chut s pht hin hi ngi m khng n. Trong iu kin nhit bnh thng t 30-360C trong bng rm, thuc gi hiu lc trong 21 ngy, di 300C c 28 ngy, t 4 n 160C gi c trong 6 thng. Vi khun Salmonella cn c ng k lm thuc tr chut vi mt s ch phm thng mi khc nh: - B dit chut sinh hc (Vin Bo V Thc Vt): gm vi khun Salmonella I7F-4 + Warfarin 0.05%. Cht b l thc nu chn. Trong 1g sn phm chc 2 t vi khun. Cho mt con chut n 1-2g b, chut cht sau khi n b 5-10 ngy, chut n thuc b cht c th lm cho nhng con khc trong by khng n b cng b nhim bnh cht (truyn bnh ngang). Thuc khng gy tnh ngn b nn khng cn lm mi nh. S dng thuc sau khi sn xut 1-2 ngy, lu hn phi bo qun trong t lnh. Thuc an ton vi gi sc, gia cm. Mt con g nng 350g cho n 50g b (100 t vi khun), ch 4 kg n 400g (800 t vi khun) khng b cht. - Miroca 109 t bo/gam (ml) (Vin KHKT Nng Nghip Vit Nam) gm Salmonella isatchenko 109 t bo/gam + Coumarin 0.04%.
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+ Copper zinc 85 WP: 60% Bordeaux kh + 25% zineb + 15% ph gia. - Tnh cht vt l v ha hc: Thuc dng bt mn, mu xanh lc nht, khng tan trong nc, nhng ha tan trong cc axit yu. Thuc bm dnh tt v t b ma ra tri. Thuc b axit v kim phn hy. - Cng dng v cch dng: Copper - zinc c nhiu u im nh s tc ng h tng gia Oxychlorua ng v zineb nn c ph tc dng rng; ngoi ra n cn c nhiu u im khc nhng khng gy chy l kch thch tn cy pht trin tt, c th pha trn chung vi nhiu thuc khc. Thuc c th phng tr c ry nhiu loi nm v vi khun gy bnh trn l, thn nh: Trn LA: m vn, chy ba l, sc trong...; Trn u nnh v u xanh: bnh r, m phn, chm l, ho cy con, m nhn l; Trn c ph: r l, m l, n cnh, m tri...; Trn tiu: nga bnh rng lng, cht nhc dy, chy l...; Trn chui: m l, chm tn nhang tri...; Trn cam qut: chy l, lot thn... Ngoi ra thuc cn tr c nhiu loi nm bnh trn l khc. Nng phun 0,25-0,4% (20-30g thuc/bnh 8 lt). Phun u khp 2 mt l, thn, cnh. p dng khi cy va chm bnh hoc khi xung quanh ang c bnh pht trin. C th phun nh k 15 ngy/ln vo ma nng v 7 ngy/ln vo ma ma. KH C HT GING: C th trn 2-4g thuc/kg ht trong 1 gi trc khi ngm hoc gieo. TI T: pha thuc nng 0,1%, ti vo gc cy nga bnh trn r vi lng 1 - 3 lt/m2; nn xi t ti trc khi ti. COPPER B 75 WP - Hp phn: 45% Bordeaux kh + 20% Zineb + 10% Benomyl + 25% ph gia. - Tnh cht: Thuc c tnh tip xc v lu dn ln. - Cng dng v cch dng: Thuc phng tr c nhiu loi bnh khc nhau nh: + Bnh m vn la: lc la trn mnh nu pht hin thy c bnh ny xut hin cn phun ngay thuc Copper-B. c th phun thm ln 2 cch ln u khong 10-15 ngy. Phun thuc u ln thn, l, nht l phn gc la. Nng phun: 0,2-0,3%. + Cc bnh khc nh: chy l la; ho cy con, thi nhn l, m nu, m en, chy l, vng l...; Trn u nnh, u xanh, u phng, m, bp, ma: bnh en l, thi tri c qung trn t, m vng l gng; m xm trn l, m en nu trn l, chy chp l, nhn en l, m en trn tri, v trng hp rng l...; Trn cy tiu: cc bnh m nu l v tri, m cnh, rng l. b. OXYCLORUA NG - Dng ch phm: COC 85 WP, ng Oxyclorua 80 BTN, 50 HP - Cng thc: 3Cu(OH)2 .CuCl2, hoc 3CuO.CuCl2. 4H2O - L tnh: dng k ngh mu sng lc sng, khng mi, t tan trong nc v khng tan trong cc dung mi hu c. - Ha tnh: bn iu kin bnh thng, phn hy nhit cao, d tan trong cc acid v c v kim, d b kim phn hy thnh nhng cht t c i vi nm v d tc dng vi nhng mui amin to thnh phc cht bn. - Tnh c: thuc t c i vi ngi v VMN, an ton i vi cy trng hn Bordeaux.
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- Cng dng v cch dng: phng tr c nhiu loi nm bnh hi trn l cy trng nh cc bnh m en, m nu, gh, b hng trn cam, qut, chanh...; bnh r st, thn th trn c ph; bnh phng l, chm xm l tr; bnh m l, m mt cua hi thuc l, bnh gic ban bng; bnh m nu, sng mai c chua; bnh m l, bnh r trn u...liu lng thng dng: 5-7 lt Oxychlorua ng 30HP/ha, nng 1:100:150. Ch : khng dng chung vi nhng thuc c tnh acid hoc kim. Trc khi s dng nn lc u chai. Thuc t hiu lc i vi bnh phn trng bu b, u, bng... c. HYDROXID NG - Dng ch phm: Champion 77 WP, Kocide 61 DF, Funguran 50 WP - Cng thc: Cu(OH)2 -Tnh cht: Thuc k thut dng bt rn, mu xanh l cy, tan t trong nc v dung mi hu c. Phn ng trung tnh. Nhm c II, LD50 qua ming 1000 mg/kg, c vi mt, t c vi c v ong. Thi gian cch ly 7 ngy. - Cng dng: Phng tr bnh mc sng c chua, khoai ty; bnh sng mai, mc xm, phn trng cho nho; bnh so v lot cam qut, bnh g st v m l c ph; bnh phng l ch; bnh m rong, m ng tin cy n qu; cc bnh do vi khun rau mu... . Nng 0,2-0,3% phun ln l hoc ti r.
Chng 3
- Cng thc ha hc: Sx - Phn t lng: (32,06)x - c tnh: dng tinh th hoc khng nh hnh, mu vng xm, tan trong cacbon disunfua (CS2), t tan trong cc dung mi khc, phn ng vi st v mt s kim loi. Lu hunh bc hi mnh nhit cao, khi t nng th bay hi v ngui th thng hoa; thuc nhm dc IV, rt t c i vi ngi v vt nui; MRL: i vi rau, qu 25-50mg/kg; PHI: rau n qu 3 ngy, da chut, cy ly du, hnh, ti 4 ngy, rau n l 7 ngy, nho 10 ngy, cy lm thuc 14 ngy. Thuc khng c i vi ong mt v c. S dng: Lu hunh nguyn cht c gia cng thnh nhiu dng. Lu hunh phun bt cha 99,8% lu hunh, c mn 3-4 micron, dng vi lng 15-27kg/ha tr bnh phn trng cho rau, la m, mch, ng. Thuc c trn vi vi theo t l 1:1 hoc 1 (vi): 3 (lu hunh) rc cho cy hoc x l t tr bnh gh khoai ty, bnh mui en hnh, bnh Strepmocyces v Synchytrichum. liu s dng 10-12kg/ha, lu hunh tr c nhn , nhn trng hi cam, qut. Lu hunh keo c mn 0,01-0,1micron, cha 50-80% lu hunh ( dng bt nho hay bt thm nc) c dng pha nc nng 0,4-0,8% phun tr bnh phn trng cho cy trng. Lu hunh bt thm nc c mn >1 micron, cha 65-90% lu hunh nguyn t, dng pha nc nng 0,2-0,75% v lu hunh huyn ph, cha 30% lu hunh, dng pha nc nng 1,5-2% phun tr bnh cho cy. b. Lu hunh vi: CaS2 - c pha ch bng cch un nu hn hp gm: lu hunh, vi sng v nc theo t l: 2,3 : 1: 10. - Cch nu: sau khi ti vi, cho lu hunh vo, khuy u v un si trong mt gi, sau h nhit xung, un la nh cho n khi dung dch c mu mn chn, t t trng 32 Baum (d=1,283) tr ln v cha trn 20% Canxi Polysulphite. - Cng dng: tc ng dit tr, dng tr cc bnh m phn, thi nu v nhiu bnh khc trn to, u, nho, mn... Phun u khp thn l khi bnh xut hin nng 0,3-0,5% Bom (hn hp pha ch xong c pha long thm 40-100 ln phun). Ngoi nm bnh, thuc ny cn tr c mt s loi nhn , nhn bc, rp sp, ru, a y... 3.9.2.2 Lu hunh hu c: (Cc hp cht Dithiocacbamat kim loi) L nhng dn xut ca acide dithiocarbamic; c dng : - Phun l: Ziram, Ferbam, Zineb, Maneb, Nabam. - X l ging: Thiuram. - X l t: Vapam. Cc thuc ny iu kh bn iu kin bnh thng v b phn hy trong mi trng kim. t c vi ngi v ng vt mu nng, tuy nhin c th gy kch thch da, hng, mi, tng i an ton cho cy trng. a. Ziram: Cng thc ha hc: (CH3)2 N-CS-S-Zn-S-CS-N(CH3)2 Bn nht trong s cc thuc nhm dithiocarbamate, ch phn hy trong mi trng kim v acid c, nhit cao. t tan trong nc (65ppm), tan nhiu trong cc dung mi hu c t gy hi cho cy trng, tr mt s cy mn cm vi km. Tng hp vi hu ht cc thuc tr dch hi khc, tr nhng thuc cha cc kim loi nng (Cu, Hg, Fe) v vi. Cng dng: Tc ng
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lu tn, tr nhiu loi nm bnh trn l ca rau, cy n qu, cy cnh. Nng dng 0,15-0,25% cc ch phm 70-90%, c th phun nga nh k vi khong cch 7-10 ngy. b. Ferbam - Tn gi khc: Fermate. - Tn ha hc: St - tri (dimetyl dithiocacbamat). - Cng thc ha hc: C9H18FeN3S6. - Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- Phn t lng: 416,5. - c tnh: Ferbam l loi bt mu en, tan t trong nc (120-130mg/lt), tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c, khng n mn kim loi. Khng c hn hp Ferbam vi thuc cha ng v cht kim. Thuc thuc nhm c IV, LD50 per os: 4000-17000mg/kg, ADI: 0,02mg/kg; MRL: rau, qu 2mg/kg, da chut, c chua 1mg/kg, nng sn khc 0,2mg/kg (tnh theo cacbondisunfua); thi gian cch ly khng qui nh, phun trc khi hoa n. Thuc khng c i vi ong mt, t c i vi c. c. Thiuram (thiram, TMTD, TMTDS): (CH3)2N-CS-S-S-CS-N(CH3)2 Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
Tng hp vi hu ht cc thuc tr dch hi, ngoi tr cc thuc cha Cu, Ca. Ph tc dng rng, c th p dng bng nhiu cch: + X l ging: Hiu qu rt cao, ngang vi cc thuc nhm thy ngn. C th x l kh vi t l 0,25% phng cc bnh thi ht ho r, cht cy con trn rau, ci, bu b... + X l t: Liu lng 15-25 kg/ha phng tr nhiu nm bnh vng r (Pythlum sp. Rhizoctonia solani, botritis...) + Phun l: tr nhiu nm bnh trn l, nng dng 0,2-0,3% trn cy n qu, rau ci. d. Zineb - Tn thng mi: Dithane 72 WP, Tigineb 80 WP, Zin 80 WP. - Tn ha hc: Zinc-etylenbis (dithiocacbamat ) - Cng thc ha hc: (C4H6N2S4Zn)X . - Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
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- Phn t lng: (275,8)X . - c tnh: Thuc dng bt khng mu, tan t trong nc (10mg/lt), tan trong CS2 , khng tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c. Khi bo qun lu di tc ng ca khng kh, m v nhit thuc b phn gii. trng thi kh thuc khng n mn kim loi. Khi b m thuc n mn ng v st. Thuc thuc nhm c IV, LD50 per os: >5200mg/kg, LD50 dermal: >2500mg/kg, ADI: 0,05mg/kg , MRL nh Mancozeb; PHI: cy lm thc n cho tr em 42 ngy; du ty 35 ngy, bp ci, rau n l 28 ngy, rau n c, hnh, cy dc liu 21 ngy, khoai ty, hoa bia, cy thc n gia sc 10 ngy. Thuc c i vi c, khng c i vi ong mt. S dng: Zineb c s dng phng tr nhiu bnh hi thc vt. Thuc Zineb bt thm nc 80%; c dng vi lng 2,8kg/ha tr bnh mc sng khoai ty, 3kg/ha tr bnh mc sng c chua. Thuc c pha vi nc nng 0,2% tr bnh mc xanh thuc l (Peronospora tabaci), bnh Peronospora hi hnh, ti, bnh thi qu v bnh gh cam, qut, nng 0,25% thuc tr c bnh g st hi cy cnh, cy dc liu. Thuc c hn hp vi lu hunh kt hp tr bnh phn trng. Zineb cn c gia cng hn hp hoc dng hn hp vi ng oxiclorua . e. Mancozeb - Tn thng mi: Dithane M-45 80WP, , Penncozeb 80 WP, Man 80 WP... - Tn ha hc: Mangan-etylenbis (dithiocacbamat) phc hp vi mui km. - Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- c tnh: Mancozeb l loi phc cht ca km v Manzeb gm 20% mui mangan v 2,55% mui km. L loi bt mu vng hung, khng tan trong nc v trong nhiu dung mi hu c, bn trong mi trng kh nhng thy phn trong mi trng nng, m v acid. Thuc thuc nhm c IV, LD50 per os: 8000-11200mg/kg, LD50 dermal: >15000mg/kg, ADI: 0,05mg/kg, MRL: rau, qu 2mg/kg, da chut, c chua 1mg/kg, nng sn khc 0,2mg/kg (tnh theo cacbondisunfua); PHI: da chut, c chua 4 ngy, thuc l, khoai ty 7 ngy, cy n qu 21 ngy. Thuc c i vi c, khng c i vi ong mt. S dng: Mancozeb c s dng tr bnh sng mai c chua v khoai ty, bnh m l c chua, bnh thi kh qu cy n qu, bnh g st hi cy cnh, bnh mc xanh thuc l... Lng dng t 1,4-1,9kg a.i/ha. Mancozeb hn hp vi metalaxyl dng bt thm nc c tn l Ridomil Mz WP (8% Metalaxyl + 64% Mancozeb) cn c gi l Ridomil - Mancozeb dng tr nhiu loi nm bnh nh bnh phn trng nho v hoa bia (250g/100 lt nc), bnh thi nn v thi gc da (Phytopthora spp.) theo phng php nhng hom (750g/100 lt nc) hay phun m l (6 kg/ha), bnh mc sng c chua, khoai ty (2,5kg/ha), bnh Peronospora hi tng (2,5kg/ha), bnh mc xanh thuc l (300g/100 lt nc), bnh thi nhn bp ci, xu ho, x lch, bu b, mp... (250g/100lt nc). Mancozeb hn hp vi Oxadixyl dng bt thm nc (10% Oxadixyl + 56% Mancozeb) c tn l Sandofan - M dng t 2-4kg ch phm/ha tr bnh nh Ridomil MZ WP. f. Maneb - Tn gi khc: Dithane-M. - Tn ha hc: Mangan-etylenbisdithiocacbamat.
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- Cng thc ha hc: (C4H6Mn2S4)X - Phn t lng: (256,3)X - c tnh: Thuc dng tinh th mu vng, khng tan trong nc v nhiu dung mi hu c. Di tc ng ca khng kh, nhit v m thuc mt hiu lc tr nm. Thuc thuc nhm c IV. LD50 per os: 7990mg/kg, thuc gy tiu chy v trng lng i vi gia cm, ADI: 0,05mg/kg, MRL nh Mancozeb; PHI: khoai ty, thuc l 7 ngy, c chua 14 ngy, cy lm thuc 28 ngy. Thuc khng c i vi ong mt, c i vi c. S dng: Maneb c s dng rng ri tr bnh mc sng c chua, khoai ty, v trong nhiu trng hp thy hiu qu cao hn Zineb. Ngoi ra, Maneb cn c dng tr bnh thi nhn rau, bnh thi qu cy n qu. Nng s dng l 0,2-0,3% i vi loi Maneb bt thm nc 80%. g. Nabam - Tn gi khc: Dithane D-14. - Tn ha hc: Disodium etylenbis ( dithio- cacbamat ). - Cng thc ha hc: C4H6N2Na2S4 . - Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- Phn t lng: 256,3. - c tnh: Thuc dng tinh th khng mu, tan trong nc 20%, khng tan trong nhiu loi dung mi hu c; bn trong dung dch nc, nhng di tc ng ca nh sng, m v nhit thuc b phn hy. Thuc thuc nhm c II, LD 50 per os: 395mg/kg, MRL v PHI nh Mancozeb. Thuc khng c i vi ong, t c i vi c. S dng: Nabam l loi thuc tr bnh c ph tc ng rt rng nhng c c i vi cy trng cao, do ngy nay ch cn c dng x l t, x l ht ging v tr ru, a y cho la. h. Propineb - Tn gi khc: Mezineb, Antracol. - Tn ha hc: Polymeric-km-propylenebis (dithiocacbamat). - Cng thc ha hc: (C5H8N2S4Zn)X . - Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
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- Phn t lng: (289,8)X . - c tnh: l loi bt mu trng vng, hu nh khng tan trong nc v trong dung mi hu c; phn gii trong mi trng m, chua v kim mnh; mi trng kh khng n mn kim loi. Thuc thuc nhm c IV, LD50 per os: >5000mg/kg, LD50 dermal: >5000mg/kg, MRL nh Mancozeb, PHI: c chua 4 ngy, khoai ty, thuc l 7 ngy, cy n qu 14-21 ngy, nho 42 ngy. Thuc c i vi c, khng c i vi ong mt. S dng: Propineb c s dng tr bnh Peronospora hi nho, bnh mc sng khoai ty, c chua, bnh nm mc xanh thuc l. Thuc c hn hp vi lu hunh tr bnh phn trng. Loi thuc bt thm nc 80% c dng pha vi nc nng 0,2-0,4% phun ln cy.
Chng 3
3.9.4.1 Iprodione Tn thng mi: Rovral 50 BHN. Tn ha hc: 3 - (3, 5 - Diclophenyl) - N - isopropyl - 2, 4 - dioxoim - dazoli-dine -1cacboxamide. Cng thc ha hc: C13H13Cl2N3O3 Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
Phn t lng:
330,2
- c tnh: Iprodione k thut dng tinh th, tan tt t trong nc, tan trong nhiu loi dung mi hu c, khng n mn kim loi, tng i bn trong mi trng axit, thy phn trong mi trng kim. Thuc thuc nhm c III, LD50 per os: 2000mg/kg, LD50 dermal (th): >2000mg/kg; ADI: 0,3mg/kg; MRL: du ty 15mg/kg, x lch, nho 10mg/kg, ng cc, ht c du 0,22mg/kg; PHI: du ty 10 ngy, x lch 14 ngy, nho 28 ngy. Thuc c i vi c; khng c i vi ong mt. S dng: Iprodione c gia cng thnh dng bt thm nc 50%, thuc c pha vi nc nng 0,1-0,2% phun tr bnh Botrytis hi nho, x lch, bp ci, hoa, cy cnh; tr nm Monilia, Sclerotium spp., Alternaria, Fusarium, Helminthosporium, Rhizoctonia v Typhula spp. hi rau, mu, cy n qu. tr bnh kh vn hi la dng 1,5-1,7 kg Rovral bt thm nc 50%/ha. C th dng Rovral hn hp vi Zineb tr bnh thi gc da hu, bp ci v hnh, ti. 3.9.4.2. Rovral TS - Thnh phn: Iprodione 35% + Carbendazim 17,5%. - Thng dng kh c ht ging liu lng 150-250g/kg ht phng tr nhiu loi nm bnh (R. solani, Fusarium sp., Altemaria sp., Ticillium sp., Sclerotiana sp.).
3.9.5 THUC TR NM HU C NI HP
3.9.5.1 Thuc tr nm nhm ln hu c * c im chung: -Tc ng dit tr v c kh nng lu dn ln. - Ph tc dng hp. - t c vi ngi v ng vt mu nng. - C th dit c mt s loi su hi. KITAZIN, KITAZIN P, KIAN ( ZINAPHOS, IBP, IZOKITAZIN) - Dng ch phm: 50ND, 10BR
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- Tn ha hc: 0,0-dietyl-S-benzyl thiophosphate (Kitazin); O,O-Dilzipropyl-S-benzyl thiophosphate (Kitazin p). - L tnh: hot cht l cht lng mu vng sng hoc khng mu, ha tan tt trong cc DMHC, tan t trong nc (0,1% 180C). Thuc dng ht c mu vng hay xm. - Ha tnh: t bn trong mi trng kim, rt bn trong mi trng axit. nhit cao, Kitazin b phn hy tng i nhanh thnh dibenzyl sulphur. - Tnh c: LD50 (CT,M chut nht) = 660mg/kg, trn da (chut nht ci = 5000mg/kg TLm 48 i vi c chp = 5.1ppm. t gy c, thm ch cn kch thch lm cho cy cng cp, t b ng v chng chu c nhiu loi su bnh. Thuc tc ng tip xc v c kh nng lu dn ln c hp thu qua r hay b l di nc ri dn truyn ln l bng, v tip xc. Tc ng bng cc c ch s sinh trng ca si nm v s hnh thnh bo t trn vt bnh. C tc dng v lu di (thi gian lu tn trn la: thi k la ng ci l 10 ngy thi k la n r l 5 ngy). - Cng dng v cch dng: Trn la thuc phng tr tt cc bnh o n, m vn, thi gc la. i vi bnh o n (do nm Pyricularia oryzae gy ra) giai on chy l dng Kitazin 10H vi liu lng 25-30 kg/ha ri vo lc 7-10 ngy trc khi m bnh xut hin trn l giai on thi c gi: dng 30-40 kg/ha ri vo 5-10 ngy trc khi la tr. Vi bnh m vn (do nm Rhizoctonia solani gy ra) ri 30-40 kg/ha hoc phun Kitazin 50ND vi liu dng 1-2 lt/ha, nng 0,2% nu bnh ti pht, phun tip ln th hai cch ln u 5-7 ngy. i vi bnh thi gc (do nm Helminthosporium sigmoidium gy ra) ri Kitazin 10H 25-30 kg/ha thuc cn tr ry xanh ui en, ry lng trng, ry in quang, b tr b gai... phun Kitazin 50ND vi liu lng 2,5 lt/ha, nng 500- 600. Lu : rung ri thuc p b bao kn gi mc nc cao 5-7cm trong t nht mt tun nu bnh cn nng c th ri thm mt ln vo trong . Dng thuc thi k con gi c li hn thi k sp tr v kh nng ht thuc ca r mnh hn. Vi m non khng nn ri thuc nng cao. Do thuc ch c tc ng lu vn ln, nn khi phun phi ch phun vo gc la. HINOSAN: (Hinosan 50ND, EDDP, Baysra 7817, Ediphenphot, Bay 78418). - Hot cht: S,S diphenyl-O-ethyl dithiophosphate (C14 H15 OS2 ) - Phn t lng: 310,4 - L tnh: Hinosan l mt cht lng trong sut mu vng en nu nht c mi ca thiophenol rt kh chu khng tan trong nc tan trong acetone v xylen. - Ha tnh: thuc d b kim phn gii nhit thng. - Tnh c: LD50 (CT, M, chut cng)= 212mg/kg: trn da chut nht =163mg/kg nh hng i vi cy la ging. - Cng dng v cch dng: Thuc c tc dng tip xc ni hp. Khi phun ln cy, thuc c ch s hnh thnh v pht trin ca bo t nm; hoc c l, thn hp thu vo bn trong v dn tuyn n khp cc b phn ca cy, c ch s sinh trng ca cc si nm trong m. Hinosan l thuc c tr o n, nhng n cng phng tr rt hu hiu i vi cc bnh: kh gi la (do nm Cochliobolus lyabeamus gy ra), bnh kh vn (nm Pellicularia hypochnus sasakii); bnh thi thn. Thuc c th tn lu trong cy n 7 ngy. Ngoi ra thuc cn dng tr cc loi ry, b xt, b tr ht la. Liu dng: 1,5-2lt/ha Hinosa 50ND nng 1: 500-800. Khi phun tr bnh nn phun ngay vo lc nm bnh u tin va xut hin, nu bnh trm trng
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c th phun 2 ln, cch nhau 5-7 ngy. phng bnh o n trn bng (thi c gi) cn phun 2 ln t lc l ng n lc tr bng (cch nhau 7-12 ngy) khi phun tr cn trng nn phun k vo gc la, b l, nch l vo lc c cn trng xut hin. Lu : thi k cch ly 14 ngy. Khng hn hp vi nhng thuc c tnh kim. Ging nh Kitazin, i khi trn l xut hin nhng chm nu , nhng khng nh hng n nng sut. 3.9.5.2 Thuc tr nm nhm Benzimidazol * c im chung: - t c vi ngi v ng vt. - Ph phng tr rng, tuy nhin hiu lc km i vi lp nm Phycomycetes: Alternaria sp., Helminthosporium sp., Sclerotium rolfsii ). a. Benomyl - Tn gi khc: Fundazol, Fundozol - Tn thng mi: Bemyl 50 WP, Ben 50 WP, Bendazol 50 WP, Viben 50 WP, Benlate 50 WP... - Tn ha hc: Metyl 1-(butylcacbamoyl ) benzimidazol-2-ylcacbamat - Cng thc ha hc: C14H18N4O3 - Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- Phn t lng: 290,3 - c tnh: Benomyl tinh khit dng tinh th khng mu, khng tan trong nc, tan t trong dung mi hu c, phn hy trong mi trng axit, kim mnh v trong iu kin bo qun m, khng n mn kim loi. Thuc thuc nhm c IV, LD50 per os: >10.000mg/kg, LD50 dermal (th): >10.000mg/kg; ADI: 0,02mg/kg; MRL: cam, chanh, bi 7-10mg/kg, nho 3mg/kg, da 2mg/kg, cc loi qu khc 1,5mg/kg , rau 1mg/kg, cam bc v 1mg/kg, da chut, ng cc 0,5mg/kg, chui 0,2mg/kg, sn phm khc 0,1mg/kg, PHI: ng cc 35-56 ngy, cy thc n gia sc 7 ngy, rau n l 28 ngy, ht c du, hnh, ti 14 ngy, rau n qu 4 ngy, du ty v cc loi n qu khc 7-14 ngy, cy lm thc n tr em 28 ngy, cy dc liu 21 ngy, thuc t c i vi c v khng c i vi ong mt. S dng: L loi thuc tr nm bnh tc dng ni hp, c ph tc ng rng, tr c nhiu bnh hi rau, mu, cy cng nghip, cy n qu, hoa v cy cnh. Ngoi ra thuc cn dit tr c nhn , liu lng s dng i vi rau l 140-550g a.i/ha; i vi cy cao ln 5501.100g a.i/ha, dng x l nng sn sau thu hoch 25-200g a.i/100 lt nc. Thuc Benomyl bt thm nc 50% dng x l ht ging hnh tr bnh Botrytis (2g/kg ht ging ); x l c hoa layn v cc loi hoa trng bng c tr bnh thi c v nm nh Botrytis spp.. v
PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai 91
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Fusarium spp., nng 0,2% trong 30 pht; dng 0,3kg/ha tr bnh m en trn la m, bnh phn trng trn rau qu; nng 0,05 % phun tr bnh phn trng hoa hng; nng 0,06% tr bnh phn trng cy n qu, nho, du ty, nng 0,1% phun tr bnh thi nhn xu ho, bp ci, x lch, bnh thi v vt en cy cnh. liu lng 2 kg/ha thuc cn c tc dng c ch bnh kh vn v bnh o n pht trin. b. Carbendazim -Tn thng mi: Carbenzim 50 WP, Carban 50 SC, Bavistin 50 FL, Derosal 50 SC, Carosal 50 WP, Appencarb supper 50 FL... - Tn ha hc: 2-(Methyoxylcarbolamino)-benzimidazol - Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- c tnh: l thuc ni hp, dng tr nhiu loi nm bnh hi ng cc, bng, cy n qu, nho, chui, cy cnh ...; thuc thuc nhm c IV, LD50 per os: 15000mg/kg, LD50 dermal: 2000mg/kg, ADI: 0,01mg/kg. c tnh v hot tnh tng t nh Benomyl, nhng c mt s trng hp (nh nhm nm Saccaromycetes), hiu lc km hn Benomyl, c l do thuc ny kh thm vo t bo hn. 3.9.5.3 Thuc tr nm nhm Triazole y l nhm thuc tr nm quan trng, tr c nhiu loi nh: nm phn trng, g st, than en, l c g, m vn... thuc ngn tr sinh tng hp Ergosterol, s hnh thnh r bm hay gic mt. a. Hexaconazole Tn gi khc: Anvil Tn ha hc: (RS) - 2 - (2,4-Diclophenyl) - 1 - (1H - 1,2,4 - triazol - 1 - yl) hexan - 2 - ol. Cng thc ha hc: C14H17Cl2N3O Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
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Chng 3
- c tnh: Thuc nguyn cht dng tinh th, tan t trong nc (18mg/lt), tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c. Thuc thuc nhm c IV, LD50 per os: 2189-6071mg/kg, LD50 dermal: >2000mg/kg. Thuc c c trung bnh i vi ong mt v c. S dng: Anvil tc dng ni hp, tr c nhiu loi nm bnh. Thuc c gia cng thnh dng dung dch huyn ph m c 5% (Anvil 5 SC), dng du (Anvil 5 OL)... Anvil 5 SC cha 50g a.i/lt, dng tr bnh thi qu nho, bnh phn trng hi nho (30-100 g a.i/ha), tr bnh m l lc (20-50g a.i/ha), bnh g st c ph, m nu c ph (30-100 g a.i/ha), bnh m sc l chui Sigatoka (30-100g a.i/ha), bnh phn trng hi rau (20-50g a.i/ha), bnh phng l ch (2550g a.i/ha), bnh g st v phn trng hi cy cnh v hoa hng (25-50g a.i/ha) v bnh lem lp ht la, bnh kh vn hi la (50-100g a.i/ha). b. Diniconazole Tn gi khc: Sumi-8, Sumi- Eight. Tn ha hc: (E)-1-(2,4-Diclophenyl)-4,4-dimetyl-2-(1,2,4-triazol - 1-yl) -1- penten 3 - ol. Cng thc ha hc: C15H17Cl2N3O Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
Phn t lng:
326,23
- c tnh: Thuc nguyn cht dng bt mu xm, tan t trong nc ( 4,01% ), tan trong mt s dung mi hu c, bn vng di tc ng ca nh sng, nhit . Thuc thuc nhm c III, LD50 per os: 639mg/kg. LD50 dermal: > 5000mg/kg. Thuc c i vi c.
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S dng: Diniconazole l loi thuc tr nm tc dng ni hp. Thuc c gia cng thnh dng bt thm nc 12,5% (cha 12,5% ng phn E-R) v 5% (cha 5% ng phn ER). Ch phm bt thm nc 12,5% dng pha nc nng 0,016- 0,03% phun tr bnh phn trng (Uncinula necator) v bnh m nu (Guignardia bidwellii) hi nho. Thuc cn dng tr bnh cho la mi v la mch nh bnh phn trng (62,5-125 g a.i/ha), bnh g nu Puccinia recondita (25-50g a.i/ha), bnh g vng Puccinia striiformis (50-62,5g a.i/ha), tr bnh m l lc (50-100g a.i/ha), bnh m sc l lc Sclerotium solfsii (25-50g a.i/ha), bnh g st lc (12,525g a.i/ha), tr bnh g st c ph (100-200g a.i/ha), bnh m l chui (75-125g a.i/ha). Thuc Sumi-8 bt thm nc 12,5% pha nng 0,01% phun ln cy con tr c bnh phn trng, thi qu c chua, da chut v da hu. c. Propiconazole Tn gi khc: Tilt ( nghin qu t, nhng iu k l trn th gii), Desmel, Radar. Tn ha hc: (+)-1[(2,4-Diclophenyl)-4-propyl-1,3-dioxolan-2-ylmetyl]-1H-1, 2- 4triazole. Cng thc ha hc: C15H17CI2N3O2 Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- c tnh: Thuc k thut th lng mu vng, tan trong nc (110mg/lt), v nhiu dung mi hu c nh aceton, metylic, khng n mn kim loi. Thuc thuc nhm c III, LD50 per os: 1517mg/kg, LD50 dermal: 4000mg/kg, MRL: 0,1mg/kg i vi ng cc, ng, c ph, PHI: 14 ngy i vi lc, 6 ngy i vi cy n qu. Thuc c i vi c, khng c i vi ong mt. S dng: Propiconazole l loi thuc tr nm bnh c tc dng ni hp. Thuc c gia cng thnh nhiu dng nh sa (Tilt 100, Tilt 250EC), dng dung dch ( Tilt 125 SL) v cc dng hn hp vi nhiu loi thuc tr bnh khc. Thuc Tilt 250EC cha 250g hot cht/lt, dng tr bnh g st, phn trng cho hoa hng v cy cnh, bnh kh vn, tim la, m nu, lem lp ht lu, o n hi la, tr bnh m sc Cercospora coffeicola v bnh g st hi c ph, tr bnh m l lc, bnh g st, tim la hi ng. Ngoi ra thuc cn tr c bnh thi qu cy n qu, bnh phn trng v g st la m, mch. Liu s dng t 0,3 -0,7 lt ch phm/ha. d. Cyproconazol Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
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Tn gi khc: Bonanza Dng ch phm: Bonanza 100DD loi chai (100cc, 50cc, 10cc)
- c: Thuc nhm c III. Thuc t c i vi mi trng, d lng li trong sn phm thng rt t, nn khng lm nh hng n sc khe ngi tiu dng. - c tnh: Thuc c tc dng ni hp, tip xc. Hp th nhanh qua l, hiu lc ko di khong hai n ba tun sau khi phun. - Cng dng v liu lng: Bonanza l thuc tr bnh ph rng, tr c nhiu loi bnh trn nhiu loi cy trng. Trn u cc loi; tr bnh m l, mc trng, m phn, r, thi gc... Trn bu, b, da phng tr cc bnh r, m vng, phn trng. Trn cy n tri tr cc bnh gh, chy hoa, r phn trng, cht cy con. Trn la Bonanza tr c bnh m vn, vng l, m nu... v mt s bnh khc nh: gch nu, thi thn, thi b. Liu lng s dng: 300400cc cho 1ha (pha 8-10cc/bnh 8 lt). Phun 4 bnh 8 lt cho 1000 m2; phun 1,5 bnh/360 m2 . e. Triadimefon Tn gi khc: Bayleton Tn ha hc: 1- (4 -Clophenoxi) 3, 3- dimetyl -1-( 1H -1, 2, 4 -tri- azol- 1- yl) butanone. Cng thc ha hc: C14H16CIN3O2 Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- c tnh: Thuc nguyn cht th rn, tan t trong nc (260mg/kg), tan trong cc dung mi hu c thng thng nh toluen, diclometan v.v... khng n mn kim loi. Thuc thuc nhm c III. LD50 per os: 1000mg/kg, LD50 dermal: >5000mg/kg, ADI: 0,03mg/kg, MRL: hoa bia 15mg/kg, du ty 0,2mg/kg, cc sn phm khc 0,1mg/kg; PHI: da chut 3 ngy, ng cc 35 ngy, hoa bia 14 ngy, nho 35 ngy. Thuc khng c i vi ong mt, thuc t c i vi c.
PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai 95
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S dng: Triadimefon l loi thuc tr nm tc dng ni hp, dng tr bnh phn trng v g st cho ng cc, c ph, nho, cy cnh, cy n qu v rau mu. Thuc c ch bin thnh dng sa, bt thm nc. Thuc Bayleton bt thm nc 25% (Bayleton 25WP) v Bayleton sa 25% (Bayleton 25EC) dng pha nc 0,2% nhng hom da tr bnh thi da Ceratocys paradoxa. tr bnh g st bng dng 500-1000g ch phm/ha; tr bnh phn trng, g st cho rau, u, da chut, da hu dng 120-250g ch phm/ha; tr bnh phn trng, g st cho la m, la mch dng 400-500g ch phm/ha; tr bnh g st cho c ph dng 250-500g hoc 800-1000g ch phm/ha nu bnh nng; tr bnh g st tng dng 400g ch phm/ha. Thuc cn c pha vi nc nng 0,02-0,05% ch phm tr bnh thi trng qu xoi (Odium mangiferae); 0,01-0,02% tr bnh thi trng nho, bnh phn trng thuc l; 0,016-0,03% tr bnh phn trng cy cnh; 0,08% tr bnh g st hoa hng; 0.05-0.08% tr bnh phn trng hoa hng. f. Triadimenol Tn gi khc: Bayfidan, Baytan. Tn ha hc: 1-(4-Clophenoxi)-3, 3-dimetyl-1-(1H-1, 2, 4-tri-azole-1-yl)-butanol-2 . Cng thc ha hc: C14H18CIN3O2 Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- Phn t lng: 295,8 - c tnh: Thuc nguyn cht th rn, hu nh khng tan trong nc, tan trong mt s dung mi hu c nh diclometan, 2-propanon, khng n mn kim loi. Thuc thuc nhm c III, LD50 per os: 700mg/kg, LD50 dermal: > 5000mg/kg; MRL: ng cc, da chut, cy n qu 0,5mg/kg, nho 0,3mg/kg, cc sn phm khc 0,1mg/kg; PHI: 30- 35 ngy. Thuc khng c i vi ong mt, t c i vi c. S dng: Triadimetol l loi thuc tr nm ni hp, dng tr bnh phn trng, g st cho m, mch, c ph, rau, qu, bnh m l chui, bnh mc hng (Fusarium spp.) v thi en m, mch (Septoria spp., Tilletia caries, Ustilago spp..). Ch phm Triadimetol sa 25% (Bayfidan 25EC) dng 0,4-0,5 lt ch phm/ha (5-6 lt du thc vt) tr bnh m l chui (Mycosphaerella filensis var. difformis, Mycosphaerella musicola), dng pha nc nng 0,01-0,02% ch phm tr bnh g st v phn trng cho rau, qu; dng liu lng 0,4-0,5 lt/ha tr bnh g st v phn trng hi m, mch; liu 0,5-1 lt/ha tr c bnh g st c ph. Ngoi ra thuc cn c dng tr bnh phn trng, g st cho cy cnh v cc loi hoa nh Bayleton.
Chng 3
- Phn t lng: 290,4. - c tnh: Thuc nguyn cht dng tinh th, tan t trong nc (48mg/kg), d tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c. Thuc thuc nhm c III, LD50 per os: 1190mg/kg. LD50 dermal: >10,250mg/kg, PHI: 14 ngy. Thuc c i vi c. S dng: Isoprothiolane l loi thuc c tc dng ni hp c dng tr bnh o n hi la. Ngoi ra thuc cn c hiu lc i vi ry nu (ry cm). Thuc c gia cng thnh dng sa 40-50%, dng bt thm nc 40% v dng ht 10-12%. Loi Fujione sa 40% c dng vi lng 1,0-1,2 lt/ha. b. Pencycuron Tn gi khc: Monceren Tn ha hc: 1-(4-Clobenzyl)-1-xiclopentyl-3-phenylurea Cng thc ha hc: C19H21ClN2O Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- Phn t lng: 328,8 - c tnh: Thuc nguyn cht dng tinh th, khng tan trong nc, tan tt trong mt s dung mi hu c nh diclometan, n mn kim loi. Thuc thuc nhm c IV, LD50 per os: > 5000mg/kg, LD50 dermal: > 2000mg/kg, MRL: i vi khoai ty 0,02mg/kg. Thuc t c i vi c, khng c i vi ong mt. S dng: Monceren c gia cng thnh dng bt thm nc 25%, dng phun bt 1,5% v dng x l ht ging . Thuc bt thm nc 25% c dng vi lng 0,8 kg ch phm/ha tr bnh kh vn hi la. Phun khi bnh mi chm pht. tr bnh kh vn c bng cn phun trc khi la tr 2-3 tun. Monceren cn c dng tr bnh cht o cy con bng, rau, khoai ty, cy cnh do nm Rhizoctonia solani gy nn. c. Fosetyl-aluminium Tn gi khc: Aliette, Mikal Tn ha hc: Aluminium-etyl-hidrogenphotphonat Cng thc ha hc: C6H18AlO9P3 Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
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- c tnh: Fosetyl- aluminium (vit tt l Fosetyl-Al) nguyn cht dng khng mu, tan trong nc (122g/lt), khng ha tan trong nhiu dung mi hu c, bn vng trong iu kin bo qun tt, phn hy trong mi trng kim v acid, oxi ha mnh di tc ng ca cht oxi ha kh, khng n mn kim loi. Thuc thuc nhm c III, LD50 per os: 5800mg/kg, LD50 dermal (th): > 2000mg/kg; PHI: rau, qu 14 ngy, nho 35 ngy. Thuc c i vi c, t c i vi ong mt. S dng: Fosetyl-Al l loi thuc tr bnh tc dng ni hp. Thuc c ch bin thnh dng thm nc 80% (Aliette 80WP) hoc hn hp vi Captan, Thiabendazole, hn hp vi Bendiocarb, Folpet, Mancozeb. Loi Aliette 80WP pha nc nng 0,3% phun tr bnh cht o h tiu (Phytophthora palmivora), nng 0,25% phun tr bnh thi nn da (Phytophthora parasitica), bnh phytophthora hi cao su, cam, qut, bi v mt s cy n qu khc. Bnh Pseudomoperonospora, Peronospora, Bremia, Pythium hi da chut, hnh ty, cy con thuc l. d. Cymoxanil - Tn khc: Curzate M8 - Tn ha hc: 1-(2-Xiano-2-methoxiiminoaxetyl)-3-etylure - Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
- Thuc c tc dng ni hp, dng tr cc bnh do cc nm sau y gy ra: Peronospora spp., Phytophthora spp. v Plasmopara spp., Plasmopara vitricola v Phytophthora infestan. Lng dng 100-120g a.i/ha; thuc nhm c III, LD50 per os: 1100mg/kg, LD50 dermal: >5000mg/kg. e. Metalaxyl - Tn khc: Ridomil, Apron, Fubol. - Tn ha hc: Metyl N -( 2-methoxyacetyl ) - N -(2, 6-xylyl) -DL-alaninate. - Cng thc cu trc ha hc:
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- Thuc c tc dng ni hp tr c nhiu loi nm bnh nh: Pseudoperonospora humuli hi hoa bia, bnh mc sng khoai ty, c chua, bnh mc xanh thuc l, bnh thi nho, bnh phn trng, bnh Pythium spp.; thuc nhm c III, LD50 per os: 669mg/kg, LD50 dermal: 3100mg/kg, ADI: 0,03mg/kg.
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Chng 3
- c tnh: Kasumin dng tinh th, tan trong nc (125g/lt), tan t hoc khng tan trong nhiu loi dung mi hu c, khng bn vng trong mi trng acid v kim mnh. Thuc thuc nhm c IV. LD50 per os: 22mg/kg, LD50 dermal 4mg/kg. PHI: cy n qu 14-21 ngy, da chut, c chua 1 ngy, ci xanh, x lch, cam, qut 7 ngy, ch 30 ngy. Thuc khng c di vi c v ong mt. S dng: Kasumin c sn xut qua qu trnh ln men nm Streptomyces kasugaensis. Thuc c ch bin thnh cc dng dung dch 2%, bt thm nc 2-5%, ht 2%, dng hn hp vi ng oxyclorua (gi l Kasuran) vi Fthalide (gi l Kasurabcide). Ch phm Kasurabcide (cn gi l Kasai) 21,2% bt thm nc gm 1,2% Kasumin, 20% Fthalide. tr bnh o n, bnh m sc vi khun hi la dng Kasumin dung dch hoc bt thm nc 2% liu lng 11,5kg ch phm/ha. Cn phun lc la tr r tr o n c bng. Ch phm Kasuran c hai loi u l dng bt thm nc v dng liu lng nh nhau. Loi cha 5% Kasumin + 75,6% ng oxyclorua (45% ng kim loi), loi 2% Kasumin + 80,6% ng oxyclorua (48% ng kim loi) Kasuran pha vi nc 0,1-0,15% phun tr bnh mc sng, bnh m l vi khun (Pseudomonas syringae), bnh phn trng, bnh rm, thi nhn vi khun cho da, bu, b, c chua, da hu, khoai ty, hnh, t... tr bnh gh l, m en, si cnh cam qut, bnh m nu, g st, thi vi khun c ph, bnh chy l v bnh phng l ch. 3.10.2 Streptomycin: l ch phm c sn xut t s ln men ca nm Streptomyces, c tc ng khng sinh. Tn thng mi: Validan 3DD, 5DD; Validacin 3L, 5L (Nht), Jing-Gang-Meisu 5 SL, 10 WP (Trung Quc). Tn thng thng: Validamycin A Tn ha hc: 1L-(1,3,4/2,6)-2, 3-Dihidroxy-6-hydroxymetyl-4-(1S, 4R, 5S, 6S) - 4, 5, 6-trihydroxy-3-hydroxymetylxiclohex-2-enylamino) xiclohexyl -D-glicopira-noside. Cng thc ha hc: C20H35NO13 Phn t lng: 497,5
- c tnh: Thuc k thut (45-60%) dng bt, d ht m, bn vng di nhit thng thng v trong dung dch kim tnh hoc acid; tuy nhin thuc b phn gii di tc ng ca cht kim v ion kim loi (st), thuc tan trong nc v nhiu dung mi hu c. Thuc thuc nhm c IV; LD50 per os: >20000mg/kg, LD50 dermal: >5000mg/kg, PHI: 14 ngy. Thuc c i vi ong mt v c.
100
Chng 3
S dng: Validamycin A c s dng tr bnh kh vn hi la, ng, bnh m l v thn la, ng do Rhizoctonia solani, Rhizoctonia oryzae v Sclerotium oryzae-sativa gy nn. Ngoi ra thuc cn tr bnh thi c, thi r khoai ty, bng, c chua v nhiu loi rau do nm Rhizoctonia solani gy nn. C th phun dung dch thuc ln cy hay nhng r cy, x l cy con v c (khoai ty, cy ging rau). i vi la phun khi la c ng, vo lc 5-10 ngy trc khi tr bng tr bnh kh vn c bng, hoc phun thuc sau khi la tr bng 5-7 ngy. Ch phm Validacin ca Nht sn xut t Validamycin A qua ln men chng nm Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. limoncus Iwasa et al. Validacin dung dch 3% (3SL) v 5% (5SL) mu xanh l cy, thm mi cn metanol, sc cng b mt dung dch thp (46-49,4 dyne/cm) v khng cha tp cht, c dng 1,5-1,7 lt/ha i vi loi 3% v 0,9-1,0 lt i vi loi 5%. Nu phun cho ng dng 1,7-2,0 lt/ha (loi 3%) hoc 1,0-1,5 lt/ha (loi 5%). Ch phm Jing-gang Meisu ca Trung Quc sn xut t Validamycin A qua ln men chng nm Streptomyces hygroscopicus var. jinggangensis Yen. Jing gang Meisu dung dch c hai loi. Loi 2% v 3% mu v mi khc vi ch phm ca Nht, sc cng b mt dung dch cao (>71 dyne/cm) v c nhiu tp cht ph. Loi 2% dng 3 - 4 lt/ha v loi 3% dng 2,0-2,5 lt/ha la, 4-6 lt/ha (loi 2%) hoc 2,5-4 lt/ha (loi 3%) ng. Jing gang Meisu bt thm nc hin c loi cha 5% Validamycin A ng vo bao bc 25g/gi, pha vi 70-100 lt nc phun cho 660m2. Khi m gi thuc khng ng kn bt thuc rt d ht m b vn cc nhng nu dng ngay cht lng thuc khng gim.
3.11.2 c im c di
- Sinh trng nhanh: Mt ht c lng vc cn (Echinochloa colona) s cho 50 chi sau 45 ngy, la s cho 25 chi khi trng trong chu. - Thch ng tt vi iu kin khc nghit ca mi trng: Chu hn: C tc hnh (Digitaria sanguinalis), c tranh (Imperata c c (Cyperus rotundus). Mn, ngt: C nc mn (Scirpus maritimus). - C min trng: gip ht c ngng pht trin khi b vi su trong lng t. Ht c lng vc cn (Echinochloa spp.) kh b vi su trong t sau 4 thng s mc li. - Pht tn xa: Ht c nh, c lng t mn nh gi a i rt xa. Ht c cha khng kh, ni c trn mt nc nn d di chuyn sang cc rung ln cn. Ht c c mc cu nn d bm vo lng cn trng. Ngoi ra, o qun cng c lao ng trn ng rung cng gip ht c di chuyn i xa. cylindrica),
101
Chng 3
Chng 3
S l mm: c 2 dng chnh C mt l mm (n t dip=monocotydon): ht ch c mt t dip, cy tng trng thnh c l hp; gn l song song, l mc hi xin hay ng, r chm. nh sinh trng bc kn trong b l nh c lng vc, ui phng, la c... C hai l mm (Song t dip=dicotydon): ht c hai t dip, l thng rng, gn l hnh lng chim, mng, mm, t lng, r thng l r cc, n su, im sinh trng l ra ngoi, hoa nhiu cnh r rt: Rau mng (Lugwigia octovalvis), c x bng (Spenoclea zeylanica). Khng phi tt c c l rng u l song t dip. Cch sinh sn - Sinh sn hu tnh: hu ht c hng nin u sinh sn bng ht. - Sinh sn va hu tnh va v tnh: c nh nin hoc a nin. Ngoi vic sinh sn bng ht, c cn sinh sn bng thn ngm nh c ch, c g (Cynodon dactylon), rau m (Centella asiatica). Da vo h thng phn loi thc vt C lng vc (Echinochloa crus-galli). Loi : Crus-galli Ging: Echinochloa H B : Poaceae (Graminae) : Poales (Graminales)
3.11.5 Thuc tr c
3.11.5.1 nh ngha Thuc tr c l nhng ha cht nng nghip dng git cht hoc ngn tr qu trnh sinh trng v pht trin bnh thng ca c. 3.11.5.2 Phn nhm thuc c a. Thuc c chn lc Thuc ch gy c cho mt s loi c ny m t hoc khng gy hi cho nhng loi cy khc, thuc ch git vi loi thc vt trong qun th nhiu loi. V d: 2,4-D tr c l rng, c chc, c lc; Whips tr c lng vc, ui phng b. Thuc c khng chn lc (trit sinh) Tiu dit mi loi c khi cht c tip xc c cy c, k c cy trng. Thuc dit tt c cc loi trong qun th c. V d: Gramoxone 20SL (Paraquat), Basta 15SL (Glyphosinate amonium) Glyphosan 480DD (Glyphosate), Spark 16WSC (Glyphosate).
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c. Thi im p dng - p dng trc khi gieo trng: Glyphosate (Touchdown 48SL, Roundup 480SC, Glyphosan 480DD), Paraquat (Gramoxone 20SL), Metolachlor (Dual 720ND). - Tin ny mm (Pre-emergency herbicide): Thuc c tc dng dit c trc khi ht c sp ny mm hay ngay khi c ang ny mm. iu kin thnh cng ca bin php ny l t phi bng phng, m . Thuc xm nhp vo cy c qua r mm v l mm nh Meco 60ND (Butachlor), Sofit 300ND (Pretilachlor). - Hu ny mm (Post-emergency herbicide): Thuc c tc dng dit c sau khi c v cy trng mc. Thuc xm nhp vo cy c qua l v mt phn qua r. Whips 75 EW, Saviour 10 WP (Cyclosulfamuron), Butanil 55EC (Propanil 27,5% + Butachlor 27,5%), Butachlor (Michelle 62ND, Echo 60EC, Vibuta 62ND), Sindax 10WP (Londax 8,25% + Ally 1,75% ), Anco 720ND (2,4-D).
-3 +3 10 25 ngy
Ngy gieo s
Thuc hu ny mm mun 2,4-D, Wham, Whips Sindax, Ally, Ankill A, Solito, Nominee, Clincher
d. Da trn cch tc ng - Thuc tr c tip xc: Thuc c tc dng git cht m thc vt ti ch hay gn ni tip xc vi thuc. Gramoxone 20SL (Paraquat), Butanil 55EC (Propanil 27,5%+ Butachlor 27,5%). - Thuc tr c ni hp: thuc lu dn i xa cch ni tip xc vi thuc. Hin nay a s cc lai thuc dit c u c tnh ni hp (lu dn). Glyphosate (Touchdown 48SL, Roundup 480SC, Glyphosan 480DD), 2,4-D (Anco 720DD, Vi 2,4-D 700DD). e. Da trn thnh phn ha hc Thuc c v c: Thuc nhm ny hin nay rt t ph bin, do thuc chm phn hy, lu tn lu trong mi trng. - Cyanamid calcit Ca(CN)2 - Chlorat natri NaClO3 - Sulfat ng ngm nc CuSO4 . nH2O
PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai 104
Chng 3
Thuc tr c hu c: rt ph bin hin nay, thng ch bin cc th mui hoc ester. 1. Nhm Phenoxycarboxylic acid - 2,4-D (Vi 2,4D 80BHN, Anco 720DD), Vi 2,4D 600DD,Vi 2,4D 700DD). - MCPA (Methyl Clor Phenoxy Acetic acid). - Tc ng nh auxin gy ri lon sinh trng, cht c lm l mt mu xanh, bin thnh trng, vng; sau tr nn nu en, l xon trn. - Ni hp qua l, chn lc, hu ny mm. - Tr c l rng, c h lc. 2. Nhm Carbamate, cht dn xut t acid carbamic (NH2COOH) - Thiobencarb (Saturn 6H, 50ND). - Tc ng: quang hp, c ch s phn bo, ngn chn s tng hp cc cht lipid. - Ni hp (l r, mm): tin ny mm, chn lc. - Tr: c ha bn, c h lc, c l rng (ph rng). 3. Nhm Amides - Propanyl (Wham 360EC), Butachlor (Cantachlor 60EC, 5G; Vibuta 62ND, 5H), Michelle 62ND, Meco 60ND, Pretilachlor (Sofit 300ND), Melolachlor (Dual 720EC). - Tc ng: mnh ln phn ng Hill ca qu trnh quang hp, ngn tr sinh tng hp lm dip lc tan r. - a s dng tip xc, tin hoc hu ny mm, c th phun trc hoc sau khi c - Tr: c l rng, ha bn, c chc, c lc (ph rng). 4. Ur thay th - Liuron (Afalon 50WP), Diuron (Karmex 80WP). - Tc ng: qu trnh quang hp, nh hng phn ng Hill, ngn cn s to thnh cc nng lng ha hc nh ATP, ADP... - Chn lc, ni hp. - Ch yu tr c hng nin, i khi c a nin nh cc bi rm. 5. Sulfonilureas - Bensulfuron-methyl (Londax 10WP), Metsulfuron-methyl (Ally 20DF). - c ch sinh tng hp, ngng phn ct v tng trng t bo. - Chn lc, ni hp ln v xung qua r l. - Tin v hu ny mm, hiu qu vi c hng nin v a nin.
PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai 105
mc.
Chng 3
6. Triazine - Ametryne (Gesapax 500DD), Atrazine (Gesaprim), Simazine (Visimaz 80BTN). - Tc ng phn ng Hill ca qu trnh quang hp, c ch vn chuyn in t. - Chn lc, ni hp qua r v l. - Hiu lc i vi c mt v hai l mm. 7. Bipyridylium - Paraquat (Gramoxone 20SC), nng dn thng gi l thuc c chy. - Tc ng n qu trnh quang hp, ph hy lc lp. - Tip xc, mt phn ni hp qua l. - Khng chn lc. - Tr c nht nin, nh nin v c a nin. 8. Ln hu c - Glyfosinate ammonium (Basta 15DD), Anilofos (Ricozin 30EC). - Tc ng n qu trnh quang hp, ngn tr s chuyn ha NH3, gy c cho cy. - Tip xc v bn lu dn, hp thu qua l, t qua r. - Khng chn lc, hiu qu i vi c ha bn v c l rng trong vn. 9. Glycines - Glyphosate (Glyphosan 480DD, Roundup 480SD, Vifosat 480DD, Spark 16SC). - Tc ng n qu trnh quang hp, ngn tr sinh tng hp cc amino acid, m, lm thay i cu trc lc lp. - Tip xc v lu dn, hp thu qua l v r. - Khng chn lc, tr c ha bn, c l rng trong vn cy n tri. 10. Aryloxy-phenoxy-propionates - Phenoxaprop - P- ethyl (Whips 7,5EW), Fluazifop - P- butyl (Onecide 15EC), Cyhalofop - butyl (Clincher 10EC). - c ch sinh tng hp cht bo. - Chn lc, ni hp qua l v thn. - Hu ny mm, tr c ha bn, c chc, c lc, c l rng...
------oOo------
Cu hi n tp
Cu 1: Phn loi thuc tr su theo nhm gc ha hc?
PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai 106
Chng 3
Cu 2: Phn loi thuc tr bnh theo nhm gc ha hc? Cu 3: Phn loi thuc tr c di theo nhm gc ha hc? Cu 4: Cch p dng thuc tr c theo thi gian trn rung la?
TI LIU THAM KHO 1. Aaron Kiess, 1994. Chemical application management. 2. Phm vn Bin, Bi Cch Tuyn, Nguyn Mnh Chinh, 2002. Cm nang thuc bo v thc vt. Nh xut bn nng nghip. 3. Cng ty dch v bo v thc vt An Giang, 2000. S tay ngi nng dn trng la cn bit. 4. Chi cc bo v thc vt An Giang, 1998. S tay cho nh kinh doanh thuc bo v thc vt. 5. Charles R. Worthing, 1983. The pesticides manual, VII editor. The Bristish Crop Protection Council. 6. Nguyn Th Thu Cc, Trn Vn Hai v Trn Th Thu Thy, 1995. Thuc Bo V Thc Vt cho lp hun luyn cn b Chi Cc BVTV tnh Tr Vinh. Khoa Trng Trt, HCT. 7. Trung m, 1996. Phng php xc nh c tnh cp ca thuc. Nh xut bn Y hc. 8. Donald P. Morgan, 1989. Recognition and managment of pesticide poisonings. 9. Heinrich E. A. et al. . Manual for testing insecticides on rice. International Rice Research Institute.
PGs. Ts. Trn Vn Hai 107
Chng 3
10. V Thanh Hong v Lm V T, 1992. T liu photocopies c nhn. 11. Trn Quang Hng, 1999. Thuc Bo V Thc Vt. NXB nng nghip. 12. Kariankin IU. V. va I.I. Angelov, 1990. Ha cht tinh khit. NXB Khoa Hc K Thut. 13. Takanari Myrayama, 1987. Japanese pesticides guide. 14. L Vn Lng, Nguyn Nh Thnh v Nguyn Hi Yn. Ng c v x tr ng c. NXB Y Hc 15. L Trng, 1993. S tay tra cu s dng thuc BVTV. NXB Nng Nghip Tp. H Ch Minh. 16. L Trng, 1995. S tay cho ngi bun bn thuc BVTV. NXB Nng Nghip Tp. H Ch Minh. 17. L Ngc T, 2006. c t hc v an ton thc phm. NXB Khoa Hc v K Thut. 18. Wayland J. Hayes and Edward R. Laws, 1991. Handbook of pesticide Toxicology, Vol I. Academic Press, Inc. 19. Wayland J. Hayes and Edward R. Laws, 1991. Handbook of pesticide Toxicology, Vol II. Academic Press, Inc.
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